50

Resources for Teaching

Essays

A PORTABLE ANTHOLOGY
SECOND EDITION

Samuel Cohen

Copyright 2007 by Bedford/St. Martins All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable copyright statutes or in writing by the Publisher. Manufactured in the United States of America. 1 0 9 8 7 f e d c b a For information, write: Bedford/St. Martins, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000) ISBN-10: 0-312-44700-0 ISBN-13: 978-0-312-44700-7

Preface

The materials in this Instructors Manual are intended to provide you with guidance as you assign readings from 50 Essays: A Portable Anthology. The sample syllabi present suggestions for ways to structure your course. Notes on each of the reading selections cover some of the reasoning behind the questions that follow the essays in the book and offer direction on further avenues of exploration. Since there are so many essays that have become staples of the composition classroom included in 50 Essays, the materials that follow are only a few of the ways these selections can be taught. For suggestions on teaching your course through an emphasis on writing purpose, with paired essays or casebooks, or with a thematic, rhetorical, or chronological focus, consult the Alternate Table of Contents located at the front of 50 Essays.
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Contents

Preface Sample Syllabi

By Rhetorical Mode By Theme By Purpose
SHERMAN ALEXIE ,

ii 1 1 7 9

The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me MAYA ANGELOU , Graduation NATALIE ANGIER , Men, Women, Sex, and Darwin GLORIA ANZALDA , How to Tame a Wild Tongue BARBARA LAZEAR ASCHER , On Compassion JAMES BALDWIN , Notes of a Native Son DAVE BARRY, Lost in the Kitchen SUSAN BORDO , Never Just Pictures BILL BRYSON , How You Became You WILLIAM F. BUCKLEY JR ., Why Dont We Complain? STEPHEN L . CARTER , The Insufciency of Honesty JUDITH ORTIZ COFER , The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria BERNARD COOPER , A Clack of Tiny Sparks: Remembrances of a Gay Boyhood JOAN DIDION , On Keeping a Notebook ANNIE DILLARD , Death of a Moth FREDERICK DOUGLASS , Learning to Read and Write BARBARA EHRENREICH , Serving in Florida LARS EIGHNER , On Dumpster Diving STEPHANIE ERICSSON , The Ways We Lie STEPHEN JAY GOULD , Womens Brains VICKI HEARNE , Whats Wrong with Animal Rights? LANGSTON HUGHES , Salvation ZORA NEALE HURSTON , How It Feels to Be Colored Me
iii

13 13 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 24 24 25 25 26 26

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CONTENTS

THOMAS JEFFERSON ,

The Declaration of Independence Letter from Birmingham Jail MAXINE HONG KINGSTON , No Name Woman ERIC LIU , Notes of a Native Speaker NANCY MAIRS , On Being a Cripple MALCOLM X , Learning to Read N . SCOTT MOMADAY, The Way to Rainy Mountain BHARATI MUKHERJEE , Two Ways to Belong in America GEORGE ORWELL , Shooting an Elephant PLATO , Crito RICHARD RODRIGUEZ , Aria: Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood MIKE ROSE , I Just Wanna Be Average EDWARD SAID , Clashing Civilizations? SCOTT RUSSELL SANDERS , The Inheritance of Tools DAVID SEDARIS , Me Talk Pretty One Day PETER SINGER , Animal Liberation ELIZABETH CADY STANTON , Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions BRENT STAPLES , Just Walk on By: Black Men and Public Space JONATHAN SWIFT, A Modest Proposal AMY TAN , Mother Tongue HENRY DAVID THOREAU , Where I Lived, and What I Lived For SOJOURNER TRUTH , Aint I a Woman? SARAH VOWELL , Shooting Dad ALICE WALKER , Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self E . B . WHITE , Once More to the Lake MARIE WINN , Television: The Plug-In Drug VIRGINIA WOOLF, The Death of the Moth
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR .,

27 28 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 38 39 40 40 41 41 42 42

Sample Syllabi
Sample Syllabus by Rhetorical Mode
SAMUEL COHEN

Writing I
COURSE
To quote from the description of Writing I in the undergraduate bulletin: This is an intensive course dealing with the organization and development of ideas in coherent, interesting, effective essays. My goal for this section of composition is to help you to improve your writing by helping you to work on these areas: the process of writing (invention, composition, revision); methods of writing (narration, description, process analysis, example, denition, classication, comparison/contrast, cause/effect, argument/persuasion); the larger elements of writing (structuring essays and paragraphs, using sources); the smaller elements of writing (spelling, grammar, syntax, style). You will work on these areas by reading examples of good writing, by writing in and outside of class, and by planning, revising, and editing your writing with me and with your classmates. You will also be required to write a research paper, which will go through a number of stages of planning and revision. My hope is that by the end of the semester you will have produced a number of the bulletin-required coherent, interesting, effective essays and that you will have dealt with some important ideas about the world in the course of your reading and writing. The ultimate goal is that you will learn to enjoy writing and to excel at it, because no skill is more important or rewarding.

SAMPLE SYLLABI

COURSE REQUIREMENTS Attendance, etc.

Mandatory. To quote again from the bulletin: All students are required to attend every session of their courses. If a freshman or sophomore is absent in excess of twice the number of class sessions per week, the instructor must give the student a WU grade, which counts as an F. The instructor may give a junior or senior a WU grade (the equivalent of an F) for excessive absences. The WU grade may be given by the instructor at any time. Fifteen minutes late is absent, but its still good to come even if you are late. Excuses are entertained and, if reasonable, accepted. It is always better to come to class without an assignment than to come at the end of class, or after class, with it. Eating in class is prohibited, as it is a distraction and class really isnt that long. Drinking is ne. Reading and writing assignments are due at the beginning of class on the day under which they appear on the syllabus. Late assignments are penalized one full letter grade for each day they are late. All work must be handed in for the student to pass the class; this means that even if something is so late that it will earn no grade, it must be handed in. Again, exceptions will be made only for serious reasons.

Assignments

Readings

It is expected that you will come to class having done the reading assigned for that day. Note taking in the text (underlining, circling, annotating) is encouraged, as it makes you read more carefully and remember more accurately.

Postings

You will be required to go online and post on Blackboard one question for further thought about the reading for the next class, by midnight of the day before that class meets. These posts are required but ungraded. Doing them will accomplish these goals: you will be more active readers because you will have to come up with a cogent question and you will learn to use Blackboard, which is valuable for computer literacy and for other courses that will require it.

You will write an essay for six of the nine kinds of writing we will be covering this semester; three of these (narration, description, classication) will be revised. Essays should be typed, double-spaced, in a font no greater than 12 point, in black ink, with margins no greater than 11 2 inches, and with nothing other than a staple or, if you have to, a paper clip fastening the pages together (in-class essays should be written in as legible a manner as possible on lined paper in blue or black ink, double-spaced, with decent margins). No essay should be shorter than three pages (in-class excepted).

Essays

SAMPLE SYLLABI

Research essay

On an approved topic of your choosing. The process of writing the research essay will include a number of stages coming up with a topic, gathering sources, drafting, revising. The essay must be at least ve pages.

Portfolio Must be brought to class every meeting, and handed in the last day of class. Should contain all drafts of your formal essays, including your research paper, all of my comments (electronic submissions must be printed out, with my comments), and all revisions. Source notes and outline for research paper should also be included. Presentations Each student will make two presentations: the rst will be a few minutes leading a discussion of your question about the days reading; the second will be a presentation of your research paper. Presentations are informal, but presenters should strive for clear and forceful expression of their ideas.
We will workshop our writing in a number of ways individually or in pairs, small groups, or as a class but the goal will always be to work with your classmates on your writing.

Workshops

Conferences We will hold two required conferences in my ofce, for which you will sign up ahead of time. Any day during my ofce hours, in the hall, or on the sidewalk, if you can catch me are the times when we can hold nonrequired conferences whenever theres something you need to discuss. I am also available by e-mail. Plagiarism From the college Web site: Plagiarism is the act of presenting another persons ideas, research, or writings as your own. The following are some examples of plagiarism: Copying another persons actual words without the use of quotation marks and footnotes. Presenting another persons ideas or theories in your own words without acknowledging them. Using information that is not common knowledge without acknowledging the source. Failing to acknowledge collaborators on homework and laboratory assignments. For more on academic honesty, see the college Web site. Grades and Standards
Your grade breaks down like this: Six essays: 60% Research essay: 20%

SAMPLE SYLLABI

Presentations: 5% Portfolio: 5% Effort: 10% The essays (revised versions, if more than one draft) are graded on ideas, clarity, style, and correctness. The presentations are graded on clarity of expression. The portfolio is graded on completeness and on evidence of improvement. Effort is graded on postings (which are ungraded but required), participation in class discussions and workshops, and general good humor. You can access your grades through Blackboard.

