SEMINAR ON LIGHT EMITTING DIODE Organic light-emitting diode

A 3.8 cm (1.5 in) OLED ScreenAn Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED), also Light Emitting Polymer (LEP) and Organic Electro Luminescence (OEL), is any Light Emitting Diode (LED) whose emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds. The layer usually contains a polymer substance that allows suitable organic compounds to be deposited. They are deposited in rows and columns onto a flat carrier by a simple "printing" process. The resulting matrix of pixels can emit light of different colors. Such systems can be used in television screens, computer displays, small, portable system screens such as cell phones and PDAs, advertising, information and indication. OLEDs can also be used in light sources for general space illumination, and large-area light-emitting elements. OLEDs typically emit less light per area than inorganic solid-state based LEDs which are usually designed for use as point-light sources. A significant benefit of OLED displays over traditional liquid crystal displays (LCDs) is that OLEDs do not require a backlight to function. Thus they draw far less power and, when powered from a battery, can operate longer on the same charge. Because there is no need for a backlight, an OLED display can be much thinner than an LCD panel. OLED-based display devices also can be more efficiently manufactured than LCDs and plasma displays.[citation needed] However, degradation of OLED materials has limited their use. Submitted By L.VIKAS BHARATH (08UF1A0412) E.C.E

Contents

1 History 2 Working principle 3 Material technologies o 3.1 Small molecules o 3.2 Polymer light-emitting diodes o 3.3 Phosphorescent materials 4 Patterning technologies o 4.1 Patternable OLED o 4.2 Inkjet o 4.3 Laser patterning 5 Backplane technologies 6 OLED Structures o 6.1 Bottom emission/Top emission o 6.2 Transparent OLED o 6.4 Inverted OLED 7 Advantages 8 Disadvantages 9 Technology demos o 9.1 Sony applications 10 Manufacture o 10.1 Toshiba Matsushita

1. History
A. Bernanose and co-workers at Universit de Nancy, France, first produced electroluminescence in organic materials in the early 1950s by applying a high-voltage alternating current (AC) field to crystalline thin films of acridine orange and quinacrine. In 1960, researchers at Dow Chemical developed AC-driven electroluminescent cells using doped anthracene. Conductivity of such materials limited light output until more conductive organic materials became available, especially the polyacetylene, polypyrrole, and polyaniline "Blacks". In a 1963 series of papers, Weiss et al. first reported high conductivity in iodine-doped oxidized polypyrrole. They achieved a conductivity of 1 S/cm. Unfortunately, this discovery was "lost"[clarification needed], as was a 1974 report of a melanin-based bistable switch with a high conductivity "ON" state. This material emitted a flash of light when it switched. In a subsequent 1977 paper, Hideki Shirakawa et al. reported high conductivity in similarly oxidized and iodine-doped polyacetylene.[11] Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid & Hideki Shirakawa received the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "The discovery and development of conductive organic polymers". The Nobel citation made no reference to the earlier discoveries. The first attempt to create a polymer LED was by Roger Partridge at the UK's National Physical Laboratory. The project succeeded, being patented in 1975 though publication was delayed until 1983. The first diode device was invented at Eastman Kodak by Dr. Ching Tang and Steven Van Slyke in the 1980s. This diode, giving rise to the term "OLED" used a novel two-layer structure with separate hole transporting and electron transporting layers such that recombination and light emission occurred in the middle of the organic layer. This resulted in a reduction in operating voltage and improvements in efficiency, and started the current era of OLED research and device production. Later, this concept was adapted for use with polymers culminated in the Burroughs et al. 1990 paper in the journal Nature reporting a very-highefficiency green-light-emitting polymer.

2. Working principle
A typical OLED is composed of an emissive layer, a conductive layer, a substrate, and anode and cathode terminals. The layers are made of organic molecules that conduct electricity. The layers have conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, so OLEDs are considered organic semiconductors. The first, most basic OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer, for example the first light-emitting polymer device synthesised by Burroughs et al. involved a single layer of poly(p-phenylene vinylene). Multilayer OLEDs can have more than two layers to improve device efficiency. As well as conductive properties, layers may be chosen to aid charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual electronic profile, or block a charge from reaching the opposite electrode and being wasted.

Schematic of a 2-layer OLED: 1. Cathode (), 2. Emissive Layer, 3. Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive Layer, 5. Anode (+) A voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. This causes a current of electrons to flow through the device from cathode to anode. Thus, the cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer and the anode withdraws electrons from the conductive layer; in other words, the anode gives electron holes to the conductive layer. Soon, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged, while the conductive layer becomes rich in positively charged holes. Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they recombine. This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are more mobile than electrons (unlike in inorganic semiconductors). The recombination causes a drop in the energy levels of electrons, accompanied by an emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. That is why this layer is called emissive.

