Key Terms and Concepts - Defined: - Goal-Seeking Analysis

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS - DEFINED
Analytical Modeling: Interactive use of computer-based mathematical models to explore decision alternatives using what-if analysis,sensitivity analysis, goal-seeking analysis, and optimization analysis. Analytical Modeling Goal-Seeking Analysis: Making repeated changes to selected variables until a chosen variable reaches a target value. Analytical Modeling - Optimization Analysis: Finding an optimum value for selected variables in a mathematical model, given certain constraints. Analytical Modeling - Sensitivity Analysis: Observing how repeated changes to a single variable affect other variables in a mathematical model. Analytical Modeling - What-if Analysis: Observing how changes to selected variables affect other variables in a mathematical model. Artificial Intelligence: A science and technology, whose goal is to develop computers that can think, as well as see, hear, walk, talk, and feel. Artificial Intelligence - Application Areas: Major areas of AI research and development include cognitive science, computer science, robotics, and natural interface applications. Artificial Intelligence - Domains: The major domains of AI intelligence are grouped under three major areas: Cognitive science applications, robotics applications, and natural interface applications. Data Mining: Using special-purpose software to analyze data from a data warehouse to find hidden patterns and trends. Data Visualization Systems: DVS systems represent complex data using interactive three-dimensional graphical forms such as charts, graphs, and maps. DVS tools help users to interactively sort, subdivide, combine, and organize data while it is in its graphical form. Decision Structure: Information systems can support a variety of management levels and decisions. These include the three levels of management activity (strategic, tactical, and operational), and three types of decision structures (structured, semi-structured, and unstructured).
Decision Support versus Management Reporting: Information reporting systems focus on providing managers with prespecified information products that report on the performance of the organization. Decision support systems focus on providing information interactively to support specific types of decisions by individual managers. Decision Support System: An information system that utilizes decision models, a database, and a decision makers own insights in an ad hoc, interactive analytical modelling process to reach a specific decision by a specific decision maker. Decision Support Trends: Major changes are taking place in traditional MIS, DSS, and EIS tools for providing the information and modelling managers need to support their decisionmaking.
DSS Software resources include software packages such as DSS generators and spreadsheet packages that support database management, model database management, and dialog generation and management.
Enterprise Information Portal: Enterprise information portals are being developed by companies as a way to provide web-enabled information, knowledge, and decision support to executives, managers, employees, suppliers, customers, and other business partners. Enterprise Knowledge Portal: Enterprise information portals are the entry to corporate intranets that serve as their knowledge management systems. These portals are often called enterprise knowledge portals by their vendors. Executive Information System: An information system that provides strategic information tailored to the needs of top management. Expert System: A computer-based information system that uses its knowledge about a specific complex application area to act as an expert consultant to users. Expert System - Applications: Includes applications such as diagnosis, design, prediction, interpretation, and repair. Expert System - Benefits and Limitations: Benefits include the preservation and replication of expertise. They have limited applicability in many problem situations. Expert System - Components: The system consists of a knowledge base and software modules that perform inferences on the knowledge, and communicate answers to a users questions.
Expert System - Development: Expert systems can be purchased or developed if a problem situation exists that is suitable for solution by expert systems rather than by conventional experts and information processing. Expert System Shell: An expert system without its knowledge base. Fuzzy Logic: A computer-based system that can process data that are incomplete or only partially correct, i.e., fuzzy data. Such systems can solve unstructured problems with incomplete knowledge as humans do. Genetic Algorithms: Genetic algorithms use sets of mathematical process rules (algorithms) that specify how combinations of process components or steps are to be formed. Geographic Information System: A GIS is a DSS that constructs and displays maps and other graphics displays that support decisions affecting the geographic distribution of people and other resources. Inference Engineering: The software component of an expert system, which processes the rules and facts, related to a specific problem and makes associations and inferences resulting in recommended sources of action. Intelligent Agent: A knowledge base software surrogate for a user or process in the accomplishment of selected tasks. Knowledge Base: A computer-accessible collection of knowledge about a subject in a variety of forms, such as facts and rules of inference, frames, and objects. Knowledge Engineer: A specialist who works with experts to capture the knowledge they possess in order to develop a knowledge base for expert systems and other knowledge-based systems. Knowledge Management System: Knowledge management systems are defined as the use of information technology to help gather, organize, and share business knowledge within an organization. Level of Management Decision Making: Information systems can support a variety of management levels and decisions. These include the three levels of management activity (strategic, tactical, and operational), and three types of decision structures (structured, semi-structured, and unstructured). Management Information System: A management support system that produces pre-specified reports, displays, and responses on a periodic, exception, or demand basis.
Model Base: An organized collection of conceptual, mathematical, and logical models that express business relationships, computational routines, or analytical techniques. Such models are stored in the form of programs and program subroutines, command files, and spread sheets. Neural Network: Massively parallel neurocomputer systems whose architecture is based on the human brains mesh-like neuron structure. Such networks can process many pieces of information simultaneously and can learn to recognize patterns and programs themselves to solve related problems on their own. Online Analytical Processing: Management, decision support, and executive information systems can be enhanced with an online analytical processing capability. Through OLAP, managers are able to analyze complex relationships in order to discover patterns, trends, and exception conditions in an online, real time process that supports their business analysis and decision-making. Reporting Alternatives: Three major reporting alternatives include periodic scheduled reports, exception reports, and demand reports and responses. Robotics: The technology of building machines (robots) with computer intelligence and human like physical capabilities. Virtual Reality: The use of multisensory human/computer interfaces that enable human users to experience computer-simulated objects, entities, spaces, and worlds as if they actually existed.

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