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    05 Mangrove Plant Diversity South China Sea

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    Cade Allen Villanueva
    This document summarizes a presentation on mangrove plant diversity in Southeast and East Asia. It outlines over 50 true mangrove plant species from 14 families found in the region. The region has a high level of mangrove plant endemism, discontinuity, and hybridization. Managing mangrove plant diversity faces challenges such as habitat loss, lack of protected areas, and climate change impacts. Conservation efforts include establishing reserves and ex situ conservation programs.

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    05 Mangrove Plant Diversity South China Sea

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    Cade Allen Villanueva
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    This document summarizes a presentation on mangrove plant diversity in Southeast and East Asia. It outlines over 50 true mangrove plant species from 14 families found in the region. The region has a high level of mangrove plant endemism, discontinuity, and hybridization. Managing mangrove plant diversity faces challenges such as habitat loss, lack of protected areas, and climate change impacts. Conservation efforts include establishing reserves and ex situ conservation programs.

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    mangroves, plants that thrives in a mangrove ecosystem

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    This document summarizes a presentation on mangrove plant diversity in Southeast and East Asia. It outlines over 50 true mangrove plant species from 14 families found in the region. The region has a high level of mangrove plant endemism, discontinuity, and hybridization. Managing mangrove plant diversity faces challenges such as habitat loss, lack of protected areas, and climate change impacts. Conservation efforts include establishing reserves and ex situ conservation programs.

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    113 views65 pages

    05 Mangrove Plant Diversity South China Sea

    Uploaded by

    Cade Allen Villanueva
    This document summarizes a presentation on mangrove plant diversity in Southeast and East Asia. It outlines over 50 true mangrove plant species from 14 families found in the region. The region has a high level of mangrove plant endemism, discontinuity, and hybridization. Managing mangrove plant diversity faces challenges such as habitat loss, lack of protected areas, and climate change impacts. Conservation efforts include establishing reserves and ex situ conservation programs.

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    UNEP/GEF SCS PROJECT TRAINING COURSE ON SUSTAINABLE MANGROVE MANAGEMENT 25 April 8 May 2007, Penang, Malaysia

    MANGROVE PLANT DIVERSITY IN SOUTHEAST AND EAST ASIA


    by

    TAN KIM HOOI Maritime Institute of Malaysia

    OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION Introduction - Mangrove Plant Biodiversity Source of Information Mangrove Plant Diversity in Southeast and East Asia Characteristics of Mangrove Plant Diversity in Southeast and East Asia Managing Mangrove Plant Diversity Issues and Challenges

    GLOBAL MANGROVE DISTRIBUTION

    MANGROVE PLANT DIVERSITY IN THE INDO-WEST PACIFIC

    MANGROVE PLANT DIVERSITY IN THE INDO-WEST PACIFIC

    SOURCE OF INFORMATION
    Nation-wide field survey in Malaysia Field visits to Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Hong Kong, Australia, Bangladesh and India Mangrove guidebooks Literature review on mangrove taxonomy Consultation with Mangrove Friends

    MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS

    MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS

    MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS

    MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS

    MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS

    MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS

    MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS

    MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS

    MANGROVE SPECIES CARD (SINGAPORE)

    MANGROVE SPECIES CARD (SINGAPORE)

    KEY REFERENCES (Books)


    Foxworthy, F.W. and Matthews, D.M. 1916. Mangrove and Nipah Swamps of British North Borneo. For. Bull. Br. North 1:1-67. Watson, J.G. 1928. Mangrove Forests of the Malay Malaysian Forest Records No. 6. 275p.

    Chapman, V.J. 1976. Mangrove Vegetation. Valduz, Cramer. Tomlinson, P.B. (1986) The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Tree Flora of Malaya (Volume 1 4) Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak (Volume 1 - 4) Tree Flora of Thailand Tree Flora of Burma

    KEY REFERENCES (Articles/Book Chapters)


    Backer, C.A. and van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1951. Sonneratiaceae. Flora Malesiana I, 4:280-289. Addenda in Flora Malesiana I, 5 (1958): 557 and Flora Malesiana I, 6 (1972):973. Ding Hou. 1958. Rhizophora. Flora Malesiana Series 1, 5(4): 429-473. Chai, P.P.K. 1975. The mangrove trees and shrubs of Sarawak. Malayan Forester, 38:187-208. Tomlinson, P.B. 1978. Rhizophora in Australasia some clarification of taxonomy and distribution. J. Arnold Arbor. Harv. Univ., 59: 156-169. Mabberley, D.J., Pannell, C.M. and Sing, A.M. 1995. Meliaceae. Flora Malesiana (Series I Spermatophyta), 12 (part 1).

