Chapter 1

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

I. Introduction A. Background of the Study It cannot be denied that feeds help different breeds of chickens to grow. These contain enough vitamins and minerals and other chemicals, such as antibiotics and arsenics, to help improve the growth of chicken. Those chickens are the ones served in our table, either in fast foods or home. Antibiotics and arsenics are used for growth, kill parasites and improve pigmentation. Then by the year 2008, a study was conducted by Dr. Howard Garret and found out that chicken feeds contain arsenics, called roxarsone, which may harm humans who consume chicken meat. It has been stated that roxarsone can cause cancer and partial paralysis. Since the National Eating Trends 2000 survey showed that the percentage of people eating chicken regularly is 73%, the researchers became alarmed from the study conducted. If many people continue to eat chickens fed with feed containing arsenics, many people might be affected by cancer or partial paralysis too. The researchers end up thinking on how to avoid feeds containing arsenics by using an alternative material. Zucker, Hays, Speer and Catron (2002) conducted a study which used soybean and pumpkin seed as source of protein for swine. They concluded that soybean requires fewer amounts for an increase gain than pumpkin seed. Also, Tomhave (2001) observed how much soybean must be fed to swine to increase weight gain. But, these studies only focused on the weight gain of the experimental units, and didnt cover other animals other than swine.

Regardless of the need of new feeds for poultry to avoid the use of feeds having arsenics, there are only few studies worked for the problem. Pogeller (2002) said that soybean is used to produce oil for food and industrial used and as protein meal for livestock feeds. However, there are no clear statements which proved that soybean and pumpkin seed can be an efficient feed for chickens. The researchers of the present study aimed to determine the growth response of chicken on soybean and pumpkin seed. This also satisfied if soybean and pumpkin seed can be an efficient feed for chicken. With the feasibility and probability that soybean and pumpkin seed may help to improve chicken growth, the researchers pursued the investigation. The researchers determined the effectiveness of soybean and pumpkin seed on the growth of the chicken in terms of height of chicken, weight of chicken and length of breast of chicken.

II. Statement of the problem Generally, the study aimed to determine the effectiveness of soybean and pumpkin seed on the growth of 45 days chicken. Specifically, it intends to answer the following question: 1. Is there a significant effect of using soybean on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of: a. b. c. height weight length of breast 2. Is there a significant effect of using pumpkin seed on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of: a. b. c. height weight length of breast 3. Which among the treatments is best to use in terms of: a. b. c. height weight length of breast 4. Is there any significant difference among the treatments used in terms of: a. b. c. height weight length of breast

III. Statement of the hypothesis 1. There is no significant effect of using soybean on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of: a. b. c. height weight length of breast 2. There is no significant effect of using pumpkin seed on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of: a. b. c. height weight length of breast 3. Treatment five or the use of commercialized feed is the best to use in terms of: a. b. c. height weight length of breast 4. There is no significant difference among the treatments used in terms of: a. b. c. height weight length of breast

IV. Significance of the Study The characteristics of soybean and pumpkin seed proved to affect its agricultural benefits and nutritional value. Therefore, it is essential to yield from a good kind of seed because it is sure to possess a desirable amount of health nutrients. The product of this study served as a substitute for commercialized feeds containing arsenics. It will benefit and help a lot of people especially those people having poultry business, agriculturists, and researchers and of course people who eat chicken. Finally, this served as a guide and basis in other research study about poultry feeds and feeding. V. Scope and Limitations The general purpose of this study is to make use of soybean and pumpkin seed as feeds for 45 days chicken, and determine the response of 45 days chicken from the two products. It mainly focused on the effectiveness and use of soybean and pumpkin seed as a good quality, low price and efficient feed. This study used fifty 45 days chicken, equally divided for five kinds of treatments. Each treatment was observed in terms of height of the chicken in centimeters, weight of the chicken in grams and length of breast of the chicken in centimeters. Four of the treatments are experimental and the other one is the control setup. The study does not cover the pigment and tenderness of chicken meat. This study was performed from March 2009-December 2009. It was conducted at Block K7 Lot 5 Brgy. San Francisco I, Dasmarias, Cavite.

VI. Definition of Terms This study includes words that may need further explanation in order to fully understand the concept and idea of this research. The following are terms that serve as keywords to the study that may sound unfamiliar and needs elaboration to totally comprehend whatever this research is about: Soybean. The independent variable that was used to substitute commercialized feed and served as the main feed in treatment one and will be used as supplemental feed in treatment three. Pumpkin seed. The independent variable that was used to substitute commercialized feed and served as the main feed in treatment two and will be used as supplemental feed in treatment four. Chicken. The organism which was used and utilized to test the effectiveness of soybean and pumpkin seed as feeds. Alternative feeds. The treatment one and two of the study, which is the use of soybeans and pumpkin seeds as the main feed. Supplemental feeds. The treatment three and four of the study, which is the combination of soybeans and commercialized feeds, and pumpkin seeds and commercialized feeds.

VII. Conceptual Framework

Chicken Feed
Paradigm: The required nutrients for a good feed were given by Firman (2003) while the nutrients that can be found in soybean and pumpkin seed were given by Mateljan (2003). This study used soybean and pumpkin seed as feeds for 45 days chicken since it the two contain nutrients that can be found in commercialized feeds too. Commercialized feeds, soybean and pumpkin seed all have protein, vitamin B2 or riboflavin, iron, copper, manganese, potassium, phosphorus and vitamin K.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
I. Review of Related Literature Chicken Feeds It was noted by Jeffre D. Firman (2003) that a good feed must contain large amount of protein, with B Vitamins, iron, copper, manganese, potassium, phosphorus and vitamin K. To maintain healthy birds, keep fresh feed available at all times. Limit the amount of feed in feeders to the extent necessary to avoid waste. It is a good practice to fill hanging feeders only three-fourths full, and trough feeders only two-thirds full. For efficient feeding, keep the lip of the feeder pan in a hanging tube-type feeder at the level of the birds' backs. Lee Schwantz (2002) also added that your feed supply store can provide you with a growing ration that contains everything your chicks need to grow into productive hens. It may cost more than mixing yourself, but bagged feed mixed at a mill has many advantages. From six to 14 weeks, the ration should contain 17 percent protein. From 15 to 20 weeks, 14 percent protein is sufficient. The most convenient way of feeding chickens is with a balanced pelleted ration, whether the birds are confined indoors or allowed to range outdoors. Most diets contain corn for energy, soybean meal for protein, and vitamin and mineral supplements. Anne Fanatico (2004) mentioned that commercial rations often contain antibiotics and arsenicals to promote health and improve growth, coccidiostats for combating coccidiosis, and sometimes mold inhibitors. However, it is possible to obtain unmedicated feed-check feed labels to see if they contain feed additives. Chicken feed usually contains soybean meal which is a by-product of the oilseed industry. In the

industry, soybeans are dehulled and cut into thin pieces (flaked) to improve the action of the solvent (usually hexane) which is passed through the soybean to extract the valuable oil. Vegetable oils such as soybean oil are used for edible and industrial purposes. Then the soybean is then toasted as a method of heat treatment to deactivate an inhibitor which would otherwise interfere with protein digestion in the animal. Arsenics in Feeds Dan Hogan utter that chicken feeds contain arsenic called Roxarsone and may harm humans. Roxarsone is used for growth, kill parasites and improve pigmentation. Intake of this can improve kidney cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer and partial paralysis. A popular chicken feed additive which has been in use since the 1960's containing arsenic to produce pinker, healthier, big breasted birds could cause diseases in humans according to a study headed by a Duquesne University researcher. It was lead by Dr. Howard Garret (2008). The feed additive is used by commercial chicken producers to control intestinal parasites, reduce stress, stimulate growth and improve the color of chicken meat. Laboratory analysis shows that the antibiotic arsenic compound roxarsone, which promotes the growth of blood vessels in chickens to produce pinker meat, does the same in human cell lines. This is a critical first step in many human diseases, including cancer. It's actually hard to find any other information on this besides the study and the published report on Environmental Perspective. The technical term for growth of blood vessels is called angiogenesis, and roxarsone was found to do just that in humans. Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic is known to cause cancer and has been linked to heart disease, diabetes and declines in brain