SCHEDULE (subject to change, as all things are)

Week 1 M Course introduction Writing sample W Writing sample review for style and correctness Week 2 M Narration 50 Essays: George Orwell, Shooting an Elephant, pp. 30209 Handbook: Getting Started and Finding a Focus W Narration 50 Essays: David Sedaris, Me Talk Pretty One Day, pp. 37883 Week 3 M Handbook: Developing and Organizing Ideas Narration essay due W College closed Week 4 M College closed W Description 50 Essays: Zora Neale Hurston, How It Feels to Be Colored Me, pp. 20610 Handbook: Revising and Editing Narration essay workshop Week 5 M Description 50 Essays: Virginia Woolf, The Death of the Moth, pp. 46770 Handbook: Writing an Argument and Thinking Critically Narration essay revision due

SAMPLE SYLLABI

Handbook: Top Ten Problems and Basic Grammar Review Description essay due

Week 6 M Process analysis 50 Essays: Frederick Douglass, Learning to Read and Write, pp. 14450 Handbook: Research Basics Research essay workshop topics W Process analysis 50 Essays: Eighner, On Dumpster Diving, pp. 16173 Handbook: Searching for Sources Evaluating Sources Description essay workshop Week 7 M Conferences research topic approval W Example 50 Essays: Barbara Lazear Ascher, On Compassion, pp. 5659 Handbook: The Five Cs of Style Description essay revision due Week 8 M Example 50 Essays: Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence, pp. 21119 Research essay source notes due W Research essay workshop sources Week 9 M Denition 50 Essays: Gloria Anzalda, How to Tame a Wild Tongue, pp. 4355 W Denition 50 Essays: Eric Liu, Notes of a Native Speaker, pp. 25166 Week 10 M Research essay workshop W Classication 50 Essays: Judith Ortiz Cofer, The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria, pp. 11219 Week 11 M Classication 50 Essays: Mike Rose, I Just Wanna Be Average, pp. 35064

SAMPLE SYLLABI

Conferences research sources and outline Classication essay due

Week 12 M Comparison/contrast 50 Essays: James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son, pp. 6081 Research paper draft due W Comparison/contrast 50 Essays: Henry David Thoreau, Where I Lived, and What I Lived For, pp. 42430 In-class comparison/contrast essay Week 13 M Cause/effect 50 Essays: Brent Staples, Just Walk on By: Black Men and Public Space, pp. 40407 Peer work on research essay Classication essay revision due W Cause/effect 50 Essays: Susan Bordo, Never Just Pictures, pp. 8592 In-class cause/effect essay Week 14 M Research paper due W Argument/persuasion 50 Essays: Martin Luther King Jr., Letter from Birmingham Jail, pp. 22037 Presentations Week 15 M Argument/persuasion 50 Essays: Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal, pp. 40816 In-class argument/persuasion essay W Presentations Portfolio due

SAMPLE SYLLABI

Sample Syllabus by Theme

SCHEDULE
Week 1 M Course introduction Writing sample W Writing sample review for style and correctness Week 2 M Education 50 Essays: Sherman Alexie, The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me, pp. 1115 Handbook: Getting Started and Finding a Focus W Education 50 Essays: Frederick Douglass, Learning to Read and Write, pp. 14450 Week 3 M Handbook: Developing and Organizing Ideas Education essay due W College closed Week 4 M College closed W Identity 50 Essays: Bernard Cooper, A Clack of Tiny Sparks: Remembrances of a Gay Boyhood, pp. 12030 Handbook: Revising and Editing Education essay workshop Week 5 M Identity 50 Essays: Nancy Mairs, On Being a Cripple, pp. 26780 Handbook: Writing an Argument and Thinking Critically Education essay revision due W Handbook: Top Ten Problems and Basic Grammar Review Identity essay due Week 6 M Family 50 Essays: Maxine Hong Kingston, No Name Woman, pp. 23850

SAMPLE SYLLABI

Handbook: Research Basics Research essay workshop topics Family 50 Essays: Sarah Vowell, Shooting Dad, pp. 43340 Identity essay workshop

Week 7 M Conferences research topic approval W Gender 50 Essays: Natalie Angier, Men, Women, Sex, and Darwin, pp. 2942 Handbook: The Five Cs of Style Identity essay revision due Week 8 M Gender 50 Essays: Brent Staples, Just Walk on By: Black Men and Public Space, pp. 40407 Research essay source notes due W Research essay workshop sources Week 9 M Race and Culture 50 Essays: James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son, pp. 6081 W Race and Culture 50 Essays: Edward Said, Clashing Civilizations? pp. 36568 Week 10 M Research essay workshop W Reading, Writing, and Speaking 50 Essays: Joan Didion, On Keeping a Notebook, pp. 13138 Week 11 M Reading, Writing, and Speaking 50 Essays: Malcolm X, Learning to Read, pp. 28190 W Conferences research sources and outline Reading, Writing, and Speaking essay due Week 12 M Work and Class 50 Essays: Barbara Ehrenreich, Serving in Florida, pp. 15160 Research paper draft due

SAMPLE SYLLABI

Work and Class 50 Essays: Mike Rose, I Just Wanna Be Average, pp. 35064 In-class Work and Class essay due

Week 13 M History and Politics 50 Essays: George Orwell, Shooting an Elephant, pp. 30209 Peer work on research essay Reading, Writing, and Speaking W History and Politics 50 Essays: Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal, pp. 40816 In-class History and Politics essay due Week 14 M Research paper due W Ethics 50 Essays: Barbara Lazear Ascher, On Compassion, pp. 5659 Presentations Week 15 M Ethics 50 Essays: Vicki Hearne, Whats Wrong with Animal Rights? pp. 192202 In-class Ethics essay due W Presentations Portfolio due

Sample Syllabus by Purpose

SCHEDULE
Week 1 M Course introduction Writing sample W Writing sample review for style and correctness

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SAMPLE SYLLABI

Week 2 M Personal 50 Essays: Sherman Alexie, The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me, pp. 1115 Handbook: Getting Started and Finding a Focus W Personal 50 Essays: James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son, pp. 6081 Week 3 M Handbook: Developing and Organizing Ideas Personal essay group work W College closed Week 4 M College closed W Personal 50 Essays: Bernard Cooper, A Clack of Tiny Sparks: Remembrances of a Gay Boyhood, pp. 12030 Handbook: Revising and Editing Personal essay due Week 5 M Personal 50 Essays: Scott Russell Sanders, The Inheritance of Tools, pp. 36977 Handbook: Writing an Argument and Thinking Critically Personal essay workshop W Handbook: Top Ten Problems and Basic Grammar Review Personal essay revision due Week 6 M Personal 50 Essays: David Sedaris, Me Talk Pretty One Day, pp. 37883 Handbook: Research Basics Research essay workshop topics W Personal 50 Essays: Sarah Vowell, Shooting Dad, pp. 43340 Week 7 M Conferences research topic approval W Expository 50 Essays: Barbara Lazear Ascher, On Compassion, pp. 5659

SAMPLE SYLLABI

11

Handbook: The Five Cs of Style Expository essay group work Week 8 M Expository 50 Essays: Susan Bordo, Never Just Pictures, pp. 8292 Research essay source notes due W Research essay workshop sources Expository essay due Week 9 M Expository 50 Essays: Lars Eighner, On Dumpster Diving, pp. 16173 W Expository 50 Essays: Bharati Mukherjee, Two Ways to Belong in America, pp. 298301 Expository essay workshop Week 10 M Research essay workshop W Expository 50 Essays: George Orwell, Shooting an Elephant, pp. 30209 Week 11 M Expository 50 Essays: Virginia Woolf, The Death of the Moth, pp. 46770 W Conferences research sources and outline Expository essay revision due Week 12 M Argumentative 50 Essays: Natalie Angier, Men, Women, Sex, and Darwin, pp. 2942 Research paper draft due W Argumentative 50 Essays: Barbara Ehrenreich, Serving in Florida, pp. 15160 In-class argumentative essay Week 13 M Argumentative 50 Essays: Martin Luther King Jr., Letter from Birmingham Jail, pp. 22037 Peer work on research essay

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SAMPLE SYLLABI

Argumentative 50 Essays: Edward Said, Clashing Civilizations? pp. 36568 Argumentative essay workshop

Week 14 M Research paper due W Argumentative 50 Essays: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, pp. 40003 Presentations Week 15 M Argumentative 50 Essays: Henry David Thoreau, Where I Lived, and What I Lived For, pp. 42430 Argumentative essay revision due W Presentations Portfolio due

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ANGELOU

13

SHERMAN ALEXIE

The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me

Theres a moment in Alexies story This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona (1993) in which a boy from the reservation jumps off the roof of the tribal school and ies, for a second, before he hits the ground, breaking his arm. Afterward, the Indian boys hate him for his courage, but, Alexie writes, One of his dreams came true for just a second, just enough to make it real. The Joy of Reading and Writing: Superman and Me can come alive for students if the courage-to-y theme as well as the hostility that such bravery can incur is emphasized in the classroom. Highlighting the implications of heroism and life saving (Question 1) and the refusal to bow to peer pressure (Question 3) can make more immediate Alexies story of coming to literacy. Another good theme to discuss is the effort it takes to make dreams come true, especially in a world hostile to them (Question 2). Asking students to write their own story, as Question 4 does, can help them think about the story from the outside a little bit, to pay attention to the generic conventions that shape the story and the reality that twists those conventions.

