Housekeeping and Accomodation Operations

Housekeeping and Accommodation Operations
June 2010
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Essential Reading
Confederation of Tourism and Hospitality (CTH) Housekeeping and Accommodation Operations: Study Text (Paperback) by BPP Learning Media (Author) Publisher: BPP Learning Media (July 2009) ISBN: 9780 7517 7796 3 http://www.bpp.com/learning-materials/our-products/tourism--hospitality/cth-dip-in-hotel-management.aspx
Content
I. II. Syllabus Chapters 1 - 6
Syllabus Part 1 of 4
Syllabus
Introduction to housekeeping and accommodation operations
The organisation structure of the housekeeping and accommodation department Roles and responsibilities of managers, supervisors and staff The range of accommodation available in the commercial sector; hotels, motels, country house hotels Liaison with other departments The organisation and procedures involved in the cleaning of accommodation and public areas Allocation of work Standard operating procedures Routine methods of work Main duties and tasks Standards and quality Pests and waste disposal
Operational planning and procedures
Syllabus
Furniture, fixtures and fabric
Flooring, carpets, wall coverings Furniture and soft furnishings Beds and bedding Bathroom fitments and accessories The purchasing of capital expenditure items The use and care of hard and soft furnishings Manual and mechanical cleaning equipment Cleaning materials and their safe use and storage The purchasing of cleaning materials and supplies Linen purchase and contract linen hire Inspection, control and storage of linen Processes for dirty linen The work of the linen room The stocktaking of linen In-house and commercial laundries
Housekeeping equipment and supplies
Linen room and laundry facilities
Syllabus
Maintenance
Maintaining the overall appearance and working order of the hotel including guest rooms, public areas, common areas and the exterior of the building Completing maintenance requests Conducting regular safety inspections and training staff on safety and emergency procedures Care and maintenance of hotel leisure facilities Maintaining health and safety in a leisure facility Prevention of accidents Adhering to fire safety precautions Responsibilities in case of discovering a fire Safe working practices Security of guest rooms Risk management The procedures to be followed in the case of an emergency Legal responsibilities and requirements
Leisure facilities Security and safety responsibilities
Syllabus
Energy and environmental management
Recycling Hazardous waste disposal Reducing energy consumption Minimising environmental impact
Content
I. II. Syllabus Chapters 1 - 6
Chapters
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction to housekeeping Operational planning Furniture, fixtures and fabric Health, safety and security Linen room and laundry Maintenance
Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping
Objectives
In this chapter you will learn to : -
Explain the importance of good housekeeping for customers, employees and the organisation Present strategies for effective housekeeping quality control Discuss key positions within the department, their responsibilities and organisation Describe the housekeeping departments relationship with other departments within the hotel
Introduction to housekeeping
1.
"Efficiently managed housekeeping departments ensure the cleanliness, maintenance, and aesthetic appeal of lodging properties. The housekeeping department not only prepares clean guest rooms on a timely basis for arriving guests, it also cleans and maintains everything in the hotel. Kappa, Nitschke and Schappert (1997) "Housekeeping is the customer's first impression and last impression."
Figure 1.1: Housekeeping objectives

To ensure all areas are clean at all times
To improve the appearance of the operation
To minimise the build up of dirt
To prolong the life of furniture, fixtures and fittings Housekee ping objectives To promote a health and safe environment
To make customers feel comfortable
To clean at the convenient times in the most efficient way
To use good quality, safe cleaning chemicals
To reduce any opportunities of infestation
To minimise any disruption to customers whilst cleaning
Challenges for the Housekeeping department:
Responsibility for the largest volume of area within the hotel The largest department in the hotel In most cases, has the largest departmental staff count in the hotel Hard to attract skilled employees Hard to retain employees Hard to motivate employees
Good housekeeping Customers feel comfortable Customers are satisfied Praise and gratuities Customers return Good word of mouth Employees are satisfied Employees are retained
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Poor housekeeping Customers feel uncomfortable Customers are unsatisfied Complaints and discounts Customers switch to other hotels Negative word of mouth Employees are unhappy Employees leave
The importance of high standards of cleanliness to the guest cannot be underestimated. We have discussed the issue of positive first impressions - it is estimated that guests form impressions in seconds and these impressions last.
A guest that arrives at the hotel and enters through a lobby where the ashtrays are full, the furniture in disarray and the flowers wilting, will have formed negative impressions before they even check-in Positive first impressions can be undermined when guests arrive in a room that has not been adequately prepared or maintained. Dirty restaurants can impair the most delicious meal experience The Housekeeping management aims to deliver high standards in generally challenging conditions, working with limited resources in a pressurised environment
Quality controls in housekeeping Figure 1.2. Key ways to provide good housekeeping
Good leadership and ongoing supervision Good checking systems Good quality cleaning products Good communication with other departments
Cleaning schedules
Keep up to date with industry trends
Ongoing customer research speak to customers
Productivity standards
Cleaning standards how to clean?
The right tools to do the job!
Regular audits
Regular employee training
Skilled, motivated employees

Rules and regulations for employees and customers
Organisation, staffing and structures
2.
Organisation, staffing and structure 2.1 The executive housekeeper 2.2 The housekeeping team 2.3 Room attendants
Organisation, staffing and structures
2.1 The executive housekeeper The executive housekeeper within the hotel organisation is one of the main managers within any large hotel.
Figure 1.3 Hotel department managers General Manager
Deputy General Manager
Executive housekeeper
Food and Beverage Manager
Sales & Marketing Manager
Finance Manager
Maintenance Manager
Front Office Manager
Organisation, staffing and structure
2.1 The executive housekeeper continued The executive housekeeper or (housekeeping manager) is normally a high level position within the hotel holding much responsibility, as outlined in the job description, below. Job Description Job title: Head Housekeeper Responsible to: Assistant General Manager Main duties
To comply with all statutory and company regulations relating to the health & safety, hygiene, conduct of employees, fire emergency procedures, security of premises and of property To be responsible for the cleanliness of all public areas, bedrooms and offices To have responsibility for the supervision, training and development of the Housekeeping team To ensure the smooth operation of the Linen Room within the hotel To manage the compilation of weekly wage sheets and to hand them over to the Personnel department by 10.00 am each Monday
2.1 The Executive Housekeeper continued
To liaise closely with the Personnel department with regard to recruitment and disciplinary matters To ensure the correct training and retraining of all staff to sustain company standards of cleanliness To liaise on a regular basis with the Maintenance department with regard to room maintenance To maintain correct staffing levels in accordance with company business To be responsible for the purchase of all cleaning materials and maintaining adequate stocks while controlling expenditure in line with company budget To be aware of, and be responsible for, all contract cleaning, including carpets, windows To maintain a high level of communication between the Housekeeping and Reception departments to ensure the least inconvenience to guests To maintain a high level of quality control in all areas through room checks and correct delegation to supervisors and room attendants To maintain all Housekeeping storerooms in an orderly and tidy manner To comply with COSHH regulations and to ensure that staff adhere to these regulations To comply with company image standards
2.1 The Executive Housekeeper continued Miscellaneous
To act in accordance with fire instructions To observe all security, health & safety regulations To ensure that any hazard is immediately reported to the Head of Department or Duty Manager To maintain the highest standards of hygiene and cleanliness in all aspects of your work To undertake any other duty which you may be reasonably requested to do in carrying out your job
As an executive manager the housekeeper is required to carry out various managerial functions as shown below.
2.1 The executive housekeeper continued As an executive manager the housekeeper is required to carry out various managerial functions as shown below. Figure 1.4. Head housekeeper's managerial functions
Planning
Organising
Coordinating
Staffing
Directing
Controlling
Evaluating
2.2 The housekeeping team Personal attributes of Housekeeping staff:

Pleasant personality Physical fitness Personnel hygiene Cooperation
Calm demeanor
Adaptability
Courtesy
Loyalty
Personnel fitness
Salesmanship
Memory
Punctuality
Honesty
Tact and diplomatic
Right attitude
Eye for detail
Adapted from Raghubalan and Raghubalan (2007)

2.2 The housekeeping team continued Staffing within the organisation would vary depending on:
Size of operation and area to be cleaned Quantity of rooms Standard of hotel Amount of facilities in the hotel Availability of skilled labour Housekeeping labour budget
The following table presents the typical housekeeping structures and services available in different hospitality operations:
2.2 The housekeeping team continued The following table presents the typical housekeeping structures and services available in different hospitality operations Employee organisation and structure -Owner carries out most cleaning Bed and -May employ part-time staff to assist when busy Breakfast -Linen may also be cleaned in-house Budget Hotel -As rooms are the main product for budget hotels the hotel would in most cases employ an individual to manage the room cleaning -Room attendants may be outsourced to minimise costs and keep in line with main mission of hotel -Linen outsourced Housekeeping services offered -General room cleaning during occupancy and on departure -Cleaning of entrance and public areas -General room cleaning during occupancy and on departure -Cleaning of entrance and public areas bar and restaurant
2.2 The housekeeping team continued
Employee organisation and structure Housekeeping services offered -Room cleaning 4-Star Hotel Refer to Figure 1.5 below -Turndown service Holiday Inn -Special amenities in room -Similar to 4-star but more deluxe 5-Star Hotel Similar structure to 4-star but staffing ratios would be higher due to service -Less likely to outsource room cleaning quality -Longer room cleaning times -Greater quantity of customers to receive in room amenities -Better quality linen, furniture and design -Butler and valet service -Own florist
2.2 The housekeeping team continued Turndown service this is a service normally carried out around 6.00 pm when a chambermaid or evening maid enters an occupied room and: Amenities include items such as:
Closes curtains or drapes Dims lights Folds down bed top sheet Replenishes towels, toiletries and stationary Places room service breakfast menu on guests' pillow Places complimentary mint or chocolate on the pillow or bottled water at the bedside Places disposable slippers beside the bed Empties rubbish bins
2.2 The housekeeping team continued Amenities are complimentary items that would be delivered to regular, VIP, returning and complaint guests. Amenities include items such as:
Fruit basket Cheese board Bottle of wine or champagne Chocolates Fresh flowers
Amenities are normally commissioned by the guest relations or sales executive and delivered to the room by the Room Service department.
Figure 1.5: Housekeeping organisational chart for a 4-star hotel

Key Position Deputy Executive Housekeeper (or Floor Housekeeper, depending on size and organisation of hotel) Responsibilities Deputises for Executive Housekeeper To quality-check rooms Checks rooms prior to arrival, during occupancy and after departure Releases clean rooms to reception Coaches room attendants Periodic training of employees Conducts shift briefings Maintain the highest standards of rooms and suites of their floors Organise and schedule rooms and suites maintenance (e.g. spring clean, wall cleaning and ceiling washing, high dusting and under-bed vacuuming Organise room attendants to service and clean the room or suites which are under priority Organise all cleaning chemicals and equipment for their floor each day Check rooms and suites which are due out on the day Prepare any relevant paperwork for the next day Hand over the shift and all information regarding their floor to the evening housekeepers Communicate any issues regarding rooms and suites with the housekeeping office co-ordinator and senior housekeepers Organise floor maid service areas Carry out weekly and monthly stock-take Check and control room and bathroom amenities stock Accommodate guest needs and expectations on a daily basis

Key Position Room Attendant (or chambermaid) Responsibilities Attend daily briefings Stock service trolleys Clean rooms and suites to the highest standards Vacuum and dust rooms and suites Maintain maid service pantry areas Communicate with customers Attend training sessions Communicate with floor housekeeper Report any broken and missing items in rooms and suites to floor housekeeper Completes 'turn down' service Deals with customers' requests Check and inspect the public areas such as front hall, ballroom, public rest rooms and cloakrooms, stair cases, etc Check and inspect the function rooms and meeting rooms with private event's team Check and inspect staff changing rooms and restrooms Maintain the highest standards of public areas and staff areas Organise public area attendants working rota Communicate any issue and challenge with the public areas cleaner contactors Conducts weekly and monthly stock-takes
Evening Maid Public Area Supervisor