    KEY REFERENCES (Norman Duke)


    Duke, N.C. 1992. Mangrove floristics and biogeography. Pp. 100. In: A.I. Robertson and D.M. Alongi (eds.). Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems. American geophysical Union, Washington D.C. Duke, N.C., and Jackes, B.R. 1987. A systematic revision of the mangrove genus Sonneratia (Sonneratiaceae) in Blumea 32: 277-302. Duke, N.C. 1991. A systematic revision of the mangrove genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in Australasia. Australia Botany 4:299-324. Duke, N.C. 1995. Genetic diversity, distributional barriers and rafting continents more thoughts on the evolution of mangroves. Hydrobiologia 295: 167-181. Duke, N.C. et al. 1998. Genetic structure and evolution of species in the mangrove genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in Indo-west pacific. Evolution 52(6): 1612-1626.

    KEY REFERENCES (General)


    Macnae, W., 1968. A general account of fauna and flora of mangrove swamps and forests in the Indo-West-Pacific region. Advances in Marine Biology 6: 73-270.

    Saenger, P., Hegerl, E.J. and Davie, J.D.S. 1983. Global Status of Mangrove Ecosystems. IUCN Commission on Ecology Papers No.3. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Hamilton, L.S. and Snedaker, S.C. 1984. Handbook for Mangrove Area Management. East-West Center/IUCN/UNESCO/UNEP. Umali, R.M. et al. (eds.) 1987. Mangroves of Asia and the Pacific: Status and Management.UNESCO. Robertson A.I. and Alongi, D.M. (eds.), Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems, Coastal and Estuarine Studies Series, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.

    KEY REFERENCES (General)


    Hong, P.N. (1992) Mangroves of Vietnam. IUCN, Bangkok, Thailand. Aksornkoae, S. 1993. Ecology and Management of Mangroves. IUCN, Bangkok, Thailand. Clough, B.F. (ed.). 1993. The Economic and Environmental Values of Mangrove Forests and Their Present State of Conservation in the Southeast Asia/pacific Region. ITTO/ISME/JIAM Project PD71/89. FAO. 1994. Mangrove Management Guidelines. FAO Forestry Paper 117. U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Lin, P. 1999. Mangrove Ecosystem in China. Science Press. Siddiqi, N.A. 2001. Mangrove Forestry in Bangladesh. University of Chittagong, Chittagong. de Lacerda, L.D. (ed.). 2002. Mangrove Ecosystems: Function and Management. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Saenger, P. 2005. Mangrove Ecology. Silviculture and Conservation. Springer, Berlin.

    MANGROVE PLANT DIVERSITY


    Definition Duke (1992) A mangrove tree is a tree, shrub, palm or ground fern, generally exceeding one half metre..... Commonly found in most of mangrove areas in this region Exclude: some species (controversial species)

    Pemphis acidula, Dolichandrone spathacea, Xylocarpus rumphii, Cynometra spp., etc.


    Not a complete list Identification based on morphological characters; field work; guidebook

    TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES


    50 true mangrove species from 14 families Not a complete list! More than 100 associate species Indo-West pacific region - rich in plant diversity Rare and endemic species

    Acanthus (3 species)
    Acanthus ilicifolius Acanthus ebracteatus Acanthus volubilis

    Acrostichum (2 species)
    Acrostichum aureum Acrostichum speciosum

    Aegialitis (2 species)

    Aegialitis (2 species)

    Aegiceras (2 species)
    Aegiceras corniculatum Aegiceras floridum

    Aglaia cucullata

    Avicennia (4 species)
    Avicennia alba Avicennia marina Avicennia officinalis Avicennia rumphiana

    Avicennia rumphiana (A. lanata)

    Avicennia rumphiana (A. lanata)?