MAYA ANGELOU

Graduation
James Baldwin wrote that I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings liberates the reader into life simply because Maya Angelou confronts her own life with such a moving wonder, such a luminous dignity. The story Angelou tells here of her grade school graduation is a good example of what Baldwin saw in Angelous work. She confronts a formative moment in her life with wonder at what the world could do to her people and writes with dignity how her people, guided by their poets to survive and feel a proud member of the wonderful, beautiful Negro race (par. 61), as Gloria Anzalda in How to Tame a Wild Tongue (p. 43) felt a sense of Chicanos as a people when she rst read published Chicano poetry (par. 29) can take what the world dishes out (Question 3). The clash of her high expectations for herself and her classmates with the low expectations of the speaker, raised in Question 1 The white kids were going

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ANGELOU

(text pages 2942)

to have a chance to become Galileos and Madame Curies and Edisons and Gauguins, and our boys (the girls werent even in on it) would try to be Jesse Owenses and Joe Louises (par. 40), is echoed by the emotional clash of the young Angelous excitement with her disappointment. While the mood mirrors this clash, moving from hopefulness to disappointment, Angelou carefully provides background information during the rst part of the essay that prepares for the second (Question 2). Angelous reassertion of ethnic pride at the end of Graduation provides an opening into a discussion or writing exercise (Question 4) about the ways in which we react to disappointment. The moment when the tears are not wiped away would be one place to start.

NATALIE ANGIER

Men, Women, Sex, and Darwin

While the ideas Angier writes about are complicated, instructors can ll in some gaps and break down her argument in class e.g., make clear that students know what shes arguing against (Question 1) and get some good discussion and writing as a result. If students then seem able to work with her ideas, they can use them, especially those concerning the questioning of evolutionary psychologys assumptions about human motivation and culture, to open the discussion even further (Question 4). Question 3 capitalizes on this opening-up aspect of the essay as well, asking students to do their own meta-work on both Angiers essay and Stephen Jay Goulds Womens Brains (p. 184). The question invites students to consider how in the course of their analyses they investigate others analyses, and use the products of their investigation to inform their own take on the subject. Such a discussion can get tangled, as the previous sentence demonstrates, but it can be eye opening. Attention to form will also be repaid by Angiers essay. Her uses of irony, slang, and even a little gentle invective may need some pointing out, but students are perfectly capable of taking one example and running with it to nd other instances. They might even think about using these kinds of techniques in their own writing (Question 2).

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ASCHER

15

GLORIA ANZALDA

How to Tame a Wild Tongue

Starting (with Question 1) by thinking about the different ways in which we could list the languages Anzalda says she speaks allows students to reect on assumptions about language. Working from there to discuss the denitions she offers of language and of languages continues this process of uncovering assumptions, giving the class the chance to compare her denitions to their own (Question 2). It also affords students the opportunity to see effective use of denition in writing. Last, it offers a way into an essay whose fragmented construction gives students some trouble. Coming to an understanding of what Anzalda means by code switching and thinking about it more broadly and about the ways in which they have done it themselves (Question 4) allows students to extend the essays understanding of identity and Americanness and apply it to other questions of identity. Comparing Anzaldas sense of her identity and Eric Lius sense of his in Notes of a Native Speaker (p. 251) and seeing the difference between maintaining difference and embracing sameness will help them understand Anzalda and their own relation to questions of identity (Question 3).

BARBARA LAZEAR ASCHER

On Compassion
Aschers use of example in On Compassion can be usefully scrutinized to teach both example and argument and also to facilitate discussion of her thesis (Question 1). Imagining alternative examples she could have used (Question 2) helps with both: thinking about other anecdotes she could have told makes it possible to think about how choice of example is everything in argumentation generally, and how it enables her argument that compassion is not inborn but comes from confronting misfortune daily (an argument that students can confront by thinking about their own experiences, as Question 4 asks). Likewise, Aschers point of view could be seen to result in viewing the less fortunate from the outside, a view that leads to observations and conclusions different from those Lars Eighner makes in On Dumpster Diving (p. 161); while Ascher is concerned with how we, the fortunate, deal with the discomting presence

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ASCHER

(text pages 6084)

of the homeless, Eighner is concerned as much with what its like to be homeless or hungry as he is with how others think of them (Question 3).

JAMES BALDWIN

Notes of a Native Son

Henry Louis Gates Jr. said the essays that make up Notes of a Native Son articulated for the rst time to white America what it meant to be American and a black American at the same time. While Baldwin was not the rst to write about this W. E. B. Du Bois did it in 1903 in Souls of Black Folk, in which he coined the term double consciousness Baldwin described the twoness (to borrow Du Boiss term) of African American identity as well as anyone ever has. In Notes of a Native Son he does it especially well. Telling stories from his life that illustrate his experiences with his family and in the world (Question 1), Baldwin plumbs the depths of his anger and nds its source to be the source both of his fathers bitterness and also of the difculties in their relationship (Question 2). He also nds the strength to try to move past his fathers anger, to realize, as he states at the end of the essay, that hatred never failed to destroy the man who hated (par. 45). A discussion of students own experiences with anger can begin from these last paragraphs (Question 4). A discussion of the connections between anger and social criticism and change can also start there, from Baldwins insistence on holding two ideas in mind, acceptance and ghting injustice (par. 46). It is a useful exercise to ask students to analyze Baldwins prose in itself and in comparison to the prose of another writer (Question 3). Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail (p. 220) provides an interesting comparison, as it shares with Baldwins Notes elements of both a black church style and a cooler argument style, and also differs greatly. It is helpful to think of these differences in terms of genre, audience, and purpose.

DAVE BARRY

Lost in the Kitchen

Regardless of whether you nd this essay funny, it provides a good opportunity to get students talking about the nature of humor generally and the humorous essay in particular. Barrys simple structure can be

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BORDO

17

easily taken apart so that students can see the purpose of individual sentences, whether they are throwaway lines or steps building toward a larger humorous moment. Comparing Lost in the Kitchen to David Sedariss Me Talk Pretty One Day (p. 378) can allow students the chance to differentiate between kinds of humor and to identify their own tastes (Question 3). Such a comparison may require a fair amount of leading by the hand by the instructor, as humor, while often thought of as an easy, low form, is hard to talk about. The sources of humor embarrassment for oneself or others, schadenfreude, recognition, incongruity, wisdom can be identied as the writers touch on them. An interesting exercise in reader-response criticism can come out of this essay as well: Barrys happy acceptance of his domestic inadequacy is certain to draw a variety of reactions (Question 2). This exercise can also lead to a discussion about the activity of reaching general conclusions from particular observations (Questions 1 and 4). Rather than simply discussing the truth or falseness of particular stereotypes, the class can talk about how all kinds of thinking depend on generalizing and how most of the essays they write will depend on it too, in moving from particulars to a more general thesis.