Key Position Public Area Cleaner (PA) Responsibilities Clean public areas to include (lobby, lifts, corridors, public toilets, offices and service areas) Report any faults or defects Communicate with customers Make public areas clean and well presented (The cleaning of areas such as restaurants and bars are normally partly cleaned by the outlet staff and partly by public area staff ) Communicate with floor housekeepers Assist with rooms and suites maintenance as and when required Help floor housekeepers with the weekly and monthly stock-take Remove and empty the rubbish bins from the maid service areas Refill all cleaning chemicals at the end of the shift Assist with floor housekeepers' and room attendants' requests Maintain cleanliness and tidiness of maid service areas Move furniture as per floor housekeepers' instructions Organise and maintain the storage and bed and linen cupboards Restock floor linen room pantry for room attendants Deliver and collect 'Special Request' to rooms (cots, blankets, extra towels) Transport dirty laundry to linen room from floors Assist room attendants during peak times Assist room attendants with deepPage 32 cleaning activities
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Housekeeping Porter

Key Position Valet Responsibilities Wash and iron guest laundry items Send and arrange return of guest dry-cleaning items Carry out minor guest repairs on customers' laundry Shoe cleaning Pressing services Charge to guest account folio for guest laundry items Do weekly and monthly stock-take for the valet Communicate any issues regarding rooms and suites with housekeeping office co-ordinator and senior housekeepers Organise any guest belongings and lost property items to and from storage Send out and receive all staff laundry and dry-cleaning items On a daily basis Do weekly and monthly stock-takes for the linen room Organise staff laundry and dry-cieaning of uniforms Carry out linen repairs Deliver all linen to the maid service (Pantry) on each floor as per stock levels Communicate with the linen and laundry room manager and the floor housekeepers Communicate any issues regarding linen room with housekeeping office coordinator and senior housekeepers
Linen Room Attendant

Key Position Laundry Attendants Responsibilities Wash and iron in-house laundry items Send and receive in-house dry-cleaning items to departments or external laundry Separate all types of linen and laundry items before the items are processed Fold all types of linen and laundry items before delivery back to the floors Communicate with the linen and laundry room manager and the floor housekeepers For housekeeping duties only. Unpack and pack guest belongings Send and receive guest laundry and dry-cleaning items from the valet Communicate any issues regarding rooms and suites with housekeeping office co-ordinator and senior housekeepers Maintain the highest standards of guest rooms and suites Report any broken and missing items in feature suites to the floor housekeepers
Butler "This position is normally only found in very high quality hotels)

Key Position Linen Porter Responsibilities Assists with transporting soiled linen from rooms to linen room Assists with replenishing of fresh linen to floor pantries Delivers additional fresh linen to customers on request Collects and delivers customers' dry-cleaning to and from rooms Specialist companies are also used for cleaning duties at night time. This can include general vacuuming of public areas and also more specialised cleaning such as polishing of marble floors within the lobby. Night cleaning is necessary as the cleaning of public areas in depth can be difficult during the day time due to customers being present in the hotel. Night cleaning can be indepth and with minimal noise disturbance to customers
Night Contract Cleaning
2.2 The housekeeping team continued Agency personnel - Many hotels use agency housekeeping personnel in addition to their full-time staff during times of high demand or to cover employee holidays or sick days. Floor Pantry - in most hotels, each floor would have a pantry used for storage of linen, chemicals and cleaning resources. Special Requests - Items that may be requested by customers in addition to the normal services provided. This may include:
Roll away beds Cots Extra pillows, blankets or towels Ironing boards International mains adaptors Emergency grooming kits - for example, toothpaste and shaver
2.3 Room attendants Room attendant is one of the most common positions and makes up the majority of the workforce in a hotel. Opportunities: New skills Sociable hours Independent work Tips Fast progression for right individuals Outsourcing room cleaning Trend : Many hotels now outsource their room cleaning to an external cleaning company as shown in the following diagram. However, as the table below illustrates, there are positive and negative attributes.
2.3 Room attendants continued. Figure 1.6: Outsourcing housekeeping
Hotel Signs contract with suitable cleaning contractor Provides cleaning specifications to company to follow Provides suitable job descriptions Books agency cleaners on a weekly basis depending on occupancy Monitors cleaning quality Communicates regularly with agency manager
Contractor Meets with hotel executive housekeeper to determine cleaning needs Recruits staff to work at hotel Trains staff to hotels standards Provides staff as and when required Provides all cleaning equipment and chemicals Supervisors cleaners that they are carrying out job successfully
Opportunities for hotel Reduced expenditure overall (recruitment, training, turnover) More accurate labour forecasting, deployment and utilisation Specialisation
Challenges for hotel Potential loss of control
Different work teams within hotel Casual staff may not be familiar with loyal customers
Able to focus on other activities
Liaison with other departments
3.
Liaison with other departments 3.1 Communication: Housekeeping and Front office 3.2 Communication: Housekeeping and Maintenance 3.3 Communication: Housekeeping and Food and Beverage 3.4 Communication: Housekeeping and Administration 3.5 Communication: Housekeeping and Security 3.6 Communication: Housekeeping and Sales 3.7 Communication: Housekeeping and Leisure
Housekeeping is a support department and works closely with many departments within the hotel. Figure 1.7: Housekeeping communication hub
Maintenance
Administration
Sales and marketing
Housekeeping Security Leisure club and recreation
Food and Beverage
Front office
3.1 Communication: Housekeeping and Front office Good teamwork between these two departments is essential to daily hotel operations. The primary communication from the Housekeeping department is with Front Office desk staff. Each night, a front desk agent produces an occupancy report which lists rooms occupied that night and indicates guests who are expected to check-out the following day. The early housekeeper picks up this list early the next morning and schedules the occupied rooms for cleaning. As guests check-out, the Im also Front Desk notifies Housekeeping, which ensures that these rooms are given top priority so that clean rooms are available for arriving guests. At the end of the shift, the Housekeeping department prepares a housekeeping status report, based on physical check of each room. This report indicates the current housekeeping status of each room and is compared with the front office occupancy report, and any discrepancies brought to the attention of the front office manager. A room status discrepancy is a situation in which the housekeeping department's description of a room status information being used by the Front Desk to assign guestrooms. Adapted from Kappa et al. (1997)
3.1 Communication: Housekeeping and Front office continued Room status terminology A guest is currently registered to the room Occupied The room is occupied, but the guest is assessed no charge for its use Complimentary The guest is not checking-out today and will remain at least one more Stayover night The guest has departed, but the room has not yet been cleaned and On-change (or vacant readied for resale dirty) The guest has requested not to be disturbed Do not disturb (DND) A guest is registered to the room, but the bed has not been used Sleep-out The guest has left the hotel without making arrangements to settle Skipper his/her account The guest has settled his/her account and left the hotel, but the front Sleeper office staff have failed to properly update the room's status from occupied Vacant and ready (or vacant, The room has been cleaned and inspected and is ready for an arriving guest clean and inspected)
3.1 Communication: Housekeeping and Front Office continued Out-of-order (OOO) Room status terminology The room cannot be assigned to the guest. A room may be out-of-order for a variety of reasons, including the need for maintenance, refurbishing, and extensive cleaning The room has been locked so that the guest cannot re-enter until he/she is cleared by an hotel official The guest made arrangements to settle his or her account (and thus is not a skipper) but has left without informing the front office The room is expected to become vacant after the following day's checkout time The guest has settled his or her account, returned the room keys, and left the hotel The guest has requested and is being allowed to check out later than the hotel's standard check-out time Source: Kappa et al. (1997)
Lock-out (or double locked) Did not check-out (ONCO) Due out Checked-out (or departed) Late check-out
3.1 Communication: housekeeping and Front office continued The Front Office desk can use two types of system to track current room status: Room rack (manually) and Room-status system (computerised). Nowadays room attendants can enter a code on the room telephone and change the room status in the hotel's computer system. It is a fast procedure and avoids delays or errors in the system.
Communication of room status Communication of occupancy Switchboard transfer of calls to guest rooms
Room cleaning Housekeeping and front office
Bell desk delivery and collection of luggage to guest rooms
Room Preparation
Delivery of messages to customers in room
Bell desk: consists of concierge, luggage and transportation hall and portering services.
3.2 Communication: housekeeping and maintenance The communication between housekeeping and maintenance should be efficient and fast. The maintenance of the hotel, therefore, depends on the responsibilities of Housekeeping to check daily all the equipment, furniture and fixtures and report any damage or problem to the Maintenance department.
Preventative maintenance Deep cleaning Refurbishments
Routine maintenance Housekeeping and maintenance
Renovations
Scheduled maintenance
Restorations
3.3 Communication: Housekeeping and Food and beverage

Cleaning of restaurants and bars Supply of table liner for restaurants Deep cleaning of furniture in restaurants, bars and conference facilities
Pest control Conference and banqueting decorations Uniforms for food and beverage personnel
In room mini bar servicing
Housekeeping and food and beverage
Supplying of followers and maintaining of plants in public areas Room service food delivery to rooms Guest cloakrooms
3.4 Communication: Housekeeping and Administration
Recycling Office cleaning Payroll
Housekeeping and administration
3.5 Communication: Housekeeping and Security

Problems or disturbance with in room guests Employee theft
In room damage by guests
Customer fatalities
Uniforms Fire Housekeeping and security Room burglaries/ theft Lost property Safe deposit boxes
Suspicious packages
Problems with keys and doors
3.6 Communication: Housekeeping and Sales
If rooms are not clean, this will have a strong impact on customer satisfaction and sales Familiarisation trips (fam trips) for staff Guest complimentary amenities
Guest tours and showarounds
Housekeeping and Sales
Media photo shoots
3. 7 Communication: Housekeeping and Leisure
Office cleaning
Providing towels for customers
Employee uniforms
Housekeeping and Leisure
Summary
Introduction
Objectives
Laison with other departments
Importance
Executive housekeeper
Quality controls
Management functions
Front office , food and beverage, maintenance, administration, security and sales and marketing
The housekeeping team
Chapters
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction to housekeeping Operational planning Furniture, Fixtures and Fabric Health, safety and security Linen room and laundry Maintenance and the environment
Chapter 2 Operational planning
Objectives
In this chapter you will learn to :-
Explain the importance of cleaning within hotels Outline the main steps in planning the cleaning of guest bedrooms Describe the purpose of a performance standard Plan the resources required to service accommodation Describe some of the factors that would need to be considered when planning cleaning Explain some of the roles in the accommodation services department
Introduction
1.
Introduction 1.1 Soil types 1.2 Cleaning agents 1.3 Cleaning agents are applied using different methods 1.4 Cleaning equipment 1.5 Quality control in Housekeeping
Introduction
1.1 Soil types
Organic (loose, dry) - commonly referred to as dust. It can usually be removed with direct mechanical action, as long as it stays dry. It can be swept, dusted, mopped, wiped, vacuumed or wet mopped with little or no chemical action required. Any surface that has not been cleaned in 12 hours will have dust accumulated on it. The longer it remains on a surface, the better chance it has of becoming oily, sticky soil from contamination with other substances, even from moisture in the air or from air conditioning units. Inorganic (oily, sticky) - soil or dirt is almost always mixed with grease or other oily materials which make the dirt stick to a surface. The longer dirt remains on a surface, the more it tends to bond to the surface and the harder it is to remove.
Soil build-up can be prevented by:
Reducing the opportunity for soil to enter the establishment Minimising the build-up of soil within the establishment (see theory of dirt, illustrated below)
Introduction
1.1 Soil types continued

The theoryofdirt
Cleaning
Cleaning
Time
Introduction
1.1 Soil types continued Soil is introduced into the workplace in many different ways, as shown in the following table. Cause/ distribution Examples Humans and Poor hygiene employees Litter Mistakes Deliberate Natural Solutions/prevention Poor hand washing Signs, training, education, supervision, adaquate bathing/washing facilities Dustbins, signs Spillages Training/prompt removal by cleaning Vandalism, graffitti Code of conduct/rules Shredding skin, hair Personal grooming loss, perspiration Sneezing, coughing Changing rooms, standards, employee rules and regulations Door mats/temporary entry carpets/ umbrella holders/umbrella disposable bags
Employees Weather
Disease (human contamination/virus) Bringing in soil from Dirt on clothing outside Rain/snow Water/sludge
Introduction
1.1 Soil types continued Cause/ distribution Examples External Leaves, earth, dust, matter/foliage litter, debris Equipment Machinery Insects, vermin and Cockroaches, rats, pests flies Visitors/employees bring in on footwear Grease, dust, ventilation Solutions/prevention Entry mats, foot scrapers
The atmosphere Natural
Smoke, exhausts, dust Decay/deterioration
Regular cleaning/cleaning schedules Cover bins, keep door Pests enter through the atmosphere, deliveries, luggage, closed, thorough checks cracks in maintenance, delivery on delivery areas, poor food hygiene, storage and disposal The atmosphere deposits soil Regular cleaning, good ventilation and extraction Regular maintenance Interior and exterior buildings, paintwork, stone
Introduction
1.2 Cleaning agents To assist in the removal of soil, a selection of chemicals are available, as given in the chart, below. When using cleaning agents one should remember to:
Use the right chemical for the right job Always read the label Follow the cleaning specification Use the correct quantity Apply in the correct way Apply safely and with care
Introduction
1.2 Cleaning agents

