[05 01 Rev 1] Page 1 of 5

APPLICATION
GUIDE
7
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION........................................2
2 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
REQUIREMENTS......................................2
3 DETERMINATION OF RELAY SETTINGS2
3.1 Zone 1 setting..................................2
3.2 Residual Compensation Setting.......3
3.3 Zone 2 Setting .................................4
3.4 Zone 3 Settings................................4
4 Appendix A...............................................5
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APPLICATION
GUIDE
7
1 INTRODUCTION
The Ohmega family of Digital Distance
Relays give full scheme protection with
independent measurements for every
zone and fault loop. Impedance starting
elements are not required. Optional
features provide a full range of protection
functions supplements by control,
metering, data storage and fibre optic data
communication capabilities.
The relays can be applied to either
overhead line or cable feeders and,
depending on the availability and type of
teleprotection channels available, can be
configured to provide unit protection in a
number of different models.
2 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
REQUIREMENTS
The current transformers used with
Ohmega relays should be class TPS to
IEC 46-6 (ie BS3938 class x). The CTs
should have a knee point voltage Vk as
follows:-
V
k
= K.I
p
(I + X
p
) (0.03 + R
ct
+ R
I
)
N R
p
V
k
= K.I
e
(I + X
e
) (0.06 + R
ct
+ R
I
)
N R
e
Where:
I
p
= phase fault current calculated for X
p
/R
p
ratio at the end of zone 1.
Ie = earth fault current calculated for X
e
ratio at the end of zone 1 R
e
N = C.T. ratio
X
p
/R
p
= power system resistance to
reactance ratio for the total plant including
the feeder line parameters calculated for a
phase fault at the end of zone 1.
X
e
/R
e
= similar ratio to above but
calculated for an earth fault at the end of
zone 1.
R
ct
= C.T. internal resistance
R
I
= lead burden, C.T. to Ohmega
terminals
K = factor chosen to ensure adequate
operating speed and is <1. K is usually
0.5 for distribution systems, a higher value
is chosen for primary transmission
systems. Reyrolle Protection should be
consulted.
Both V
k
values should be calculated and
the higher value chosen for the C.T. to be
used.
3 DETERMINATION OF RELAY
SETTINGS
To match a distance protection relay to a
feeder the following data must be known:-
Positive sequence of the feeder Z1
ohm/km
Zero sequence impedance of the
feeder Zo ohms/km
Length of protected feeder
Maximum and minimum fault current
infeed at relaying point
Current transformer ratio
Voltage transformer ratio
Length of adjacent lines which are
partially or wholly included within the
Zone 2, 3 or 4
The position, rating and reactance of
any power transformers connected to
the system within the zone 4 forward
and reverse impedance reach.
Fault current infeeds at tee-off points
or remote substations
Fault clearance time on circuits within
the Zone 2 and Zone 3 and Zone 4
impedance reaches
Maximum load current
Phase angle of line impedance
Maximum residual capacitance current
at the relaying points for earth faults in
adjacent circuits
Minimum residual current available to
operate the earth fault detector
3.1 Zone 1 setting
Normal practice is to making the Zone 1
setting equal to 80% of the positive
sequence impedance of the protected
feeder to allow for the inherent errors in
estimating line impedances and possible
errors in voltage and current transformers.
Settings other than 80% are possible, but
to ensure that the relay does not
overreach into the remote busbars, care is
necessary when choosing such settings.
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APPLICATION
GUIDE
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A zone 1 extension scheme allows two
settings to be made for the zone 1 reach.
The first is the standard 80% setting. The
second is a higher setting which can be
applied under certain circumstances.
When zone 1 extension is enabled, the
higher setting is used for instantaneous
tripping, and during the autoreclose
sequence the zone 1 reach is reduced to
the lower setting (80%). For a transient
fault, the tripped circuit breakers will
reclose successfully after clearing the
fault. For a permanent fault, when the
circuit breaker is reclosed the zone 1
reach will be reduced to its normal (non-
extended) value and relay operation will
be the same as for the time stepped
distance scheme. Given that most faults
are transient in nature, this will give
improved fault clearance over 100% of the
line. The disadvantage is that the
extended zone 1 reach will allow
instantaneous tripping for faults in
adjacent zones in adjacent feeders before
the auto-reclose sequence is started.
This will obviously involve a greater
number of circuit breaker operations and
thus more circuit breaker maintenance.
It is particularly important to ensure that
the impedance of the protected feeder is
accurately known and the mutual effects
due to adjacent feeders are considered for
all known operating conditions. On a teed-
feeder the zone 1 impedance setting
should be approximately 80% of the
positive sequence impedance from the
relaying point to the nearer of the remote
ends.
On lines with tee-off transformers
connected to them, the Zone 1 setting can
extend beyond the tee-off point, provided it
does not reach beyond the windings of
any transformer. If a transformer is
earthed on the line side, it can supply zero
sequence current which is equivalent to an
infeed (see Fig. 1), and should be
considered when choosing the Zone 1
setting.
On feeder transformers, Zone 1 should be
set to cover at least 1.2 times the positive
sequence impedance of the feeder. It
should not, however, exceed 0.8 times the
sum of the feeder impedance and the
transformer impedance.
Having decided upon the impedance
setting required, the relay setting is
determined as follows:-
where:
Equation 1
Ll = required Zone 1 reach in primary
positive sequence ohms.
C = protection current transformer ratio
V = protection voltage transformer ratio
The available setting ranges are:-
I amp relay = 0.5 250 ohms
2 amp relay = 0.2 125 ohms
5amp relay = 0.1 50 ohms
Equation 1 gives the relay setting at the
relay characteristic angle.
Example (A)
For Ll = 34 ohms; C = 750/1 and V =
22OkV/110V
Zone 1 setting =
34 x 750 x 110 =12.75 ohms
1 220,000
The zone 1 setting is 12.75 ohms
3.2 Residual Compensation Setting
Equation 1 gives the relay setting for both
phase and earth fault measurement. To
allow for variations in the earth return path,
earth fault measurement is compensated
using the residual compensation
V
C
L 1 setting Zone1

