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ICLR: King's/Queen's Bench Division/1977/REGINA v. TURNBULL AND ANOTHER REGINA v. WHITBY

[1977] Q.B. 224

[COURT OF APPEAL]

REGINA v. TURNBULL AND ANOTHER REGINA v. WHITBY REGINA v. ROBERTS

1976 July 6, 7; 9

Lord Widgery C.J., Roskill and Lawton L.JJ., Cusack and May JJ.

Crime - Summing up - Evidence of identity - Prosecution's case solely or substantially evidence of

Whenever a case against a defendant depends wholly or substantially on the correctness of one or more
identifications of the defendant, which the defence alleges to be mistaken,

____________

[Reported by ROBERT WILLIAMS, ESQ., Barrister-at-Law]

the direction to the jury should include a warning of the special need for caution before convicting the
defendant and the reasons for that caution (post, p. 228C-D).

Further, the quality of the identification should be considered and the jury should be directed to examine
closely the circumstances in which the identification was made. Where the quality of the identification is
good, the jury can safely be left to assess the value of the evidence, but, where the quality is poor, the case
should be withdrawn from the jury unless there is other evidence capable of supporting the identification. The
judge should direct the jury on the evidence that is capable of supporting the identification (post, pp. 228H -
229B, H-230B, E-F).

Where therefore the appellants had been convicted wholly or substantially on evidence of identification:-

Held, that the trial of the first two appellants having correctly followed the practice necessary in cases
depending on identification, their appeals would be dismissed, but that, the practice not having been followed
in the trials of the third and fourth appellants, their appeals would be allowed.

Per curiam. In setting out guidelines the court has not used the phrase "exceptional circumstances" to
describe situations in which the risk of mistaken identity is reduced because the use of such a phrase is likely
to result in case law as to what circumstances can properly be so described; such case law is likely to be a
fetter on the administration of justice when so much depends on the quality of the evidence in each case
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(post, p. 231A-C).

The following case is referred to in the judgment:

Reg. v. Long (1973) 57 Cr.App.R. 871, C.A.

No additional cases were cited in argument.

APPEALS against conviction.

On October 13, 1975, the defendants, Raymond Turnbull and Joseph Nicholas David Camelo,
were convicted at the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Crown Court of conspiracy to commit burglary and
were each sentenced by Judge Smith to three years' imprisonment. They appealed against
conviction on the ground that the verdict of the jury was unsafe and unsatisfactory, being based
upon the identification of Turnbull by a single detective constable who knew him previously, who
was in a moving car looking across a road at night and who caught a glimpse of him as he
momentarily turned his head. The defendant, Turnbull, also applied for leave to appeal against
sentence.

On November 13, 1974, the defendant, Christopher John Whitby, was convicted of robbery at the
Central Criminal Court and sentenced by Judge Argyle to six years' imprisonment. He appealed
against conviction on the ground, inter alia, that the identification of him was unsatisfactory in that,
of the three witnesses who identified him at an identification parade one had originally told the
police that he could not describe him or assess his age, but had named the defendant before the
parade, a second had seen the robber alleged to be the defendant only from the rear, and the third
had in his original witness statement given a description of a man which in no way fitted the
defendant.
[1977] Q.B. 224 Page 226

On February 11, 1976, the defendant, Graham Francis Roberts, was convicted at the Plymouth
Crown Court of unlawful wounding and sentenced by Judge Lavington to three months in a
detention centre and ordered to pay £18.50 compensation. He appealed against conviction on the
ground that the verdict of the jury was unsafe and unsatisfactory in that the only evidence against
him was the identification of two witnesses made after a lapse of four and a half months; they had
given descriptions which were not consistent with the description of the defendant, and a third
witness who had an equally good view of the incident giving rise to the charge had failed to pick out
the defendant.

On July 6, 1976, the court dismissed the appeals against conviction of Turnbull and Camelo, and
refused Turnbull's application for leave to appeal against sentence. On July 7, 1976, the court
allowed the appeals of Whitby and Roberts and quashed their convictions. In all the cases, the
court stated that it would give its reasons in a reserved judgment.

The facts are stated in the judgment of the court.

