A Seminar Report On

NEURAL NETWORK
By

SIDDHARTH Y.PATEL (10IT32)

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY C. G. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BARDOLI 394350 [2012-2013]

NEURAL NETWORK
Seminar Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering in Information Technology

By

SIDDHARTH Y.PATEL (10IT32)

Under the Guidance of

Prof. FENIL KHATIWALA

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY C. G. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BARDOLI 394350 [2012-2013]

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar entitled NEURAL NETWORK has been submitted by PATEL SIDDHARTH .Y (10IT32) under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Information Technology of Gujarat Technological University, Bardoli during the academic year 2012-2013 (Semester-V).

Date: Place: BARDOLI

Prof. Fenil Khatiwala Guide, IT / CO Dept., CGPIT

Prof. Devendra V. Thakor Head of IT / CO Dept., CGPIT

ABSTARCT
This report is an introduction to Neural Networks. The various types of neural networks are explained and demonstrated, and a detailed historical background is provided, Small but effective overall content of neural networks is presented .First; the history of Neural Networks which deals with the comparative study of how vast the Neural Networks have developed over the years is presented than architecture of Neural network can be explained with its figure. we proceed to next session: resemblance with brain where in the comparison between brain and neural networks as well as neurons. The most important concept of the neural networks is its wide range of its applications, a few of which will be dealt in the consequent sections and then advantages and disadvantages are explained. The main question of interest to us future of Neural Networks is presented; this section leads us to a brief conclusion and ends this report with the references. The connection between the artificial and the real thing is also investigated and explained.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks and deep gratitude to all those people who extended their wholehearted co-operation and helped me in completing this seminar report successfully. I express my deep and sincere gratitude to Mr. Fenil Khatiwala (guide) And Mr. Devendra Thakor (Head of Department) Who provided me an opportunity, inspiration and requisite facility to complete this report in spite of his busy schedule and patiently solving my rather amateurish queries. I am also earnestly thankful to all the concerned faculties who supported and furnished information to make this endeavour a success.

PATEL SIDDHARTH .Y (100530116032)

INDEX

SR.NO 1. Introduction

TOPIC

P.G.NO
1 1 1 1

1.1 What is Neural Network? 1.2 Historical Background 1.3 Why Use Neural Network?

2.

Architecture of Neural Network 2.1 Feed Forward Network 2.2 Feedback Network 2.3 Network Layer

3 3 4 4

Human and Artificial Neurons 3.1 How the Human Brain Learn 3.2 From Human neurons to Artificial Neurons.

6 7 7

Application Of Neural Network 4.1 Neural Networks in Industry 4.2 Neural networks in medicine 4.3 Neural Networks in business 4.5 Character Recognition: 4.6 Image Compression: 4.7 Food Processing: 4.8 Signature Analysis

8 8 8 9 10 10 10 10 10

4.9 Monitoring. 5. 6. 7. Advantages of Neural Network Disadvantages Of Neural Network Neural Network in Future Conclusion References
11 12 13

FIGURE INDEX

Sr. No. TITLE

1 2 3 4 5 6 Feed forward network Feed back Network Network layer Components of a neuron The synapse The neuron model

Page No.
3 4 5 6 7 7

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is Neural Network?
A Neural Network (NN) is an information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The key element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) working in unison to solve specific problems. NNs, like people, learn by example. An NN is configured for a specific application, such as pattern recognition or data classification, through a learning process. Learning in biological systems involves adjustments to the synaptic connections that exist between the neurons. This is true of NNs as well.