functions. The study doesn't focus on the risks of eating chickens that were fed roxarsone, but there are reasons to be cautious. Soybean Soybean is a plant grown widely throughout the world. It is important as a source of oil and protein for people and animals. Soybeans were grown for livestock forage and as a solid-building crop. Glenn H. Pogeller (2002) said that one cup of soybean concentrate will supply an average adults daily need for protein, vitamins and minerals. In the United States, most of the soybean crop is used to produce oil for food and industrial used and as protein meal for livestock feeds. Field Enterprises Educational Corporation (2007) assessed that the soybean is a farm crop that supplies animal feed, food for human beings and many raw materials for industry. The soybean plant is an annual, and belongs to the pea family. Plants in this family sometimes called legumes. Today, the soybean is the nations largest single source of vegetable oil, and of protein meal for livestock feed. The bean is rich in food values. It has more protein than beef, more calcium than milk, and more of a fatty substance called lecithin than eggs. Soybeans also are rich in vitamins, minerals and acids. Soybean meal is made from the beans and bean hulls after the oil is extracted. The meal is an important livestock feeds. Soybeans probably supply more than half of all protein meals fed to livestock in the United States. Soybean contains molybdenum, trytophan, manganese, protein, iron, omega 3 fatty acids, phosphorus, dietary fiber, vitamin K, magnesium, copper, vitamin B2 and potassium according to George Mateljan (2003). Whole soybeans have been found to be very satisfactory source of supplement protein for beef cattle, horses and sheep and also for dairy cattle except that large

10

amounts of soybeans will tend to produce a soft butter. Also, Tilden Wayne Perry, Arthur E. Cullison and Robert S. Lowrey (2007) said that whole soybeans are not a satisfactory source of supplemental protein for swine unless the beans are thoroughly cooked, which significantly improves the digestibility and quality of protein. Cooking destroys the trypsin inhibitor. Soybeans are the richest in protein of all the common seeds used for feed, averaging 37.9%. They also high in fat, having 18% and they rather rank lo in fiber, with 5%. In total digestible nutrients, they rank ever above corn chiefly because of their high fat content. Frank B. Morison (2004) stated that soybean meal is commonly used for dairy cattle, beef cattle, horses and mules, for swine and for poultry. Soybeans give better results when fed to poultry on good pasture than for birds in confinement. Thorough cooking of soybeans by roasting or boiling increases the value for poultry. Allan K. Smith (2005) assessed that it was J. W. Hayward who observed erratic nutritional results while feeding soybean meal, which he contributed to the variations in the methods of processing soybeans for oil; the principal variables were time, temperature and moisture content of the bean. These observations encourage further nutrition research concerning the effects of heating and moisture on the nutritive value of the protein during processing. He also investigated the effects of cystine and casein supplements upon the nutritive value of the heat-treated soybean in developing the optimum nutritional value of the protein and that the limiting amino acid in soybean is methionine. Then by the year 1917, Osborne and Mendel had previously reported a low nutritional value for raw soybeans when fed to rats and a good nutritional value when the beans were cooked. Ham and Sandstedt (1944) discovered the presence of proteolysis inhibitors (trypsin inhibitors) in soybeans and Liener (1969) reported on the

11

presence of a toxic hem agglutinating compound. However, it was soon found that the growth inhibitors in raw soybeans were easily inactivated by moist heat and treatment and thus did not affect the nutritional value of properly processed soybean meal. Pumpkin Seed George Mateljan (2003) states pumpkin seeds contain protein, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, tryptophan, iron, copper, vitamin K, vitamin B2 and B6 and zinc. Pumpkin seeds are a moderate to very good source of a variety of nutrients, including minerals, protein and healthy fats. A couple handfuls of the seeds provide more than half of your daily dose of manganese, nearly half of your daily dose of magnesium, and more than a quarter of your daily value of iron. They provide significant amounts of dietary copper and zinc and quality protein. They also provide a significant amount of fat. However, Sarah Rigg (2004) assessed that it is the good, polyunsaturated kind, and they are rich in Omega 3 and 6 fats which are believed to promote heart health and a good cholesterol profile. The sees of the pumpkin also contain nutrients called phytosterols which are believed to reduce cholesterol and decrease the risk of some kinds of cancers.

12

II. Review of Related Studies According to the study of A. E. Tomhave, entitled WHEAT AND SOYBEANS AS A FEED FOR SWINE (2001), it was stated that cracked soybeans required 62.9, whole soybeans 22.1 and ground soybeans 59 pounds less feed to produce 100 pounds of gain than tank age. Observations indicated that ground soybeans when fed with wheat were more palatable than either whole or cracked soybeans. The study entitled EFFECTS OF HEATING TIME AND SODIUM METABISULFITE ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FULL-FAT SOYBEANS FOR CHICKS by K. L. Herkelman, G. L. Cromwell and T. S. Stahly (2004) assessed that the rate and efficiency of chick weight gain improved linearly (P less than .01) and pancreas weights decreased linearly (P less than .01) as heating time increased. Less heating time was required to maximize performance and minimize pancreas weights when SMBS was added, resulting in a heating time x SMBS interaction (P less than . 05). Under the conditions of this research, chicks fed full-fat soybeans achieved maximum performance when the soybeans were heated at 121 degrees C for 40 min, and SMBS decreased by one-half the heating time required to inactivate the trypsin inhibitors. Trypsin inhibitor activity in soybeans was more closely related to their nutritional value than was urease activity. A study conducted by M. F. Palacios, R. A. Easter, K. T. Soltwedel, C. M. Parsons, M. W. Douglas, T. Hymowitz and J. E. Pettigrew, EFFECT OF SOYBEAN VARIETY AND PROCESSING ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG CHICKS AND PIGS (2002), said that among the raw soybean treatments, growth performance improved as the antinutritional factor, lectin, was removed from the

13

soybean and improved further when both lectins and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor were removed. The growth-inhibiting effect of feeding modified soybeans to young animals was more detrimental for pigs than for chicks in our experiments. Soybeans without the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor and lectins cannot be fed successfully to young chicks and pigs without heating. The average repletion gain on the PSOM (pumpkin seed oil meal) rations was 62% less than that on the SBOM (soybean oil meal) rations. Increasing the level of protein in the SBOM rations from 12 to 16% improved gains mark idly, whereas increasing the level of protein in the PSOM rations resulted in a slight depression in gains. This interaction between source of protein and level of protein, as well as the above mentioned difference between sources of protein, was statistically significant. The marked difference between the sources of protein was also reflected in the feed required per pound of repletion gain. The pigs fed the SBOM rations required significantly less feed to produce a pound of gain than did the pigs fed the PSOM rations. Increasing the level of protein in the SBOM (both types) rations and in the conventional type PSOM rations improved feed conversion; however, increasing the level of protein in the semi-purified PSOM ration appeared to be detrimental, indicating that the factor or factors contributing to the poor performance of PSOM protein could not be over come by increasing the level of protein from PSOM alone as mentioned by H. Zucker, V. W. Hays, V. C. Speer AND D. V. Catron in their study entitled EVALUATION OF PUMPKIN SEED MEAL AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN FOR SWINE USING A DEPLETION-REPLETION TECHNIQUE (2002). According to the study A.M.H. Subuh, in his study COMPARING VARIOUS SOYBEAN PROTEIN PRODUCTS FOR BROILERS(2001). Researchers at the