Denis Orde for the appellant Camelo. The only evidence of identification in this case was that of a police
constable who caught a fleeting glimpse of Turnbull, the co-accused, whom he knew, outside the bank. The
finding of the jury involved a decision that this identification was genuine and accurate. It was alleged at the
trial that it was merely put in to bolster up an otherwise weak case. That submission is repeated.
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As to the accuracy of the identification, there is the possibility of a mistake because it was a fleeting glimpse,
albeit of a face known to the witness. A mistake is just as likely as in the case of a longer look at an unknown
face. The fleetingness of the glimpse puts this on the same plane as any ordinary identification case.

Reasonable doubt arises unless there are other substantial matters to dispel it. If the nature of the evidence
had come out earlier a submission would have been made that there was no case to go to the jury on the
ground that evidence of identification alone, although honest, is not sufficient to ground a conviction.

Gerard Harkins for the appellant Turnbull, adopted the arguments put forward on behalf of Camelo. It is
relevant in view of the "fleeting glimpse" to know how well the police constable knew Turnbull. In the absence
of some sort of corroboration or additional evidence the conviction should not stand. Corroboration means
additional evidence or exceptional circumstances. Here there is no forensic evidence connecting the
appellants with the crime.

John Mathew and Martin Bell for the Crown. The focal point is the evidence of identification by the police
constable. If the case stood on that alone, the Crown might not be seriously upholding the conviction. There
is substantial additional evidence which supports it. (i) There was actual recognition of someone the witness
knew. (ii) Turnbull was in the area where he was said to have been seen at about the time the police
constable said he saw him. (iii) There was a van in the car park behind the bank hired by Camelo which was
later seen with both appellants in it. This is very substantial additional evidence. If the jury had been directed
[1977] Q.B. 224 Page 227

in the way suggested by the Devlin Committee exceptional circumstances were present.

The jury should look at the evidence of identification, whether it is strong or weak, a long look or a fleeting
glimpse, and then look at the surrounding circumstances. Fleeting recognition without exceptional
circumstances would mean withdrawal of the case from the jury. The judge should indicate to the jury what
may constitute exceptional circumstances.

Orde and Harkins in reply.

Ronald Grey and Hugh Allardyce for the appellant Whitby. This case depends on the evidence of three
eye-witnesses. One of them said he could not describe the robber or assess his age, but subsequently
identified the defendant by name and address and picked him out at a parade. The defence was alibi, and
the appellant called his wife in support. The evidence corroborating the eye-witnesses was unsatisfactory.
Theirs was the only real evidence against the appellant, and could not be relied on.

John Mathew and Richard Hawkins for the Crown. This is an unusual case because there is positive
identification by three witnesses. There are no exceptional circumstances, no additional evidence,
substantial or otherwise, which would support the identification. The Crown does not seek to uphold the
conviction, and the case could either be dealt with on the basis of the unsatisfactory identification evidence
or, following the Devlin Committee recommendation, on the basis that there are no exceptional
circumstances.

Michael Selfe for the appellant Roberts. The only issue at the trial was identification. There were two
witnesses apart from the victim. The assault took place in a very short space of time, in dark surroundings.
The identification was not made until four and a half months later, when one witness failed to pick out the
appellant at an identity parade. One witness, a transparently honest one, was convinced that the appellant
was guilty, but there were no exceptional circumstances, such as rejection of an alibi, on which to rely. In
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obvious cases, such as father-daughter incest cases, or kidnapping, there is no need for anything more, but
they are exceptional.

John Mathew and Anthony Donne for the Crown. Although one must be wary of drawing a bold line as
suggested by the Devlin Committee, if a bold line is drawn it must be subject to two matters: first, the jury
must rely on the expertise and experience of the tribunal and, secondly, the rule may be broken if there are
exceptional circumstances. These may vary widely. Every case must be judged on its own facts. The judge
can direct the jury as necessary in the light of his experience. The Devlin Committee proposals are perhaps
aimed at genuine "fleeting glimpse" cases.

Selfe in reply.

Cur. adv. vult.