    Avicennia rumphiana (A. lanata)?

    Avicennia marina (3 varieties)

    Bruguiera (6 species)

    Bruguiera hainesii

    Bruguiera exaristata

    Bruguiera (hybrid)?

    Camptostemon (2 species)

    Camptostemon (2 species)

    Ceriops (4 species)
    Ceriops tagal Ceriops zippeliana Ceriops decandra

    Ceriops (4 species)

    Excoecaria (1 species)
    Excoecaria agallocha

    Heritiera (3 species)
    Heritiera littoralis Heritiera globosa Heritiera fomes

    Kandelia (2 species)
    Kandelia candel Kandelia obovata

    Lumnitzera (2 species)
    Lumnitzera racemosa

    Lumnitzera littorea

    Lumnitzera (hybrid)?

    Nypa (1 species)
    Nypa fruticans

    Osbornia (1 species)

    Osbornia octondota

    Phoenix (1 species)
    Phoenix paludosa

    Rhizophora (3 species + 2 hybrids)

    Rhizophora annamalayana (hybrid)

    Rhizophora mangle in Singapore?

    Scyphiphora (1 species)
    Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea

    Sonneratia (5 species)

    Sonneratia alba

    Sonneratia apetala Sonneratia ovata

    Sonneratia griffithii

    Sonneratia caseolaris

    Sonneratia (hybrid)

    * Sonneratia hainanensis in Hainan (China)


    new species or hybrid?

    Sonneratia (hybrid)?

    S. ovata X S. caseolaris?

    S. ovata X S. alba?

    S. ovata X S. griffithii?

    Xylocarpus (2 species)
    Xylocarpus granatum Xylocarpus moluccensis

    Controversial species
    Pemphis acidula, Dolichandrone spathacea, Xylocarpus rumphii, etc

    Characteristics of Mangrove Plant Diversity in Southeast and East Asia


    Mangrove zonation Endemism Disjunction Discontinuity Hybridization

    MANGROVE HYBRID

    Rhizophora, Sonneratia & Lumnitzera


    Identification sharing morphological characters of parental species. Taller than parental trees and thicker leaf Sterile or capable to reproductive?

    Managing Mangrove Plant Diversity


    Reserve / protected area for hotspots species richness, endemism, rare, discontinuity Classification of mangrove reserves In situ and ex situ conservation

    Managing Mangrove Plant Diversity


    Key Issues and Challenges:
    Rapid decline of mangrove resources Lack of mangrove reserves / protected areas with high species representation Rehabilitation / restoration of mangrove species selecting the right species; introduction of species Interaction and connection with associated ecosystems protection of marine bio-corridor Global climate change and rising of sea level resilience of mangrove species and ecosystems

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
    Special thanks to MANGROVE FRIENDS: - Dr. Ong Jin Eong (Malaysia) - Dr. Norman C. Duke, University of Queensland (Australia) - Dr. Jean Yong WH, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore) - Dr. Jurgenne H. Primavera, SEAFDEC (Philippines) - Prof. Lu ChangChang-Yi, Xiamen University (China) - Prof. Nora Tam FungFung-Yee, CITYU (Hong Kong, China) - Dr. Sheue ChiouChiou-Rong, Rong, National Sun YatYat-Sen University (Taiwan, China) - Dr. Sonjai Havanond, Havanond, Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (Thailand) - Prof. Sanit Aksornkoae, Aksornkoae, Thailand Environment Institute (Thailand) - Prof. Phan Nguyen Hong, Vietnam National University (Vietnam) - Dr. Le Duc Tuan, Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve (Vietnam) - Prof. Sukristijono Sukardjo, Sukardjo, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Indonesia) - Prof. Shigeyuki Baba, University of the Ryukyus and ISME (Japan) - Prof. K. Kathiresan, Kathiresan, Annamalai University (India) - Dr. Neaz Ahmad Siddiqi, Siddiqi, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (Bangladesh) Thanks to UNEP and GEF, and staff members of USAINS

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