1.2 Historical Background:

Neural network simulations appear to be a recent development. However, this field was established before the advent of computers, and has survived at least one major setback and several eras. Many important advances have been boosted by the use of inexpensive computer emulations. Following an initial period of enthusiasm, the field survived a period of frustration and disrepute. During this period when funding and professional support was minimal, important advances were made by relatively few researchers. These pioneers were able to develop convincing technology which surpassed the limitations identified by Minsky and Papert. Minsky and Papert, published a book (in 1969) in which they summed up a general feeling of frustration (against neural networks) among researchers, and was thus accepted by most without further analysis. Currently, the neural network field enjoys a resurgence of interest and a corresponding increase in funding. The first artificial neuron was produced in 1943 by the neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch and the logician Walter Pits. But the technology available at that time did not allow them to do too much. The history of neural networks that was described above can be divided into several periods: 1. First Attempts: There were some initial simulations using formal logic. McCulloch and Pitts (1943) developed models of neural networks based on their understanding of neurology. These models made several assumptions about how neurons worked. Their networks were based on simple neurons which were considered to be binary devices with fixed thresholds. The results of their model were simple logic functions such as "a or b" and "a and b". Another attempt was by using computer simulations. Two groups (Farley and Clark, 1954; Rochester, Holland, Haibit and Duda, 1956). The first group (IBM researchers) maintained closed contact with neuroscientists at McGill University. So whenever their models did not work, they consulted the

neuroscientists. This interaction established a multidisciplinary trend which continues to the present day.

2. Promising & Emerging Technology: Not only was neuroscience influential in the development of neural networks, but psychologists and engineers also contributed to the progress of neural network simulations. Rosenblatt (1958) stirred considerable interest and activity in the field when he designed and developed the Perceptron. The Perceptron had three layers with the middle layer known as the association layer. This system could learn to connect or associate a given input to a random output unit. Another system was the ADALINE (Adaptive Linear Element) which was developed in 1960 by Widrow and Hoff (of Stanford University). The ADALINE was an analogue electronic device made from simple components. The method used for learning was different to that of the Perceptron; it employed the Least-Mean-Squares (LMS) learning rule.

3. Period of Frustration & Disrepute: In 1969 Minsky and Papert wrote a book in which they generalized the limitations of single layer Perceptrons to multilayered systems. In the book they said: "...our intuitive judgment that the extension (to multilayer systems) is sterile". The significant result of their book was to eliminate funding for research with neural network simulations. The conclusions supported the disenchantment of researchers in the field. As a result, considerable prejudice against this field was activated.

4. Innovation: Although public interest and available funding were minimal, several researchers continued working to develop neuromorphically based computational methods for problems such as pattern recognition. During this period several paradigms were generated which modern work continues to enhance. Grossberg's (Steve Grossberg and Gail Carpenter in 1988) influence founded a school of thought which explores resonating algorithms. They developed the ART (Adaptive Resonance Theory) networks based on biologically plausible models. Anderson and Kohonen developed associative techniques independent of each other. Klopf (A. Henry Klopf) in 1972, developed a basis for learning in artificial neurons based on a biological principle for neuronal learning called heterostasis. Werbos (Paul Werbos 1974) developed and used the back-propagation learning method, however several years passed before this approach was popularized. Backpropagation nets are probably the most well known and widely applied of the neural networks today. In essence, the back-propagation net. is a Perceptron with multiple layers, a different threshold function in the artificial neuron, and a more robust and capable learning rule. Amari (A. Shun-Ichi 1967) was involved with theoretical developments: he published a paper which established a mathematical theory for a learning basis (error-correction method) dealing with adaptive pattern classification. While Fukushima (F. Kunihiko) developed a step wise trained multilayered neural network for interpretation of

handwritten characters. The original network was published in 1975 and was called the Cognitron.

5. Re-Emergence: Progress during the late 1970s and early 1980s was important to the re-emergence on interest in the neural network field. Several factors influenced this movement. For example, comprehensive books and conferences provided a forum for people in diverse fields with specialized technical languages, and the response to conferences and publications was quite positive. The news media picked up on the increased activity and tutorials helped disseminate the technology. Academic programs appeared and courses were introduced at most major Universities (in US and Europe). Attention is now focused on funding levels throughout Europe, Japan and the US and as this funding becomes available, several new commercial with applications in industry and financial institutions are emerging.

6. Today: Significant progress has been made in the field of neural networks-enough to attract a great deal of attention and fund further research. Advancement beyond current commercial applications appears to be possible, and research is advancing the field on many fronts. Neurally based chips are emerging and applications to complex problems developing. Clearly, today is a period of transition for neural network technology.

