MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
“TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED FAN”
Submitted in accordance with the curriculum requirements for
Sixth semester of the degree course in
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In the branch of
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
of RGPV
YEAR 2010

Submitted by
HEMANT CHOUDHARY (0201EE071023)
HEMANT KUMAR SHAH (0201EE071024)
HIMANSHU SHUKLA (0201EE071025)
INDU DUBEY (0201EE071026)
KAPIL KUMAR GUPTA (0201EE071029)

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 JABALPUR ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, JABALPUR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this minor project

entitled as “TEMPERATURE CONT ROLLED FAN” has
been completed by HEMANT CHOUDHARY,
HEMANT KUMAR SHAH, HIMANSHU SHUKLA, INDU
DUBEY, KAPIL KUMAR GUPTA during sixth semester in
partial fulfillment of the award of the degree in
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING of RGPV during the academic year 2009-
2010.

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Project guide Staff in charge Head of the
Department
CONTENTS

➢ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
➢ INTRODUCTION
➢ COMPONENTS LIST
➢ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
➢ WORKING
➢ IC555
➢ 555 ASTABLE
➢ CHOOSING R1, R2 AND C1
➢ ASTABLE OPERATION
➢ DUTY CYCLE
➢ CONCLUSION

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks and deep sense

of gratitude towards Mr. A.K. Kori, under whose able
guidance we were able to implement this thought of ours
into a reality.
His timely and incisive review, comments and
suggestions throughout the project enabled us to modify
the project before things went out of our hand. We thank
him for everything, from conception of getting things
done practically and a lot of steps along the way,
which helped us in overcoming our difficulties and
making the project a successful endeavour.
We are also grateful to Dr. A.K. Sharma, Head
of Deptt., Electrical engineering. He helped us
immensely by providing us with all the equipment
important for our project.

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 INTRODUCTION
An automatic temperature controlled fan system is
designed to detect the unwanted presence of
tempetature by monitoring environmental changes
associated with power electronic equipment working at
higher current ratings and for long time. In general, a
temperature controlled fan speed system is either
classified as automatic, manually activated, or both.
Automatic temperature controlled variable speed of
fan systems have become increasingly sophisticated and
functionally more capable and reliable in recent years.
They are designed to fulfil two general requirements:
protection of electronic equipment and assets and
protection of life. As a result of institutes and industries,
the equipment safety aspect of automatic cooling has
become a major factor in the last two decades. These
systems may have applications in many systems where
power electronic equipment produces heat and regular
cooling is required for proper and efficient working of
equipments such as computers, laptops, VCRs, DVD
players, projectors, etc.
This circuit adopt a rather old design technique as its
purpose is to vary the speed of a fan related to
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temperature with a minimum parts counting and avoiding
the use of special-purpose ICs, often difficult to obtain.
Regardless of type, application, complexity, or
technology level, TCF system is comprised of four basic
elements:
1. Initiating devices
2. Control panel
3. Signalling devices
4. Power supply

COMPONENTS LIST

RESISTORS
(+5% CARBON,1/4W)
R1 - 1KΩ 1NOS
R2 - 4.7KΩ 1NOS
R3 - 56KΩ 1NOS
R4 - 56KΩ 1NOS
VR1 - 100KΩ 1NOS

CAPACITORS
C1 – 0.04 µF 1NOS
C2 - 0. 01 µF 1NOS
C3 - 220 µF/25V 1NOS
C4 - 10 µF/25V 1NOS

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 MISC
IC1 - IC555 1NOS
T1 - BC148 1NOS
FAN (3.5V, DC, 1200 RPM) 1NOS
D1 - DR25 GER DIODE 1NOS
TRANSFORMER (INPUT 230V A.C., OUTPUT 9-0-
9 V A.C.)

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 WORKING

The temperature controlled fan circuit here is

designed with the principle of working of an astable
multivibrator using IC 555. An astable multivibrator is a
circuit which generates continuous pulses at the output
terminal for the designed frequency. The generated
frequency changes the speed of the fan when connected.
In the above circuit the sensor used is a germanium
diode DR25 which is reverse biased in the circuit. The
reverse resistance of the diode is very high and current
cannot pass through the diode at room temperature.
In the astable multivibrator of our circuit, the reset
pin is connected ground. At this condition the astable
multivibrator cannot produce frequency. At room
temperature transistor T1 on since the base of the
transistor T1 gets enough potential since the diode is not
conducting and offering a high resistance.
When temperature of the diode increases in case of
temperature rise, the junction of the diode breakdowns
and start conducting. At about 70˚c its resistance drop
to a value below 1KΩ. This stops T1 conducting since
base of t1 is now connected directly to ground through
diode D1 and ground connection to the pin 4 of IC 555 is
now removed and is now connected to the Vcc through
R2. Now astable multivibrator is activated and starts

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generating frequency which changes the speed of the
fan.