14

University of Arkansas compared the performance of broiler chicks fed either extruded full-fat soybean meal or dehulled solvent-extracted soybean meal. Soybeans were processed by passing the beans through a roller mill and then extruding without steam. The full-fat meal replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of a commercially solvent-extracted soybean meal in nutritionally adequate broiler diets containing 3200, 3300 or 3400 kcal/kg metabolizable energy. Each treatment was fed to six replicated pens of 60 male chicks of a commercial broiler strain from 1 to 42 days. The results of the experiment demonstrated that the extruded full-fat soybean protein source in a pelleted broiler diet supported chick performance that was equal or superior to that of dehulled solventextracted soybean meal. Weight gains, feed conversion, mortality, dressing percentage, and abdominal fat content were similar for the two soybean protein sources. Dimla, Sherwin A. (2005) states that numerically hogs fed with 30% soybean pulp had slightly better performance in terms of final weight, cumulative average weekly gain and feed consumption than the other treatments. Also, pigs fed with 30% soybean yielded the highest net profit compared to other treatments. Although, soybean pulp has limited nutrients, it can be used as feed substitute for hog ration. Increasing the levels of soybean pulp decrease the cost of commercial feeds and at the same time, it provided comparable performance with hogs fed with 100% commercial ration.

15

III. Synthesis Based on the gathered data by the researchers, soybean and pumpkin seed has been used as additives for livestock and swine feeds for the past years. Since soybean and pumpkin seed contain nutrients like protein, B vitamins, iron and magnesium, both can be a good feed. As stated, Smith (2005), applying heat to soybean and pumpkin seed promotes higher digestibility and remove trypsin inhibitors and thus do not affect the nutritional value. Additionally, it is stated that increase of heating time helps weight gain. The study conducted by K.L. Herkelman, G. L. Cromwell and T. S. Stahly provided for a framework for proper heating of soybean. It is stated that it is best to heat soybean under 1210C for 40 minutes. The researchers decided to grind the soybean, as well as pumpkin seed, since Tomhave (2001) concluded that it requires 59 pounds less feed to produce 100 pound of gain for swine, and it is more palatable to eat.

16

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
I. Method of Research to be used This study was conducted through an actual investigation using experimental method of research (Zulueta, Costales Jr., 2003) to determine the answer to the problem. This particular method is a procedure involving the control of the manipulation of conditions for the purpose of studying the relative effects of various treatments applied to the members of different samples. The basic purpose of this is to discover the influence of one or more factors upon a condition to a group or another variable. Experimental research is a highly controlled procedure in which manipulated treatments or actions from condition, called experimental or the independent variables are applied upon another factor or condition called the dependent variables being kept constant or equal so that any changes in the dependent variable is attributed only to the experimental or independent variable. This study used experimental method because it involves the relative effects of feeding soybean and pumpkin seed to the growth of 45 days chicken, which were group into various treatments. The results of independent variables were compared to the results of the control treatment or the commercialized feeds, to determine the effectiveness if the two raw materials can sustain 45 days chicken growth. Kinds of feeds functioned as the independent variable of this study, while the growth of the chicken served as the dependent variable.

17

II. Materials A. Raw Materials The following materials were used in determining the effectiveness of soybean and pumpkin seed as alternative feeds for 45-days chicken: commercialized feeds, soybeans, pumpkin seed, starter mash, chicken vitamins and water. B. Equipment The following equipment were used in preparing the cage for the 45-days chicken: hammer, nails, plywood, 2x 2 wood, 25 watts light bulb, hinges, wire screens, water and feed containers and bamboo. The following equipments will be used in determining the effectiveness of soybean and pumpkin seed as alternative feeds for 45 days chicken: containers, measuring cups, grinder, pan, weighing scale, tape measure and strainer.

III. Procedure A. Preparation of the cage and the 45-days chicken Five cages with ten divisions and same sizes were made. Two twenty five watts light bulbs were placed in each cage. The container for feeds and water were placed in each cage. Each chick was marked. Height, weight and length of breast of each chick were measured and recorded. Ten chicks were placed in each cage. B. Feeding the chicken The chicks were fed by starting mash from zero day old up to two weeks old. Vitamins were added to the drinking water of the chicks. 237 grams of starter mash

18

was given every morning and afternoon on each group of chicks. 200 ml of drinking water with vitamins was given every morning and afternoon. Soybeans were washed with clean water and drained. Soybeans were roasted under 1210C for 40 minutes. Roasted soybeans were ground thoroughly. The first group of chicken was fed by 474 grams of soybean in every feeding for five weeks after feeding starter mash. Pumpkin seeds were dried under the sun. Dried pumpkin seeds were peeled. Pumpkin seeds were ground thoroughly. The second group of chicken was fed by 474 grams of pumpkin seeds for every feeding for five weeks after feeding starter mash. Two hundred thirty seven grams of roasted soybean and 237 grams of grower mash were mixed and combined. The third group of chicken was fed by mixed soybean and grower mash with a ratio of 50:50 from two weeks old to four weeks old after feeding starter mash. Two hundred thirty seven grams of grinded pumpkin seeds and 237 grams of grower mash were mixed and combined. The fourth group of chicken was fed by mixed pumpkin seeds and growing mash with a ratio of 50:50 from two weeks old to four weeks old after feeding starter mash. Two hundred thirty seven grams of roasted soybean and 237 grams of finisher mash were mixed and combined. The third group of chicken was fed by mixed soybean and finisher mash with a ratio of 50:50 from four weeks old to seven weeks old. Two hundred thirty seven grams of grinded pumpkin seeds and 237 grams of finisher mash were mixed and combined. The fourth group of chicken was fed by

19

mixed pumpkin seeds and finisher mash with a ratio of 50:50 from four weeks old to seven weeks. The fifth group of chicken was fed by grower mash from two weeks old to four weeks old after feeding starter mash and finisher mash from four weeks old to seven weeks. Four hundred seventy four grams of feeds and 200 ml of drinking water with vitamins were given on each group of chicken every morning after afternoon. Height, weight and length of breast of each chicken were measured and recorded after seven weeks. IV. Application of Treatments Ten 45 days chicken for each treatment were used to test and find out the effectiveness of soybean and pumpkin seed as alternative feeds. Treatment one was the soybean feed which make use of soybean as the main feeds. Treatment one was used to test the effectiveness of soybean as an alternative feed on the response of 45 days chicken. Treatment two was the pumpkin seed feed which make use of soybean as the main feeds. Treatment two was used to test the effectiveness of pumpkin seed as an alternative feed on the response of 45 days chicken. Treatment three was the combination of commercialized feed and soybean feed which make use of soybean as the supplemental feeds. Treatment three was used to test the effectiveness of soybean as a supplemental feeds on the response of 45 days chicken. Treatment four was the combination of commercialized feed and pumpkin seed feed which make use of pumpkin seed as the supplemental feeds. Treatment four was

20

used to test the effectiveness of pumpkin seed as a supplemental feeds on the response of 45 days chicken. Treatment five was the control treatment which is the commercialized feed. It does not contain soybean nor pumpkin seed. Treatment five was used to test the difference between the effect of the experimental and control group.