July 9. LORD WIDGERY C.J. read the following judgment of the court. On October 13, 1975, at
Newcastle-upon-Tyne Crown Court the appellants Turnbull and Camelo were convicted of conspiracy to
burgle. They were each sentenced to three years' imprisonment. They both appeal against conviction by
leave of the single judge. On November 13, 1974,
[1977] Q.B. 224 Page 228

at the Central Criminal Court the appellant Whitby was convicted of robbery and sentenced to six years'
imprisonment. He appeals against his conviction by leave of this court. On February 11, 1976, at Plymouth
Crown Court the appellant Roberts was convicted of unlawful wounding and sentenced to three months'
detention which he has served. He appeals against his conviction by leave of the single judge.

Each of these appeals raises problems relating to evidence of visual identification in criminal cases. Such
evidence can bring about miscarriages of justice and has done so in a few cases in recent years. The
number of such cases, although small compared with the number in which evidence of visual identification is
known to be satisfactory, necessitates steps being taken by the courts, including this court, to reduce that
number as far as is possible. In our judgment the danger of miscarriages of justice occurring can be much
reduced if trial judges sum up to juries in the way indicated in this judgment.

First, whenever the case against an accused depends wholly or substantially on the correctness of one or
more identifications of the accused which the defence alleges to be mistaken, the judge should warn the jury
of the special need for caution before convicting the accused in reliance on the correctness of the
identification or identifications. In addition he should instruct them as to the reason for the need for such a
warning and should make some reference to the possibility that a mistaken witness can be a convincing one
and that a number of such witnesses can all be mistaken. Provided this is done in clear terms the judge need
not use any particular form of words.

Secondly, the judge should direct the jury to examine closely the circumstances in which the identification by
each witness came to be made. How long did the witness have the accused under observation? At what
distance? In what light? Was the observation impeded in any way, asfor example by passing traffic or a
press of people? Had the witness ever seen the accused before? How often? If only occasionally, had he
any special reason for remembering the accused? How long elapsed between the original observation and
the subsequentidentification to the police? Was there any material discrepancy between the description of
the accused given to the police by the witness when first seen by them and his actual appearance? If in any
case, whether it is being dealt with summarily or on indictment, the prosecution have reason to believe that
there is such a material discrepancy they should supply the accused or his legal advisers with particulars of
the description the police were first given. In all cases if the accused asks to be given particulars of such
descriptions, the prosecution should supply them. Finally, he should remind the jury of any specific
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weaknesses which had appeared in the identification evidence.

Recognition may be more reliable than identification of a stranger; but even when the witness is purporting to
recognise someone whom he knows, the jury should be reminded that mistakes in recognition of close
relatives and friends are sometimes made.

All these matters go to the quality of the identification evidence. If the quality is good and remains good at the
close of the accused's case.
[1977] Q.B. 224 Page 229

the danger of a mistaken identification is lessened, but the poorer the quality, the greater the danger.

In our judgment when the quality is good, as for example when the identification is made after a long period
of observation, or in satisfactory conditions by a relative, a neighbour, a close friend, a workmate and the
like, the jury can safely be left to assess the value of the identifying evidence even though there is no
otherevidence to support it: provided always, however, that an adequate warning has been given about the
special need for caution. Were the courts to adjudge otherwise, affronts to justice would frequently occur. A
few examples, taken over the whole spectrum of criminal activity, will illustrate what the effects upon the
maintenance of law and order would be if any law were enacted that no person could be convicted on
evidence of visual identification alone.

Here are the examples. A had been kidnapped and held to ransom over many days. His captor stayed with
him all the time. At last he was released but he did not know the identity of his kidnapper nor where he had
been kept. Months later the police arrested X for robbery and as a result of what they had been told by an
informer they suspected him of the kidnapping. They had no other evidence. They arranged for A to attend
an identity parade. He picked out X without hesitation. At X's trial, is the trial judge to rule at the end of the
prosecution's case that X must be acquitted?

This is another example. Over a period of a week two police officers, B and C, kept observation in turn on a
house which was suspected of being a distribution centre for drugs. A suspected supplier, Y, visited it from
time to time. On the last day of the observation B saw Y enter the house. He at once signalled to other
waiting police officers, who had a search warrant to enter. They did so; but by the time they got in, had
escaped by a back window. Six months later C saw Y in the street and arrested him. Y at once alleged that C
had mistaken him for someone else. At an identity parade he was picked out by B. Would it really be right
and in the interests of justice for a judge to direct Y's acquittal at the end of the prosecution's case?

