Innovative Tools for Highway Construction Quality Control Visan Wacharanon Suppakorn Wachiraporn Bureau of Highways Construction 2 Bureau

of Highways Construction 1 and Auckpath Sawangsuriya, Ph.D. Bureau of Road Research and Development 1. Introduction The long-term structural performance of the highway pavement depends on the structural properties of the pavement materials and subgrade stability. Quality control monitoring and structural evaluation during highway construction play an important role to assure that the suitability and compaction of the material used. Typical earthwork compaction acceptance criteria are currently based on the specified target dry density of the placed earthen materials achieved through appropriate moisture content (i.e., 95% of maximum dry density and near the optimum moisture content according to Thailand Department of Highways construction specification). Conventional compaction control practice in Thailand is based on inplace density measurement using the sandcone method (ASTM D1556). Monitoring compaction quality through sand cone density test is relatively simple and has been adopted for a statistical evaluation of compaction quality in the Department of Highways for decades. However, such density test is generally time consuming, labor intensive, less cost-effective and destructive. Recently, the nuclear moisturedensity gauge has been experimented in the Department of Highways construction. Unfortunately, it was not successfully accepted because (1) it contains radioactive source, which requires certified operator to run the gauge, (2) it is an intrusive method for soil test, and (3) it takes some times for preparing a test area (i.e., driving a pin to a desired depth) prior to the measurement. A simple, rapid, and direct structural property testing in conjunction with moisture-density testing which can be conducted independently and safely by the inspector without interference with the construction process is anticipated to increase test coverage, to improve statistical basis of evaluation, and to reduce variability. Due to the advancement in science and technology, a number of innovative
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tools have been widely developed and become currently available in the geotechnical and pavement engineering communities for insitu assessment of structural properties and quantitative evaluations of construction practices and materials. These tools are portable, operator friendly, and also provide rapid and instantaneous measurement with reasonable accuracy during construction. As a consequent, construction quality control of the entire earthwork can be enhanced substantially. Examples of innovative tools including Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD), Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer (PFWD), Soil Stiffness Gauge (SSG), Briaud Compaction Device (BCD), Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP), Soil Density Gauge (SDG) and others can provide in-situ stiffness, strength, density, and moisture assessment of pavement materials and are therefore considered as alternative means for Thailand highway construction quality control in the near future.
2. Innovative Tools

assessment of structural uniformity with acceptable range for compacted pavement layer materials and natural subgrade in order to ensure the load support capacity and structural performance over both ascompacted and post-compaction stages. This paper presents some potential innovative tools for future highway construction quality control in Thailand. These tools are portable, simple to use, absolutely safe for operator, and provide rapid measurement without interference with construction process. 2.1 Soil Stiffness Gauge (SSG) Soil Stiffness Gauge (SSG), which is currently marketed as the Humboldt GeoGaugeTM (Fig. 1), is a portable, nonnuclear testing device that provides simple and non-destructive means of directly and rapidly measuring in-situ soil stiffness. The SSG weighs about 11.4 kg, is 28 cm in diameter, 25.4 cm tall, and rests on the soil surface via a ring-shaped foot. The SSG measures near-surface stiffness by imparting small dynamic force to the soil though a ring-shaped foot at 25 steady state frequencies between 100 and 196 Hz. Based upon the force and displacementtime history, stiffness is calculated internally as the average force per unit displacement
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Given the importance of quality control during construction, methods for in-situ property assessment of compacted materials must be reliable, reasonably accurate, rapid and instantaneous so as to increase test coverage. Such methods shall provide an effective

over the measured frequencies and reported. A measurement takes only about 1.5 minutes. The measured soil stiffness from the SSG can be used to calculate the elastic modulus of the materials at near surface (Sawangsuriya et al., 2008).

correlated with California Bearing Ratio or CBR (Sawangsuriya et al., 2008).

575 mm (22.6 in)

Anvil/Coupler Assembly

Graduated Drive Rod or Vertical Scale

1000 mm (39.4 in)

Vertical Side 3 mm (1/8 in) in length

16 mm (5/8 in) diameter Drive Rod

Fig. 1 Soil Stiffness Gauge (GeoGauge ) 2.2 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) (Fig. 2) is simple, rugged, economical, and able to provide a rapid in-situ index of strength of pavement structure. The DCP is used for measuring the material resistance to penetration while the cone of the device is being driven into the pavement structure. The number of blows during operation is recorded with depth of penetration. The slope of the relationship between number of blows and depth of penetration (in millimeters per blow) at a given linear depth segment is recorded as DCP penetration index (DPI), which can be

TM

Cone Angle 60 degree

Tip

20 mm (0.79 in)

Fig. 2 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) 2.3 Soil Density Gauge (SDG)

Soil Density Gauge (SDG) (Fig. 3) is portable and non-destructive testing device for determining the in-place density, and moisture content of unbound pavement materials. The SDG produces an electromagnetic field using a transmitter and receiver. The operating frequency falls within radio frequency range. The density and moisture content are determined by the electrical impedance spectroscopy measurement. The entire measurement takes less than one minute. Unlike the
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nuclear gauge, the SDG is absolutely safe for the operator and there is no need for certified operator to perform the test. Therefore, the SDG might be considered as an alternative tool for highway construction quality control in Thailand.

