Solutions Assignment1 Seg3155 2011w

Solutions to Assignment 1
1) [10 marks] RS-232 is physical layer standard. Describe RC-232 in terms of mechanical, electrical,
functional, and procedural characteristics.
RS-232 (EIA-232) defines the mechanical, electrical, functional

characteristics of the interface between a DTE (e.g. computer) and DCE
(e.g. MODEM).
Mechanical specification: (1) a 25-wire cable with a male and female DB-25
pin connector attached to either end. (2) the pins and tubes are arranged
in two rows, with 13 on the top and 12 on the bottom. (3) 9-pin connector
also available. (3) maximum length of cable is 15 meters.
Electrical specification: (1) NRX-L encoding, with 1 defined as a negative
voltage and 0 defined as a positive voltage. (2) the amplitude of a signal
must fall between 3 and 15 volts or between -3 and -15 volts. (3) maximum
bit rate is 20 Kbps.
Functional specification: functions of pins are defined as follows:
Procedural specification: Take full-duplex transmission as an example

(Fig. 6.12). (1) after MODEM is connected to computer and is turned on, it
is necessary to make sure all for devices are ready for transmission. The
sending DTE activates pin 20 and sends a DTE ready message to its DCE. The
DCE answers back by activating pin 6 and returning a DCE ready message.
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The same sequence is performed by the remote computer and modem. (2) the
next step is to set up the physical connection between the sending and
receiving modems. The sending DTE activates pin 4 and sends its DCE a
request-to-send message. The DCE transmits a carrier signal to the idle
receiving modem. When the receiving modem detects the carrier signal, it
activates pin 8, the received line signal detector, telling its computer
that a transmission is about to begin. After transmitting the carrier
signal, the sending DCE activates pin 5, sending its DTE a clear-to-send
message. The remote computer and modem perform the same step. (3) then
data transmission through pin 2 and pin 3. (4) close the connection after
finishing transmission.
2) [10 marks] In the following figure, exactly one protocol data unit (PDU) in layer N is encapsulated in a
PDU at layer (N-1). It is also possible to break one N-level PDU into multiple (N-1)-level PDUs
(segmentation) or to group multiple N-level PDUs into one (N-1)-level PDU (blocking).
a) In the case of segmentation, is it necessary that each (N-1)-level segment contain a copy of the
N-level header?
b) In the case of blocking, is it necessary that each N-level PDU retain its own header, or can the
data be consolidated into a single N-level PDU with a single N-level header?
a). No. This would violate the principle of separation of layers. To layer
(N – 1), the N-level PDU is simply data. The (N – 1) entity does not know
about the internal format of the N-level PDU. It breaks that PDU into
fragments and reassembles them in the proper order.
b). Each N-level PDU must retain its own header, for the same reason given
in (a).
3) [10 marks] A TCP segment consisting of 1500 bits of data and 160 bits of header is sent to the IP
layer, which appends another 160 bits of header. This is then transmitted through two networks, each
of which uses a 24-bits packet header. The destination network has a maximum packet size of 800
bits. How many bits, including headers, are delivered to the network layer protocol at the destination?
Data plus transport header plus internet header equals 1820 bits. This data
is delivered in a sequence of packets (2nd layer), each of which contains
24 bits of packet header and up to 776 bits of higher-layer headers and/or
data. Three 2nd-layer packets are needed. Total bits delivered between the
2nd layer peers = 1820 + 3 × 24 = 1892 bits. However, the total number of
bits delivered to the network layer from the 2nd layer is 1820 bit. This is
an encapsulation and de-capsulation problem.
However, this question (from book) is not so clear. So marking will
consider this.
4) [10 marks] A telephone line normally has bandwidth of 3000 Hz (300 Hz to 3300 Hz). The signal-to-
noise ratio is usually 3162 (35 dB). Calculate the theoretical highest bit rate (capacity) of this regular
telephone line.
5) [10 marks] Given that the speed of light is 3×108 m/s. A satellite is at geosynchronous orbit. How
long would it take for a signal to go from the earth station to the satellite (minimum time)? Assume
that the height of the satellite is 35,863 km.
(35863*1000)/(3*10^8)=0.12 second
6) [20 marks]
a) Suppose that a digitized TV picture is to be transmitted from a source that uses a matrix of
480x500 picture elements (pixels), where each pixel can take one of 32 intensity values. Assume
that 30 pictures are sent per second. Find the source data rate R (bps).
b) Assume that the TV picture is to be transmitted over a channel with 4.5 MHz bandwidth and 35
dB signal-to-noise ratio. Find the capacity of the channel (bps).
a. (30 pictures/s)(480 × 500 pixels/picture) = 7.2 × 106 pixels/s