A rule such as the one under consideration would gravely impede the police in their work and would make
the conviction of street offenders such as pickpockets, car thieves and the disorderly very difficult. But it
would not only be the police who might beaggrieved by such a rule. Take the case of a factory worker, D,
who during the course of his work went to the locker room to get something from his jacket which he had
forgotten. As he went in he saw a workmate, Z, whom he had known for years and who worked nearby him
in the same shop, standing by D's open locker with his hand inside. He hailed the thief by name. Z turned
round and faced D; he dropped D's wallet on the floor and ran out of the locker room by another door. D
reported what he had seen to his chargehand. When the chargehand went to find Z, he saw him walking
towards his machine. Z alleged that D had been mistaken. A directed acquittal might well be greatly resented
not only by D but by many others in the same shop.

When, in the judgment of the trial judge, the quality of the identifying evidence is poor, as for example when it
depends solely on a fleeting
[1977] Q.B. 224 Page 230
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glance or on a longer observation made in difficult conditions, the situation is very different. The judge should
then withdraw the case from the jury and direct an acquittal unless there is other evidence which goes to
support the correctness of the identification. This may be corroboration in the sense lawyers use that word;
but it need not be so if its effect is to make the jury sure that there has been no mistaken identification: for
example, X sees the accused snatch a woman's handbag; he gets only a fleeting glance of the thief's face as
he runs off but he does see him entering a nearby house. Later he picks out the accused on an identity
parade. If there was no more evidence than this, the poor quality of the identification would require the judge
to withdraw the case from the jury; but this would not be so if there was evidence that the house into which
the accused was alleged by X to have run was his father's. Another example of supporting evidence not
amounting to corroboration in a technical sense is to be found in Reg. v. Long (1973) 57 Cr.App.R. 871. The
accused, who was charged with robbery, had been identified by three witnesses in different places on
different occasions but each had only a momentary opportunity for observation. Immediately after the
robbery the accused had left his home and could not be found by the police. When later he was seen by
them he claimed to know who had done the robbery and offered to help to find the robbers. At his trial he put
forward an alibi which the jury rejected. It was an odd coincidence that the witnesses should have identified a
man who had behaved in this way. In our judgment odd coincidences can, if unexplained, be supporting
evidence.

The trial judge should identify to the jury the evidence which he adjudges is capable of supporting the
evidence of identification. If there is any evidence or circumstances which the jury might think was supporting
when it did not have this quality, the judge should say so. A jury, for example, might think that support for
identification evidence could be found in the fact that the accused had not given evidence before them. An
accused's absence from the witness box cannot provide evidence of anything and the judge should tell the
jury so. But he would be entitled to tell them that when assessing the quality of the identification evidence
they could take into consideration the fact that it was uncontradicted by any evidence coming from the
accused himself.

Care should be taken by the judge when directing the jury about the support for an identification which may
be derived from the fact that they have rejected an alibi. False alibis may be put forward for many reasons:
an accused, for example, who has only his own truthful evidence to rely on may stupidly fabricate an alibi
and get lying witnesses to support it out of fear that his own evidence will not be enough. Further, alibi
witnesses can make genuine mistakes about dates and occasions like any other witnesses can. It is only
when the jury is satisfied that the sole reason for the fabrication was to deceive them and there is no other
explanation for its being put forward can fabrication provide any support for identification evidence. The jury
should be reminded that proving the accused has told lies about where he was at the material time does not
by itself prove that he was where the identifying witness says he was.
[1977] Q.B. 224 Page 231

In setting out these guidelines for trial judges, which involve only changes of practice, not law, we have tried
to follow the recommendations set out in the Report which Lord Devlin's Committee made to the Secretary of
State for the Home Department in April 1976. We have not followed that report in using the phrase
"exceptional circumstances" to describe situations in which the risk of mistaken identification is reduced. In
our judgment the use of such a phrase is likely to result in the build up of case law as to what circumstances
can properly be described as exceptional and what cannot. Case law of this kind is likely to be a fetter on the
administration of justice when so much depends upon the quality of the evidence in each case. Quality is
what matters in the end. In many cases the exceptional circumstances to which the report refers will provide
evidence of good quality, but they may not: the converse is also true.