1.3 Why Use Neural Network?

Neural networks, with their remarkable ability to derive meaning from complicated or imprecise data, can be used to extract patterns and detect trends that are too complex to be noticed by either humans or other computer techniques. A trained neural network can be thought of as an "expert" in the category of information it has been given to analyze. This expert can then be used to provide projections given new situations of interest and answer "what if" questions.

Other advantages include: 1. Adaptive learning: An ability to learn how to do tasks based on the data given for training or initial experience. 2. Self-Organization: An NN can create its own organization or representation of the information it receives during learning time.
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3. Real Time Operation: NN computations may be carried out in parallel, and special hardware devices are being designed and manufactured which take advantage of this capability. 4. Fault Tolerance via Redundant Information Coding: Partial destruction of a network leads to the corresponding degradation of performance. However, some network capabilities may be retained even with major network damage.

2. ARCHITECTURE OF NEURAL NETWORKS

2.1 Feed-forward networks:

Feed-forward NNs allow signals to travel one way only; from input to output. There is no feedback (loops) i.e. the output of any layer does not affect that same layer. Feed-forward ANNs tend to be straight forward networks that associate inputs with outputs. They are extensively used in pattern recognition. This type of organization is also referred to as bottom-up or top-down.

Simple feed forward network

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2.2Feedback networks:
Feedback networks can have signals travelling in both directions by introducing loops in the network. Feedback networks are very powerful and can get extremely complicated. Feedback networks are dynamic; their 'state' is changing continuously until they reach an equilibrium point. They remain at the equilibrium point until the input changes and a new equilibrium needs to be found. Feedback architectures are also referred to as interactive or recurrent, although the latter term is often used to denote feedback connections in single-layer organizations.

Feed back Network

2.3 Network layers:

The commonest type of artificial neural network consists of three groups, or layers, of units: a layer of "input" units is connected to a layer of "hidden" units, which is connected to a layer of "output" units. The activity of the input units represents the raw information that is fed into the network. The activity of each hidden unit is determined by the activities of the input units and the weights on the connections between the input and the hidden units.
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The behavior of the output units depends on the activity of the hidden units and the weights between the hidden and output units.

This simple type of network is interesting because the hidden units are free to construct their own representations of the input. The weights between the input and hidden units determine when each hidden unit is active, and so by modifying these weights, a hidden unit can choose what it represents. We also distinguish single-layer and multi-layer architectures. The single-layer organization, in which all units are connected to one another, constitutes the most general case and is of more potential computational power than hierarchically structured multi-layer organizations. In multi-layer networks, units are often numbered by layer, instead of following a global numbering.

Network layer

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3. HUMAN AND ARTIFICIAL NEURONES

3.1 How the Human Brain Learns?
Much is still unknown about how the brain trains itself to process information, so theories abound. In the human brain, a typical neuron collects signals from others through a host of fine structures called dendrites. The neuron sends out spikes of electrical activity through a long, thin stand known as an axon, which splits into thousands of branches. At the end of each branch, a structure called a synapse converts the activity from the axon into electrical effects that inhibit or excite activity from the axon into electrical effects that inhibit or excite activity in the connected neurons. When a neuron receives excitatory input that is sufficiently large compared with its inhibitory input, it sends a spike of electrical activity down its axon. Learning occurs by changing the effectiveness of the synapses so that the influence of one neuron on another changes.

Components of a neuron

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The synapse

3.2 From Human Neurons to Artificial Neurons:

We conduct these neural networks by first trying to deduce the essential features of neurons and their interconnections. We then typically program a computer to simulate these features. However because our knowledge of neurons is incomplete and our computing power is limited, our models are necessarily gross idealizations of real networks of neurons.