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 IC 555
The 8-pin 555 timer must be one of the most useful
ICs ever made and it is used in many projects. With just a
few external components it can be used to build many
circuits, not all of them involve timing!
A popular version is the NE555 and this is suitable in
most cases where a '555 timer' is specified. The 556 is a
dual version of the 555 housed in a 14-pin package, the
two timers (A and B) share the same power supply pins.
The circuit diagrams on this page show a 555, but they
could all be adapted to use one half of a 556.

Fig. Actual pin arrangements

Low power versions of the 555 are made, such as the

ICM7555, but these should only be used when specified
(to increase battery life) because their maximum output
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current of about 20mA (with a 9V supply) is too low for
many standard 555 circuits. The ICM7555 has the same
pin arrangement as a standard 555.

The circuit symbol for a 555 is a box with the pins

arranged to suit the circuit diagram: for example 555 pin
8 at the top for the +Vs supply, 555 pin 3 output on the
right. Usually just the pin numbers are used and they are
not labelled with their function. The 555 can be used
with a supply voltage (Vs) in the range 4.5 to 15V (18V
absolute maximum). Standard 555 ICs create a
significant 'glitch' on the supply when their output
changes state. This is rarely a problem in simple circuits
with no other ICs, but in more complex circuits a
smoothing capacitor (eg 100µF) should be
connected across the +Vs and 0V supply near the 555 or
556. The input and output pin functions are described
briefly below and there are fuller explanations covering
the various circuits:
• Astable - producing a square wave
• Monostable - producing a single pulse when
triggered
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• Bistable - a simple memory which can be set and
reset
• Buffer - an inverting buffer (Schmitt trigger)

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 Inputs of 555

Fig. Example circuit symbol

Trigger input: when input < 1/3 Vs ('active low') this

makes the output high (+Vs). It monitors the
discharging of the timing capacitor in an astable
circuit. It has a high input impedance > 2M Ω.
Threshold input: when input > 2/3 Vs ('active high')
this makes the output low (0V)*. It monitors the
charging of t he timing capacitor in astable and

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monostable circuits. It has a high input impedance
> 10M Ω.
* providing the trigger input is > 1/3 Vs, otherwise the
trigger input will override the threshold input and hold
the output high (+Vs).

Reset input: when less than about 0.7V ('active low')

this makes the output low (0V), overriding other inputs.
When not required it should be connected to +Vs. It has
an input impedance of about 10k Ω .
Control input: this can be used to adjust the threshold
voltage which is set internally to be 2/3 Vs. Usually this
function is not required and the control input is
connected to 0V with a 0.01µF capacitor to eliminate
electrical noise. It can be left unconnected if noise is
not a problem. The discharge pin is not an input, but it
is listed here for convenience. It is connected to 0V
when the timer output is low and is used to
discharge the timing capacitor in astable and monostable
circuits.

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 Output of 555
The output of a standard 555 can sink and source
up to 200mA. This is more than most ICs and it is
sufficient to supply many output transducers directly,
including LEDs (with a resistor in series), low current
lamps, piezo transducers, loudspeakers (with a capacitor
in series), relay coils (with diode protection) and some
motors (with diode protection). The output voltage does
not quite reach 0V and +Vs, especially if a large current
is flowing. To switch larger currents you can connect a
transistor.
The ability to both sink and source current means
that two devices can be connected to the output so that
one is on when the output is low and the other is on
when the output is high. The top diagram shows two
LEDs connected in this way. This arrangement is used in
the Level Crossing project to make the red L EDs
flash alternately.

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 555 Astable

Fig. 555 astable circuit

An astable circuit produces a 'square wave', this is a
digital waveform with sharp transitions between low (0V)
and high (+Vs). Note that the durations of the low and
high states may be different. The circuit is called an
astable because it is not stable in any state. the output is
continually changing between 'low' and 'high'.

