; Don Bosco Technical Institute-Makati Grade School Department School Year 2010-2011 Science and Health Grade V Second

Quarter

Experiment No. 2 Name: Lorenzo Miguel C. Garcia Section: Saint Louis Versiglia

Topic: Birds C.N.17 Score: ___________ Date: October 25, 2010

The avian (bird) skeleton has many features that resemble the human skeleton, and the majority of the bones are the same, they are only shaped different. When structures are similar in different organisms, they are called homologous. The main difference between the human and bird skeleton is that the bird's skeleton is adapted for flight. For instance, the bones of a bird are hollow which makes the skeleton lighter. The collarbone of the bird is fused for stability and is called the furculum. Color the bones as indicated below. The arm bones of the human consist of the humerus, the radius and the ulna. These bones are also found in the bird. On both skeletons, color the humerus (G) pink. Color the radius (F) green and the ulna (E) light green. The leg consists of a long femur which attaches to the pelvis and then two bones of the lower leg. In the bird, these two bones: the tibia and fibula are fused together. In humans, they are separated. You are probably familiar with the tibia of the bird, that's the part you eat called the drumstick. When you eat the thigh of the bird, the bone within it is the femur. On both skeletons, color the pelvis (M) yellow, the femur (N) orange, and the tibia (O) light blue. On the human only, color the fibula (P) dark blue. Also on the human skeleton, the patella, also called the kneecap is visible. Color the patella (S) green. The head of both birds and humans is protected by a large cranium. The upper jaw of the human, and the upper beak of the bird is composed of a bone called the maxilla. The lower jaw, and lower beak is composed of a bone called the mandible. On both skeletons, color the cranium (A) red, the maxilla (B) grey, and the mandible (C) pink. The differences between the bird and human skeleton are very apparent in the pectoral girdle, which is the place where the forelimbs attach to the spine. The bird's forelimbs are wings and must have a strong support system. The collarbone of the bird is fused to form the furculum, or wishbone. The "shoulderblade" of the human is actually a bone called the scapula, birds have a scapula and they also have an additional shoulder blade bone called the corocoid. On both skeletons, color the scapula (K) dark brown. On the bird, color the fuculum (J) black and the corocoid (L) light brown. On the human, color the collarbone (J) black. Another obvious difference between the human and bird skeleton is the shape and size of the sternum. A bird's sternum is large and positioned under the body - flight muscles attach to this bone. The ridge of the bird's sternum is called a keel. The ribs are attached to the spine and to the sternum. On both skeletons, color the sternum (H) red and the ribs (R) blue. On the bird, trace the edge of the sternum in green to show the keel (I). The vertebrae of the bird and human are similar except for the bone where the tail feathers attach, called the pygostyle. Humans have a tailbone that is similar, but it is not pictured. Color the vertebrae (D) yellow and the pygostyle (Q) purple.

Experiment 2

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II. Answer the following questions. 1. Define homologous. When structures are similar in different organisms, they are called homologous. 2. Name two ways in which the bird's skeleton is adapted for flight. The bones of a bird are hollow which makes the skeleton lighter. The collarbone of the bird is fused for stability and is called the furculum. 3. What bone is the drumstick? Tibia of the bird, that's the part you eat called the drumstick. 4. What bone is the wishbone? The bird's forelimbs are wings and must have a strong support system. The collarbone of the bird is fused to form the furculum, or wishbone. 4. What two bones make up the bird's beak? Upper jaw of the human, and the upper beak of the bird is composed of a bone called the maxilla. The lower jaw, and lower beak is composed of a bone called the mandible. 5. What bones make up the bird's forelimb? The differences between the bird and human skeleton are very apparent in the pectoral girdle, which is the place where the forelimbs attach to the spine. The bird's forelimbs are wings and must have a strong support system. 6. What bones make up the bird's hind limb? ______________________________________________ 7. What bone in the bird is homologous to the human's collarbone? ________________________ 8. What bone are the tail feathers attached to? Pygostyle 9. List two bones you will find in a bird, but not in a human. Pygostyle and corocoid

10. List two bones you will find in a human, but not in a bird. Patella and fibula
Experiment 2 Page 3

III. Bird Beaks and Feet Introduction: A bird's beak and feet can tell us much about their habitat and lifestyle. Most birds are even classified according to structural similarities between their beaks and feet. Examine the images of birds below and write your inference about what the bird eats, and where it lives. Bluebird Chicken Duck

Eagle Sparrow

Flamingo

Heron

Kingfisher

Owl

Pelican

Hummingbird

Woodpecker

Experiment 2

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Data Table Bird Bluebird Chicken Duck Eagle Sparrow Flamingo Heron Kingfisher Owl Pelican Hummingbird Woodpecker Large hook like claws (talons) Webbed Short tiny claws Scoop Long & tubular Fish Nectar Trees Sea shore Long muscular legs Long skinny legs Spear Shaped Fish Hooked Fish Pond Webbed Large hook like claws (talons) Type of Feet Three toes in front and one in back Short & rounded Flat and squareshaped Insects & seeds Algae Farm Pond Type of Beak Probable Diet Probable Habitat

Three toes in Chisel shaped, flat & front and one insects pointed in back

IV. Analysis 1. What features of a hummingbird make it adapted for its style of feeding? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Imagine an ideal flying predator. What type of beak and feet would it have? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Different birds may have similar beaks and diets. Loons, herons, and kingfishers, for instance, all have long sharp pointed beaks for spearing fish. Their feet, however, are quite different. Describe how the loon, heron, and kingfisher differ in the method by which they hunt for fish.
3.

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Description Beaks short & rounded spear shaped chisel shaped, flat & pointed flat and square-shaped long and fat, like a scoop hooked long and tubular Feet long muscular legs long skinny legs short legs with blunt claws three toes in front, one behind webbed large hooklike claws (talons) tiny short legs two toes in front, two behind

Function multipurpose, eating insects and seeds spearing fish drilling for insects straining algae scooping up fish catching and tearing prey sucking nectar from flowers running wading scratching, ground walking perching swimming grasping prey hovering climbing