Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 175 views

    SQL Queries

    Uploaded by

    Mahreen Ilahi
    This document provides examples and explanations of SQL concepts and relational algebra equivalents, including: - SELECT-FROM-WHERE queries, projections, selections, and joins - Aggregate functions like COUNT, MIN, MAX, SUM, and AVG - Set operations like UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT - String and pattern matching operators - Null value handling - Subqueries - Outer joins - Grouping and aggregation - Duplicate elimination with DISTINCT The document uses examples with tables like Student and Professor to demonstrate concepts like projections, selections, different join types, subqueries, and aggregation. Relational algebra expressions are provided alongside SQL queries to show the equivalent operations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    SQL Queries

    Uploaded by

    Mahreen Ilahi
    175 views22 pages
    This document provides examples and explanations of SQL concepts and relational algebra equivalents, including: - SELECT-FROM-WHERE queries, projections, selections, and joins - Aggregate functions like COUNT, MIN, MAX, SUM, and AVG - Set operations like UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT - String and pattern matching operators - Null value handling - Subqueries - Outer joins - Grouping and aggregation - Duplicate elimination with DISTINCT The document uses examples with tables like Student and Professor to demonstrate concepts like projections, selections, different join types, subqueries, and aggregation. Relational algebra expressions are provided alongside SQL queries to show the equivalent operations.

    Original Description:

    SQL

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides examples and explanations of SQL concepts and relational algebra equivalents, including: - SELECT-FROM-WHERE queries, projections, selections, and joins - Aggregate functions like COUNT, MIN, MAX, SUM, and AVG - Set operations like UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT - String and pattern matching operators - Null value handling - Subqueries - Outer joins - Grouping and aggregation - Duplicate elimination with DISTINCT The document uses examples with tables like Student and Professor to demonstrate concepts like projections, selections, different join types, subqueries, and aggregation. Relational algebra expressions are provided alongside SQL queries to show the equivalent operations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    175 views22 pages

    SQL Queries

    Uploaded by

    Mahreen Ilahi
    This document provides examples and explanations of SQL concepts and relational algebra equivalents, including: - SELECT-FROM-WHERE queries, projections, selections, and joins - Aggregate functions like COUNT, MIN, MAX, SUM, and AVG - Set operations like UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT - String and pattern matching operators - Null value handling - Subqueries - Outer joins - Grouping and aggregation - Duplicate elimination with DISTINCT The document uses examples with tables like Student and Professor to demonstrate concepts like projections, selections, different join types, subqueries, and aggregation. Relational algebra expressions are provided alongside SQL queries to show the equivalent operations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    SQL

    Murali Mani

    SELECT-FROM-WHERE
    SELECT * FROM Student WHERE sName=Greg AND address=320 FL Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER sNumber 2 sName Greg address 320FL professor MM

    (sName=Greg AND address=320 FL) (Student)


    Murali Mani

    Project
    SELECT sNumber, sName FROM Student
    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt

    (sNumber, sName) (Student)


    Murali Mani

    Extended Projection
    SELECT sNumber || sName AS info FROM Student WHERE address=320 FL
    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER info 1Dave 2Greg 3Matt

    (sNumber||sNameinfo) ( (address=320 FL) (Student))


    Murali Mani

    SQL and Relational Algebra


    In short, L ( C (R)) becomes SELECT L FROM R WHERE C

    Murali Mani

    Renaming
    SELECT s1.sNumber AS num FROM Student S1 WHERE s1.sNumber >= 1;
    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER num 1 2 3

    (s1.sNumbernum) ( (s1.sNumber >= 1) ( S1 (Student)))


    Murali Mani

    String operators
    Comparison Operators based on lexicographic ordering: =, <, >, <>, >=, <= Concatenation operator: || represented in strings with two consecutive Pattern match: s LIKE p
    p = pattern % : any sequence of 0 or more characters - : matches 1 character Patterns can explicitly declare escape characters as: s LIKE x%%am% ESCAPE x
    Murali Mani

    Comparison with NULL values


    Arithmetic operations on NULL return NULL. Comparison operators on NULL return UNKNOWN. We can explicitly check whether a value is null or not, by IS NULL, IS NOT NULL.

    Murali Mani

    Truth table with UNKNOWN


    UNKNOWN AND TRUE = UNKNOWN UNKNOWN OR TRUE = TRUE UNKNOWN AND FALSE = FALSE UNKNOWN OR FALSE = UNKNOWN UNKNOWN AND UNKNOWN = UNKNOWN UNKNOWN OR UNKNOWN = UNKNOWN NOT UNKNOWN = UNKNOWN A WHERE clause is satisfied only when it evaluates to TRUE.