The neuron model

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4. APPLICATON OF NEURAL NETWORK:

4.1Neural Networks in Industry:

Given this description of neural networks and how they work, what real world applications are they suited for? Neural networks have broad applicability to real world business problems. In fact, they have already been successfully applied in many industries. Since neural networks are best at identifying patterns or trends in data, they are well suited for prediction or forecasting needs including: 1. Sales forecasting 2. Industrial process control 3. Customer research 4. Data validation 5. Risk management 6. Target marketing But to give you some more specific examples; NN are also used in the following specific paradigms: recognition of speakers in communications; diagnosis of hepatitis; recovery of telecommunications from faulty software; interpretation of multimeaning Chinese words; undersea mine detection; texture analysis; three-dimensional object recognition; hand-written word recognition; and facial recognition.

4.2 Neural networks in medicine:

Neural Networks (NN) is currently a 'hot' research area in medicine and it is believed that they will receive extensive application to biomedical systems in the next few years. At the moment, the research is mostly on modeling parts of the human body and recognizing diseases from various scans (e.g. cardiograms, CAT scans, ultrasonic scans, etc.). Neural networks are ideal in recognizing diseases using scans since there is no need to provide a specific algorithm on how to identify the disease. Neural networks learn by example so the details of how to recognize the disease are not needed. What is needed is a set of examples that are representative of all the variations of the disease. The quantity of examples is not as important as the 'quantity'. The examples need to be selected very carefully if the system is to perform reliably and efficiently.

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4.3 Neural Networks in business:

Business is a diverted field with several general areas of specialization such as accounting or financial analysis. Almost any neural network application would fit into one business area or financial analysis. There is some potential for using neural networks for business purposes, including resource allocation and scheduling. There is also a strong potential for using neural networks for database mining that is, searching for patterns implicit within the explicitly stored information in databases. Most of the funded work in this area is classified as proprietary. Thus, it is not possible to report on the full extent of the work going on. Most work is applying neural networks, such as the Hopfield-Tank network for optimization and scheduling.

4.3.1Marketing:
There is a marketing application which has been integrated with a neural network system. The Airline Marketing Tactician (a trademark abbreviated as AMT) is a computer system made of various intelligent technologies including expert systems. A feed forward neural network is integrated with the AMT and was trained using back-propagation to assist the marketing control of airline seat allocations. The adaptive neural approach was amenable to rule expression. Additionally, the application's environment changed rapidly and constantly, which required a continuously adaptive solution. The system is used to monitor and recommend booking advice for each departure. Such information has a direct impact on the profitability of an airline and can provide a technological advantage for users of the system. While it is significant that neural networks have been applied to this problem, it is also important to see that this intelligent technology can be integrated with expert systems and other approaches to make a functional system. Neural networks were used to discover the influence of undefined interactions by the various variables. While these interactions were not defined, they were used by the neural system to develop useful conclusions. It is also noteworthy to see that neural networks can influence the bottom line.

4.3.2 Credit Evaluation:

The HNC Company, founded by Robert Hecht-Nielsen, has developed several neural network applications. One of them is the Credit Scoring system which increases the profitability of the existing model up to 27%. The HNC neural systems were also applied to mortgage screening. A neural network automated mortgage insurance underwriting system was developed by the Nestor Company. This system was trained with 5048 applications of which 2597 were certified. The data related to property and borrower qualifications. In a conservative mode the system agreed on the underwriters on 97% of the cases. In the liberal model the system agreed 84% of the cases. This is system run on an Apollo DN3000 and used 250K memory while processing a case file in approximately 1 sec.

4.3.2 Stock Market:

The day-to-day business of the stock market is extremely complicated. Many factors Weigh in whether a given stock will go up or down on any given day. Since neural
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Networks can examine a lot of information quickly and sort it all out, they can be used to Predict stock prices.

5. Character Recognition:
The idea of character recognition has become very important as handheld devices like the Palm Pilot is becoming increasingly popular. Neural networks can be used to recognize Handwritten characters.

6. Image Compression:
Neural networks can receive and process vast amounts of information at once, making Them useful in image compression. With the Internet explosion and more sites using more Images on their sites, using neural networks for image compression is worth a look.