Glass cleaners Abrasives Carpet cleaners Reagents
Organic solvents
Polishers
Deodorizers
Toilet cleaners
Laundry aids
Floor strippers
Disinfectants and bleaches
Detergents
Water
Floor sealers
Source,' Raghubalan and Raghubalan (2007)
Introduction
1.3 Cleaning agents are applied using different methods Figure 2.3: Cleaning methods
Scrubbing Spotting Water/ steam extraction
Laundering
Buffing
Methods
Polishing
Wiping
Vacuuming Dusting
Mopping
Introduction
1.4 Cleaning equipment Manual equipment Brushes Chamois leather Dusters Dustpan and brush Mop and bucket Ladders Trolleys Squeegee Sprayers Mechanical equipment Vacuum cleaners Wet vacuums Wet extractors Rotary machines
Introduction
1.5 Quality control in Housekeeping To ensure that quality cleaning is achieved a combination of the following approaches are required.
Effective leadership Standards of performance Effective human resources (recruitment, training and incentives) Quality sourcing Effective service recovery and complaint handling Quality schemes Quality feedback and monitoring systems Mystery visits
"To consistently meet or exceed customer expectations by providing products and services at prices that creates value for customers and profits for the company". Woods and King, 2002
Types of cleaning
2.
Types of cleaning 2.1 Organisation of guest room cleaning 2.2 The principles of cleaning
Types of cleaning
1. Daily - rooms and public areas (this is the routine cleaning). 2. Weekly (cleaning tasks that are not required on a daily basis). 3. Periodic/deep cleaning (in-depth cleaning mostly carried out in low season). 2.1 Organisation of guest room cleaning Raghubalan and Raghubalan (2007) explain the four main cleaning methods. 1. Orthodox/conventional/traditional cleaning. In this cleaning approach the employee completes all the tasks in one guest room before going on to the next room in the section allotted to him/her. On average, an employee may be required to clean 12-20 rooms in an eight-hour shift, not including break times. 2. Block cleaning. The employee moves from room to room and completes the same task in every room, before returning to begin the cycle again for the next task on the list. This involves 'blocking' several rooms at a time to form a 'room section', and usually more than one employee will be at work in the section. For instance, one employee might make all the beds in that particular room section, while another employee cleans the toilets, and a third dusts and cleans the area, replenishing supplies.
Types of cleaning
2.1 Organisation of guest room cleaning continued 3. Team cleaning. Two or more people work together in the same area, either on the same task or on different tasks. To organise the team cleaning of guest rooms, two employees may be scheduled to clean 30- 35 guest rooms a day. Advantages Disadvantages Relationships formed between employees Co-workers may talk which may disrupt work Less likely to call in sick and let down cleaning partner Partnerships may not always be compatible (personality conflicts) Easier to lift heavy items when working in pairs Time passes faster due to having companionship If accidents were to occur, partner is on hand to assist Makes job more interesting and less lonely
Types of cleaning
2.1 Organisation of guest room cleaning continued 4. Deep cleaning. Cleaning that is pre-scheduled, and in-depth. Examples include: Window cleaning Spring cleaning Turning mattresses Shampooing carpets Moving furniture Pest control Cleaning chandeliers
Types of cleaning
2.2 The principles of cleaning Remove all surface soil and obstructions before cleaning. Follow the least obtrusive and nor>-disturbing methods of cleaning, especially early in the morning. Restate all surfaces to as near perfect condition as soon as possible. Always use the simplest method of cleaning and the mildest cleaning agent Beware of safety hazards. Remove all dust and dirt, do not transfer to another area. Carry out cleaning in the quickest possible time.
Guest room cleaning
3.
Guest room cleaning 3.1 Planning room cleaning 3.2 Recyclable and non-recyclable items 3.3 Productivity standard how long?
Guest room cleaning
No other feature or service provided will impress the guest more than a spotlessly clean and comfortable guestroom. The condition of the guest room conveys a critical message to guests. It shows the care that the property puts into creating a clean, safe, and pleasant environment for its guests. Housekeeping plays a greater role than any other department in ensuring that this product meets the standards that guests need and expect. 3.1 Planning room cleaning When cleaning rooms it needs to be: Efficient Systematic Thorough Necessary Cost effective When planning the cleaning of guest rooms the executive housekeeper breaks the tasks down into a set systematic steps. What needs to be cleaned (inventory list) When it needs to be cleaned (frequency schedule) How it needs to be cleaned (performance and productivity standards)
Guest room cleaning
3.1 Planning room cleaning continued Step 1 Using a room plan, a list is compiled of all furniture, fixtures and equipment in the room. This is sometimes referred to as an in-room inventory'. Furniture Fixtures Equipment Bed Light switch TV Sofa Air conditioning unit Trouser press Wardrobe Air vents Telephone Desk and chairs Bath tub Safe Arm chair Vanity unit Mini bar Coffee table Mirror Bedside table Case goods Carpet Windows Toilet Curtains Case goods items with tops and sides for example wardrobes, luggage racks and drawers. Using the inventory list, the executive housekeeper then identifies the frequency of cleaning of each item, as not all items require cleaning on a daily basis.
Guest room cleaning
3.1 Planning room cleaning continued Step 2 task list A task list of what jobs needs to be completed when cleaning a room, is then created.
Clean desk Wipe plants Vacuum carpet Polish TV Clean bath Clean a table Polish mirror Polish windows Dust telephone Change bed
Empty bins Change coffee cups Polish taps Open curtains Disinfect toilet Check light bulbs Enter room Fresh towels
After creating a list of tasks the need to be put into the correct order to be completed. Put these tasks into the most logical order from entering the room to leaving the room. 1, 2, 3, 4
Guest room cleaning
3.1 Planning room cleaning continued The above list of tasks is just an idea to get you thinking about the process of organising cleaning. The list of tasks change:
Depending on the standard of hotel The standard of hotel room (standard, junior suite, executive room) If it was a check-out or a stay-over room The amount of facilities available in the room The budget available for cleaning
The main concept is that the cleaning needs to be carried out in a particular chronological order. Failing to do this could increase the total time to clean. Note: Whilst cleaning of the room is of utmost importance, additional care and attention needs to be given to the correct positioning of furniture to create a good overall impression.
Guest room cleaning
3.2 Recyclable and non-recyclable items Housekeeping inventory items can be organised into recyclable and non-recyclable, examples of which are given below. Recyclable Non- recyclable Towel Shampoo Bed sheet Soap Pillow case Toilet paper Step 3 how to perform each task For each task previously detailed a 'Performance Standard' needs to be created. Each standard should detail:
Cleaning steps - The first step is to... 'put on gloves A detailed description of each cleaning step - wipe the toilet seat, using a blue cloth in a circular motion removing all hairs and stains Exact measurements of any cleaning agents - add 2ml of disinfectant to the cloth Timings for each step - this step will take one minute Health and Safety information - before mixing read label
Guest room cleaning
3.2 Recyclable and non-recyclable items continued Figure 2.1 gives an example of a performance standard. The advantages of having a standard for each task is.
It can be used as a training document for new employees Specific instructions guide the employee, minimising errors All employees follow the standard which results in consistency It can be used as a checking tool for supervisors Visible pictures benefit overseas employees It can in some situations be translated into the language of the workforce It accurately costs tasks which allow for better financial control Clear break-down provides for enhanced quality control
Guest room cleaning
Figure 2.1: Example of a performance standard Step 1 Put on cloves 2 3 4 5 Resources Required 1 set Rubber gloves 1 Blue cloth/toilet brush 1 btl. Bleach 1 btl. Detergent 6 7 8 Time
Put 1oz of detergent on blue cloth and wipe cistern, handle, sides and on top of lid removing all stains 1 minute lift lid and thoroughly wipe on top and below seat with wetted blue cloth and a dash of detergent. 1 minute Using a toilet brush In a circular motion brush inside of toilet bowl with 1 ounce of bleach. 1 minute Rinse cloth and wipe exterior of toilet bowl. .30 Flush once. Deposit 1 cap of blelch In toilet bowl PLace dlspo5ilble toilet tover on seat Place full toilet rollin holder, envelope ends Total cleaning time .15 .15 4 minutes
Guest room cleaning
3.3 Productivity standard - how long? Kappa et al. (1997) explain that productivity standards ask "How long should it take for a housekeeping employee to perform an assigned task according to the department's performance standard?" As given In Figure 2.1, the estimated time to clean a toilet should be around four minutes. Through adding all the tasks individually this should equate to the total time to clean a room.
Total time of changing tasks
Total time to clean a room
Note: A check-out room would require longer cleaning than a stay-over room.
Public area cleaning
4.
Public area cleaning 4.1 Food and Beverage cleaning 4.2 Lobby and other Public Areas cleaning 4.3 Front Entrance cleaning 4.4 Pest control 4.5 Public Toilets cleaning
It is not only the bedrooms that require cleaning. Public area cleaning includes:
Restaurants Bars Conference and Banqueting Health club Lobby Corridors Lifts Public toilets
Establishing and maintaining housekeeping procedures for public areas is just as important as it is for guest rooms, but much less standardised.
4.1 Food and Beverage cleaning The cleaning of food and beverage areas is mostly a partnership between housekeeping and food service personnel, with the managers of each section agreeing on their cleaning responsibilities. For example, perhaps within a lounge bar the food and beverage personnel would be responsible for maintaining the lounge tables, cushions, sofas and bar area, whereby the housekeeping personnel would vacuum, polish brass fixtures, clean windows and maintain plants. The importance is not who does what as long as one department is given responsibility. Although, some responsibility may be given to food and beverage personnel the executive housekeeper is still responsible overall, and will carry out routine checks to ensure the areas are being cleaned appropriately. Most food and beverage cleaning is carried out at off peak or night time, when there is least demand for service. It 's important for the executive housekeeper to monitor special events around the hotel (conferences and functions, as this creates more demand for cleaning. A sports event being televised in the bar is normally a popular attraction and would create more demand on the housekeeping function, such as higher supervision of public toilets throughout the evening).
4.2 Lobby and other Public Areas cleaning Within these areas duties include vacuuming, polishing floors, organising cushions, wiping tables, polishing mirrors, cleaning plants, emptying bins and ashtrays and polishing brass fittings. 4.3 Front Entrance cleaning This area is' the first impression and the last impression for most visitors and so it is imperative that it is clean and presentable at all times. The appearance of the approach and entrance is also important and so wiping hand smudges from doors, sweeping leaves and removing debris are some of the tasks required to be carried out. Poor weather conditions require additional monitoring and cleaning throughout the day. 4.4 Pest control An ongoing, proactive pest control program is imperative in order to maintain customer satisfaction and a healthy reputation. The biggest pest threats to hotel accommodation areas are bedbugs and other biting insects. Rentokil UK (2009)
4.5 Public Toilets cleaning Customers can have a lovely meal in the restaurant but if the toilet they have to use is unclean it can have a negative impact on the whole visit. Refilling toilet rolls, paper hand towels and soap dispensers, emptying bins, cleaning of toilets, hand basins and mirrors and regular mopping are just some of the checks required throughout the day.
Staff scheduling
5.
Staff scheduling
Staff scheduling
Ensuring that you staff correctly is essential for any manager. If too many employees are scheduled then this is waste and costing standards are jeopardised. The following factors are considerations that an executive housekeeper needs to consider when preparing a week's rota.
Room occupancy Labour budget available Type of room to be cleaned Stay-over or check-out Customer profile Employee holidays Turndown service Check-in time/check-out time Special requests Skill level of employees Public areas and frequency of cleaning Supervision Special events taking place in hotel
Summary
Organisation of cleaning
Introduction
Types of cleaning
Guest room cleaning
Staff scheduling
Soil , principles, equipment and methods
Conventional block and team
Planning, standards
Food and beverage, front office, leisure club
Considerations and formulas
Chapters
Chapter 3 Furniture, Fixtures and Fabric
Objectives
Describe some of the factors that you would need to consider when selecting flooring Identify the main considerations when selecting furnishings Identify the main fixtures and equipment you would find in hotel bedrooms Outline some general design considerations for hotel properties Design a hotel bedroom
Introduction to design
1.
Introduction to design 1.1 Design
When designing hotels many different considerations need to be taken into account, for example:
That customers receive the best aesthetic experience The appropriate design meets practical and safety requirements It meets the requirements of the target market It is cost effective Its maintenance requirements
Casado (2000). "Regardless of their type of service, lodging properties must maintain interior design consistency standards throughout the building. Whether a property has been classified as economy, midmarket, or luxury, its guest rooms and public area design, colour patterns, fabric and upholstery, and overall appearance must benefit the category they represent". Raghubalan and Raghubalan (2007) explain that design can be divided into two main types, structural and decorative. Structural design is comprised of the size, form, colour, and texture of an object. Decorative design - any lines, colour, or materials that have been applied to structural design for the purpose of adding a richer quality to it constitute its decorative design.
1.1 Design Creates atmosphere Communicates image Underpins the hotel theme Is the first impression Presents the standard Communicates where in the life cycle the hotel is positioned
1.1 Design continued Figure 3.1: Different types of hotel design