V. Research Design

Kinds of Pumpkin Soybean Feeds seeds

50% soybean 50% commercialized feeds

50% pumpkin seeds 50% commercialized feeds

Commercialized feeds

Number of Chicken

10

10

10

10

10

Experimental units 5 x 10 = 50 chickens Independent variable kinds of feeds Dependent variable growth of chickens Extraneous variable amount of water, ventilation, temperature, size of cage, amount and kind of vitamins

21

22

VI. Gantt Chart Duration of the Study Activities Identifying the Research Problem Gathering Preliminary Data Formulating Hypothesis Preparing Research Design Preparing Materials Doing Procedure Experimentation Gathering Data Organizing and Interpreting Data Drawing Conclusions
Giving Recommendations

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009

23

VII. Statistical Tool Used The statistical tools used in this study are the mean, the T-test for correlated means, the T-test for the difference of two means and Analysis of Variance. Mean was used to determine which is better. T-test for correlated means was used to determine if the independent variables used have a significant effect on the growth of the experimental units. Analysis of Variance was used to determine the existence of significant difference among the five treatments.

24

Chapter 4
Analysis, Presentation and Interpretation of Data
I. Data Presentation Table 1 Treatment 1 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Height Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Before Feeding (cm) 11.3 12 10.9 13 11.8 10.2 10.5 12.2 13.9 11.4 After Feeding (cm) 42.5 40.7 44.5 39.2 40.2 40.5 45.3 39.5 40.8 41.7

The table shows the gathered height measurements of the experimental units in treatment 1 before and after feeding soybean as an alternative feeds. The data gathered can be compared to the statement of Field Enterprises Educational Corporation (2007) that soybean is rich in food values. It has more protein than beef, more calcium than milk, and more of a fatty substance called lecithin than eggs. These kinds of nutrients are needed for the growth of the chicken.

25

Table 2 Treatment 2 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Height Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Before Feeding (cm) 10.5 10.7 12 11.8 11.5 12.2 10 14.5 13.1 10 After Feeding (cm) 38.7 41.2 36.5 36.9 34.2 40.4 38.2 34.9 35.5 34.3

The table shows the gathered height measurements of the experimental units in treatment 2 before and after feeding pumpkin seeds as an alternative feeds. According to Sarah Rigg pumpkin seeds are a moderate to very good source of a variety of nutrients, including minerals, protein and healthy fats that help on the growth of the chicken. It can be comparable to the gathered data which shows the increase of height of chickens being fed with pumpkin seeds.

26

Table 3 Treatment 3 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Height Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Before Feeding (cm) 12.5 11.6 12.7 10.2 14.5 12.2 13 11.8 13.7 14 After Feeding (cm) 43.5 40.9 42.7 42.5 39.8 41.7 43.5 40 44.1 41.5

The table shows the gathered height measurements of the experimental units in treatment 3 before and after feeding commercialized feed combined with as soybean supplementary feeds. The commercialized feed and soybean contains similar nutrients essential for the growth of poultry which made the chickens height increase even more.

27

Table 4 Treatment 4 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Height Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Before Feeding (cm) 11.5 11.8 11.3 12 11.5 12.9 14.3 11.6 12.9 10.4 After Feeding (cm) 40.9 42.7 39.1 40.8 41.5 41.9 41.3 42.3 41.8 42.5

The table shows the gathered height measurements of the experimental units in treatment 4 before and after feeding commercialized feed combined with pumpkin seeds as supplementary feeds. The nutrients of the commercialized feed are somewhat the same with the nutrients contained by the pumpkin seed. The combined feed now has greater protein that makes the height increase.

28

Table 5 Treatment 5 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Height Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Before Feeding (cm) 13.5 12.2 11 12.6 11.3 11.1 14 13.9 14.3 12.6 After Feeding (cm) 42.6 40.5 41.1 43.4 43.7 41.5 42.9 47.5 43.9 42.5

The table shows the gathered height measurements of the experimental units in treatment 5 before and after feeding commercialized feeds. It was noted by Jeffre D. Firman (2003) that a good feed must contain large amount of protein, with B Vitamins, iron, copper, manganese, potassium, phosphorus and vitamin K these nutrients are needed for the growth of the chicken and an efficient amount of these nutrients will result to the increase of weight of the chicken just like the gathered results from the experiment.

29

Table 6 Treatment 1 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Weight Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Before Feeding (g) 63 70 58 94 67 55 58 91 82 69 After Feeding (g) 1820 1750 1790 1840 1780 1880 1900 1720 1930 1840

The table shows the gathered weight measurements of the experimental units in treatment 1 before and after feeding soybean as an alternative feeds. The gathered data were parallel to the statement of Tilden Wayne Perry, Arthur E. Cullison and Robert S. Lowrey (2007) that soybean is a very satisfactory source of protein which enables the chicken to gain more weight.

30

Table 7 Treatment 2 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Weight Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Before Feeding (g) 78 59 54 65 88 65 60 92 79 84 After Feeding (g) 1680 1720 1490 1460 1730 1450 1690 1580 1730 1700

The table shows the gathered weight measurements of the experimental units in treatment 2 before and after feeding pumpkin seeds as an alternative feeds. The collected data were similar to the statement of George Mateljan (2003) that pumpkin seeds contain protein, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, tryptophan, iron, copper, vitamin K and zinc which were essential for the chicken to gain more weight.

31

Table 8 Treatment 3 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Weight Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Before Feeding (g) 93 64 101 82 89 65 58 74 85 65 After Feeding (g) 1740 1730 1690 1750 1660 1690 1750 1670 1780 1700

The table shows the gathered weight measurements of the experimental units in treatment 3 before and after feeding commercialized feed combined with soybean as supplementary feeds. The commercialized feed and the soybean both have very satisfactory amounts of proteins that increase the weight of the chicken.

32

Table 9 Treatment 4 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Weight Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Before Feeding (g) 68 73 75 70 93 68 105 89 92 75 After Feeding (g) 1650 1720 1590 1690 1740 1730 1590 1620 1700 1710

The table shows the gathered weight measurements of the experimental units in treatment 4 before and after feeding commercialized feed combined with pumpkin seeds as supplementary feeds. The commercialized feed and the pumpkin seed both have the right amount of nutrients for the increase of the weight of the chicken.

33

Table 10 Treatment 5 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Weight Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Before Feeding (g) 103 79 94 85 83 88 69 105 72 85 After Feeding (g) 1970 1840 1820 1850 1910 1890 1870 1920 1920 1860

The table shows the gathered weight measurements of the experimental units in treatment 5 before and after feeding commercialized feeds. The commercialized feeds are filled up with different kinds of nutrients which are essential to the growth of the chicken. The data gathered are parallel to the expected result when the chickens were fed with the feed.

34

Table 11 Treatment 1 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Length of Breast Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Before Feeding (cm) 4.7 5.2 4.3 6.1 5 4 4.5 5.7 5 4.9 After Feeding (cm) 21.1 21.5 19.8 20 21.2 21.7 21.5 19.5 20.7 20.8

The table shows the gathered length of breast measurements of the experimental units in treatment 1 before and after feeding soybean as an alternative feeds. The soybean feed has various amounts of nutrients parallel to what Frank B. Morison (2004) stated that soybeans are the richest in protein of all the common seeds used for feed, averaging 37.9%. They also high in fat, having 18% and they rather rank lo in fiber, with 5%. These nutrients helps the chicken to grow bigger in size.