,
_

1
1 3
1
Z
Zo
on Compensati Residual
IA
AC
AC
A C
B
LAT OHMS LTC OHMS
LTB OHMS
IA + IC
IB
T
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APPLICATION
GUIDE
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1 Z
Zo
55 . 2
1

Z
Zo
technique. The setting of the Residual
Compensation for correct earth fault
measurement is determined as follows:-
Where:-
Zo = Zero sequence impedance of feeder.
Zl = Positive sequence impedance of
feeder.
The relay automatically calculates the
correct value of residual compensation
when the user enters the ratio of
The available setting ranges
is:- 0 10 in 0.01 steps.
The Z0 angle must also be entered on the
relay.
Example (B)
Let Zo = 1.4 ohms/km and Zl = 0.55
ohms/km
Therefore
The neutral compensation factor can be
set to 2.5. This factor is common for all
zone impedance settings. The fault angle
Figure 1 must be calculated from the Zo
parameter. The residual impedance
setting and the zone impedance setting is
combined to give a composite setting.
3.3 Zone 2 Setting
Zone 2 setting should be at least 1.2 times
the positive sequence impedance of the
protected feeder. For teed feeders the
setting should be at least 1.2 times the
impedance to the most remote end, the
effect of infeeds at the tee points being
allowed for as shown in choose the setting
for maximum infeeds, but take care it does
not encroach onto the second zone of
distance protection of adjacent feeders for
minimum fault infeed conditions.
On lines with tee-off transformers
connected to them, the tee-off
transformers can supply zero sequence
current if they are earthed on the line side.
This is equivalent to an infeed as indicated
in and must be taken into account when
choosing the Zone 2 setting. Normally the
Zone 2 reach will be set so that it does not
extend beyond a power transformer, but
should a particular application require an
extended reach of this nature, then care
should be taken to grade the protection
accordingly.
The Zone 2 setting is obtained by
adjusting the impedance setting.
1
]
1

,
_

+
+
A
B A
TC AT
I
I I
L L A at Setting Zone 2 . 1 2
3.4 Zone 3 Settings
The Zone 3 setting will depend upon the
system adjacent to the protected feeder
and the amount of back-up protection
required. To give back-up protection on
the protected feeder, the Z3 should be at
least equal to and not less than the Z2
setting.
The Zone 2 and Zone 3 timers are
normally set to give a grading margin
between the zones.
On lines with tee-off transformers, the
transformers can supply zero sequence
current if they are earthed on the line side.
This is equivalent to an infeed as indicated
in and should be considered when
choosing the Zone 3 setting. Care should
be taken to grade the Zone 3 setting with
the rest of the system.
As with Zone 2, the Zone 3 reach will
normally be set so that it does not extend
beyond a power transformer, however if a
particular application requires an
extension of reach beyond a transformer
then the protection should be graded
accordingly.
The Zone3 setting is obtained by
adjustment of the impedance range.
The characteristic of the zone 3 allows for
a reverse reach setting which is adjustable
and this is programmed as a secondary
impedance.
IA
AC
AC
A C
LABOHMS LBC OHMS
IA + IB
IB
B
1
]
1

,
_

+
+
A
B A
BC AB
I
I I
L L A at Setting Zone 2 . 1 3
[05 01 Rev 1] Page 5 of 5
APPLICATION
GUIDE
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4 Appendix A
Status Inputs
As stated in the Performance
Specification (section 5 of this manual),
status inputs used for protection signalling
are high speed devices with operating
times of under 5ms. As supplied, all
status inputs are of this type. Should the
user require any status input to meet the
requirements of ESI 48-4-1 ie to have high
stability in the presence of spurious
signals, the relevant status input module
should be withdrawn from the relay case
and the desired inputs changed in
accordance with figure 3.