    Murali Mani

    UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT


    (SELECT sName FROM Student) EXCEPT (SELECT sName FROM Student WHERE address=320 FL) UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT have set semantics. For bag semantics, use UNION ALL, INTERSECT ALL, EXCEPT ALL
    Murali Mani

    EXCEPT - Example
    (SELECT sName FROM Student) EXCEPT (SELECT sName FROM Student WHERE address=320 FL) Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 4 sName Dave Greg Matt Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL 300FL professor MM MM ER ER sNumber sName address professor

    Murali Mani

    Joins
    SELECT sName FROM Student, Professor WHERE pName=MM AND pNumber=professor;

    (sName)(Student (pName=MM and pNumber=professor) Professor)

    Murali Mani

    Joins - example
    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor 1 1 2 1 2

    Professor
    pNumber pName MM ER address 141FL 201FL

    SELECT sName FROM Student, Professor WHERE pName=MM AND pNumber=professor;


    Murali Mani

    sName Dave Greg

    Cross Product (Cartesian Product)


    SELECT * FROM Student CROSS JOIN Professor; Student X Professor can also be written as: SELECT * FROM Student, Professor
    Murali Mani

    Cross Product - Example


    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sNumber 1 1 2 2 3 3 sName Dave Greg Matt sName Dave Dave Greg Greg Matt Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL address 320FL 320FL 320FL 320FL 320FL 320FL professor 1 1 2 professor 1 1 1 1 2 2
    Murali Mani

    Professor
    pNumber 1 2 pName MM ER address 141FL 201FL

    pNumber 1 2 1 2 1 2

    pName MM ER MM ER MM ER

    address 141FL 201FL 141FL 201FL 141FL 201FL

    Theta Join
    SELECT * FROM Student JOIN Professor ON professor=pNumber;
    Student (professor=pNumber) Professor

    SELECT * FROM Student, Professor WHERE professor=pNumber;


    Murali Mani

    Theta Join Example


    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor 1 1 2 pNumber 1 1 2 pName MM MM ER address 141FL 141FL 201FL

    Murali Mani

    Natural Join
    SELECT * FROM Student NATURAL JOIN Professor (Note: This requires the columns on which the join should be done should have the same names for Student and Professor).
    Student Professor

    Murali Mani

    Natural Join - Example


    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL address 320FL 320FL 320FL pNumber 1 1 2 pNumber 1 1 2 pName MM MM ER address 141FL 141FL 201FL 1 2

    Professor
    pNumber pName MM ER address 141FL 201FL

    Murali Mani

    Outer Joins
    SELECT * FROM Student NATURAL FULL OUTER JOIN Professor
    Student o Professor

    SELECT * FROM Student NATURAL LEFT OUTER JOIN Professor


    Student oL Professor

    Murali Mani

    10

    Outer Joins
    SELECT * FROM Student NATURAL RIGHT OUTER JOIN Professor

    Student oR Professor

    Murali Mani

    Outer Joins - Example


    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 4 sNumber 1 2 3 4 Null sName Dave Greg Matt Ben sName Dave Greg Matt Ben Null address 320FL 320FL 320FL 320FL address 320FL 320FL 320FL 320FL Null pNumber 1 1 2 4 pNumber 1 1 2 4 3
    Murali Mani

    Professor
    pNumber 1 2 3 pName MM ER MW address 141FL 201FL 168FL

    pName MM MM ER Null MW

    address 141FL 141FL 201FL Null 168FL

    11

    Sorting: ORDER BY clause


    SELECT * FROM Student WHERE sNumber >= 1 ORDER BY sNumber, sName (sNumber, sName) ( (sNumber >= 1) (Student))

    Murali Mani

    Subqueries
    SELECT * FROM Student WHERE professor = (SELECT pName FROM Professor WHERE pNumber=1) Note: the inner subquery returns a relation, but SQL runtime ensures that the subquery returns a relation with one column and with one row, otherwise it is a run-time error.
    Murali Mani

    12

    Subqueries - Example
    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER

    SELECT * FROM Student WHERE professor = (SELECT pName FROM Professor WHERE pNumber=1)

    Professor
    pNumber 1 2 pName MM ER address 141FL 201FL sNumber 1 2 sName Dave Greg address 320FL 320FL professor MM MM

    Murali Mani

    Subqueries
    We can use IN, EXISTS (also NOT IN, NOT EXISTS) ALL, ANY can be used with comparisons SELECT * FROM Student WHERE (sNumber, professor) IN (SELECT pNumber, pName FROM Professor)
    Murali Mani

    13

    Subqueries - Example
    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER

    Professor
    pNumber 1 2 pName MM ER address 141FL 201FL

    SELECT * FROM Student WHERE (sNumber, professor) IN (SELECT pNumber, pName FROM Professor)

    sNumber 1

    sName Dave

    address 320FL

    professor MM

    Murali Mani

    Subqueries: EXISTS
    SELECT * FROM Student WHERE EXISTS (SELECT pName FROM Professor WHERE Student.professor=pName)