SUSAN BORDO

Never Just Pictures

Never Just Pictures is a sophisticated examination of the connection between popular images and body image. This is a phenomenon with which every student is likely familiar, which can be both good and bad for class discussion and students understanding of the essay. Its good in that students are not starting from scratch; while they know something about eating issues, however, Bordos essay relies on discussions of other things desire, consumer culture, Freud that will need some elaboration. Question 1 may be one way to start that discussion by beginning to break down the argument into its parts. Of course, students prior knowledge can lead, as it sometimes does, to a feeling that they know everything (as it can for us, their instructors, too); asking students to critically examine their own observations will help defamiliarize the subject enough that they can think about it from a fresh perspective (Question 4). Comparing this essay and Mairss (On Being a Cripple, p. 267) will also give students a bit of distance from the subject, as seeing different treatments of it, and its connection to another cultural phenomenon, can allow them to not just think about the subject

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BORDO

(text pages 93103)

but think about how these writers think about it (Question 3). In steering their attention to form, Question 2 can do the same thing: asking students to talk or write about the larger genre of which Bordos work is part can help them think about genre, purpose, context, even audience.

BILL BRYSON

How You Became You

The thing about this essay that will probably grab students rst is the way in which Bryson addresses the reader, from the opening paragraph to the repeated returns, from atoms or algae, to you. Their recognition of something odd about the way this piece is written helps to get students thinking about form generally, about the many different formal choices Bryson made as he wrote this piece, the effects of these choices, and his motivation for wanting to achieve these effects (Question 2). In some ways it may be harder to get students to discuss the science in the piece; though Bryson explains it well, it is difcult, and breaking down the basics of what the piece covers wouldnt hurt (Question 1). Question 3 may be difcult, but its aim is to get students thinking beyond form and subject to theme. Asking students to think about Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal (p. 408) a very different piece of writing that also touches on the idea of improbability may help them get outside Brysons piece enough to think about what he is saying. Question 4 goes even farther aeld to get students to think about the genre of which Brysons book is an example by creating their own example, showing them the challenges attendant to the simplication of complex material.

WILLIAM F. BUCKLEY JR.

Why Dont We Complain?

Taken in themselves, Buckleys stories of his failure to complain do not add up to much (Question 1). He puts these examples together in order to reect on American political apathy, in a leap some readers might nd too large. But the phenomenon on which he wishes us to focus our failure to raise our voices is one worth discussing, and this essay provides a springboard for doing so (Question 2). It also gives us the chance

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CARTER

19

to think about point of view, to ask who the we Buckley speaks about and for is, exactly, as Barbara Lazear Aschers On Compassion (p. 56) does (Question 3). And it can serve as an example of the uses of anecdote and example, whether you think it works or not negative examples can be as instructive as positive ones. While Buckley does not refer to his politics or any politics specically, one kind of writing response the essay could lead to is one in which students are encouraged to think about their own politics (Question 4). What would they raise their voices in protest against, if they could? Do they believe in protest?

STEPHEN L. CARTER

The Insufciency of Honesty

Question 1 asks students to begin at that place away from which we sometimes try to steer their essay openings the dictionary. This question, however, can help them not only recognize Carters rhetorical strategy but also begin thinking about his use of the terms. Question 2 provides another way into talking about the form of Carters essay. One example of a questionable argument might be Carters claim, at the end of his rst paragraph, that the crowd to whom he says he will be speaking about integrity had no idea . . . whether I was for it or against it. This seems unlikely. Leading students to a discussion of this kind of way of making a point, and the impact of using it, could provide an interesting way to talk about argument without relying strictly on agreement or disagreement with the authors ultimate point. One place to point students to for their work on Question 4 might be that ultimate point, found at the end of the essay, where Carter characterizes contemporary Americans as too interested in avoiding their obligations. What are Americans lacking in their lives that would make them more interested in fullling these obligations? It is, of course, a lot to ask of students (as Question 3 does) to think about the nature of belief and its relation to critical thinking that is, to ask if theres a difference between having faith in an idea and coming to an idea through critical reection and analysis. Such a question gets to the heart of a problem that is at the heart of so many debates in American public life, though, and illustrates the difference between the style of argument we see in popular media and daily life and that which we hope to see more of in academic discourse. For that reason, its worth asking.

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COFER

(text pages 112130)

JUDITH ORTIZ COFER

The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria
Cofer illustrates, with a few sharply drawn anecdotes, the way mainstream society takes stereotypes and attempts to imprint those outside the mainstream with them (Question 1). Cofer is told, in these moments, that she can be a sexy Latina, a waitress, but not a student at Oxford or a poet (Question 2). The contrast between the reason she is in the places she is when sung to or asked for coffee and the stereotypes of the Latina provide the power of these moments. The classications made of her contrast with the classes into which she is actually placing herself. In pointing out these contrasts, Cofer tells us something about both the ways Latinas are classied and also the way we classify generally. Another way to think about identity other than through an examination of the activity of classication is through an examination of the activity of denition. Who Cofer is, Question 3 points out, is in part determined by how Latina is dened; asking students to compare Bernard Coopers experience with denition in A Clack of Tiny Sparks (p. 120) to Cofers can help them to think about how, once classied, the ways people are perceived are determined by the nature of their class or groups denition. Any exercise that asks students to write about their own experience with classifying people can include reection on the act of classifying itself (Question 4). They can take a critical stance on stereotyping by understanding Cofers sense that Latinas are seen as whore, domestic or criminal (par. 14) and by seeing how they use the same myths in thinking about groups of people; they can then use this writing to think about the ways in which this kind of activity is difcult to avoid, and even to argue about current issues in which this question has been asked, such as the use of racial proling by police and government intelligence agencies.

BERNARD COOPER

A Clack of Tiny Sparks: Remembrances of a Gay Boyhood

Coopers feelings about his sexuality are colored by his anxieties about how it will be perceived by others. While the idea that peoples senses of themselves are colored by others perceptions should not be foreign to

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students, it is helpful to show the process working in texts like Coopers essay (Question 1). Bringing this line of inquiry to the level of language can also ground this general idea in a very specic context in Question 4, the words we use to understand ourselves and each other. Coopers detailed narrative style lends itself well to covering the specic uses of language; drawing attention to the way he achieves his effects can make for fruitful discussions, which can also branch off into questions of style, register, diction, and other sentence- and language-level areas (Question 2). Question 3 asks students to compare Coopers essay to Eric Lius Notes of a Native Speaker (p. 251). It also asks them to compare Coopers treatment of his sexuality to that of his ethnicity. One direction this question can lead is to the idea of outsiderness or otherness, to how these categories come to be constructed and how they operate in the formation of identity. Another direction discussion might take is toward an untangling of the differences between various kinds of outsider status: analogies made between them can help us understand points of commonality between identity categories involving sexuality and ethnicity and religion, so thinking about the contrast can help us keep from effacing the differences.

JOAN DIDION

On Keeping a Notebook
Remember what it was to be me that, Joan Didion writes, is always the point of keeping a notebook (par. 9). Question 1 asks what possible reasons for notebook keeping Didion mentions. While the notes in her notebooks may be about other people, about discovered facts and overheard snippets of conversation, and they might occasionally provide material for more formal writing, the notebook is most valuable for its ability to help us keep on nodding terms with the people we used to be, regardless, she writes, of whether we nd them attractive company or not (par. 16). On Keeping a Notebook is as much about the importance of memory as it is about writing (Question 2). Part of the value of the essay can be found in the chance it provides to get students writing about their own memories (Question 4). The exchange of letters between younger and older selves is one good way to get them started keeping those lines open to themselves (par. 17). Didions point about memory is useful to remember when comparing On Keeping a Notebook to another personal essay, James Baldwins Notes of a Native Son (p. 60). Both writers use memory to approach their subjects, but they recount their memories in very different ways

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Baldwin through direct narrative, Didion through much more indirect dropping of biographical hints and they have very different subjects (Question 3).

ANNIE DILLARD

Death of a Moth
The rst job with an essay such as this is to make sure students see how Dillard gets from A to B, from the moth to the writer. Reminding them that Dillard is camping to read a book that rst inspired her to become a writer because she no longer feels that desire should help (Question 1). Question 2 turns to what she actually does as a writer, which is describe, and asks students to observe the ways in which she does this. While adjectives are the rst kind of description they will notice, pointing them to runs of verbs, such as the two four-verb examples stuck, amed, frazzled, and fried and clawed, curled, blackened, and ceased (par. 7) can help them recognize the value of concrete verbs to her writing (and to theirs). The comparison to Virginia Woolfs The Death of the Moth (p. 467) in Question 3 moves from the general techniques of descriptive writing to the specic ways those techniques can be deployed for different purposes. It asks students not just to see how the same observed scene can lead writers to different themes but also to see how their descriptions of those scenes are constructed in ways that lead to those themes. Question 4 extends this exploration of the uses of description by asking students to write their own Dillardesque response to the essay; this task may also help them think more about Dillards characterization of the students and about themselves as students.