A failure to follow these guidelines is likely to result in a conviction being quashed and will do so if in the
judgment of this court on all the evidence the verdict is either unsatisfactory or unsafe.

Having regard to public disquiet about the possibility of miscarriages of justice in this class of case, some
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explanation of the jurisdiction of this court may be opportune. That jurisdiction is statutory: we can do no
more than the Criminal Appeal Act 1968 authorises us to do. It does not authorise us to re-try cases. It is for
the jury in each case to decide which witnesses should be believed. On matters of credibility this court will
only interfere in three circumstances: first, if the jury has been misdirected as to how to assess the evidence;
secondly, if there has been no direction at all when there should have been one; and thirdly, if on the whole
of the evidence the jury must have taken a perverse view of a witness, but this is rare.

The limitations, such as they are, upon our jurisdiction do not mean that we cannot interfere to prevent
miscarriages of justice. In 1966 Parliament released appellate jurisdiction in criminal cases tried on
indictment from the limitations which the Criminal Appeal Act 1907 and the case law based upon it had put
upon the old Court of Criminal Appeal. The jurisdiction of this court is wider. We do not hesitate to use our
extended jurisdiction whenever the evidence in a case justifies our doing so. In assessing a case, however, it
is our duty to use our experience of the administration of justice. In every division of this court that
experience is likely to be extensive and helps us to detect the specious, the irrelevant and what is intended
to deceive.

We turn now to consider the facts of these appeals in the light of those observations.

First, the Turnbull and Camelo appeal: these two appellants were convicted on a re-trial. The case for the
Crown in short was that the two appellants had devised a scheme whereby they could induce shopkeepers,
customers of the Gosforth Branch of Lloyds Bank Ltd., to post their night safe wallets containing their day's
takings through the ordinary letter-box in the main front door of the bank instead of into the night safe. The
appellants then intended that in the course of the following night or week-end they would break into the bank
through a window at the rear of
[1977] Q.B. 224 Page 232

the branch which was unprotected by any burglar alarm, and remove the wallets which would be
conveniently lying on the floor just within the bank's front door.

The first step in the conspiracy was to put the night safe out of action by inserting a bent nail into its lock. A
notice typed on bank notepaper and purporting to be signed by a non-existent area manager was then fixed
above the night safe. This notice informed customers that owing to vandalism the night safe was out of order
and advised them to put their deposits through the bank letter-box. Over the latter a card was fixed upon
which was boldly printed the message "Night Safe here."

Between about 5.30 p.m. and 6.30 p.m. on December 21, 1974, a number of unsuspecting shopkeepers and
the employees of one security firm, following the instructions on the two notices, posted wallets containing
over £5,000 takings through the bank's letter-box. One shopkeeper, however, became suspicious, and got in
touch with the police. In the result, at 7.10 p.m. the bank manager, Mr. Salkeld, and his assistant, Mr.
Alderson, accompanied by two police constables went to the bank. They waited outside until the police
constables were relieved by Detective Sergeant Wakenshaw, and then the two bank officials and the
detective sergeant went inside. They then set about making preparations to entrap whoever might be the
intended burglars.

Mr. Alderson gave evidence that at about 8 p.m. he was by the front door substituting empty for the full night
safe wallets, when he heard a rustling sound just outside and close to the letter-box. He opened the door and
found that the notice that had been fixed just above the letter-box had been removed. He shouted to alert Mr.
Salkeld and Detective Sergeant Wakenshaw, and while just outside the front door saw a man walking close
to the outside wall of the bank in which the night safe was installed. He described this man as about five feet
eight inches tall, as having dark hair, and as wearing a three-quarter length coat similar to the coat which the
appellant Turnbull was subsequently shown to have been wearing that night, and which was produced as an
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exhibit at the trial. Mr. Alderson, however, did not see the man's face. Nevertheless, the description of the
man which he did give fitted the appellant Turnbull so far as it went.