35

Table 12 Treatment 2 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Length of Breast Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Before Feeding (cm) 4.1 4.1 4.8 5 6.2 5.4 3.9 5.3 6 4 After Feeding (cm) 19.6 19.2 20.1 19.8 21.7 22.3 20.4 19.8 19.5 20.2

The table shows the gathered length of breast measurements of the experimental units in treatment 2 before and after feeding pumpkin seeds as an alternative feeds. Just like what Sarah Rigg assessed that pumpkin seeds are a moderate to very good source of a variety of nutrients, including minerals, protein and healthy fats. A couple handfuls of the seeds provide more than half of your daily dose of manganese, nearly half of your daily dose of magnesium, and more than a quarter of your daily value of iron. They provide significant amounts of dietary copper and zinc and quality protein that helps the chicken develop more. The table shows the increase of the length of the breast. Table 13 Treatment 3 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Length of Breast Number 1 2 3 4 5 Before Feeding (cm) 5.8 4 5.3 4.1 6.2 After Feeding (cm) 19.6 20.5 21.6 19.9 21.8

36

6 7 8 9 10

4.2 5.7 5 5 4.8

20.7 22.3 21.7 19.6 19.5

The table shows the gathered length of breast measurements of the experimental units in treatment 3 before and after feeding commercialized feed combined soybean as supplementary feeds. The soybean feed has various amounts of nutrients parallel to what Frank B. Morison stated that soybeans are the richest in protein of all the common seeds used for feed, averaging 37.9%. They also high in fat, having 18% and they rather rank lo in fiber, with 5%. These nutrients help the chicken to grow bigger in size.

37

Table 14 Treatment 4 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Length of Breast Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Before Feeding (cm) 5.4 5.7 4.3 5.8 5.8 6 4.9 6.3 5.9 4.2 After Feeding (cm) 23.9 21.8 21.5 21.7 19.9 20.1 19.5 19.7 20.7 20.7

The table shows the gathered length of breast measurements of the experimental units in treatment 4 before and after feeding commercialized feed combined pumpkin seed as supplementary feeds. George Mateljan (2003) states pumpkin seeds contain protein, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, tryptophan, iron, copper, vitamin K and zinc which were needed for the growth of the chicken. The gathered data shows the increase of the length of breast when the chicken was fed with the commercialized feed and pumpkin seed.

38

Table 15 Treatment 5 Before and After Feeding Measurements of Length of Breast Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Before Feeding (cm) 5.7 4.2 4.9 5.9 6.4 5.3 4.5 4.7 5 6.7 After Feeding (cm) 21.6 21.9 20.5 22.2 29.7 21.4 21.3 21.4 23.5 22.3

The table shows the gathered length of breast measurements of the experimental units in treatment 5 before and after feeding commercialized feeds. The commercialized feed contains several nutrients that helps on the growth of the chicken. The table shows the increase of the length of the breast of the chicken when it was fed with commercialized feeds.

39

Table 16 Mean Table of Height of Chicken Height of Chicken (cm) T2 T3 T4 38.7 41.2 36.5 36.9 34.2 40.4 38.2 34.9 35.5 34.3 37.08 43.5 40.9 42.7 42.5 39.8 41.7 43.5 40 44.1 41.5 42.02 40.9 42.7 39.1 40.8 41.5 41.9 41.3 42.3 41.8 42.5 41.48

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean

T1 42.5 40.7 44.5 39.2 40.2 40.5 45.3 39.5 40.8 41.7 41. 49

T5 42.6 40.5 41.1 43.4 43.7 41.5 42.9 47.5 43.9 42.5 42.96

Treatment one obtained a mean of 41.49 in terms of height in centimetres. Treatment two got a mean of 37.08 while treatment three gained a mean of 42.02. Treatment four had a mean of 41.48 and treatment five attained a mean of 42.96. The difference of the means between the 5 treatments is not that big it means that they all have the same effect on the height of the chicken. According to Anne Fanatico (2004) the most convenient way of feeding chickens is with a balanced pelleted ration, whether the birds are confined indoors or allowed to range outdoors. Most diets contain corn for energy, soybean meal for protein, and vitamin and mineral supplements.

40

Table 17 Mean Table of Weight of Chicken Weight of Chicken (g) T2 T3 T4 1680 1720 1490 1460 1730 1450 1690 1580 1730 1700 1623 1740 1730 1690 1750 1660 1690 1750 1670 1780 1700 1716 1650 1720 1590 1690 1740 1730 1590 1620 1700 1710 1674

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean

T1 1820 1750 1790 1840 1780 1880 1900 1720 1930 1840 1825

T5 1970 1840 1820 1850 1910 1890 1870 1920 1920 1860 1885

Treatment one obtained a mean of 1825 in terms of weight in grams. Treatment two got a mean of 1623 while treatment three gained a mean of 1716. Treatment four had a mean of 1674 and treatment five attained a mean of 1885. The difference of the means between the 5 treatments is not that big it means that they all have the same effect on the weight of the chicken. The most convenient way of feeding chickens is with a balanced pelleted ration, whether the birds are confined indoors or allowed to range outdoors. Most diets contain corn for energy, soybean meal for protein, and vitamin and mineral supplements this is according to Anne Fanatico (2004).

41

Table 18 Mean Table of Length of Breast of Chicken Length of Breast of Chicken (cm) T2 T3 T4 19.6 19.2 20.1 19.8 21.7 22.3 20.4 19.8 19.5 20.2 20.26 19.6 20.5 21.6 19.9 21.8 20.7 22.3 21.7 19.6 19.5 20.72 23.9 21.8 21.5 21.7 19.9 20.1 19.5 19.7 20.7 20.7 20.92

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean

T1 21.1 21.5 19.8 20 21.2 21.7 21.5 19.5 20.7 20.8 20.78

T5 21.6 21.9 20.5 22.2 29.7 21.4 21.3 21.4 23.5 22.3 21.68

Treatment one obtained a mean of 20.78 in terms of length of breast in centimetres. Treatment two got a mean of 20.26 while treatment three gained a mean of 20.72. Treatment four had a mean of 20.92 and treatment five attained a mean of 21.68. The difference of the means between the 5 treatments is not that big it means that they all have the same effect on the length of breast of the chicken. Anne Fanatico said that the most convenient way of feeding chickens is with a balanced pelleted ration, whether the birds are confined indoors or allowed to range outdoors. Most diets contain corn for energy, soybean meal for protein, and vitamin and mineral supplements.

42

43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 T1 T2 T2 T4 T5
T1 T2 T2 T4 T5

Figure 1 Mean of Height of Chicken

The graph shows the obtained mean for height of chicken in every treatment in terms of centimetres. Treatment 1 having the value of 41.49, treatment two with 37.08, treatment three with 42.02, treatment four with 41.48 and treatment five with 42.96. The difference of the means between the 5 treatments is not that big it means that they all have the same effect on the height of the chicken. According to Anne Fanatico (2004) the most convenient way of feeding chickens is with a balanced pelleted ration, whether the birds are confined indoors or allowed to range outdoors. Most diets contain corn for energy, soybean meal for protein, and vitamin and mineral supplements.

43

1900 1850 1800 1750 1700 1650 1600 1550 1500 1450 T1 T2 T2 T4 T5
T1 T2 T2 T4 T5

Figure 2 Mean of Weight of Chicken

The graph shows the obtained mean for weight of chicken in every treatment in terms of grams. Treatment 1 having the value of 1825, treatment two with 1623, treatment three with 1716, treatment four with 1674 and treatment five with 1885. The difference of the means between the 5 treatments is not that big it means that they all have the same effect on the weight of the chicken. The most convenient way of feeding chickens is with a balanced pelleted ration, whether the birds are confined indoors or allowed to range outdoors. Most diets contain corn for energy, soybean meal for protein, and vitamin and mineral supplements this is according to Anne Fanatico (2004).