FREDERICK DOUGLASS

Learning to Read and Write

Like many bildungsromane, Douglasss autobiography is part knstlerroman, part erziehungsroman. While not a novel, of course, it is the story of Douglasss coming of age as a man and as a writer, and in particular of his education into not just the word but the world. Discussion of Douglasss story of his learning to read and write must take into account

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what else he learns (Question 1). It is also interesting to think about what is learned by others who play a part in this story his mistress, his young friends, the Irishman he meets on the wharf (Question 2). Further, the comparison named in Question 3, of the world Douglass lived in and that which Malcolm X writes from in Learning to Read (p. 281), can teach students what Malcolm X himself learned that he lived in a society that had not changed as much as it might have in what it thought about the education and literacy of minorities and the poor. This piece offers an opportunity to reect on the learning of painful truths (Question 4). This is a difcult opportunity to get students to seize, though, so it would not be a bad idea to start off this exercise with a class discussion or with directed small group work intended to help them begin to think about it.

BARBARA EHRENREICH

Serving in Florida
Nickel and Dimed is a powerful book in part because of the way Ehrenreich takes us inside the daily lives of workers with whom many of us interact regularly but understand less than we think. This experience is powerful because it is about more than experience we dont just smell the back hall of Jerrys, we are taught the economic reasons that a fully employed waitress needs to sleep in a parking lot. While Question 2 points students in the direction of these examples, it is important to help students see that the detailed stories Ehrenreich tells us are not simply meant to be emotionally affecting but also and especially to support an argument about the difculties and inequities of wage work. Questions 1 and 4 focus on the position of Ehrenreich in relation to the lives she is describing; leading students to think about where she stands and how she informs on what she observes from that position can lead to some interesting ideas about where this kind of writing stands and also about where they stand when they think about this subject. Similarly, Question 3 asks them to think about thinking to consider how Lars Eighner, in On Dumpster Diving (p. 161), and Ehrenreich do not just describe a situation, but explain it to argue against commonly held assumptions. While both writers allude to what people think, instructors can further help students see what Eighner and Ehrenreich are responding to by talking about the preconceptions people outside these experiences have about them and about the people who live them.

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(text pages 161183)

LARS EIGHNER

On Dumpster Diving
Question 1 draws students attention to Eighners dening of the terms he uses, such as scavenging, foraging, even Dumpster, and can lead to a discussion about Eighners purpose (par. 4). Why write about an activity most would rather ignore if not to get readers to think differently about it, to redene it? Asking this kind of question can lead students both to examine our cultures ideas about poverty and hunger and also to think more generally about the relation between the way we dene the terms we use and the way we think about things. Eighners detailed analysis of the process of Dumpster diving, and the educated, thoughtful way in which he writes, can lead to the same kind of examinations (Question 2). Questions 3 and 4 ask students to think about the way American culture values material things, in the context of another critic, Henry David Thoreau (in Where I Lived, and What I Lived For, p. 424), and in the context of their own values. It might be instructive for students to compare Thoreaus voluntarily absenting himself from mainstream society to Eighners forced withdrawal to the world of scavenging, and to think about how that might help determine the things they choose to criticize.

STEPHANIE ERICSSON

The Ways We Lie

Toward the close of The Ways We Lie, Stephanie Ericsson asks, How much do we tolerate before we become sick and tired of being sick and tired? (par. 36). Ericssons question asks when we will demand that truth be spoken not just to but by power. While the lies that pervade public discourse are not William F. Buckley Jr.s concern in Why Dont We Complain? (p. 97), speaking up is, and in reading these two essays together students can see that Ericsson, more than simply anatomizing the ways we lie, is issuing a call to action (Question 3). Asking students to list the number and different kinds of lies Ericsson catalogs (Questions 1 and 2) will help them think about the meaning of the action of making such a thorough catalog the sheer variety and volume of untruths says something about the ubiquity of lies in our lives.

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Asking students to imagine a day without lying, as Question 4 does, can help them understand Ericssons distinction between the lies we tell to keep things moving and lies of greater consequence.

STEPHEN JAY GOULD

Womens Brains
Part of the fun of reading (and teaching) Gould comes from following him across disciplinary lines. In Womens Brains, he does science, history of science, history of culture, history of ideas, and literary and gender studies (Question 1). Part of the fun also comes from appreciating the deftness with which he challenges others arguments; often his strategy is not to challenge the marshaling of facts and evidence but, instead, to challenge the approach itself, and in doing so to make us think about not just the particular argument he is refuting but the larger ways of thinking of the eld or the ways we think generally (Question 2). One way to help students see Goulds strategy and begin to make it their own is to ask them to make their own argument, as Question 4 does. Question 3 gives students the chance not only to see Goulds argument in the context of feminist thought but also to see that argument as a conversation spanning centuries and elds of inquiry, and so to see how science and politics are not so separate from each other as some might think.

VICKI HEARNE

Whats Wrong with Animal Rights?

Hearne writes: The questions asked by animal-rights activists are awed, because they are built on the concept that the origin of rights is in the avoidance of suffering rather than in the pursuit of happiness (par. 14). Question 1 is harder than it seems because it requires students to think about what they mean by happiness and suffering and whether their denitions match Hearnes; similarly, reading Hearne asks them to rethink their understanding of animals themselves, to dene animals against humans (Question 4). Question 1 also leads into Question 2, which suggests a method that can help students break down a very complicated argument Hearne writes not just about everyday practices

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toward animals but the philosophies of rights that provide support for both her position and the position she opposes. Hearnes essay and Sarah Vowells (Shooting Dad, p. 433) (Question 3) have very different subjects and purposes, of course. But asking students to think about the ways they connect particular political views to philosophical bases can illuminate not only the particular views (or the philosophical ideas), but also the nature of these kinds of connections.

LANGSTON HUGHES

Salvation
In this very short, simple-seeming piece of writing, Hughes tells a complicated story. Asking the apparently simple question of what Hughes cried about that night (Question 1) can lead students to see that complexity he cried, he writes, because I couldnt bear to tell her that I had lied, that I had deceived everybody in the church, and I hadnt seen Jesus, and that now I didnt believe there was a Jesus any more, since he didnt come to help me (par. 15). The power of this essay comes in part from this complexity; it also comes from the impact of this big moment coming at the end of such a short narrative, which might have seemed almost slight (Question 2). The idea that Hughes had lied not just to his aunt but to the whole congregation is important to the essay because it underscores the connections between faith and communities of belief and because the publicness of the moment is integral to how it feels to Hughes and to what it makes him do. Reading Salvation with George Orwells Shooting an Elephant (p. 302) can help students see this (Question 3). Asking students to write about their own experiences with family expectations (Question 4) something they know a lot about should help them think about Hughess experience and also help them see how these kinds of experiences can be good material for writing.

ZORA NEALE HURSTON

How It Feels to Be Colored Me

Asking students at the start, in Question 1, to identify the irony in Hurstons rst sentence is meant to accustom them to Hurstons humor and to get them used to the idea that she is writing against received ideas

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and assumptions. As does Question 1, Question 2 asks students to pay attention not only to ideas but also to the way they are expressed, in this case, the creative ways in which she makes her points. Hurston writes, Someone is always at my elbow reminding me that I am the granddaughter of slaves. It fails to register depression with me. Slavery is sixty years in the past. The operation was successful and the patient is doing well, thank you (par. 7). Questions 3 and 4 ask students to evaluate what Hurston proposes in place of the assumptions against which she writes, to think critically about her ideas on race and culture, some of which aroused vehement disagreement from her contemporaries and fellow African American artists.

THOMAS JEFFERSON

The Declaration of Independence

In A Summary View of the Rights of British America, Set Forth in Some Resolutions Intended for the Instruction of the Present Delegates of the People of Virginia Now in Convention (1774), Jefferson offered King George III the advice of your great American council. In the Declaration, Jefferson is not offering advice, or even pretending to; he is not even talking to the King any longer. Asking students to count the list of wrongs (Question 1) can lead them to think about Jeffersons purpose in constructing the Declaration in this way and so to think about the effect he wished it to have. Question 2 can help students see that the Declaration was written; while of course they know this already, it will have for many of them something of the feeling of the bible about it, as if it appeared in stone on mountaintop. Examining the changes the Declaration went through in revision should accomplish this goal and also reinforce the idea that it was written with a goal in mind other than offering advice. Simply asking Question 3 may have the effect of connecting for students the British Empire that appears in George Orwells India, in Shooting an Elephant (p. 302), and in America, an obvious fact when you think of it, but one not always recognized. Question 3 also gives students the chance to see criticisms of empire from the point of view of the colonized and the colonizer, and to examine the differences in these two colonial situations. Question 4 offers the opportunity to evaluate the Declaration not as a piece of writing but as a founding statement of America; it also offers the opportunity to do their own political writing, even to write in a Jeffersonian, declaratory style.