Minimalist Target market Art deco
Boutique Hotel design
Cultural
Natural surroundings
Contemporary
Themed
Historical
Purchasing considerations of capital expenditure items
2.
Capital expenditure items are objects of large expense (fixed assets) that are purchased. When purchasing these items many factors need to be considered as illustrated below and examined In more detail in the table following. Durability Cost Production methods The competition Standards of hotel Customer needs Suitability for employees After service
Warrantee/ guarantee Design trends Health and safety
Branding
Colour and design Ease of cleaning
Climates
Life expectancy
Considerations Examples Durability/life On selecting items consideration needs to be given to the amount of usage the item will have. expectancy Purchasing cheap, flimsy products will not withstand commercial use and therefore it is better to purchase durable, strong, simple products. Cost When purchasing, funds available and the potential return on investment must be considered. Ensure three quotations are obtained from suppliers to get the best deal. It is better to invest money in assets that will have a longer life. Production Many consumers are now interested in how products are produced and made (purchasing fair trade, method organic cotton, using local tradespeople as opposed to flying products in from overseas. Suitability for It is important to consider the practicality of furniture and equipment for employees. If furniture is employees too heavy staff will have problems moving it. Is there after-service available if the purchase breaks? The volume of customers passing through can Warrantee/ easily damage in-room assets, which require replacements etc. Similarly, equipment such as vacuum guarantee/ cleaners being used constantly can easily break down. after-service Branding Some hotels, when decorating and purchasing fabrics and linen, consider the overall branding, (For example, the colour of the logo of Premier Travel Inn, the UK budget hotel chain, is purple. On entering a room in this chain the carpets, bed sheets and decor is in theme with the colours of the logo).
Examples The design features the hotel adopts can be used as a differentiator against competitors. Many customers will select one hotel over another if the design is different Trends Hotels who want to remain competitive need to keep up-to-date with external design trends to ensure customers are retained. Colour and design Colours, textures, consistency all need to be considered when purchasing capital items for rooms and public areas. If colours are in stark contrast or very different it does not look attractive to the eye. Hotel standard The amount the hotel spends on capital assets should be representative of the standard and quality of the hotel. Climate Climate is a big consideration. In hotter climates fresh, light colours, cool tiles, air conditioning are required. In cooler climates, warm colours, heating and carpets. Health and safety Health and safety needs to be paramount when purchasing items. Portable appliance testing and flame spread index are examples to be considered. Customer needs As discussed previously, different target customers have different requirements which need to be incorporated into the in-room and public area design.
Considerations Competition
Housekeeping design considerations
3.
Housekeeping design considerations 3.1 Flooring 3.2 Wall coverings 3.3 Furniture 3.4 Fixtures and fittings 3.5 Equipment
Housekeeping design considerations mainly concentrate on in-room design and public areas. We will now consider in more depth the following areas of design:
Flooring and carpets
Wall coverings
Fittings
Beds and bedding
Furniture
Equipment
Bathroom fittings and accessories
Furnishings
3.1 Flooring Walking around the hotel various floorings can be seen. Raghubalan and Raghubalan (2007) explain that 'floors are an important aspect of hotel interiors as they are both functional and decorative. The guests first impression of an hotel is largely determined by the appearance of the flooring in the lobby, the guest corridors, restaurants and guest rooms'. What needs to be considered?
Cost: cheap is usually uneconomical. Account for initial purchase cost, cost of laying, maintenance costs and life expectancy. Durability and quality: traffic flows - different types of floor are appropriate in different circumstances. Consideration needs to be given to preventing entry of dirt not just to maintain cleanliness, but to prevent damage to flooring (grit, grease, water). Appearance: interior design needs to be considered as well as the purpose of the area. Colour, texture and pattern requires thought in relation to FFE. Flooring is usually chosen first because of size, cost and the fact it will be changed less frequently than decor and furniture.
FFE Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment
3.1 Flooring continued What needs to be considered? Continued Safety: should have non-slip qualities when wet, or dry to avoid slips and falls. Correct cleaning and maintenance helps improve safety. Comfort: not just underfoot; noise needs to be taken into account. Should be warm, soft, quiet and provide good heat and sound insulation. Different types of flooring materials Porous Wood Cork Concrete Chipboard Asphalt Carpets
Semi-porous Thermoplastic Vinyl Linoleum Rubber
Non-porous Terrazzo Quarry tiles Ceramic tiles Stone/slate Marble

3.1 Flooring continued Carpets Casado (2000)'Beautiful carpeting can enhance the appearance of lodging properties and make a lasting impression on guests. On the other hand, discoloured, worn, or dirty carpets are usually sources of guest complaints'. Disadvantages Luxurious Requires regular cleaning Durable Absorbs dirt, stains and odours Comfortable Shading Contributes to atmosphere Pilling Available in various designs, patterns and colours Pile reversal Insulation and noise absorbent Shedding Comfortable on feet for employees Fading Cushions breakages Matting Advantages
3.1 Flooring continued Tips for maintaining carpets
Use mats to minimise dirt entry (clean mats regularly) Use effective vacuum cleaners Remove furniture regularly to prevent build-up of dirt Use carpet glides to prevent pile distortion Use blinds and curtains to minimise long-term sun damage Attend promptly to spillages and stains with spotting and treatment Periodic deep cleaning and shampooing Use mats on top of carpets in areas of heavy usage
3.2 Wall coverings Kappa et al. (1997) explain 'Ceiling, wall, and window coverings are chosen more for their acoustical properties, safety, and appearance than insulation against the cold. There is a wide variety of ceiling surfaces and wall coverings on the market today. Paint is by the most common. However, vinyl manufacturers have introduced a wide variety of practical and attractive products in recent years, making vinyl a popular alternative to paint in properties of all types'. Paint Advantages Inexpensive, easy to clean, wide variety of colours available, durable, easy to apply Wide variety of patterns, colours and designs, adds character, fashionable Elegant, warm, comfortable Disadvantages Easily chipped, marked, in-elegant
Vinyl
Fabric
Labour intensive to apply, not suitable for humid climates, damage cannot be rectified easily Easily damaged, absorbs aromas, hard to clean, hard to erect
3.2 Wall coverings continued
Type of wall covering Method of cleaning Wall carpet, felt, flock, Brush down with a soft, long-handled wall brush or use a vacuum cleaner with a grass, cloth, hessian brush attachment. To remove stains, dust lightly with white talc on cotton wool; and jute, linen, silk leave for a few hours; then brush off. Do not use dry cleaning reagents or upholstery cleaners, as they may cause discoloration and shrinkage. Cork Brush or vacuum. Then sponge away any marks gently with lukewarm water and mild detergent. Do not over-wet. Paint emulsion Wipe down with a sponge wrung out in warm water. Do not rub flock. Paint - glossy, silk Wash wall from bottom upwards using a sponge wrung out in mild detergent finish, vinyl solution; wipe residue with cold water, working from top down. If necessary, scrub gloss paint with a soft brush. Tiles - aluminium and Wipe down with a sponge wrung out in mild detergent solution; rinse well. Dry ceramic with chamois leather.
3.2 Wall coverings continued Type of wall covering Method of cleaning Tiles mirror Wipe down with a piece of chamois leather wrung out in vinegar water. Wallpaper Brush or lightly vacuum; then gently sponge away marks with a mild detergent solution. For grease stains, dab on white talc lightly with cotton wool and brush off after a few hours. Wood panelling Brush or vacuum and rub clean with soft dusters. Periodically apply teak oil or cream. Do not use wax polish.
Source: Raghubalan and Raghubalan (2007)
3.3 Furniture Television cabinet
Sofa
Armchair
Easychair
Wardrobe
Luggage rack
Dressing table Bedside table
Dining table
Coffee table
Dining chair
Plants
Bed
3.3 Furniture continued
Lavatory/WC
Bidet
Sanitary bin
Shower cubicle
Bathtub
Vanity unit
3.3 Furniture continued Types of furniture
Free standing: can be moved or rearranged relatively easily. Accumulates dust/dirt, behind, above and beneath it. Built-in: eg wardrobes, kitchen furniture. There should be no gaps underneath so cleaning is minimised. Fitted: includes items like shelves and headboards. Makes use of alcoves and recesses and so ensures good use of space. Not to be confused with built-in. Cantilevered: supported on only one end, can be quite effective from a design perspective. Upholstered: sofas, armchairs. Suitability of fabric needs to be considered, as does ease of cleaning and maintenance. Antique: usually very expensive, can be impractical, also risky as difficult to replace and repairs often need to be carried out by a specialist.
3.3 Furniture continued What factors need to be considered when selecting furniture?
Frequency of use: needs to be durable and versatile. Design and comfort: should be pleasing to the eye and blend in with the area. Comfort is very important particularly in beds and seating. Repair and replacement: there is a difference between commercial and domestic furniture. Ease of cleaning/maintenance: carvings, crevices and ledges can be dust traps. There should be enough space underneath furniture to facilitate cleaning. castors can help with moving of heavier items. Many chairs have removable, washable covers.
3.3 Furniture continued Wooden furniture
Wood: solid wood can be expensive and costly to maintain. It is absorbent and stains easily. Most furniture is made from plywood, or laminated wood with a wood or plastic veneer. Plywood: is built-up from odd numbers of layers that run at right angles to each other. It is strong, can easily be bent into shape, is lighter than wood and can be made waterproof. Laminated wood: is also built-up from layers, but unlike plywood these run in the same direction. It is not as strong as plywood, and one piece can very easily be bent into curved shapes by steaming. Chipboard: made from wood chippings moulded and pressed together with steam and glue. Usually finished with a wood, or plastic veneer. Veneers: usually cut from the barks of trees. Once stuck down it gives the appearance of solid wood. Plastics: usually used in dining, or workroom areas. Plastic is lightweight, easy to clean and maintain It is durable and light to move, or stack.
3.3 Furniture continued Mattress Casado (2000) explains "surveys of favourite amenities conducted regularly by hospitality magazines consistently show that guests put comfortable mattresses at the top of the list". Differing types are given below.
Water
Latex
Innerspring
Foam
Orthopaedic
Hypo-allergenic
Plastic
3.4 Fixtures and fittings Fixtures and fittings are attached to the structure or pieces of furniture. Some of these items serve a purpose whereas others are simply for decoration and to create atmosphere. However, they require regular, ongoing cleaning.
Taps and faucets Minibar Air conditioning A/C Towel racks
Carpets
Pictures
Signs
Fire alarms
Lightening fixtures
Locks
Windows
Doors
Toilet roll holder