The device does not work when the anode is put at a negative potential with respect to the cathode. In this condition, holes move to the anode and electrons to the cathode, so they are moving away from each other and do not recombine. Indium tin oxide is commonly used as the anode material. It is transparent to visible light and has a high work function which promotes injection of holes into the polymer layer. Metals such as aluminium and calcium are often used for the cathode as they have low work functions which promote injection of electrons into the polymer layer. Just like passive-matrix LCD versus active-matrix LCD, OLEDs can be categorized into passive-matrix and active-matrix displays. Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin film transistor backplane to switch the individual pixel on or off, and can make higher resolution and larger size displays possible.

3. Material technologies
3.1 Small molecules OLED technology using small molecules was first developed at Eastman Kodak Company by Dr. Ching W. Tang. The production of small-molecule displays often involves vacuum deposition, which makes the production process more expensive than other processing techniques (see below). Since this is typically carried out on glass substrates, these displays are also not flexible, though this limitation is not inherent to small-molecule organic materials. The term OLED traditionally refers to this type of device, though some are using the term SM-OLED. Molecules commonly used in OLEDs include organo-metallic chelates (for example Alq3, used in the first organic light-emitting device) and conjugated dendrimers. Recently a hybrid light-emitting layer has been developed that uses nonconductive polymers doped with light-emitting, conductive molecules. The polymer is used for its production and mechanical advantages without worrying about optical properties. The small molecules then emit the light and have the same longevity that they have in the SM-OLEDs.

3.2 Polymer light-emitting diodes

LEP display showing partial failure

An old OLED display showing wear

Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED), also light-emitting polymers (LEP), involve an electroluminescent conductive polymer that emits light when connected to an external voltage source. They are used as a thin film for full-spectrum color displays and require a relatively small amount of power for the light produced. No vacuum is required, and the emissive materials can be applied on the substrate by a technique derived from commercial inkjet printing The substrate used can be flexible, such as PET. Thus flexible PLED displays, also called Flexible OLED (FOLED), may be produced inexpensively. Typical polymers used in PLED displays include derivatives of poly(pphenylene vinylene) and polyfluorene. Substitution of side chains onto the polymer backbone may determine the color of emitted light[23] or the stability and solubility of the polymer for performance and ease of processing.

3.3 Phosphorescent materials Phosphorescent OLED (PHOLED) uses the principle of electrophosphorescence to convert electrical energy in an OLED into light in a highly efficient manner.

4. Patterning technologies
4.1 Patternable OLED Patternable organic light-emitting device (POLED) uses a light or heat activated electroactive layer. A latent material (PEDOT-TMA) is included in this layer that, upon activation, becomes highly efficient as a hole injection layer. Using this process, light-emitting devices with arbitrary patterns can be prepared. 4.2 Inkjet See "PLED" section. 4.3 Laser patterning Color patterning by means of laser, such as Radiation-Induced Sublimation Transfer (RIST).

5. Backplane technologies
For a high resolution display like a TV, a TFT backplane is necessary to drive the pixels correctly. Currently LTPS-TFT (low temperature poly silicon) is used for commercial AMOLED displays. LTPS-TFT has variation of the performance in a display, so various compensation circuits have been reported. Due to the size limitation of the excimer laser used for LTPS, the AMOLED size was limited. To cope with the hurdle related to the panel size, amorphous-silicon/microcrystalline-silicon backplanes have been reported with large display prototype demonstrations

6. OLED Structures
6.1 Bottom emission/Top emission Bottom emission uses a transparent or semi-transparent bottom electrode to get the light through a transparent substrate. Top emission uses a transparent or semi-transparent top electrode to get the light through the counter substrate. 6.2 Transparent OLED Transparent organic light-emitting device (TOLED) uses a proprietary transparent contact to create displays that can be made to be top-only emitting, bottom-only emitting, or both top and bottom emitting (transparent). TOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it much easier to view displays in bright sunlight. This technology is used in Headup displays. 6.3 Inverted OLED In contrast to a conventional OLED, in which the anode is placed on the substrate, an Inverted OLED (IOLED) uses a bottom cathode that can be connected to the drain end of an n-channel TFT especially for the low cost amorphous silicon TFT backplane useful in the manufacturing of AMOLED displays.