Each pixel can take on one of 32 values and can therefore be represented by
5 bits:
R = 7.2 × 106 pixels/s × 5 bits/pixel = 36 Mbps
b. We use the formula: C = B log2 (1 + SNR)

B = 4.5 × 106 MHz = bandwidth, and
SNRdB = 35 = 10 log10 (SNR), hence
SNR = 1035/10 = 103.5, and therefore
C = 4.5 × 106 log2 (1 + 103.5) = 4.5 × 106 × log2 (3163)
C = (4.5 × 106 × 11.63) = 52.335 × 106 bps
7) [10 marks] Determine the height of an antenna for a TV station that must be able to reach customer
up to 80 km away.
8) [20 marks] A microwave transmitter has an output of 0.1 W at 2 GHz. Assume that this transmitter is
used in a microwave communication system where the transmitting and receiving antennas are
parabolas, each 1.2 m in diameters.
a) What is the gain of each antenna in decibels?
b) Taking into account antenna again, what is the effective radiated power of the transmitted signal?
c) If the receiving antenna is located 24 km from the transmitting antenna over free space path, find
the available signal power out of the receiving antenna in dBm units.
4πf 2 Ae 4πf 2 × 0.56 A 7 Af 2 7 × π × (0.6) 2 × (2 × 109 ) 2

a) G = = = 2 = = 351.86
c2 c2 c (3 × 108 ) 2
GdB = 10 log10 (351.86) = 25.46dB
b) 0.1*351.86=35.186 W
c) use the equation on page 130
pt (4πd ) 2
=
pr Gr Gt λ2
pt ⎛ (4πd ) 2 ⎞ ⎛ 4πd ⎞
LdB = 10 log10 ( ) = 10 log10 ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 20 log10 ⎜⎜
2 ⎟
⎟⎟ − 10 log10 (Gr ) − 10 log10 (Gt )
pr ⎝ Gr Gt λ ⎠ ⎝ λ ⎠
⎛ 4π × 24000 ⎞
= 20 log10 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 25.46 − 25.46
⎝ c/ f ⎠
⎛ 301592.9 ⎞
= 20 log10 ⎜⎜ 9 ⎟
⎟ − 50.92
⎝ 3 × 10 /( 2 × 10 ) ⎠
8
= 20 log10 (2.0106 × 106 ) − 50.92

= 20 × 6.3033 − 50.92
= 126.07 − 50.92
= 75.15
The transmitted power in dBm is (page 101)
PowermW
PowerdB = 10 log10 = 10 log10 (100) = 20
1mW
The received signal power is 20-75.15=-55.15 dBm.

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Solutions to Assignment 1

RS-232 (EIA-232) defines the mechanical, electrical, functional

Procedural specification: Take full-duplex transmission as an example

a. (30 pictures/s)(480 × 500 pixels/picture) = 7.2 × 106 pixels/s

b. We use the formula: C = B log2 (1 + SNR)

4πf 2 Ae 4πf 2 × 0.56 A 7 Af 2 7 × π × (0.6) 2 × (2 × 109 ) 2

= 20 log10 (2.0106 × 106 ) − 50.92

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