CCTV
Safe
Telephone
Care considerations Kappa et al. (1997) explains 'in general, major cleaning procedures include shampooing upholstered furnishings - usually about every six months or as needed - and cleaning washable furnishings with water and/or an appropriate cleaning solution. Most major cleaning can be performed with very simple tools - buckets, rags, and a cleaning agent. Upholstery shampoos, however, usually require special shampooers. Minor cleaning is performed more frequently than major cleaning. Minor cleaning includes such tasks as dusting and vacuuming lampshades and seat cushions and polishing metal fixtures. Paper dust cloths treated with furniture polish are generally used in dusting'.
3.5 Equipment Equipment requirements vary depending on the hotel's:
standard, type of room (standard, twin, executive, suite), size of room, target customer, budget available, theme,
but examples of typical in-room equipment are shown in the chart, below. Casado (2000) explains 'long gone are the days when hoteliers could sell rooms equipped with a minimum of basic features. Today's business traveller is putting a new spin on the concept of guest room equipment. Lodging chains that cater to corporate clientele offer in-room or satellite office support services including computers and fax and copy machines. Guest rooms are often equipped with multi-line telephones complete with voice mail and PC compatibility'.
3.5 Equipment continued
iPod docking station
Trouser press
Tea/coffee making facility
Play station
VCR
Radio
DVD
Ironing station
Television
Summary
Design Introduction
Purchasing consideration
Flooring
Well coverings
Furniture Fixtures and fittings Equipment
Chapters
Chapter 4 Health, safety and security
Objectives
Identify the main legislation relating to Health and Safety in the workplace Explain some of the main points relating to each of these laws Highlight some of the Health and Safety risks in the workplace and suggests steps which could be taken to minimise these Explain the importance of security to customers Identify some security risks that might be found in a hotel Carry out a risk assessment Detail the main health and safety considerations in operating leisure facilities
The importance of health, safety and security
1.
The importance of health, safety and security 1.1 Who is responsible 1.2 Communication
Positive Good image Safe environment Accident free Employee satisfaction and retention Increased profits and productivity No law suits and insurance claims Attract and retain customers
Negative Poor image (bad publicity) Unsafe environment Frequent accidents Employee dissatisfaction and turnover Lost profit and low productivity Law suits and claims Lose customers
Figure 4.1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Self actualisation
Self-esteem
Love, affection and belonging
Safety needs
Physiological needs
As shown in Abraham Maslow's famous model, illustrated above, personal safety and security is of great importance to individuals. Kappa et al. (1997) explain 'In hospitality operations, safety refers to the actual conditions in a work environment. security refers to the prevention of theft, fire and other emergencies'. It is the hotel's responsibility to provide a safe and secure environment for: Its customers and their belongings Its employees and their belongings The owner's assets 1.1 Who is responsible? Although safety and security is everyone's responsibility, the General Manger is ultimately accountable. However, to assist in achieving a safe and secure environment, the following could be considered. Including the responsibility of safety into the job description of the Facilities/Maintenance Manager Creating a Health and Safety Committee with representation from each department Appointing a Chief of Security Outsourcing security guards from a specialist agency
1.2 Communication It is key that the individuals responsible for health, safety and security ensure that all employees have the correct knowledge pertaining to their area. This can be achieved by: Ongoing training Creating standards to be adhered to Key areas of importance integrated into induction Management by walking around Structured courses to educate employees
Safety and security risks for customers
Fire
Pests/infestation
Trips and falls
Pollution
Faulty equipment
Electrical/ maintenance defects
Contamination
Burns and scalds
Burglary/theft
Food poisoning
Harassment from other customers
Terrorist attacks
At risk from hotel employees
Threat of attacks from other customers
Theft of assets/ personal data
Suspicious packages
Internal fraudulent practices
Safety risks Fire
Example Internal fires, fires caused by customers, cigarettes, heaters, electrical equipment
Prevention Internal fire detection system Sprinklers Fire evacuation notices Fire marshals Fire extinguishers Training Good housekeeping Ongoing pest control programme Prompt repair Preventative maintenance Close off unsafe areas Wet floor signs Matting Non-slip matting in bathtubs Don't leave room service trays in corridors Rails Gritting
Infestation
Bed bugs Mosquitoes Rodents In-room falls Weather conditions Slippery lobby Defective flooring Obtrusive furniture
Trips/falls
Safety risks Pollution Faulty Equipment/ Electrical/ maintenance
Example Smoke inhalation from bars and nightclubs Boiling water Shorts in equipment
Prevention Good extraction Effective HVAC system Maintenance repair Preventative maintenance programme Purchase safe, tested equipment Portable appliance testing Risk assessment
Contamination
Potential for food contamination or from employees and individuals with viruses or disease Burns from hot equipment Boiling water supply Exposed pipes
HACCP Food safety testing Monitoring Good maintenance Warning signage Communication from employees First aid procedures
Burns and scalds
Security risks Harassment/ attacks Terrorist attacks Fraudulent practices
Example Harassment from other customers Suspicious packages
Prevention Visible in-house security guards Visible in-house security Crisis plan Awareness by employees Employ good staff - references/police checks Effective supervision CCTV Standards Data protection
Employees attempting to defraud customers Identity theft
Security risks Burglary/theft Potential theft from intruders, other customers or employees Misuse of guest room keys Giving out guest names/ or room numbers Theft of guest property Car theft Effective in-house security Awareness by employees Educating customers Use of in-room safes Safety deposit box Reference checks Guest key procedures CCTV Identity badges for agency staff Proper key control Signing in and out for all visitors Reporting of all damaged locks
Data Protection The protection of customers personal information. Portable Appliance Testing It is the responsibility of the employer to take necessary steps to ensure all equipment is safe. For more information on portable appliance testing see: http://www.pat-testing.info Crisis Plan This is a document set of procedures and instructions on how managers should deal with emergency situations, for example terrorist attacks, force majeure, death should they in the unfortunate event, arise.
Health and safety risks for housekeeping employees
Health and Safety risks for Housekeeping employees 3.1 Security of customers and their assets
The Health and Safety Executive states in their workplace health and safety statistics that: There has been an increase in the rate of reported major and over-3-day injuries in the hotels and restaurant industry from 1999/2000 to 2007/08 Relative to other industries, a higher proportion of reported injuries in hotels and restaurants were caused by contact with harmful substances, electricity and exposure to fire The following chart shows typical health and safety risks for housekeeping employees.
Back problems Defective equipment Contamination from needles Stress - workload Harassment from customers
Equipment flexes
Faulty electrics
Broken glass
Lifting
Ladder work
Wet floors
High floors and balconies
Allergies to chemicals
Dangerous chemicals
Risks Back problems
Examples Turning mattresses Pushing trolleys Bending Stretching In most cases all Housekeeping employees will have to deal with chemicals at some point in time. The correct use of these chemicals is paramount and failing to do this can lead to serious injury. Shorts in equipment
Prevention Training in lifting techniques Ask for assistance
Dealing with hazardous chemicals
COSHH training Protective clothing MSDS sheets
Defective equipment
Maintenance repair Preventative maintenance programme Purchase safe, tested equipment Portable appliance testing Risk assessment
Risks Contamination from infected needles/ blood
Examples Use of controlled substances in rooms by customers, or non-disposal of used needles. Hepatitis B virus or HIV found in infected blood are spread when blood or certain body fluids get into the body. This can occur through sharing needles and sexual contact. All employees can be subject to additional work load and pressures which can lead to stress
Prevention Special training and standards in the correct, safe disposal of needles and blood stains in 'sharps boxes'
Work stress
Good scheduling Regular breaks Job chats Fair distribution and allocation of work Observation (MBWA) Training Operating procedures
Equipment flexes
Room attendants frequently use equipment with long flexes and can be at risk of trips and falls
Risks Wet/slippery floors
Examples When floors are wet after mopping or wet weather
Prevention Non-slip work shoes Wet floor signs Grit Training Ensure ladder is safe Colleague to hold ladder Only attempt if qualified Work at height regulation 2005 Never use chair instead of ladder Training/awareness/standards for correct disposal/broken glass containers
High floor/ladder work
Some high dusting may require the use of ladders
Broken glass/china
Room attendants and Public Area cleaners can come into contact with broken glass
Risks Office work
Examples It is not only subordinates who face risks. Managers/operators who work at computers also can suffer from back pain, Repetitive and Strain Injury (RSI) On occasions employees can be at risk from customers over disputes
Prevention Provide an ergonomic workplace environment
Harassment from customers
Good security Awareness Training Complaint-handling procedures
MBWA Management by Walking Around. A management approach which focuses on frequently walking around the hotel to observe activities and ensure standards are being maintained.
3.1 Security of customers and their assets To follow are some measures that can be taken to enhance security of customers and their assets when staying in hotels. Only issue room keys to registered guests Never disclose customers' room numbers to other guests Provide in-room safe boxes or safety deposit boxes in the main reception, and encourage customers to use them Provide peep holes on bedroom doors Provide double locks on bedroom doors When cleaning the room, always block door with trolley to prevent any unauthorised people for entering If on cleaning a room the customer returns, ask for room card identification When allocating guest rooms, reservations should consider specific security needs of particular types of customers. Female travellers rate security and safety of great importance while travelling and staying in hotels. With this in mind, some hotels now provide a 'Female Floor' for female travellers to make them feel more safe Have clear standards for chambermaids on lost property
Prevention and legislation
Prevention and legislation 4.1 The Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA) 1974 4.2 Manual Handling Regulations 1992 4.3 Ergonomics - a safe office environment 4.4 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 2002 4.5 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) 4.6 Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (protective clothing) 'PPE 4.7 The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) 4.8 First-aid regulations 1981 4.9 Fire
The following chart provides some strategies to create a healthy, safe and secure hotel environment.
Prevention rather than cure Good leadership at the top
RIDDOR
Training
Fire procedures
Goals for health and safety reduction
Penalties/warnings fro noncompliance
Clear communication reporting
Accountability
Well executed maintenance repair
Awareness
Qualified supervision
Health and safety committees
Attend health and safety workshops and conventions
Certified, skilled employees
Adhere and follow the law
Consult employeesbottom up!
External health and safety consultants
Regular risk assessment
Regular health and safety audits
4.1 The Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA) 1974 The Act details: Provide and maintain plant and systems of work that are safe and without risk to health Ensure that the use, handling, storage and transport of articles or substances is safe and without risk Provide information, training and supervision to ensure that employees can carry out their jobs safely Ensure safe access and egress from the workplace. Ensure that the workplace is safe, particularly in respect of housekeeping, cleanliness, disposal of rubbish and stacking of goods Employers need to keep an up-to-date, written safety policy which is brought to the attention of employees Employers have a duty to consult with recognised safety representatives Employers must agree to establish a safety committee if requested by two, or more safety representatives (HSE)
4.2 Manual Handling Regulations 1992 The Manual Handling Regulations 1992 are legislation that ensures that risks are reduced when moving or lifting heavy loads or equipment. This can include providing equipment to move and lift heavy goods and supplying the necessary training to employees on how to lift correctly, as illustrated below. Figure 4.2: Lifting techniques
Do not attempt to lift anything too heavy Bend your knees Keep back straight Firm grip Use legs to take the weight
4.3 Ergonomics - a safe office environment Housekeeping office personnel also face health risks, which can lead to dissatisfaction and sickness. To reduce the opportunity of this, employers can provide their employees with an ergonomic work environment which makes work more safe and comfortable for employees.
Figure 4.3: Example of ergonomic work environment
Example Back pain from sitting at computers incorrectly and for long periods of time
Solution Strong, adjustable, comfortable chairs. Adjustable desks/regular breaks
Eye strain form computer visual display units (VDU) screens