AM OLED = Active Matrix OLED device FOLED = Flexible Organic Light Emitting Diode (UDC) OLED = Organic Light Emitting Diode/Device/Display PhOLED = Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Diode (UDC) PLED = Polymer Light Emitting Diode (CDT) PM OLED = Passive Matrix OLED device POLED = Polymer Organic Light Emitting Diode (CDT) RCOLED = Resonant Color Organic Light Emitting Diode SmOLED = Small Molecule Organic Light Emitting Diode (Kodak) SOLED = Stacked Organic Light Emitting Diode (UDC) TOLED = Transparent Organic Light Emitting Diode (UDC)

7. Advantages
The radically different manufacturing process of OLEDs lends itself to many advantages over flat-panel displays made with LCD technology. Since OLEDs can be printed onto any suitable substrate using an inkjet printer or even screen printing technologies, they can theoretically have a significantly lower cost than LCDs or plasma displays. Printing OLEDs onto flexible substrates opens the door to new applications such as roll-up displays and displays embedded in fabrics or clothing. OLEDs enable a greater range of colors, brightness, and viewing angle than LCDs because OLED pixels directly emit light. OLED pixel colors appear correct and unshifted, even as the viewing angle approaches 90 degrees from normal. LCDs use a backlight and cannot show true black, while an "off" OLED element produces no light and consumes no power. Energy is also wasted in LCDs because they require polarizers which filter out about half of the light emitted by the backlight. Additionally, color filters in most color LCDs filter out two-thirds of the light; technology to separate backlight colors by diffraction has not been widely adopted. OLEDs also have a faster response time than standard LCD screens. Whereas a standard LCD currently has an average of 4-8 millisecond response time, an OLED can have less than 0.01ms response time.

8. Disadvantages
The biggest technical problem for OLEDs is the limited lifetime of the organic materials. In particular, blue OLEDs historically have had a lifetime of around 14,000 hours (5 years at 8 hours a day) when used for flat-panel displays, which is lower than typical lifetime of LCD, LED or PDP technologyeach currently rated for about 60,000 hours, depending on manufacturer and model. Toshiba and Panasonic have come up with a way to solve this problem with a new technology that can double the lifespan of OLED displays, pushing its expected life past that of LCD displays. A metal membrane helps deliver light from polymers in the substrate throughout the glass surface more efficiently than current OLEDs. The result is the same picture quality with half the brightness and a doubling of the screen's expected life. In 2007, experimental PLEDs were created which can sustain 400 cd/m of luminance for over 198,000 hours for green OLEDs and 62,000 hours for blue OLEDs. The intrusion of water into displays can damage or destroy the organic materials. Therefore, improved sealing processes are important for practical manufacturing and may limit the longevity of more flexible displays. Sufferers of some eye conditions including nystagmus are unable to use OLED displays for an extended period of time due to how the LEDS emit a non-constant stream of light. Nystagmus affects approximately 1 in every 5,000-10,000 people.

9. Technology demos
9.1 Sony applications At the Las Vegas CES 2007, Sony showcased 11-inch (28 cm, resolution 1,024600) and 27-inch (68.5 cm, full HD resolution at 19201080) models claiming million-to-one contrast ratio and total thickness (including bezels) of 5 mm. Sony released a commercial version of this television in Japan in December, 2007 Sony plans to begin manufacturing 1000 11-inch OLED TVs per month for market testing purposes. Sony has begun selling an 11-inch OLED Digital TV (XEL-1) for $2499.99 CAN On May 25 2007, Sony publicly unveiled a video of a 2.5-inch flexible OLED screen which is only 0.3 millimeters thick. The screen displayed images of a bicycle stunt and a picturesque lake while the screen was flexed. On October 1 2007, Sony announced it will sell 11-Inch OLED TVs for 200,000 yen (1,962.51 USD as of 4/1/08) from December 2007, only in Japan and with an initial production of 2000 units per month. On April 16 2008, at "Display 2008", Sony showed a 0.2 mm (0.0079 inch) thick 3.5 inch display with a resolution of 320x200 pixels and a 0.3 mm thick 11 inch display with 960x540 pixels resolution. That's one-tenth the thickness of the XEL-1 (which is also 11 inch and the same resolution). On July 10 2008, the Japanese government announced that it was backing Sony, Toshiba, Sharp, Matsushita Electric and some other companies in joint research of OLED TV Panels. An agency set up for encouraging research, The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, or NEDO, said it had chosen the

companies with the aim of developing a 40-inch OLED display sometime after 2015.

10. Manufacture
10.1 Toshiba Matsushita According to reports by Bloomberg.com, Toshiba Matsushita Display Technology Co. has announced that it intends to produce a million 2.5 inch OEL panels per month by Fall 2009. The screens will be produced for use in cellphones, GPS navigation systems, and other assorted mobile devices. The news broke after Japan's Nikkei newspaper] reported that the Toshiba/Matsushita joint-venture have begun building OEL production lines in their Ishikawa Prefecture factories.

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