In his turn Mr. Salkeld gave evidence that when he heard Mr. Alder-son's shout he went out of the bank's
front door and walked clockwise round the bank by way of the main road on to which it faced, a small back
lane, and a side road which entered the main road close to the front door of the bank. As he did this he saw
a van in that side road and took its number. There was no dispute at the trial that that van had been hired by
the appellant Camelo shortly before these events and that he was driving it that night. On reaching the main
road, the van turned left away from the bank and in the direction of Newcastle. Mr. Salkeld himself had been
unable to recognise anyone who may have been in the van. However, by this time Sergeant Wakenshaw
was outside the bank's front door and he gave unchallenged evidence to the effect that two or three minutes
after 8 p.m. he had there seen a van with the appellant Camelo at
[1977] Q.B. 224 Page 233

the wheel drive past fairly slowly down the side road and turn left into the main road.

The principal witness on identity, however, for the Crown was a Detective Constable Smith. He gave
evidence that on the relevant night he had signed off duty at Gosforth Police Station, which was not far from
the bank, at 8 p.m. He went to the car park at the rear of the police station and drove into the main road to
which reference has been made and along it towards the bank. As he did so, and at a point which it was
agreed was some 62 yards from the front door of the bank, Smith said that he saw a man in that doorway
who seemed to be taking a notice from the door of the bank. The man left the doorway and started to walk to
his left along the pavement with his shoulders hunched to the point in the wall of the bank where the night
safe was. There he pulled another notice quickly off it and as he did so he glanced briefly to his right, that is
to say along the main road in the direction from which Detective Constable Smith had been coming.

At the time Smith's car was just passing the bank, some 10 yards or so from the night safe and Detective
Constable Smith's evidence was that as the man turned his head he (Smith) recognised him and recognised
him as the appellant Turnbull. The latter was a man whom the officer had known for some time. Detective
Constable Smith said that it was a well lit street and that he had no difficulty in recognising Turnbull. Very
shortly after this, Smith saw two men run from the side road into the main road and recognised one of them
as Detective Sergeant Wakenshaw. The other in all probability was Mr. Salkeld. Detective Constable Smith
then drove in a wide sweep round the bank in an attempt to intercept Turnbull, but did not see him. He did,
however, meet another police officer and, having spoken to him, drove home. He said that about half an hour
later he spoke on the telephone to Detective Sergeant Wakenshaw, and that on the following morning, as
soon as he reported for duty at the police station, he entered in his notebook that which he had seenon the
previous night. Naturally, Detective Constable Smith was cross-examined strongly by counsel for each
appellant; various criticisms and matters arising out of his evidence were put to him, but it is not necessary
for the purposes of this judgment to go into them in detail.

The action then moved to another part of Gosforth, about a mile away from the bank. Woman Police
Constable Thompson gave evidence, which was not disputed, that at 8.05 p.m. she was on duty in a police
vehicle with a Police Constable Sewell. They saw a blue van with two people in it travelling at a fast speed.
Having received a wireless message they followed it and ultimately were able to stop it. As they did so she
saw the appellant Turnbull stepping on to the pavement from the side of some bushes nearby. The appellant
Camelo was in the driver's seat of the van. She went across and searched the bushes and there she found a
number of housebreaking implements.

In the result both appellants were then arrested, taken to the police station and cautioned. In the course of
subsequent questioning Camelo purported not to know Turnbull, but it was suggested that if Camelo had
said this to the police officer it was said in a purely flippant manner,
[1977] Q.B. 224 Page 234
 Page 9

for it was admitted by the defence at the trial that the two appellants did in fact know each other at all
material times.

On the facts as outlined, the case against both appellants of course rested principally upon Detective
Constable Smith's evidence of his identification of Turnbull. Before the jury could convict either defendant
they had to be satisfied of both the honesty and the correctness of this identification. Each of these aspects
was challenged not only in the court below, but also in this court. The first can be disposed of shortly. The
jury saw and heard Detective Constable Smith giving evidence, and being cross-examined, and the
criticisms made of his evidence were fully put to them in the course of the summing up, of which no criticism
has been or indeed could be made. By their verdict the jury clearly indicated that they thought this police
officer to be an honest witness and there is no ground whatever upon which this court could come to any
contrary conclusion.