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MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

In drawing students attention to the historical analogies King draws to biblical, ancient, and Revolutionary instances of civil disobedience, Question 1 shows how King directly addresses his audiences concerns with his methods. If they agree with his cause as they surely agree with those causes, then how can they disagree with methods that are the same as theirs? Question 2 also asks students to consider not just Kings points but his method of arguing them. In a neat bit of doubling, he doesnt really apologize for anything, but rather indicates that getting at the truth and achieving justice are his only goals. Question 4 asks students to work with both message and argument, coming down on one side of a hypothetical issue of civil disobedience and then arguing for or against it. Question 3 asks a difcult question, which is to compare the views of King and Zora Neale Hurston (in How It Feels to Be Colored Me, p. 206) on race. One place to start is the bag image with which Hurston closes her essay.

MAXINE HONG KINGSTON

No Name Woman
Questions 1 and 2 can lead to a long discussion about audience, purpose, and the differences between reporting and imagining. To get to these, help students nd moments where Kingston or her mother comment on stories or allude to the fact that they are telling stories from the rst line, her mothers You must not tell anyone what I am about to tell you to her own Whenever she had to warn us about life, my mother told stories that ran like this one, a story to grow up on (par. 10) and I alone devote pages of paper to her (par. 49). You can also ask them to notice the kinds of verb forms that Kingston uses when imaginatively lling in the gaps in her aunts story they may read right past the mays and might haves, but will easily grasp what such words indicate when they are pointed out. Kingston and Edward Said (Clashing Civilizations? p. 365) (Question 3) are after different things in their essays Kingston is dealing with the contribution of her cultural inheritance to her identity, while Said is dealing with the way his coreligionists are stereotyped. But in writing about these different things, both confront the problem of the

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potential oversimplication of cultural identity. The story Kingston tells of her familys past is shadowed by the question of who she is, of what has been handed down to her; likewise, Saids quarrel with the Huntingtonian account of WestIslam relations is about not just geopolitics but also identity, about complicating the generalizations made about the group to which he belongs. This question might help students to think further about the connection between individual and group identity in both essays, and to see how this question can be very personal to writers even in cases where they seem not to be talking about themselves or to be talking about individual identity at all.

ERIC LIU

Notes of a Native Speaker

Thinking about ethnic identity and culture may be difcult at rst for some students, but only until they see these issues at play in the unexamined stuff of everyday life (Question 1). Examining the treatment that Liu gives food, clothes, and other quotidian things can help them see that assimilation, however dened (Question 2), is in part about the keeping or changing of these habits. Comparing Notes of a Native Speaker to Maxine Hong Kingstons No Name Woman (p. 238), however, can help them think about ways in which assimilation is also about much more than what you eat and wear (Question 3). Question 4 is a good way to get students to think about how one writer (Liu) can use the work of another (James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son, p. 60). Question 5 tries to link assimilation to other ways in which some students are more likely to have experienced pressures to change behavior tting in among peers. Asking them to think and perhaps write about their own attempts to t in might lead to deeper understanding of Notes of a Native Speaker and, if not of themselves, of the pressure to conform.

NANCY MAIRS

On Being a Cripple
From the opening image of the author fallen, clothed, onto a toilet seat, On Being a Cripple confronts not just our stereotypes about disability but our sensitivities about it. By eschewing the terms disabled and handi-

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capped, Mairs confronts both stereotypes about what the disabled cannot do and also our unwillingness, when talking about disability, to confront what she calls the widening . . . gap between word and reality (par. 3). Asking students to make lists of things Mairs says she does well and things she says she is unable to do (Question 1), as asking them to look again at her comment about swaggering (Question 2), can help them see these two goals of her essay. The comparison to Eric Liu (Notes of a Native Speaker, p. 251) on identity broadens the understanding of Mairss ideas about who she is and who people think she is to categories other than disability. Similarly, asking students to think about ways in which they themselves may be misperceived (Question 4) broadens the topic to identity more generally.

MALCOLM X

Learning to Read
Assigning Learning to Read along with Frederick Douglasss Learning to Read and Write (p. 144) is valuable not just because their life stories are historically connected but because both connect literacy with a coming to political awareness (Questions 1, 2, and 3). Having to teach himself his letters later in life (Question 1), as Douglass has to teach himself his, surreptitiously, Malcolm X, as he learns to read, also learns the power of the written word and the danger, to the powerful, of readers. Question 4 broaches a difcult subject that is nonetheless worth discussing. Though it is tangential to Learning to Read, Malcolm X makes a number of comments concerning the recovery of African history as when he refers to Aesop (par. 23), Europe (par. 25), and Socrates (par. 40). An examination of these comments might lead to an interesting discussion (perhaps with a little background provided by the instructor) about the project of recovering histories particularly the politics informing the debates over attempts to retell this history.

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N. SCOTT MOMADAY

The Way to Rainy Mountain

Reminding students that Momaday repeats the path of the migration of the Kiowa from Montana to Oklahoma (Question 1) reinforces the idea that the titles Way to Rainy Mountain is not just topographical but historical and cultural. It also can lead students to think about the way Momaday intertwines narratives and ask why he tells the three stories he tells his peoples, his grandmothers, and his own (Question 2). Question 3s comparison to Maxine Hong Kingstons No Name Woman (p. 238) also encourages students to think not just about the information conveyed in the essays but the style in which they tell their stories. Question 4 can be a short writing exercise or can become a larger project, even a research paper, if conceived broadly enough. The variety of access that students may have to their family pasts requires broadening if this question is to become a research paper topic, but this can be done in creative ways that incorporate historical and cultural research and more personal kinds of narrative.

BHARATI MUKHERJEE

Two Ways to Belong in America

Questions 1 and 2 can help students see that the two ways of belonging in America to which Mukherjee refers in the title and on which she focuses her essay are represented by her and her sister. They can also help them see the differences between the sisters and so between these two ways of belonging as an immigrant. Question 1 in particular, in asking them to list qualities, behaviors, and beliefs, can also lead them to think about the connections between the three that both explain behavior and complicate our understandings of any situations in which identity and action are at play. These questions can also help students see ways of writing about family in connection to larger ideas and phenomena. Similarly, Question 3s comparison to Stephen Jay Goulds Womens Brains (p. 184) can show them ways in which different kinds of information and writing, from the personal to the academic, can be joined. Question 4 asks for more strictly personal writing, bringing the reading of the essay back to its interpersonal base and returning students to writing about that which they know best.

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(text pages 302325)

GEORGE ORWELL

Shooting an Elephant
While Shooting an Elephant has become a classic essay, many students will not be familiar with the historical situation that explains the central action of the essay. While the essay (and its headnote) may supply this context, the rst two questions can get students started thinking about why Orwell does what he does. They can also help them think about the signicance of this anecdote for Orwell about what this event told him about imperialism. Question 3 is interesting because it seems so off the point the essay is clearly about imperialism and the individual ethical response to holding power. Yet there is a very large elephant in the room in this essay, and bringing in Vicki Hearne (Whats Wrong with Animal Rights? p. 192) and Peter Singer (Animal Liberation, p. 384) can lead the discussion to recognize it and think about it. Some questions: What does Orwell think of the elephant? What does his action indicate about his feelings toward it? Is there anything about the way he tells this story which, it is not a bad idea to point out, he is telling in retrospect that might be used as evidence for a discussion about whether he feels differently now about the elephant than he did at the time? Question 4 may help them consider this angle of Orwells essay as well; when they consider what they might have done in Orwells place, it is not unlikely that they will think not just about the imperial power dynamic but also about that between species.

PLATO

Crito
One of the difculties instructors encounter teaching Plato is the abstraction of the argument. In spite of the fact that the argument is over the very concrete fate of Socrates, students generally feel a great distance from this material. Questions 1 and 2 may help students to break down the dialogue into the claims made by Socrates and Crito and to see the ways in which Socrates uses the dialogue to get to his point and to bring Crito with him. The nal two questions can help bridge the distance students perceive between this conversation and the world in general and, specically, their own world. Question 3 helps them connect principle to

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situation, while Question 4 asks them to consider a particular principle in its contemporary applications and to apply it themselves. While the fourth question will require some extra work for students not familiar with contemporary political discourse, it can lead all students to see how the confrontation of these kinds of problems is not just something that belongs to the classical world or to the airy realms of philosophy but is necessary today.