44

22 21.5 21 20.5 20 19.5 T1 T2 T2 T4 T5

T1 T2 T2 T4 T5

Figure 3 Mean of Length of Breast of Chicken

The graph shows the obtained mean for length of breast of chicken in every treatment in terms of centimetres. Treatment 1 having the value of 20.78, treatment two with 20.26, treatment three with 20.72, treatment four with 20.92 and treatment five with 21.68. The difference of the means between the 5 treatments is not that big it means that they all have the same effect on the length of breast of the chicken. Anne Fanatico said that the most convenient way of feeding chickens is with a balanced pelleted ration, whether the birds are confined indoors or allowed to range outdoors. Most diets

45

contain corn for energy, soybean meal for protein, and vitamin and mineral supplements.

46

Table 19 T-test for Correlated Means table of Treatment 1 for Height

D2

Level of Significanc e 0.05

Tabular Value 1.833

Computed T-Value 33.30

Decision

T1

297.7

8934.5

Significant

Treatment one acquired a D value of 297.7 and a D2 value of 8934.5. Comparing the computed T-value of 33.30 to the tabular value of 1.833 at 0.05 level of significance, the computation proves to be higher therefore the decision is significant. According to a study conducted by A.M.H. Subuh, COMPARING VARIOUS SOYBEAN PROTEIN PRODUCTS FOR BROILERS (2001) the results of the experiment demonstrated that the extruded full-fat soybean protein source in a pelleted broiler diet supported chick performance that was equal or superior to that of dehulled solvent-extracted soybean meal. Weight gains, feed conversion, mortality, dressing percentage, and abdominal fat content were similar for the two soybean protein sources. This is parallel to the gathered results because the use of soybean as an alternative feed has a significant effect on the growth of 45-days chicken in terms of height.

47

Table 20 T-test for Correlated Means table of Treatment 2 for Height

D2

Level of Significanc e 0.05

Tabular Value 1.833

Computed T-Value 5.64

Decision

T1

226.3

6570

Significant

Treatment two acquired a D value of 226.3 and a D2 value of 6570. Comparing the computed T-value of 5.64 to the tabular value of 1.833 at 0.05 level of significance, the computation proves to be higher therefore the decision is significant. According to the study conducted by H. Zucker, V. W. Hays, V. C. Speer AND D. V. Catron, entitled EVALUATION OF PUMPKIN SEED MEAL AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN FOR SWINE USING A DEPLETION-REPLETION TECHNIQUE (2002) the swine fed with Pumpkin seed meal had 62% weight gain. Compared to the recent study, the results are parallel since the use of pumpkin seed as an alternative feed has a significant effect on the growth of 45-days chicken in terms of height.

48

Table 21 T-test for Correlated Means table of Treatment 3 for Height

D2

Level of Significanc e 0.05

Tabular Value 1.833

Computed T-Value 33.31

Decision

T1

294

8713.4

Significant

Treatment one acquired a D value of 294 and a D2 value of 8713.4. Comparing the computed T-value of 33.31 to the tabular value of 1.833 at 0.05 level of significance, the computation proves to be higher therefore the decision is significant. According to a study conducted by A.M.H. Subuh, COMPARING VARIOUS SOYBEAN PROTEIN PRODUCTS FOR BROILERS (2001) the results of the experiment demonstrated that the extruded full-fat soybean protein source in a pelleted broiler diet supported chick performance that was equal or superior to that of dehulled solvent-extracted soybean meal. Weight gains, feed conversion, mortality, dressing percentage, and abdominal fat content were similar for the two soybean protein sources. This is parallel to the gathered results because the use of soybean as a supplemental feed has a significant effect on the growth of 45-days chicken in terms of height.

49

Table 22 T-test for Correlated Means table of Treatment 4 for Height

D2

Level of Significanc e 0.05

Tabular Value 1.833

Computed T-Value 61.69

Decision

T1

294.9

8717.19

Significant

Treatment one acquired a D value of 294.9 and a D2 value of 8717.19. Comparing the computed T-value of 61.69 to the tabular value of 1.833 at 0.05 level of significance, the computation proves to be higher therefore the decision is significant. According to the study conducted by H. Zucker, V. W. Hays, V. C. Speer AND D. V. Catron, entitled EVALUATION OF PUMPKIN SEED MEAL AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN FOR SWINE USING A DEPLETION-REPLETION TECHNIQUE (2002) the swine fed with Pumpkin seed meal had 62% weight gain. Compared to the recent study, the results are parallel since the use of pumpkin seed as a supplemental feed has a significant effect on the growth of 45-days chicken in terms of height.

50

Table 23 T-test for Correlated Means table of Treatment 1 for Weight

D2

Level of Significanc e 0.05

Tabular Value 1.833

Computed T-Value 4.13

Decision

T1

17543

46998436

Significant

Treatment one acquired a D value of 17543 and a D2 value of 46998436. Comparing the computed T-value of 4.13 to the tabular value of 1.833 at 0.05 level of significance, the computation proves to be higher therefore the decision is significant. According to a study conducted by A.M.H. Subuh, COMPARING VARIOUS SOYBEAN PROTEIN PRODUCTS FOR BROILERS (2001) the results of the experiment demonstrated that the extruded full-fat soybean protein source in a pelleted broiler diet supported chick performance that was equal or superior to that of dehulled solvent-extracted soybean meal. Weight gains, feed conversion, mortality, dressing percentage, and abdominal fat content were similar for the two soybean protein sources. This is parallel to the gathered results because the use of soybean as an alternative feed has a significant effect on the growth of 45-days chicken in terms of weight.

51

Table 24 T-test for Correlated Means table of Treatment 2 for Weight

D2

Level of Significanc e 0.05

Tabular Value 1.833

Computed T-Value 43.85

Decision

T1

15506

24156136

Significant

Treatment one acquired a D value of 15506 and a D2 value of 24156136. Comparing the computed T-value of 43.85 to the tabular value of 1.833 at 0.05 level of significance, the computation proves to be higher therefore the decision is significant. According to the study conducted by H. Zucker, V. W. Hays, V. C. Speer AND D. V. Catron, entitled EVALUATION OF PUMPKIN SEED MEAL AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN FOR SWINE USING A DEPLETION-REPLETION TECHNIQUE (2002) the swine fed with Pumpkin seed meal had 62% weight gain. Compared to the recent study, the results are parallel since the use of pumpkin seed as an alternative feed has a significant effect on the growth of 45-days chicken in terms of weight.

52

Table 25 T-test for Correlated Means table of Treatment 3 for Weight

D2

Level of Significanc e 0.05

Tabular Value 1.833

Computed T-Value 120.06

Decision

T1

16384

26860306

Significant

Treatment one acquired a D value of 16384 and a D2 value of 26860306. Comparing the computed T-value of 120.06 to the tabular value of 1.833 at 0.05 level of significance, the computation proves to be higher therefore the decision is significant. According to a study conducted by A.M.H. Subuh, COMPARING VARIOUS SOYBEAN PROTEIN PRODUCTS FOR BROILERS (2001) the results of the experiment demonstrated that the extruded full-fat soybean protein source in a pelleted broiler diet supported chick performance that was equal or superior to that of dehulled solvent-extracted soybean meal. Weight gains, feed conversion, mortality, dressing percentage, and abdominal fat content were similar for the two soybean protein sources. This is parallel to the gathered results because the use of soybean as a supplemental feed has a significant effect on the growth of 45-days chicken in terms of weight.