Screen covers for VDU to reduce glare and sore eyes/regular breaks Health and safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 Ergonomic mouse and wrist rests/regular breaks
Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)
4.4 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 2002 Housekeeping and laundry employees are required to use chemicals in carrying out their day-to-day work tasks. According to The Health and Safety Executive 'Using chemicals or other hazardous substances at work can put people's health at risk, causing diseases including asthma, dermatitis or cancer. COSHH regulations require employers to control substances that can harm workers health'. COSHH legislation is there to protect the employee from dangerous chemicals within the workplace. and includes procedures for the correct: Storage and ventilation Mixing Application Pouring and measurement Labelling Training
4.5 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) MSDS sheets are information pages that accompany each chemical, so the user is aware of the following. The chemical identity and what it contains What it is used for What the correct concentrations for different applications are Its toxic properties or special safety instructions for use safety procedures if one gets chemical in contact with skin, eyes, or ingests it An emergency telephone number The proper action to take if an incident using a particular chemical were to occur Direction for safe handling and use Figure 4.4: COSHH symbols
4.6 Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (protective clothing) 'PPE' PPE legislation requires that employers provide the correct work wear to employees to reduce any accidents in the workplace. The Health and Safety Executive details PPE is defined in the Regulations as 'all equipment (including clothing affording protection against the weather) which is intended to be worn or held by a person at work and which protects him against one or more risks to his health or safety', eg safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, high-visibility clothing, safety footwear and safety harnesses".
4.7 The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) RIDDOR is the law that states that all establishments must record any accidents or ill health that occur within the workplace (this could be accidents concerning employees, customers or visitors). Why should I report? Reporting accidents and ill health at work is a legal requirement. The information enables the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and local authorities, to identify where and how risks arise, and to investigate serious accidents. The authorities can then help and provide advice on how to reduce injury, and ill health in your workplace. Why should I document? You must keep a record of any reportable injury, disease or dangerous occurrence. This must include the date and method of reporting; the date, time and place of the event; personal details of those involved; and a brief description of the nature of the event or disease.
4.8 First-aid regulations 1981 Legal duties The Health and sSafety (First-Aid) Regulations 1981 require employers to provide adequate and appropriate equipment, facilities and personnel to enable first-aid to be given to employees if they are injured or become ill at work. These Regulations apply to all workplaces including those with five or fewer employees and to the self-employed. Assessment of first-aid needs Employers are required to carry out an assessment of first-aid needs. This involves consideration of workplace hazards and risks, the size of the organisation and other relevant factors, to determine what first aid equipment, facilities and personnel should be provided.
4.9 Fire The risk of fires starting in hotels needs to be taken seriously by hotel operators and managers. Fires can start in various ways and can include: Faulty equipment Faulty electrical wiring Smoking Exposed flames Overheating of electric or gas heaters Electric blankets Incorrect mixing of chemicals Blocked stairways Accumulated rubbish
The Fire Precautions Act of 1971 Any premises used as a place of work, or to which members of the general public have access need to have a valid fire certificate issued by the fire authority The fire authority must be satisfied that the means of escape in the event of fire, means of firefighting and means of giving warning are adequate Particulars of any highly flammable, or explosive materials need to be recorded The Act also covers the training of people of 'what to do' in the event of fire It also gives the fire authority the right to inspect any premises to ascertain if there have been any changes in conditions, as any changes require a new fire certificate Fire extinguishers All establishments must provide a selection of fire extinguishers to deal with each type of fire. These should be: Positioned strategically around the building and each department Correctly labelled Full Have a recent check certificate
Illustrated below are the different types of extinguishers and their uses. Figure 4.5: Fire extinguishers
Common fire safety features Smoke detectors in rooms and areas throughout hotel Self-closing doors Water sprinklers Fire extinguishers Fire alarms Fire doors Emergency lighting Hotel evacuation signs
4.10 Safety Signs and Signals Regulations 1996 HSE explains 'The regulations bring into force an EC directive encouraging the standardisation of safety signs. These include the use of illuminated signs, hand and acoustic signals (eg fire alarms), spoken communication and the marking of pipework containing dangerous substances. These are in addition to traditional signboards such as prohibition and warning signs. Fire safety signs (ie signs for fire exits and fire-fighting equipment) are also covered'. Requirements Employers must maintain safety signs Employers need to explain unfamiliar signs to employees Signs used need to meet the requirements of the regulations
Signs Regulations 1992 Figure 4.6 Sign regulations
Risk assessment
Risk assessment 5.1 What is a risk? 5.2 What is a hazard? 5.3 Requirements
Risk assessment
5.1 What is a risk? The chance, high, or low, that someone might be harmed by a hazard, experiencing danger, loss or injury. 5.2 What is a hazard? Hazards can either be acute or chronic risk. Acute is short-term and chronic is long-term. An example of an acute hazard may be an electric shock whereby a chronic hazard may be skin problems after many years of using cleaning chemicals. Organisations are now required by law to carry out an assessment of risks within their operation. 5.3 Requirements Every employer must make a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks to the health and safety of employees while at work and the risks to the health and safety of people who are not employees, but who may be affected by the employer's operations Risk assessments to be reviewed and amended to reflect changes in operations. For example, when there is reason to suspect that the risk assessment is no longer valid because a particular task is no longer carried out or the task is done in a different way or a new task is implemented. If changes are required following a review, the employer must review them
Risk assessment
5.3 Requirements Cont Specific risk assessments to be carried out for young people and new or expectant mothers Recording of significant findings of the risk assessment (if the business has five or more employees) and identifying any group of employees who are shown to be especially at risk. Recording includes publishing the assessment and bringing it to the attention of all employees There are five steps to risk assessment Step 1 - Look for the hazards Step 2 - Decide who might be harmed and how Step 3 - Evaluate the risks and decide whether the existing precautions are adequate or whether more should be done. (Risk is a combination of the hazard and the frequency with which a person is exposed to it. In evaluating the risk, the effectiveness of controls needs to be considered) Step 4 - Record your findings (a record of preventative and protective measures in place to control the risks and a register of any further action needed to control the risk to prove that a suitable and sufficient assessment has been made) Step 5 - Review your assessment and revise if necessary. (The level of detail in the risk assessment should be proportionate to the risk. The risks depend on the size of the organisation. Employers are expected to refer to guidance and trade association publications to assist in identifying the risks. Records of risk assessments should include a note as to how long they remain valid)
Hotel leisure facilities
Hotel leisure facilities 6.1 Health and Safety considerations 6.2 Swimming pools 6.3 Gymnasium 6.4 Sauna safety 6.5 Solarium (sun tanning) safety
6.1 Health and Safety considerations Most hotels nowadays provide some form of leisure or recreation facility for its residents and nonresidents. However, the majority of these facilities are now outsourced to specialised contractors. These contractors are proficient in all areas of leisure management and health and safety. Leisure facilities can include:
Swimming pools
Gymnasium
Massage and beauty treatment
Jacuzzi
Sauna
Tanning beds/ solariums
Hotel operators need to ensure that these facilities are kept clean and hygienic and that all safety guidelines are enforced to minimise risk to customers and employees. As with other areas the same legal regulations apply, such as risk assessment, COSHH, RIDDOR, first aid MSDS, PPE and manual handling. Crisis planning is another important consideration for this area. 6.2 Swimming pools Hotel responsibility No pool accidents Minimise the spread of disease and contamination Correct use of chemicals and exact chemical balance
No pool accidents Provision of qualified lifeguards Correct quantity of lifeguards per amount of swimmers If lifeguards not provided clear rules on minimum age of swimmer and parental supervision While in water supervisor to accompany minor at all times Availability of qualified first-aiders on staff Clear, well positioned warning signs Readily available life-saving equipment - rings, ropes and shepherd's hooks Lane dividers during sessions Restrictions on objects brought into pool Depth measurements clearly displayed Safety fences Deal with any wet areas around pool to reduce slipping No glass or china in pool area (plastic only) All broken tiles, cracks to be reported to Maintenance promptly Pool temperatures to be displayed When pool not in use, area must be securely locked to prevent unauthorised access
Minimise the spread of disease and contamination Hotels need to enforce rules to reduce the opportunity of the spread of disease: Showering before entering the pool No swimmers permitted with skin, ear or eye infections Always leave pool to use toilet facility Ensure babies wear tight fitting nappies Do not swim shortly after consuming food No consuming foods while swimming Correct use of chemicals and exact chemical balance Pool and spa water must be monitored to ensure that it is safe for people to swim or sit in it. Possibility that bacteriologically unsafe or chemical concentrations may be too high. Follow COSHH guidelines (correct mixing, read labels, correct storage) Use MSDS sheets Clean-up any chemical spillages promptly Use suggested safety clothing Maintain chemical and temperature records Daily readings Pool testing at least three times per day
Main tests for pool water 1. Residual disinfectant and disinfectant by-products (free & combined chlorine) 2. Water balance (ph, total alkalinity, calcium hardness, temperature) 3. Undesirable residual chemicals (sulphates, chlorides, cyanurates)
6.3 Gymnasium Gym equipment as indicated below poses many risks to users.
Treadmills
Exercise bicycles
Gym Equipment
Rowing machines
Weights and cardiovascular equipment
Hotel responsibilities To provide qualified gym personnel Screen users for current health status (or use warning signs) Instructors to ensure users are conversant with use of gym equipment To monitor guests use of equipment To check equipment daily for serviceability and safety Report any equipment defects promptly to Maintenance and put out of order Provision of cleaning equipment for daily cleaning
6.4 Sauna safety Hotel responsibilities Maintain cleanliness Clear signage with regard to supervision of minors Provision of emergency button Provide clear display of any relevant health warnings Ongoing monitoring of temperature by employees
6.5 Solarium (sun tanning) safety Hotel responsibilities Provide clean facilities (clean after each use) Inform of health risks Provide eye goggles Advise only ten minutes per session
Source: http://prague.corinthia.cz
Summary
Health, safety and security
The importance of health and safety
Risk to customers
Risks to employees
Risk assessment
Chapters
Chapter 5 Linen room and laundry
Objectives
Explain the different types of linen, their strengths and weaknesses Describe the considerations when selecting and purchasing linen Present the linen cycle and explain the key quality and financial considerations at each stage Discuss the function of a linen room, its equipment and systems Define different strategies to maintain linen stocks
Types of linen
1.
Types of linen 1.1 Uses of linen and fabrics
Types of linen
'Linen is the most important recycled inventory item under the executive housekeeper's responsibility. Next to personnel, linen costs are the highest expense in the housekeeping department'. Kappa et al. (1997) 1. Types of Linen
Fabrics are manufactured from fibres which may be woven, knitted, or bonded together in various ways Different fabrics have different properties making them appropriate for use in varying situations All fabrics are collectively called 'linen' in hospitality jargon, even though the material may be made of fibres other than linen. Linen can be classified as the following types
Bed linen Bed sheets Pillow Cases Blankets Bedspreads Mattress protector Duvet covers Electric blankets Quilts Slippers
Bathroom linen Face towels Hand towels Bath towels Bath mats Bathrobe Shower curtains
Table linen (Food and Beverage) Napkins Table cloths Slip cloths Table skirting Underlays Chair slips Conference baize
Other Cushion covers Loose covers Curtains/drapes Blinds Shades
Linen room and laundry
1.1 Uses of linen and fabrics
Add colour
Assistant in soundproofing
Provide warmth Linen uses
Exclude sunlight Add texture and pattern
Provide privacy
Selecting and purchasing linen
2.
Selecting and purchasing linen 2.1 Considerations when selecting and purchasing linen
Selecting and purchasing linen
2.1 Considerations when selecting and purchasing linen