RICHARD RODRIGUEZ

Aria: Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood

Much of the specicity of Rodriguezs arguments comes from the descriptions of the way his parents spoke. Using his memories, Rodriguez bolsters his arguments against bilingual education not just with logic or general illustrations but with discussions of language use from his own life, replete with scenes and, of course, dialogue. When asked to discuss Rodriguezs argument themselves (Question 2), students will nd it helpful to look at these specics (Question 2). Question 3 asks students to think about how anecdotes can be used as support for arguments as Rodriguez uses stories to make his argument, Langston Hughes in Salvation (p. 203) uses narrative to make a less obviously polemical but no less important statement. Beyond asking them to analyze the use of narrative, though, this question can get them to think about the use of form, not just in their reading but in their own writing. Question 4 can be enriched by asking them, in their arguments for or against the position Rodriguez takes in his essay, to themselves use narratives taken from their own experiences or observations.

MIKE ROSE

I Just Wanna Be Average

I Just Wanna Be Average is relatively long and largely narrative in form. As a result, students may have a hard time picking Roses arguments out of his stories. Asking them to list teachers by name and qualities will help them understand what Rose is trying to say by telling these

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stories (Question 1). One thing this listing will help them to see is that Rose is not just talking about the way we classify good and bad students but also the way he classies good and bad teachers (Question 2). Getting students to think about the teachers as part of the subject of this essay can help them see the relation between pedagogical philosophies and practices and products how the way we classify and educate students guarantees, almost as self-fullling prophecy, that they will come out the way they do. Question 4 also provides an opportunity to think about the process in which they are engaged every day not just from their side but from the front of the classroom. Reecting on what has made them work hard and what makes other students work hard can help them move from specic recollections to general applications of educational philosophy (as does Question 3s comparison of responses to different kinds of tracking).

EDWARD SAID

Clashing Civilizations?
As is the case with much writing on identity, at least as it relates to group identity, this piece is concerned with terms and their denitions. It is a thread running throughout this excerpt and throughout the questions that follow it. Getting students to think from outside the essay about the way categorization and denition are abstracting intellectual activities with very concrete real-world consequences will have real payoffs for their thinking about Saids essay and about many other things they read. Question 1 asks them to consider the connection between 9/11 and the way we do or do not connect its perpetrators to a larger group to think about how we dene their identity and the ramications of that denition. Question 2 continues to ask students to consider the activity of dening cultures or civilizations, while Question 3 asks them to look at the different shapes this activity takes when the relation of the groups dened in opposition are more closely related. The last question returns to the subject of 9/11, but asks them to make their reection personal. This may be an uncomfortable question for some students, but the full value of reading a piece like this may be best realized when they apply its ideas to themselves.

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SCOTT RUSSELL SANDERS

The Inheritance of Tools

Beginning by asking students to connect the stories Sanders tells to the particular tools to which the stories are attached (Question 1) can help them to see the structure of the essay and the concrete grounding of his more abstract reections. It can also help them keep these different stories in mind as they try to group them not by tool but by signicance, by what he learns from the experiences related in these stories (Question 2), the other inheritance of tools not the tools themselves but what he learns about life in learning to use them. While this inheritance provides both the wisdom and the warmth of Sanderss essay, the inheritance given Maxine Hong Kingston in No Name Woman (p. 238) provides a different kind of wisdom and not much warmth; she calls it the invisible world the emigrants built around our childhoods (par. 10). Pointing students to this paragraph can help them think about Kingstons inheritance. Question 4 can produce some excellent writing. At the rst level, it provides the opportunity for students to do what Sanders does: ground their writing in everyday, concrete things. This grounding allows them to write descriptively, of course, but it also gives them the chance to work on the nding of meaning in everyday things that essayists such as Sanders and poets such as Billy Collins do so well. The second level of the question is more difcult, but with some encouragement and explanation can lead to sophisticated reection on the differences between the kind of life and family structure that Sanders had and that many Americans do not have.

DAVID SEDARIS

Me Talk Pretty One Day

Question 1 is aimed at leading students to recognize the sink-or-swim nature of some language pedagogy, and perhaps to get them to think more about metaphor generally about how metaphorical words and phrases lose their gurative senses and about the insight and humor that can come from recovering their gural implications (e.g., do poorly in French class and youll drown).

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Question 2 provides students the opportunity to recognize the humor of Sedariss dialogue. It also gives instructors the chance, perhaps by noting that Sedaris mocks himself as well, to discuss humor and sensitivity, especially in classrooms with a number of students speaking English as a second (or third, or fourth) language. Question 3 also begins from observation of Sedariss portrait of himself, here asking students to compare the signicance of Sedariss self-portrait to George Orwells in Shooting an Elephant (p. 302). One useful question to ask here is what each writer learns from the experiences they narrate, and why they need to be less than perfect to learn them. Question 4 is simply an opportunity for your students to appreciate how wonderful you are as an instructor.

PETER SINGER

Animal Liberation
Students often resist Singer, for a variety of reasons. One is the discomfort with being graphically confronted with the fact and provenance of the cheeseburger just eaten for lunch. Another is the experience of having their counterarguments that is, for most, their beliefs, which run counter to Singers shot down before they can even formulate them. It is not disrespectful of Singer nor of animal rights to take his essay apart and show what makes it tick, which Question 2 encourages. Nor is it disrespectful of Singers position to ask students to think of the essay as a manifesto, that is, not as a disinterested description of phenomena but rather as a piece of writing promoting a point of view in the hope of inspiring action (Question 1). Question 4, in fact, encourages students to formulate their own thoughts in response, and in doing so takes into account the fact that many students will feel queasy and guilty about that cheeseburger but will still have another one tomorrow. In other words, it allows them to see the merits of Singers argument and even agree with it, as well as to understand that there is often a gap between ethics and practice. Question 3 asks students to compare Vicki Hearne (Whats Wrong with Animal Rights? p. 192) and Singer and to think about the ways quotations from gures with authority can be used for different ends. To begin discussion of this question, students might be prompted to think about the differences between where Hearne and Singer are going with their arguments respectively, an animals right to happiness, understood as resulting from being allowed to work, and an animals right to happiness, understood as resulting from the avoidance of suffering.

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ELIZABETH CADY STANTON

Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions

Students may at rst not think there is much to say about this document. Like the Declaration of Independence, (p. 211) however, it is a carefully composed piece of writing, and the way it positions itself in relation to other documents, historical moments, and ideas is as interesting as the way it is worded. Question 1 helps students recognize the basic analogy Stanton draws between Revolution-era Americans and women of her time; a discussion of the specic parallels she sees would list not just the demand for change but also the catalog of wrongs and the assertion of rights. Question 3 can help students fully appreciate Stantons use of the Declaration of Independence by asking them to put the two documents side by side. From the use of the structure (statement of justication, list of wrongs, demand of redress) to the echoing of language, students will recognize how much Stanton alludes to the original Declaration and should then be able to think further about the historical parallels she is pointing out as well as the careful way she distinguishes her declaration from it (Question 2). They should also be prepared to write their own latter-day declarations, perhaps even moving beyond mimicking the form to drawing historical parallels as well as pointing out differences between these earlier situations and the ones that are their subjects.

BRENT STAPLES

Just Walk on By: Black Men and Public Space

My rst victim was a woman, Just Walk on By begins; the power of Stapless essay comes from moments like this in which he develops the paradoxes of his subject. From describing the gulf between his selfimage and the way he is often perceived (Question 1) to relating the ways in which he avoids the danger of being seen as dangerous (Question 2), Staples draws attention to the fear many have of black men and the alienation (par. 5) and rage (par. 11) felt by them as a result. Question 3 asks students to recognize this result by comparing Stapless essay to

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James Baldwins Notes of a Native Son (p. 60); an open-ended discussion of the similarities and differences between Stapless and Baldwins responses and their historical situations can help students contextualize Stapless brief account of his experience. Asking students to think about identication and sympathy can lead them to move beyond recognizing the content of Stapless essay to seeing its formal qualities (Question 4). It might be good to illustrate the importance of the point of view by beginning with the way the essays opening plays with what the writer sees and how he is perceived and asking students to describe their reactions as they read.