Every measurement was made at the adjacent location. Besides the four methods, the sand cone tests were performed on 2-3 locations for each material type. It is also noted that two SDGs were used in this study, the SDG Beta 6 and the SDG Beta 15.

Fig. 3 Soil Density Gauge (SDG) 3. Field Testing Program The field test was conducted at one highway construction site, HWY No. 351, in Bangkok, Thailand. The SSG, DCP, nuclear gauge, and SDG were performed on three types of pavement materials: (1) sand embankment, (2) soil-aggregate subbase, and (3) crushed rock base. There were five test locations for each material type. Five measurements of the SSG was made first, followed by five measurements of the SDG, then two measurements of the nuclear gauge and a single measurement of the DCP, respectively per one test location.
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measurement, the inspector can increase test coverage, improve statistical evaluation, and reduce compaction variability, thus ensure structural uniformity during construction.
30 25 Stiffness (MN/m) 20 15 10 5 Crushed Aggregate Base Soil-Aggregate Subbase Sand Embankment

SSG
0 1 2 3 Test No. 4 5

20 18 16 DPI (mm/blow) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 Crushed Aggregate Base Soil-Aggregate Subbase Sand Embankment

Fig. 4 SSG, DCP, SDG, Nuclear Gauge and Sand Cone Test 4. Field Testing Results Results from field testing on three pavement materials are shown in Figs. 5 6 and their average values are also summarized in Table 1. The SSG, DCP, and SDG show good potential for future use in the pavement and subgrade property evaluation during construction phase. The in-situ stiffness and strength properties of three pavement materials can be rapidly and directly monitored in companion with the moisturedensity control tests (i.e., sand cone test and nuclear gauge) during earthwork construction. Due to their rapid and instantaneous

DCP
2 3 Test No. 4 5

2400 2300 Dry Density (kg/m3) 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1 2 3 Test No. 4 5 Crushed Aggregate Base Soil-Aggregate Subbase Sand Embankment

SDG Beta 6

2400 2300 Dry Density (kg/m3) 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1 2 3 Test No. 4 5 Crushed Aggregate Base Soil-Aggregate Subbase Sand Embankment

SDG Beta 15

10 9 Moisture Content (%) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 Test No.

Crushed Aggregate Base Soil-Aggregate Subbase Sand Embankment

12 Sand Cone Test 10 8 6 4 2 0 Crushed Aggregate Base Soil-Aggregate Subbase Sand Embankment Nuclear Gauge Soil Density Gauge Beta 6 Soil Density Gauge Beta 15

SDG Beta 6
4 5

10 9 Moisture Content (%) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 Test No.

Crushed Aggregate Base Soil-Aggregate Subbase Sand Embankment

Fig. 6 Comparison of dry density and moisture content obtained from the sand cone test, nuclear gauge, and SDG. 5. Future Benefits Assessment of in-situ density, moisture content, stiffness, and strength of compacted pavement materials during construction requires portable, simple-touse, non-nuclear, and rapid tools without interference with construction process in order to effectively enhance construction quality control of the entire earthwork. This study presents the implementation of innovative tools such as Soil Stiffness Gauge, Dynamic Cone Penetrometer, Soil Density Gauge etc. for construction quality control of highway earthwork in Thailand. There are several benefits of using these tools: (1) enhances highway construction quality control, (2) ensures long-term pavement performance as well as duringconstruction working platform support and stability, (3) achieves more uniform structural property, (4) develops the role of inspector during construction, and (5)
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SDG Beta 15
4 5

Fig. 5 Stiffness, DPI, dry density and moisture content of three pavement materials. Table 1 Average stiffness and strength of three pavement materials
Pavement Material Sand Embankment SoilAggregate Subbase Crushed Rock Base K (MN/m) 7.6 20.5 21.8 E (MPa) 68 184 196 DPI (mm/blow) 13.5 5.7 2.7 CBR (%) 16 54 96

2500 2400 2300 Dry Density (kg/m3) 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 Crushed Aggregate Base Soil-Aggregate Subbase

Sand Cone Test Nuclear Gauge Soil Density Gauge Beta 6 Soil Density Gauge Beta 15

Sand Embankment

increases operator safety during construction. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge Drs. Pichit Jamnongpipatkul and Montri Dechasakulsom for providing the Soil Stiffness Gauge, Mr. Weera Ploykrajang and Mr. Prasert Boontarunksa for providing the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer, nuclear gauge and field testing crews. Thanks to Mr. David Apkarian and Mr. Ronald Berube, TransTech Systems Inc. for their assistances with the Soil Density Gauge. The authors also express their sincere gratitude to the project manager, inspectors, and engineers of highway construction site, HWY No. 351 for their cooperation in arranging access to the sites. References Sawangsuriya, A, Wachiraporn, S., and Sramoon, W. (2008), Assessment of modulus and CBR of pavement materials for design and construction, Seminar of Bureau of Materials, Analysis and Inspection, Department of Highways, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 31-50 (in Thai with English abstract).