Choose the best quality for the budget available Method of production fair trade/organic cotton Co ordination with other furniture or decoration
Hotel logo
Storage
Quantity
Hire, lease, or buy
Cost
Type of cleaning required
Warrantee / guarantee
Pattern & texture
Flame resistance
Properties, e.g. water repellance, crease, shrink thermal properties
Durability, life expectancy
Colorfastness
Intended use
Resistance to attacks by moths, sunlight, chemicals
Replacement
The linen cycle
3.
The linen cycle 3.1 Internal laundry 3.2 Laundry own or contract? 3.3 The linen cycle steps 3.4 The linen cycle room
The linen cycle
Figure 5.3: The Linen Cycle

8. Issuing of linen to departments 1.Linene used/soiled
7. Storing of linen
2. Transport of linen room
6. Pressing of linen
3. Counting and Sorting of linen
5. Drying of linen
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4. Washing of linen
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The linen cycle
The linen cycle (Figure 5.3) details the movement of linen throughout the hotel. Most linen will go through this process, however, it can change with regard to:
The length of time (turnaround time) from linen being soiled to it being cleaned Whether the cleaning is carried out within the hotel or contracted out to an external laundry The methods of cleaning used
Dealing with laundry is a fact of life for hotels. Guest rooms, restaurants, banquets, fitness centres and employees all have soiled linens: towels, tablecloths, uniforms and other laundry that must be cleaned. Hotels have several choices in how they handle this, they can:
Use disposable products where possible (paper rather than linen napkins, for example) Rent clean linens from a commercial laundry Buy their own linens from a commercial laundry Buy their own linens and use a commercial laundry Buy their own linens and use a centralised laundry Buy their own linens and use an on premise laundry Use a combination of these alternatives
Stipanuk and Roffmann (1996)
The linen cycle
3.1 Internal laundry When considering the set-up of an internal laundry the following factors would have to be considered: Location Space - what would determine how much space you need? Accessibility Lighting and ventilation Staffing Training Equipment Health and Safety Drainage Operating costs Business forecast Control Guest laundry Uniforms Supervision Quality control procedures
The linen cycle
3.2 Laundry 'own or contract'? It is very common nowadays for hotels to send out their laundry to a specialised laundry contractor.
Own laundry in-house Advantages More control in the areas of quality, supervision Faster turnaround Disadvantages Occupies valuable space Capital investment in equipment Equipment - maintenance, repair, training and depreciation Utility expense (gas, electricity, water) Labour costs -recruitment, training, benefits Chemical costs Led time - time taken from leaving hotel to return
External laundry
Only pay for what you require laundered No fixed or variable costs Pass on responsibility Use space to generate revenue (outsource to other retailers, hairdressers, tailors etc) Greater specialisation Concentrate focus on other areas
Potential lack of control Potential loss of linen Difficult to compile inventory Difficult to control lifespan
Turnaround the total time required for the linen to complete the linen cycle
The linen cycle
3.3 The linen cycle steps As Illustrated in figure 5.3 the linen cycle has eight steps. At each stage the executive housekeeper has to maintain both focus on financial and quality control. Step 1 - use of linen/soiled linen Each bedroom has a par level of linen. For example, one standard room has the following linen for each bathroom: 2 bath towels 2 face towels 2 hand towels When customers occupy the room they either: Use the bath linen and have fresh linen replaced Reuse the same towels throughout the duration of their stay A recent trend is for hotels to display signs to promote the reuse of linen. For example, if a customer is concerned about the environment and is slaying a few days they can reuse the same towels, just like at home. The benefits of this are that less laundry is cleaned which is good for the environment, the hotel saves money and the customer feels good. However, in most cases the used linen will be replaced with fresh.
The linen cycle
3.3 The linen cycle steps continued Step 2 - transport of linen to linen room Throughout the day the room attendants collect a lot of soiled linen which is placed into a laundry bin or trolley. This linen is then transported to the linen room by Housekeeping porters. In some hotels linen is simply bundled and deposited by means of a linen chute.
The linen cycle
3.4 The linen room
Figure 5.4: Main responsibilities of the linen/laundry room

Recycling of linen Removing marks and stains
Washing, drying, pressing and storing
Stock and inventories
Laundry/ linen room
Security of linen
Issuing of linen to other departments Dispatch of linen to external contractors

Repairs of linen
Collection, sorting and counting of linen
The linen cycle
3.4 The linen room continued Step 3 - counting and sorting of linen On arrival at the linen room the laundry room attendant will:
Count each piece of linen Separate linens into size, type and colour Check for any damaged or heavily soiled item (damaged linen is removed from the operation and heavily soiled linen treated separately, as given below) In some cases the same amount of clean linen stock is given back to the attendant Each floor has their own pantry which contains a par level stock of linen, a sufficient quantity to replenish all rooms. This stock is put onto the room attendants' trolleys in the morning in preparation to put into the bedrooms. The system of 'clean for dirty' linen makes room attendants more accountable for the retention of their linen stock. If they are asking for more stock than they have deposited, why is this? At this stage the laundry is either collected and sent to an external laundry contractor or washed in-house
The linen cycle
3.4 The linen room continued Step 4 - washing of linen FIigure 5. 5: The wash cycle
Final extract Flush
Sour/ softner/ starch
Break
Extract
Rinse
Rinse
Bleach
The linen cycle
3.4 The linen room continued At the washing stage there are particular things that need to be carried out to maintain quality and cost control. When loading, the machines should not be too empty or too full and the operator should: Ensure the correct laundry chemical is used and the right quantity for the load/weight Ensure the wash temperature is correct Ensure colours are not mixed Many large machines nowadays are computerised and the chemical quantity and washing temperatures are calculated automatically.
The linen cycle
3.4 The linen room continued Step 5 - drying linen After washing, in most cases, the laundry is dried in large commercial dryers. Again, during this stage quality and financial considerations must be followed, to include that the:
Machine should not be too full or too empty Machine drying temperature should not be too hot or too cold Drying time should be correct for the laundry load, not too short or too long
Step 6 - pressing and folding For linen to be crisp and appear professionally laundered the next stage is for it to be pressed. Laundries have different ways of doing this to include:
Steam cabinets Flatwork ironers Pressing machines Folding machines Rolling equipment
The linen cycle
Step 7 - storing linen After folding, the linen will be stored. The main linen room will have a par stock level for all linen items to ensure that the hotel has sufficient quantities of linen at anyone time to accommodate the needs. The linen should rest in storage for at least 24 hours before being issued. This helps increase the useful life of linens and makes the linen smoother. The linen rooms need adequate ventilation, be humidity-free and lockable. Step 8 - issuing linen Linen is issued from the linen room to Housekeeping porters, room attendants and other departments throughout the day. Most linen rooms practice some form of control at this stage, such as employees signing for any linen types and quantities received. other hotels may have a system whereby Housekeeping porters and room attendants restock their linen pantries as and when required. The important element is tracking who has taken what linen and to which area.
The control of linen
4.
Linen is a hotel asset and needs to be controlled and this is one of the main functions of the executive housekeeper, ensuring the linen stock level is maintained. When linen stocks reduce this is referred to as 'shrinkage' and can occur due to:
Employee misuse Poor treatment, washing and drying methods Misplaced in external laundry Customer or employee theft
Some methods adopted by hotels to control shrinkage are given below

Right linen for the right job Clear standards of use for each department Ongoing monitoring by senior housekeeping personnel Disciplinary action for misuse
Monthly/ mid monthly stocktakes
Effective security personnel
Lockable storage
Clear standards for washing and drying
Purchase good quality linen
Train and educate employees on how to use linen
Good quality cleaning chemicals
Recycling
Par stock levels for all departments and floors

Summary
Linen
Linen types and classifications
Purchasing linen
The linen cycle
Uses
Steps
Methods
Chapters
Chapter 6 Maintenance and the environment
Objectives
Explain the Importance of good maintenance for customers, employees and the organisation Present strategies for effective maintenance quality control Discuss key positions within the department, their responsibilities and organisation Discuss the different types of maintenance and explain the main areas of responsibility for this department within the hotel. Explain ways that hotels can be more environmentally friendly in their operations and towards the community
Introduction to maintenance
Introduction to maintenance 1.1 Objectives of the maintenance department
The Maintenance department's responsibilities include the upkeep of the overall appearance and working order of the hotel to incorporate guest rooms, public areas, common areas and the building exterior. Other duties include completing maintenance requests, conducting regular safety inspections and training staff on safety and security. Sometimes this department can also be referred to as 'Engineering' or 'Facilities', The hospitality industry of today relies on well-designed and well-maintained facilities as a key element of its business Facilities playa critical role in the money-making aspects of the business. They serve as a location for the delivery of services, playa role in estate appreciation and contribute to corporate growth Adapted from Stipanuk and Roffman (1996)
Source http://www.graham.co.uk
1.1 Objectives of the maintenance department To maintain the hotel's internal and surrounding facilities To promptly repair any defective furniture, equipment or fittings Plan and oversee any major refurbishments, renovations or redecorations Contract external specialists to perform maintenance works as and when required To provide a safe, physical work environment for employees To provide safe premises for visitors and customers To actively work towards reducing energy costs Maintenance is a major part of the hotel product. If the physical surroundings of the product are not maintained then this will affect the business. For an organisation to effectively sell its products all parts of the market mix have to be correct.
Figure 6.1: The market mix and Its relationship to maintenance and facilities
Normally, the age of the product determines the amount of upkeep that is required. For example a new hotel would in most cases not require much maintenance, However, as the hotel ages its facilities start to deteriorate and require more frequent maintenance.
Figure 6.2: The product life cycle
Figure 6.3 Costs and the product life cycle Product life cycle analysis
sales/profit / costs
Time
Benefits of well-maintained facilities: More attractive Attracts and retains customers Remain competitive Safer environment for customers and employees Cost efficiency and reduction
The failure to maintain facilities can have many negative impacts as shown in the following diagram.
Accidents Facilities dont meet customers expectations Legal suits against the hotel
Figure: 6.4 Impacts of poor maintenance
Out of order rooms!
Creates a dont care image for hotel Poor maintenance
Lose market share to more well maintained competitors
Low employee morale
Poor retention of customers and employees
Discounting of customer bills due to complaints
Increase in customer complaints
To ensure that these impacts are minimised, different strategies need to be adopted, as shown below.
Use good quality furniture, fixtures and equipment
Employee checklists
Ongoing training for employees
Regular inspections
An efficient work order system
Skilled, qualified maintenance personnel
Quick response
Preventive maintenance systems
Adhere to legal requirements
Regular risk assessments
Departmental standards for maintenance
Trustworthy external contractors
Employee awareness
Staffing and resources
Staffing and resources 2.1 Chief Engineer - job description
Figure 6.5 Organisational chart for maintenance department in a large 4 or 5 star hotel
Chief engineer
Assistant chief engineer
Supervisors
Painter and decorator
Plumber
Engineer
Electrician
Carpenter/ handyman
Gardner/grounds personnel
Only a few hotels employ all of the specialised positions as detailed above. Most have general employees who work in the Maintenance department who may specialise in one area but also are crosstrained to carry out other maintenance tasks. For example, an employee who is a qualified plumber may have also had training on how to operate the energy management system. By cross-training employees greater flexibility is provided. Another approach is to have general handymen who can deal with everyday tasks but when a specialised piece of work needs to be done, a local contractor is employed, on an hourly rate, to carry out the work. Due to the Increase In technology many hotels now employ an IT technician to take care of all the hardware and software systems within the hotel. Such systems include: Property management system (PMS) Point of sale system (POS) Electronic Locking System (ELS) Energy Management System (EMS)
2.1 Chief Engineer - job description The Chief Engineer is an individual who is organised and reliable with attention to detail. The ideal candidate would be a team player, with a flexible approach, exceptional interpersonal and communication skills as well as great people management skills. The Chief Engineer will be able to handle all matters relating to the hotel's maintenance and repair. Other skills that will need to be demonstrated include: Ability to prioritise and delegate when necessary Ability to maintain composure and multi-task while working under pressure Ability to maintain high standards of verbal and written communication in a pressurised environment Management skills Knowledge of preventative maintenance schemes Involvement in a refurbishment or restoration project desirable
Scope and purpose As Chief Engineer, you will work alongside the Assistant Chief Engineer to oversee the efficient daytoday running of the Technical services department and you will supervise, motivate and organise the Technical Services team and the daily operations. Your role will also involve assisting with all life safety systems such as the fire alarm, emergency lighting and gas detection systems. You will have to understand and operate these systems with a level of in-house maintenance / breakdown response as well as control of external contractors / specialists to maintain the systems. As Chief Engineer you will support the Assistant Chief Engineer and Technical services department in assuming responsibility for keeping the hotel facilities in optimum operating condition, by performing preventative maintenance and repairs on hotel power plant machinery (including heat, power, air conditioning and refrigeration). As Chief Engineer you will follow the hotel and corporate policies and guidelines, and the hotel's business plan.
Main duties and responsibilities To support and ensure the Technical services team carry out all general repairs and preventative maintenance of the guest bedrooms and front and back of house areas To manage and support the Works Manager to ensure all PPM and general repairs are carried out in a timely and efficient manner To oversee the day-to-day running of the department To continuously endeavour to improve personal knowledge of the job To ensure guest satisfaction by performing duties such as attending to their requests and enquiries courteously and efficiently and accepting changes or addition to work hours which are necessary for the maintenance of uninterrupted service to hotel guests and patrons To keep adequate levels of supplies required for hotel maintenance and keep the stock of materials to an agreed level To be an active member of the emergency team of the hotel In conjunction with the Assistant Chief Engineer to ensure that the Engineering department is correctly staffed and trained with a suitable team for its function, and to ensure that these team members can perform their duties to the standard required by the hotel and the company To monitor and supervise external contracting staff to ensure compliance with the house rules. To work with external contractors as necessary to assist them in performing maintenance or construction jobs.
The main responsibilities of a chief engineer include: The control of energy costs The protection of the owner's investment The creation of a working environment that results in the efficient operation of all departments The operation of the maintenance area in a way that contributes positively to the guest experience A continued attention to safety concerns related to the building, grounds, equipment and operational procedures Contractual responsibility spelled out in management contracts and franchise agreements Stipanuk and Roffmann (1996)
Main areas of maintenance
Examples Plumbing and water systems Electrical HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) Lighting Laundry Telecommunication Central heating, boilers, spa, pool, sanitation, filtration, cleaning, irrigation, laundry, guest rooms, fountains, drainage Equipment, lighting, batteries, generators, meters, energy management Temperatures, comfort, extraction, refrigeration, cooling systems, air supply Natural, in room, public areas, task, emergency, exterior, colour, mood, ambience, decoration, energy saving Laundry equipment, energy management, wastewater Internet, switchboard (PABX), facsimile, intranet, Wi-Fi, web site, e-mail, in-house pagers, mobile telephones
Examples Safety and security Signage, equipment, testing, electronic locking systems, alarm system, security lighting, parameter fences, fire system, sprinklers, CCTV, in-room safes, fingerprint recognition Recycling systems Kitchen equipment, refrigeration, ovens, buffet units, cook-chill units, storage, dishwasher, ice machines, coffee machines, vending machines Cost control, employees, customers, law, comfort, utility pricing Roof, walls, foundation, drainage, structure, sewers, water features, insulation, windows Presentation, security, lighting, maintenance, irrigation, management and general upkeep Renovation, refurbishments, interior, comfort, fashion, health and safety, DDA
Waste management Food service equipment Energy management The building's exterior Car park and grounds Design
Types of maintenance
Routine maintenance activities are those which relate to the general upkeep of the property, they occur on a regular (daily or weekly) basis, and require relatively minimal training or skills. They are maintenance tasks which occur outside of the formal work order system and which require no specific maintenance records (time or materials, examples include cleaning readily accessible windows, cutting grass, shoveling snow and replacing burned-out light bulbs. Preventative maintenance consists of three parts: inspection, minor corrections and work order initiation. For many areas within the hotel, inspections are performed by Housekeeping personnel in the normal course of duties. For example, room attendants may regularly check guest rooms for leaking faucets, cracked caulking around bathroom fixtures and other items that may call for action by Engineering staff. Communication between Housekeeping and Engineering should be efficient so that most minor repairs can be handled while the room attendant is cleaning the guest room. In some properties, a full-time maintenance person may be assigned to inspect guest rooms and to perform the necessary repairs, adjustments, or replacements. 'Prevention is better than cure'
4.1 External contracted maintenance Some maintenance requires only professional, 5pecialised external contractors to repair or maintain facilities due to their complexity, such as: Lift/elevators Escalators Gas External window cleaning Pest control 4.2 Emergency maintenance Emergency maintenance is when the maintenance is required immediately. This could be for example: Flooding Power cuts Leaking gas Explosions Structural faults System breakdowns As highlighted by Stipanuk and Roffmann (1996) these forms of maintenance are particularly costly for the operation because:
They are usually only solved with the application of premium pay (overtime) They often bypass the traditional parts or supplies purchasing system, leading to premium parts cost They have other costs associated with their solution (for example, a leaking pipe may also damage walls and ceilings) 4.3 Renovations and refurbishments Stipanuk and Roffmann (1996) explain that 'Renovation is the process of renewing and updating a hospitality property'. Reasons to renovate: The furnishes and finishes within the facility are worn out The interior design is out-of-date and a source of embarrassment or is directly linked to declining revenues The market for the mix of facilities offered by the hotel has changed, and new opportunities are available only through renovating under utilised facilities to meet changing guest demands Present or previous ownership has spent the funds necessary to keep the hotel in a fully updated condition, and the physical plant has deteriorated. As a direct result, business volume has declined to a point where revenues do not support the hotel's level of debt Acquiring and renovating an existing hotel presents an opportunity that is superior to constructing a new hotel in terms of location, timing and costs
The 'work order system' - day-to-day repairs
Throughout the hotel, in each department, repairs to furniture, fixtures and equipment are ongoing. To promptly rectify these defects most hospitality operations would use a 'work order' system, sometimes referred to as a 'maintenance request. Whatever the defect, the problem needs to be resolved promptly and the work order system is a process of documentation and communication to get the defective item repaired quickly. The employee completes a work form by detailing: Which department is recording the maintenance problem The employee reporting the problem The date and time of reporting A description of the problem The seriousness of the problem This work order form is in 'triplicate' so the department reporting the problem keeps one copy of the request and the other two copies go to the Maintenance department. The Maintenance department manager then delegates the task to an employee on the Maintenance team.
The advantages of the work order system are: Written communication is traceable (verbally communicating defects can be forgotten) Triplicate copies allows for follow-up Maintenance manager can use dockets to track departmental job costs The maintenance manager can track workload and performance of each employee on the maintenance team The maintenance manager can track performance of furniture, fixtures and equipment (FFEs) The maintenance manager uses these requests to build-up a history of defects per department
Date: 17 May Department: Housekeeping Employee reporting Jane
Time: 1.22 pm Location of maintenance problem Room 202 Left side beside table has cracked leg and is unstable Description of problem Very urgent Somewhat urgent X Outcome: Table replaced. Cracked table leg repaired Not so urgent
Figure 6.7: Example of a work order
Job allocated to 'employee name' Frank