53

Table 26 T-test for Correlated Means table of Treatment 4 for Weight

D2

Level of Significanc e 0.05

Tabular Value 1.833

Computed T-Value 80.76

Decision

T1

15932

25417886

Significant

Treatment one acquired a D value of 15932 and a D2 value of 25417886. Comparing the computed T-value of 80.76 to the tabular value of 1.833 at 0.05 level of significance, the computation proves to be higher therefore the decision is significant. According to the study conducted by H. Zucker, V. W. Hays, V. C. Speer AND D. V. Catron, entitled EVALUATION OF PUMPKIN SEED MEAL AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN FOR SWINE USING A DEPLETION-REPLETION TECHNIQUE (2002) the swine fed with Pumpkin seed meal had 62% weight gain. Compared to the recent study, the results are parallel since the use of pumpkin seed as a supplemental feed has a significant effect on the growth of 45-days chicken in terms of weight.

54

Table 27 T-test for Correlated Means table of Treatment 1 for Length of Breast

D2

Level of Significanc e 0.05

Tabular Value 1.833

Computed T-Value 40.82

Decision

T1

158.4

2522.61

Significant

Treatment one acquired a D value of 158.4 and a D2 value of 2522.61. Comparing the computed T-value of 40.82 to the tabular value of 1.833 at 0.05 level of significance, the computation proves to be higher therefore the decision is significant. According to a study conducted by A.M.H. Subuh, COMPARING VARIOUS SOYBEAN PROTEIN PRODUCTS FOR BROILERS (2001) the results of the experiment demonstrated that the extruded full-fat soybean protein source in a pelleted broiler diet supported chick performance that was equal or superior to that of dehulled solvent-extracted soybean meal. Weight gains, feed conversion, mortality, dressing percentage, and abdominal fat content were similar for the two soybean protein sources. This is parallel to the gathered results because the use of soybean as an alternative feed has a significant effect on the growth of 45-days chicken in terms of length of breast.

55

Table 28 T-test for Correlated Means table of Treatment 2 for Length of Breast

D2

Level of Significanc e 0.05

Tabular Value 1.833

Computed T-Value 48.21

Decision

T1

153.8

2374.6

Significant

Treatment one acquired a D value of 153.8 and a D2 value of 2374.6. Comparing the computed T-value of 48.21 to the tabular value of 1.833 at 0.05 level of significance, the computation proves to be higher therefore the decision is significant. According to the study conducted by H. Zucker, V. W. Hays, V. C. Speer AND D. V. Catron, entitled EVALUATION OF PUMPKIN SEED MEAL AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN FOR SWINE USING A DEPLETION-REPLETION TECHNIQUE (2002) the swine fed with Pumpkin seed meal had 62% weight gain. Compared to the recent study, the results are parallel since the use of pumpkin seed as an alternative feed has a significant effect on the growth of 45-days chicken in terms of length of breast.

56

Table 29 T-test for Correlated Means table of Treatment 3 for Length of Breast

D2

Level of Significanc e 0.05

Tabular Value 1.833

Computed T-Value 48.64

Decision

T1

157.1

2477.41

Significant

Treatment one acquired a D value of 157.1 and a D2 value of 2477.41. Comparing the computed T-value of 48.64 to the tabular value of 1.833 at 0.05 level of significance, the computation proves to be higher therefore the decision is significant. According to a study conducted by A.M.H. Subuh, COMPARING VARIOUS SOYBEAN PROTEIN PRODUCTS FOR BROILERS (2001) the results of the experiment demonstrated that the extruded full-fat soybean protein source in a pelleted broiler diet supported chick performance that was equal or superior to that of dehulled solvent-extracted soybean meal. Weight gains, feed conversion, mortality, dressing percentage, and abdominal fat content were similar for the two soybean protein sources. This is parallel to the gathered results because the use of soybean as a supplemental feed has a significant effect on the growth of 45-days chicken in terms of length of breast.

57

Table 30 T-test for Correlated Means table of Treatment 4 for Length of Breast

D2

Level of Significanc e 0.05

Tabular Value 1.833

Computed T-Value 30.67

Decision

T1

155.2

2431.8

Significant

Treatment one acquired a D value of 155.2 and a D2 value of 2431.8. Comparing the computed T-value of 30.67 to the tabular value of 1.833 at 0.05 level of significance, the computation proves to be higher therefore the decision is significant. According to the study conducted by H. Zucker, V. W. Hays, V. C. Speer AND D. V. Catron, entitled EVALUATION OF PUMPKIN SEED MEAL AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN FOR SWINE USING A DEPLETION-REPLETION TECHNIQUE (2002) the swine fed with Pumpkin seed meal had 62% weight gain. Compared to the recent study, the results are parallel since the use of pumpkin seed as a supplemental feed has a significant effect on the growth of 45-days chicken in terms of length of breast.

58

Table 31 ANOVA table of Height of Chicken Source of Variation Between groups Within groups TOTAL df 4 45 49 Sums of Squares 207.1 157.3 364.4 Mean of Squares 51.775 2.61 3.5 3.83 14.8 Significant Tabular Value 0.05 0.01 Computed F-value Decision

Since the computed F-value of 14.8 is greater than the tabular value of 2.61 at 0.05 level of significance, and 3.83 at 0.01 level of significance, the null hypothesis is rejected therefore the alternative hypothesis is accepted. As stated by George Mateljan (2003) pumpkin seeds contain protein, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, tryptophan, iron, copper, vitamin K and zinc and Soybean contains protein, molybdenum, tryptophan, manganese, iron, omega 3 fatty acids, phosphorus, dietary fiber, vitamin K, magnesium, copper, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), potassium and calcium. On the other hand, Jeffre D. Firman (2003) noted that a good feed must contain large amount of protein, with B Vitamins, iron, copper, manganese, potassium, phosphorus and vitamin K. The feeds have similar nutrients that is why it is possible for them to have the same results. But according to the results of the recent study, the treatments have a significant difference in terms of height.

59

Table 32 ANOVA table of Weight of Chicken Source of Variation Between groups Within groups TOTAL df 4 45 49 Sums of Squares 467652 224235 691887 Mean of Squares 116913 2.61 4983 3.83 23.46 Significant Tabular Value 0.05 0.01 Computed F-value Decision

Since the computed F-value of 23.46 is greater than the tabular value of 2.61 at 0.05 level of significance, and 3.83 at 0.01 level of significance, the null hypothesis is rejected therefore the alternative hypothesis is accepted. As stated by George Mateljan (2003) pumpkin seeds contain protein, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, tryptophan, iron, copper, vitamin K and zinc and Soybean contains protein, molybdenum, tryptophan, manganese, iron, omega 3 fatty acids, phosphorus, dietary fiber, vitamin K, magnesium, copper, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), potassium and calcium. On the other hand, Jeffre D. Firman (2003) noted that a good feed must contain large amount of protein, with B Vitamins, iron, copper, manganese, potassium, phosphorus and vitamin K. The feeds have similar nutrients that is why it is possible for them to have the same results. But according to the results of the recent study, the treatments have a significant difference in terms of weight.

60

Table 33 ANOVA table of Length of Breast of Chicken Source of Variation Between groups Within groups TOTAL df 4 45 49 Sums of Squares 10.63 47.14 57.77 Mean of Squares 2.66 2.61 1.05 3.83 2.53 Tabular Value 0.05 0.01 Computed F-value Decision

Not Significant

Since the computed F-value of 2.53 is less than the tabular value of 2.61 at 0.05 level of significance, and 3.83 at 0.01 level of significance, the null hypothesis is accepted and the alternative hypothesis is rejected. As stated by George Mateljan (2003) pumpkin seeds contain protein, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, tryptophan, iron, copper, vitamin K and zinc and Soybean contains protein, molybdenum, tryptophan, manganese, iron, omega 3 fatty acids, phosphorus, dietary fiber, vitamin K, magnesium, copper, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), potassium and calcium. On the other hand, Jeffre D. Firman (2003) noted that a good feed must contain large amount of protein, with B Vitamins, iron, copper, manganese, potassium, phosphorus and vitamin K. The feeds have similar nutrients that is why it is possible for them to have the same results. But according to the results of the recent study, the treatments have no significant difference in terms of length of breast.