    Professor
    pNumber 1 2 pName MM ER address 141FL 201FL

    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER

    Murali Mani

    14

    Subqueries with negation


    SELECT * FROM Student WHERE (sNumber, professor) NOT IN (SELECT pNumber, pName FROM Professor)

    Professor
    pNumber 1 2 pName MM ER address 141FL 201FL

    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER sNumber 2 3 sName Greg Matt address professor 320FL 320FL MM ER

    Murali Mani

    Subqueries with negation


    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER 1 2

    Professor
    pNumber pName MM ER address 141FL 201FL

    SELECT * FROM Student WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT pName FROM Professor WHERE Student.professor=pName)
    sNumber sName address professor

    Murali Mani

    15

    Subqueries: ALL, ANY


    SELECT * FROM Student WHERE sNumber > ALL (SELECT pNumber FROM Professor) SELECT * FROM Student WHERE sNumber = ANY (SELECT pNumber FROM Professor)
    Murali Mani

    Subqueries: ALL - Example


    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER 1 2

    Professor
    pNumber pName MM ER address 141FL 201FL

    SELECT * FROM Student WHERE sNumber > ALL (SELECT pNumber FROM Professor)

    sNumber 3

    sName Matt

    address professor 320FL ER

    Murali Mani

    16

    Subqueries: ANY - Example


    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER 1 2

    Professor
    pNumber pName MM ER address 141FL 201FL

    SELECT * FROM Student WHERE sNumber = ANY (SELECT pNumber FROM Professor)

    sNumber 1 2

    sName Dave Greg

    address 320FL 320FL

    professor MM MM

    Murali Mani

    Subqueries: NOT ALL Example


    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER 1 2

    Professor
    pNumber pName MM ER address 141FL 201FL

    SELECT * FROM Student WHERE NOT sNumber > ALL (SELECT pNumber FROM Professor)

    sNumber 1 2

    sName Dave Greg

    address 320FL 320FL

    professor MM MM

    Murali Mani

    17

    Subqueries: NOT ANY Example


    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER 1 2

    Professor
    pNumber pName MM ER address 141FL 201FL

    SELECT * FROM Student WHERE NOT sNumber = ANY (SELECT pNumber FROM Professor)

    sNumber 3

    sName Matt

    address professor 320FL ER

    Murali Mani

    Subqueries: Tip

    Murali Mani

    18

    Subqueries in FROM clause


    SELECT sName, pName FROM Student, (SELECT * FROM Professor WHERE pNumber=1) WHERE professor=pName;

    Professor
    pNumber 1 2 pName MM ER address 141FL 201FL

    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL professor MM MM ER sName Dave Greg pName MM MM

    Murali Mani

    Duplicate Elimination
    SELECT DISTINCT * FROM Student;

    (Student)
    Student

    SELECT DISTINCT address FROM Student WHERE sNumber >= 1;

    ( (address) ( (sNumber >= 1) (Student)))

    sNumber 1 2 3

    sName Dave Greg Matt

    address 320FL 320FL 320FL

    professor MM MM ER

    address 320FL

    Murali Mani

    19

    Aggregation
    SELECT COUNT (*) FROM Student; SELECT COUNT (sNumber) FROM Student; SELECT MIN (sNumber) FROM Student; SELECT MAX (sNumber) FROM Student; SELECT SUM (sNumber) FROM Student; SELECT AVG (sNumber) FROM Student; We can have distinct such as: SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT sNumber) FROM Student
    Murali Mani

    Grouping
    SELECT COUNT (sName) FROM Student GROUP BY address;
    (COUNT (sName))

    ( (address, COUNT (sName)) (Student))


    professor MM MM ER COUNT (sName) 3

    Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 sName Dave Greg Matt address 320FL 320FL 320FL

    Murali Mani

    20

    Grouping
    SELECT address, COUNT (sNumber) FROM Student WHERE sNumber > 1 GROUP BY address HAVING COUNT (sNumber) > 1; Student
    sNumber 1 2 3 4 sName Dave Greg Matt Ben address 320FL 320FL 320FL 300FL professor MM MM ER ER
    Murali Mani

    address 320FL

    COUNT (sNumber) 2

    Aggregation and NULLs


    NULLs are ignored in any aggregation; except COUNT (*) However if the set of attributes to be grouped on has null values, then grouping is done on the null values as well.

    Murali Mani

    21

    SQL Queries - Summary


    SELECT [DISTINCT] a1, a2, , an FROM R1, R2, , Rm [WHERE C1] [GROUP BY g1, g2, , gl [HAVING C2]] [ORDER BY o1, o2, , oj]

    Murali Mani

    22

    You might also like