7. Food Processing:
The food industry is perhaps the biggest practical market for electronic noses, assisting Or replacing entirely humans. Inspection of food, grading quality of food, fish inspection, Fermentation control, checking mayonnaise for rancidity, automated flavor control, Monitoring cheese ripening, verifying if orange juice is natural, beverage container Inspection and grading whisky.

8. Signature Analysis:
Neural nets can be used as a mechanism for comparing signatures made (e.g. in a bank) With those stored. This is one of the first large-scale applications of neural networks in The USA, and is also one of the first to use a neural network chip.

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9. Monitoring:
Networks have been used to monitor the state of aircraft engines. By monitoring vibration levels and sound, early warning of engine problems can be given. British Rail has also been testing a similar application monitoring diesel engines.

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5. ADVANTAGES:
Adapt to unknown situation. Autonomous learning & generalization. Robustness: fault tolerance due to network redundancy. High Accuracy: Neural networks are able to approximate complex non-linear mappings. Noise Tolerance: Neural networks are very Flexible with respect to incomplete, missing and noisy data. Independence from prior assumptions: Neural networks do not make a priori assumptions about the distribution of the data, or the form of interactions between factors. Ease of maintenance: Neural networks can be updated with fresh data, making them useful for dynamic environments.

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6. DISADVANTEGES:
No exact. Large complexity of the network structure. Neural network programs sometimes become unstable when applied to larger problems. The neural network needs training to operate. Requires high processing time for large neural networks.

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7. NEURAL NETWORK IN FUTURE:

Robots that can see, feel, and predict the world around them. Composition of music. Handwritten documents to word processing documents. be automatically transformed into formatted

Self-diagnosis of medical problems using neural networks. Improved stock prediction. Common usage of self-driving cars. Trends found in the human genome to aid in the understanding of the data compiled by the Human Genome Project.

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CONCLUSION
The computing world has a lot to gain from neural networks. Their ability to learn by example makes them very flexible and powerful. Furthermore there is no need to devise an algorithm in order to perform a specific task; i.e. there is no need to understand the internal mechanisms of that task. They are also very well suited for real time systems because of their fast response and computational times which are due to their parallel architecture. Neural networks also contribute to other areas of research such as neurology and psychology. They are regularly used to model parts of living organisms and to investigate the internal mechanisms of the brain. Perhaps the most exciting aspect of neural networks is the possibility that some day 'conscious' networks might be produced. There are a number of scientists arguing that consciousness is a 'mechanical' property and that 'conscious' neural networks are a realistic possibility. Finally, I would like to state that even though neural networks have a huge potential we will only get the best of them when they are integrated with computing, AI, fuzzy logic and related subjects.

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REFERENCES:
1. An introduction to neural computing. Alexander, I. and Morton, H. 2nd edition 2. Neural Networks at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory http://www.emsl.pnl.gov:2080/docs/cie/neural/neural.homepage.html 3. Industrial Applications of Neural Networks (research reports Esprit, I.F.Croall, J.P.Mason) 4. A Novel Approach to Modeling and Diagnosing the Cardiovascular System http://www.emsl.pnl.gov:2080/docs/cie/neural/papers2/keller.wcnn95.abs.html 5. Artificial Neural Networks in Medicine http://www.emsl.pnl.gov:2080/docs/cie/techbrief/NN.techbrief.ht 6. Neural Networks by Eric Davalo and Patrick Naim 7. Learning internal representations by error propagation by Rumelhart, Hinton and Williams (1986). 8. Klimasauskas, CC. (1989). The 1989 Neuro Computing Bibliography. Hammerstrom, D. (1986). A Connectionist/Neural Network Bibliography. 9. DARPA Neural Network Study (October, 1987-February, 1989). MIT Lincoln Lab. Neural Networks, Eric Davalo and Patrick Naim 10. Asimov, I (1984, 1950), Robot, Ballatine, New York. 11. Electronic Noses for Telemedicine http://www.emsl.pnl.gov:2080/docs/cie/neural/papers2/keller.ccc95.abs.html

THANK YOU

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