JONATHAN SWIFT

A Modest Proposal
A Modest Proposal presents a number of difculties for the instructor, but they are worth slogging through and are, in fact, productive. The difculty students have in understanding the complicated irony Swift employs here is exactly what makes the piece work, and so the process of negotiating that difculty leads directly to an appreciation of Swifts message and his genius in communicating it. All four of these questions can help in this process, getting students to think about the apparent rationality of the proposal (Question 1), the contrast between the Projectors views and Swifts own (Question 2), and the value of indirection in making an argument in certain political and rhetorical situations (Question 3). Question 4 can help them break down the actual experience of reading the Proposal and help them see how Swift engineers their responses. Again, while assigning this essay will require more guidance from the instructor providing historical context as well as explanations of the workings of irony it is well worth it.

AMY TAN

Mother Tongue
When Amy Tan hears herself saying Not waste money that way (par. 4) to her mother, what she is hearing is her mothers English coming out of her mouth; this reminder that there are actual mothers behind the title

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phrase mother tongue is worth pointing out to students, as it will help them see what Tan is saying about language and about the point of view embedded in it (Questions 1 and 2). Question 4 can help students understand this idea by examining their own ways of speaking. While Tan is less directly focused on the meaning and value of assimilation, comparing what she has to say about culture and stereotyping to Eric Lius comments in Notes of a Native Speaker (p. 251) can be instructive; both recognize the ways in which their ethnicity could limit them or be perceived to limit them, but their responses to those limitations and the ways they value their cultural inheritance do differ.

HENRY DAVID THOREAU

Where I Lived, and What I Lived For

I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately so begins this excerpt from Walden. Thoreaus intention, as important as his decision to move to the woods and to live alone and be self-sufcient, is to live deliberately, to be self-conscious about the ways in which he spends his time on Earth. What this resolution allows the chance to live differently than he had been and to reect on that difference is not secondary to the deliberate life, but at least depends on it. Encouraging students to see this excerpt in the context of Thoreaus decision to live deliberately can help them appreciate these reections as more than armchair musings. The question of what Thoreau means when he says Simplify, simplify (Question 1) can be best addressed by pointing students to paragraph 2, where this line appears and where he writes, Our life is frittered away by detail. Students can approach Question 2 from this same angle, thinking about the way his attention to all of the busy details of normal life mounts its own argument on behalf of life in the woods. The comparison of this excerpt and E. B. Whites Once More to the Lake (p. 450) comes up naturally, as it were, in their focus on nature; one way that this comparison can be facilitated is by asking students to connect Whites intimation of mortality at the end of his essay with Thoreaus effort to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived (par. 1). Question 4 asks students to conduct their own Thoreauvian analysis; it will be more successful if students are encouraged to think about their improvement in Thoreaus terms rather than in more general ones.

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SOJOURNER TRUTH

Aint I a Woman?
One good way to approach Truths speech is to examine it as a speech. Such an approach will help students more readily think about its rhetorical context a response to a previous speaker at a womens rights convention (Question 1) and style, especially in comparison to the very different style of another public assertion of womens rights, Elizabeth Cady Stantons Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (p. 400) (Question 3). Question 2 can also lead in to Question 3, as it highlights the use of examples that both pieces share, though they use them in very different ways. Question 4 also asks students to consider Aint I Woman? as a speech, especially in terms of the audience to whom it was delivered. It is not as if Truth makes it easy to ignore the context: If the rst woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these . . . together ought to be able to turn it back and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it, the men better let them (par. 5). Thinking about and re-creating that context can contribute to students appreciation of this pieces rhetorical power and historical interest.

SARAH VOWELL

Shooting Dad
Concentrating on rhetorical mode or thematic concern to the exclusion of the reading experience can slight the humor in Shooting Dad. Instead, you might nd a phenomenological approach especially tting for reading this essay: helping students to recognize the humor gives them permission to think about humor as an appropriate subject for academic work, and it gives them the opportunity to connect humor to the other ways in which the essay works. Question 2, while it may elicit work with various levels of success, is worth assigning because it encourages students to focus analytically on a reading experience that more often is noticed and moved past. If you are aiming for a more substantial writing assignment, outside reading on the nature of humor might help. Question 4 asks students to do something that some of them will nd difcult; this is one question (among many in 50 Essays) that would lend itself to group work. Students could help each other to come up with ve

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examples and also to theorize about the nature of humor on that evidence, and you can go group-to-group to help them along.

ALICE WALKER

Beauty: When the Other Dancer Is the Self

The more literal-minded of your students (as well as those who insist on realism or plausibility) may have problems with Walkers essay, particularly its ending. Walker does not insist on realism, and so this essay includes moments where she imagines kissing herself and statements that test believability (such as her claim to weep with love every time she sees the opening of the childrens television show [par. 46]). A short discussion of these moments as writerly choices as decisions made by Walker to intensify or deepen her presentation of her themes may help students with their resistance. Thinking more about what those themes are, and how she presents them, should also help. Question 1 can begin this process, and Question 2 can continue it by breaking down the essay into its parts. The comparison in Question 3 can proceed top-down (from the difference between rejecting euphemism and rejecting internalized judgments) or bottom-up (from the specic ways each talks about others perceptions). Finally, Question 4 asks students to attend to the phenomenological, to think about the effects of reading; in doing so, the question can help them appreciate the ways in which essays can have impact beyond the logical and argumentative and beyond the narrative.

E. B. WHITE

Once More to the Lake

Beginning by calling attention to Whites diction can help students recognize from the start the quality of Whites writing (Question 1). As is true with any great stylist, of course, the meaning of the work resides in the style, as does Whites sense of the lakes immutability in his description of it (Question 2). Question 4, in asking students to borrow elements of Whites descriptive style, asks them to do something all writers do, that is, mimic other writers they have read. This question also provides

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an always-useful opportunity to reinforce the difference between homage and plagiarism. Question 3 asks students to consider the thematic parallels between this essay and Scott Russell Sanderss The Inheritance of Tools (p. 369). Calling their attention to the last paragraph of Whites essay and the rst of Sanderss can help them do this.

MARIE WINN

Television: The Plug-In Drug

A number of questions could be asked to help students follow Winns fairly complicated essay about the deleterious effects of the television on family life; Question 1 is only one of them, and its answer could provide a place to begin answering Question 2, which asks students to make an outline of Winns argument. Question 3, rather than asking students to compare Television: The Plug-In Drug to Scott Russell Sanderss The Inheritance of Tools (p. 369), asks them to imagine how Winn might use it in the service of her argument. Any passage where Sanders shows how his familys use of tools together brought them closer would prove a good starting point for a discussion of Winns use of Sanders. Question 4 can prove an interesting research exercise, and could even become a research essay if students wanted to involve a number of subjects rather than only studying their own responses to television watching. Even if kept small scale, though, the exercise provides a fun way for students to test the truth of a general cultural argument against the personal experience of their very specic selves.

VIRGINIA WOOLF

The Death of the Moth

A common response to this essay runs along the lines of, Whats the big deal about the moth? Helping students see the big questions behind Woolfs close observation of the small insect should not be too difcult, though. Once they have grasped the basic idea, helped by focusing their attention on the atmospheric shift in paragraph 5 (Question 1), students can begin to think about why Woolf chooses to contemplate mortality

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through such a small and short-lived creature. One way to help them do this and a good way generally to help students think about why writers make the choices they do is to ask them to imagine alternative choices, roads not taken. Focusing on the descriptive passages of the essay may help them see the power of the perceived difference in importance or signicance between her immediate subject and her larger one (Question 2). A different tack is to remind them of a time when they might have experienced a similar thought in response to a similar sight (Question 4). Question 3 asks students to compare The Death of the Moth and E. B. Whites Once More to the Lake (p. 450), two classic essays by two master stylists. Focusing again on the use of description in addition to helping students consider the variety of ways observations of nature can be used as springboards to deeper reection can help students appreciate how description, when used effectively, always seeks to leave a dominant impression in the service of a larger motive.

Re:Writing
bedfordstmartins.com/rewriting
Good writing comes from Re:Writing, the best collection of Web resources for the writing class. Re:Writing can help your students find good research sources and cite them properly; improve their understanding of audience and purpose; design their papers, presentations, and Web sites effectively; practice grammar skills; and much more. For instructors, Re:Writing offers such resources as The Bedford Bibliography for Teachers of Writing, The Bedford/St. Martins Workshop on Plagiarism and other bibliographies, workshops, and online journals for professional development. Best of all, its all completely free and easy to access.