Figure 6.8 : The work order process
Room attendant finds broken chair in room
Informs customer or reception of defect
Room attendant completes work order. One copy is retained by room attendant. Two copies sent to Maintenance department
Maintenance manager delegates job to employee
Employee fixes chair and communicated back to Maintenance manger
Maintenance department informs Housekeeping when fixed
Many hotels now use a computerised work order system to report faults. Employees simply enter the fault details into the computer and it links with the Maintenance and Reception departments. It allows departments to check the progress of any reported defects.
Environmental management in accommodation
Environmental management in accommodation 6.1 Advantages of going greener 6.2 Common environmental challenges and problems in hotels 6.3 Working with the 'local community 6.4 Hazardous waste and its disposal
One of the most critical elements of becoming an environmentally friendly hotel is the adoption of a new culture that extends throughout the hotel organization, and between the hotel and its guests, local community, and even its vendors.
6.1 Advantages of going greener
Environmental accreditation
Unique selling point (USP)
Time savings
Builds community trust
Able to reach the green consumer
Cost savings for hotel
Protects the environment
Asset protection
Profits
Marketing
Cleaner, more ethical image
6.2 Common environmental challenges and problems in hotels Inefficient use of water Inefficient use of energy Excessive solid waste generation (rubbish, plastics etc) No staff participation in environmental schemes Poor (or no) monitoring of environmental initiatives
Green hotel strategies in bedrooms Separate walk-in showers to encourage guests to use the shower instead of the bath, resulting in water saving (many budget hotels do not have bathing facilities, only showers) Rechargeable batteries for TV remote controls In-room stationery products produced on recycled paper No standby lights on TVs Sensors for utilities/dimmers Energy Locking System (ELS) on rooms - to reduce electricity consumption when departing from rooms Create incentives for staff to switch off lights Master switches in place to control lighting Provide newspapers only on request to avoid wastage, recycle any spares Centralised utilities to prevent tampering
Green hotel strategies in bedrooms Double glazing window insulation and curtains to prevent energy loss Environmental initiatives within housekeeping, for example, encouraging room customers to re use towels and bed linen a second time Create signage: 'Switch off lights' Shower-head flow-reduction design Flow restrictions on bathroom taps Purchase energy efficient equipment Fluorescent light bulbs instead of incandescent Master switches in place to control lighting Half-flush facilities on toilet systems Close off bedroom floors during low periods - fill floors - save electricity
Eco initiatives in the laundry Fairtrade cotton to be used wherever possible in linen and uniforms Short flushes on washing machines Strict specifications for machines - temperatures/water/chemicals Old bed linen for dusters or chair slips Use chemicals that don't harm the environment Eco friendly products/biodegradable Investigate using Fairtrade/organic products Reduce packaging - bulk amenities, bulk chemicals WRAP Use ethical suppliers Ensure equipment is maintained and functioning well Investigate using solar panels Fix leaks promptly
Eco initiatives for public areas Hot air blowers in toilets as opposed to paper towels Swimming pool covers to prevent heat loss Chemical dosage dispensers Compact waste so less collections required Dedicated recycle area - recycling of paper, plastic, card board, glass, CDs, polythene wrappers, mobile phones, polystyrene, waste cooking oil, toner cartridges and dry cleaning coat hangers Purchasing energy efficient equipment Labels to look for when purchasing energy efficient equipment:
How hotels can achieve good environmental management Clear environmental policies and standards Employee training Employee environmental incentives tied into performance Create awareness with employees and customers Planned environmental targets Accountability and monitor usage Environmental benchmarking against other hotel properties Have a dedicated environmental group driving forward new initiatives 3Rs
Reduce Reuse Recycle

6.3 Working with the 'local community Nowadays a very important element for hotels is demonstrating ways in which they can support the local community in which they operate. Examples of how hotels can work with the local community Re-use of furniture and fittings after refurbishments by donating to local charities and businesses Donate soap bars to charity Provide information on local walks, parks and attractions for guests Provide local transport services information to staff and guests Use local suppliers Employ locals to work in hotels
6.4 Hazardous waste and its disposal In a hotel environment, common potential hazardous wastes include: Polishes (used on the floor, metal, shoes and furniture) Cleaning and disinfecting products (carpet and oven cleaners, detergent, bleach, spot removers and pool chemicals) Office products (white-out fluids, permanent ink markers, photocopying and printing fluids) Pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides used around the hotel Solvents and aerosols, including air fresheners Oil based paints and varnishes Cooling tower and chilled water chemicals, and freon products Flammables (Sterno gas, lubricating oil) Motor oil Other hazardous waste can come in the form of solid items, such as batteries, fluorescent lamps, light bulbs, computers and monitors and asbestos.
Take due care with disposal All hotels are legally responsible for the safe and correct disposal of hazardous waste. Not following proper procedures and regulations can result not only in damage to the environment but also significant fines. Consider what you buy One way to reduce the amount of waste generated is to scrutinise each product before you buy it, by asking the following: Do we really need this product? How much of this product do we actually need? Have we checked the product label to see if the product is hazardous? Is there something similar we can use that is less hazardous? Do we know how to properly dispose of product containers or the product itself if there is some left over? Is there a local collection facility that will accept the unused portion of the product for proper disposal?
Storing hazardous materials Hazardous waste products should be stored safely until they are disposed of properly. Storing hazardous waste safely requires careful forethought and planning. Make sure that product labels are attached and readable, and containers are in good condition, and ensure that: The area that you are to store the products has an impermeable surface and can be monitored for leaks and spills Products are not in areas open to activities that could damage containers or result in chemical spills The area is not accessible to all staff and the public, and is locked to discourage theft and vandalism How to reduce hazardous waste Arrange to have unwanted paint removed by contractors, waste removal companies and individual suppliers or distributors Examine office supply catalogues and circulate a recommended list of non toxic office supplies available for purchase Replace acidic drain cleaners with an environmentally friendly enzyme or bacteria cleaning system Look for ways to reduce the entry of hazardous waste materials into your property
Summary
Staffing
Areas of responsibility
Types
Work order system
Environmental management
Organisation
Routine, preventative, scheduled, emergency and contract

Housekeeping and Accomodation Operations

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Housekeeping and Accomodation Operations

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Housekeeping and Accommodation Operations

Introduction to housekeeping and accommodation operations

Operational planning and procedures

Furniture, fixtures and fabric

Housekeeping equipment and supplies

Linen room and laundry facilities

Leisure facilities Security and safety responsibilities

Energy and environmental management

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

In this chapter you will learn to : -

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Figure 1.1: Housekeeping objectives

To improve the appearance of the operation

To minimise the build up of dirt

To make customers feel comfortable

To clean at the convenient times in the most efficient way

To use good quality, safe cleaning chemicals

To reduce any opportunities of infestation

To minimise any disruption to customers whilst cleaning

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Challenges for the Housekeeping department:

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Keep up to date with industry trends

Ongoing customer research speak to customers

Cleaning standards how to clean?

The right tools to do the job!

Regular employee training

Skilled, motivated employees

Rules and regulations for employees and customers

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Organisation, staffing and structures

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Organisation, staffing and structures

Deputy General Manager

Food and Beverage Manager

Sales & Marketing Manager

Front Office Manager

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Organisation, staffing and structure

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Organisation, staffing and structure

2.1 The Executive Housekeeper continued

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Organisation, staffing and structure

2.1 The Executive Housekeeper continued Miscellaneous

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Organisation, staffing and structure

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Organisation, staffing and structure

2.2 The housekeeping team Personal attributes of Housekeeping staff:

Tact and diplomatic

Eye for detail

Adapted from Raghubalan and Raghubalan (2007)

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Organisation, staffing and structure

Chapter 1 Introduction to housekeeping

Organisation, staffing and structure