61

II. Analysis of Data With the use of the statistical tool T-test for correlated means, it was found out that treatment one, which is the use of soybean as an alternative feed for chicken, treatment two, the use of pumpkin seed as an alternative feed for chicken, treatment three, the use of soybean as a supplemental feed for chicken and treatment four, the use of pumpkin seed as a supplemental feed for chicken, have a significant effect on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of height in centimetres, weight in grams and length of breast in terms of centimetres. Lastly, Analysis of Variance or ANOVA showed that treatment one, which is the use of soybean as an alternative feed for chicken, treatment two, the use of pumpkin seed as an alternative feed for chicken, treatment three, the use of soybean as a supplemental feed for chicken, treatment four, the use of pumpkin seed as a supplemental feed for chicken, and treatment five, the use of commercialized feeds, have a significant difference in effectiveness in terms of height in centimetres and weight in grams, but have no significant difference in terms of length of breast in terms of centimetres.

62

Chapter 5
Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations
I. Summary of Findings This study entitled EFFECTIVENESS OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max) AND PUMPKIN SEED (Curcubita pepo) ON THE GROWTH OF 45 DAYS CHICKEN (Gallus domesticus) has the following findings:

1. Is there a significant effect of using soybean on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of height? 1.1.1. There is a significant effect of using soybean on the growth of 45

days chicken in terms of height since treatment one (having a T-value of 33.30) and treatment three (having a T-value of 33.31) is greater than the critical value 1.833. 1.1.2. The highest measurement of height in treatment one is 45.3 cm,

while 44.1 cm in treatment three. 1.1.3. Mean of height in treatment one is 41.49 cm and in treatment

three is 42.02 cm.

2. Is there a significant effect of using soybean on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of weight? a. There is a significant effect of using soybean on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of weight since treatment one (having a T-value of 4.13) and treatment three (having a T-value of 120.06) is greater than the critical value 1.833.

63

b. The highest measurement of weight in treatment one is 1,930 grams, while 1,780 grams in treatment three. c. Mean of weight in treatment one is 1,825 grams and in treatment three is 1,716 grams.

3. Is there a significant effect of using soybean on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of length of breast? 1.3.1. There is a significant effect of using soybean on the growth of 45

days chicken in terms of length of breast since treatment one (having a Tvalue of 40.82) and treatment three (having a T-value of 48.64) is greater than the critical value 1.833. 1.3.2. The highest measurement of length of breast in treatment one is

21.7 cm, while 22.3 cm in treatment three. 1.3.3. Mean of length of breast in treatment one is 20.78 cm and in

treatment three is 20.72 cm.

2.1.Is there a significant effect of using pumpkin seed on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of height? 2.1.1. There is a significant effect of using pumpkin seed on the growth

of 45 days chicken in terms of height since treatment two (having a T-value of 5.64) and treatment four (having a T-value of 61.69) is greater than the critical value 1.833. 2.1.2. The highest measurement of height in treatment two is 41.2 cm,

while 42.78 cm in treatment four.

64

2.1.3.

Mean of height in treatment two is 37.08 cm and in treatment

four is 41.48 cm.

2.2.Is there a significant effect of using pumpkin seed on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of weight? 2.2.1. There is a significant effect of using soybean on the growth of 45

days chicken in terms of weight since treatment two (having a T-value of 43.85) and treatment four (having a T-value of 80.76) is greater than the critical value 1.833. 2.2.2. The highest measurement of weight in treatment two is 1,730

grams, while 1,740 grams in treatment four. 2.2.3. Mean of weight in treatment two is 1,623 grams and in treatment

four is 1,674 grams.

2.3.Is there a significant effect of using pumpkin seed on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of length of breast? 2.3.1. There is a significant effect of using soybean on the growth of 45

days chicken in terms of length of breast since treatment two (having a Tvalue of 48.21) and treatment four (having a T-value of 30.67) is greater than the critical value 1.833. 2.3.2. The highest measurement of length of breast in treatment two is

22.3 cm, while 23.9 cm in treatment four. 2.3.3. Mean of length of breast in treatment two is 20.26 cm and in

treatment four is 21.68 cm.

65

3.1.Which among the treatments is best to use in terms of height? 3.1.1. Treatment five is best to use in terms of height having a mean of

42.96 cm. 3.1.2. Comparing the treatments in experimental group, treatment three

is best to use, having a mean of 42.02.

3.2.Which among the treatments is best to use in terms of weight? 3.2.1. Treatment five is best to use in terms of weight having a mean of

1,885 grams. 3.2.2. Comparing the treatments in experimental group, treatment one

is best to use, having a mean of 1,825 grams.

3.3.Which among the treatments is best to use in terms of length of breast? 3.3.1. Treatment five is best to use in terms of length of breast having a mean of 21.68 cm. 3.3.2. Comparing the treatments in experimental group, treatment four is best to use, having a mean of 20.92 cm.

4.1.Is there any significant difference among the treatments used in terms of height? 4.1.1. With the use of statistical tool Analysis of Variance, it was found

out that treatment one, two, three, four, and five have significant difference on the effect on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of height, because the computed T-value 14.8 is greater than the tabular value.

66

4.2.Is there any significant difference among the treatments used in terms of weight? 4.2.1. Since the computed F-value 23.46 is greater than the tabular

value 2.61 and 3.83, then there is a significant difference among the effect of soybean and pumpkin seeds as alternative feeds and supplemental feeds and the commercialized feeds on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of weight.

4.3.Is there any significant difference among the treatments used in terms of length of breast? 4.3.1. Analysis of Variance revealed that the five treatments used have

no significant difference on the effect on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of length of breast, because the computed F-value 2.53 is lower than the tabular value 2.61 and 3.83.

67

II. Conclusion After the experimentation and the gathering of data, the researchers conclude that soybean and pumpkin seed have a significant effect on the growth of 45 days chicken in terms of height in centimeters, weight in grams and length of breast in centimeters, whether it is used as alternative or supplemental feed. For that, soybean and pumpkin seeds can be an effective alternative feeds for 45 days chicken. III. Recommendation After conducting the study, the researchers had the following recommendations: 1. Among the four experimental set-ups, treatment three or the use of soybean as supplemental feeds is the best to use in terms of height. 2. In terms of weight, the best to use among the four experimental set-ups is the treatment one or the use of soybean as alternative feed. 3. Comparing the length of breast of the four experimental set-ups, treatment four which is the use of pumpkin seed as supplemental feeds, is the best to use. 4. Laboratory tests regarding the contents of all treatments should be done. 5. Further study to determine if soybean and pumpkin seeds can be an alternative feeds for other kinds of poultry is recommended. 6. Follow-up studies should be performed in an appropriate place to raise poultry, preferably near farms or on semi-rural places. 7. Further study to determine if soybean and pumpkin seeds can be an effective supplement for laying mash.

68

EFFECTIVENESS OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max) AND PUMPKIN SEED (Curcubita pepo) ON THE GROWTH OF 45 DAYS CHICKEN (Gallus domesticus)

Castillon, Reu Dave Angelo F. Cruz, Mernandine Rae C. Lee, Christina Marie S.

Dasmarias National High School S.Y. 2009 2010

69