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 Fig. 555 astable output, a square wave
(Tm and Ts may be different)
The time period (T) of the square wave is the time
for one complete cycle, but it is usually better to consider
frequency (f) which is the number of cycles per second.

T = time period in seconds (s)

f = frequency in hertz (Hz)
R1 = resistance in ohms ( )
R2 = resistance in ohms ( )
C1 = capacitance in farads (F)
The time period can be split into two parts: T = Tm + Ts
Mark time (output high): Tm = 0.7 × (R1 + R2) × C1
Space time (output low): Ts = 0.7 × R2 × C1

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 Many circuits require Tm and Ts to be almost equal;
this is achieved if R2 is much larger than R1. For a
standard astable circuit Tm cannot be less than Ts, but
this is not too restricting because the output can both
sink and source current. For example an LED can be
made to flash briefly with long gaps by connecting it
(with its resistor) between +Vs and the output. This way
the LED is on during Ts, so brief flashes are achieved
with R1 larger than R2, making Ts short and Tm long. If
Tm must be less than Ts a diode can be added to the
circuit as explained under duty cycle below.

Choosing R1, R2 and C1

R1 and R2 should be in the range 1k to 1M . It is best to

choose C1 first because capacitors are available in just a
few values.
• Choose C1 to suit the frequency range you require
(use the table as a guide).
• Choose R2 to give the frequency (f) you require.
Assume that R1 is much smaller than R2 (so that Tm
and Ts are almost
equal), then you can use:
R2 = 0.7 /(f × C1)
• Choose R1 to be about a tenth of R2 (1k min.)
unless you want the mark time Tm to be
significantly longer than the space time Ts.
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• If you wish to use a variable resistor it is best to
make it R2.
• If R1 is variable it must have a fixed resistor of
at least 1k in series (this is not required for R2
if it is variable).

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 Astable operation
With the output high (+Vs) the capacitor C1 is
charged by current flowing through R1 and R2. The
threshold and trigger inputs monitor the capacitor
voltage and when it reaches 2/3Vs (threshold voltage)
the output becomes low and the discharge pin is
connected to 0V. The capacitor now discharges with
current flowing through R2 into the discharge pin.
When the voltage falls to 1/3Vs (trigger voltage) the
output becomes high again and the discharge pin is
disconnected, allowing the capacitor to start c harging
again. This cycle repeats continuously unless the reset
input is connected to 0V which forces the output low
while reset is 0V. An astable can be used to provide
the clock signal for circuits such as counters.

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 A low frequency astable (< 10Hz) can be used to
flash an LED on and off, higher frequency flashes are too
fast to be seen clearly. Driving a loudspeaker or piezo
transducer with a low frequency of less than 20Hz will
produce a series of 'clicks' (one for each low/high
transition) and this can be used to make a simple
metronome.

Duty cycle
The duty cycle of an astable circuit is the
proportion of the complete cycle for which the output is
high (the mark time). It is usually given as a percentage.
For a standard 555 astable circuit the mark time (Tm)
must be greater than the s pace time (Ts), so the duty
cycle must be at least 50%:

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 To achieve a duty cycle of less than 50% a diode can
be added in parallel with R2 as shown in the diagram.
This bypasses R2 during the charging (mark) part of the
cycle so that Tm depends only on R1 and C1:
Tm = 0.7 × R1 × C1 (ignoring 0.7V across diode)

Ts = 0.7 × R2 × C1 (unchanged)

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Use a signal diode such as 1N4148.

Fig. 555 astable circuit with diode across

R2

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 CONCLUSION
A Temperature Controlled Fan is a device that
detects the environmental temperature changes relating
to power electronics equipments. In some cases, a
temperature controlled fan system is a part of a our
home air conditioning system such as in blowers, heat
exhauster, room cooler etc.
When functioning properly, this circuit can be also
used as fire alarm and will sound to notify people that
instrument is being over heated. This type of ciruit as a
fire alarm can also be used in electrical system where is
chances of fireand can be found in homes, schools,
churches and businesses, and function as the catalyst to
saving circuits and lives. The fire alarm constructed by
this project work is reliable at low cost.

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REFERENCES

CIRCUITS AND NETWORKS – A SUDHAKAR,

SHYAMMOHAN S.PILLAI
OP-AMPS AND LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS –
RAMAKANT A.GAYAKWAD
www.nfpa.org
en.wikipedia.org
www.redcircuits.com

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