On the question of the correctness of the identification, the judge did warn the jury of the special need for
caution and also explained to them the reason for this. On the other hand, as the appellants' counsel
contended before this court, Smith only had a brief fleeting view of the side of Turnbull's face at night, albeit
in a well lit street, from a moving motor car. His identification in such circumstances, it was submitted, could
not be relied upon and consequently he contended that the jury's verdict should be set aside as unsafe and
unsatisfactory.

Counsel for the Crown accepted that what we have called the quality of the identification by Detective
Constable Smith could not be said to have been good, and indicated that had there been no other supporting
evidence he would not have been disposed to argue that the appellants' convictions should stand. In the
circumstances of the present case, however, and seeking to apply the general principles to which we have
referred, he contended that there was ample other evidence which went to support the correctness of Smith's
identification.

He pointed out that Smith already knew Turnbull and that his was more recognition than mere identification.
Both Smith and Alderson gave a general description of the man they each saw and of the coat which he was
wearing that night which was consistent with the facts. A van recently hired by Camelo was in the vicinity at
the relevant time and Sergeant Wakenshaw had recognised Camelo at the wheel as the van passed the
bank. A few minutes later, when the van was stopped a mile or so away, both Camelo and Turnbull were in it
and there was substantial evidence that at about that time the latter at least had been in possession of
housebreaking implements.

We agree. All this was in our judgment clearly evidence which went to support the correctness of Smith's
identification of Turnbull, and thus the implication that both he and Camelo had conspired as charged. Given
the honesty of Smith's identification which, as we have said, the jury must have accepted, our opinion is that
there can be no real doubt about its accuracy. In the result we do not think that it can be said that the
verdicts in this case were in any way unsafe or unsatisfactory and these appeals against conviction are
therefore dismissed.

In so far as Turnbull's renewed application for leave to appeal against

sentence is concerned, we have already indicated that this too is dismissed. This was a sophisticated plan to
burgle bank premises, and had it succeeded the appellants would have stolen over £5,000. The sentences
passed can be criticised neither in principle nor extent and it was for these reasons that Turnbull's further
application was dismissed.
 Page 10

Then we pass to Roberts's appeal. The offence was alleged to have taken place on the evening of July 26,
1975, at a dance hall in Plymouth in a passageway behind the stage. According to the victim, a man named
Taylor, somebody bumped into him and then butted him on the nose. This led to an exchange of blows and
then Taylor's assailant hit him on the top of the head with a pint beer glass. There is some conflict as to
whether the glass was broken on Taylor's head or whether it was deliberately smashed against a wall before
being used on his head, but in the result he had to have 20 stitches in his head and shoulder. His assailant
ran away.

Nothing further material occurred until December 13, 1975, approximately five months later, when the
appellant was at the dance hall where the wounding had taken place. Taylor was there too and claimed to
recognise the appellant as the man who had attacked him the previous July. The appellant at once denied
that he knew anything about it.

On December 18, 1975, the appellant was put on an identification parade. A Miss Kennedy who had
witnessed the attack picked him out as the assailant. Her boy friend, one Inman, who had been with her at
the material time picked out somebody quite different who certainly had nothing to do with the matter.

At the trial Taylor and Miss Kennedy again identified the appellant. At the end of the prosecution case a
submission was made inviting the judge to withdraw the case from the jury, but he rejected this and in due
course the jury convicted. No criticism is made of the summing up save that it was said there was an error in
not pointing out that Inman admitted in cross-examination that he had as good a view as Miss Kennedy. This
court is, however, asked to hold that the verdict was unsafe and unsatisfactory.

The case for the appellant can be summarised in this way. First, that the identifying witnesses did not claim
to have known the assailant before the attack. Secondly, that the attack was all over in a few moments.
Thirdly, that the place where the attack took place was dark, lit only by flashing lights of the kind popular in
dance halls. Fourthly, that the appellant's conduct after he had been accused was consistent with the
honesty of his denial and that in particular he did not deny that he might have been at the dance hall on the
evening in question or seek to set up an alibi. He simply said that it was so long ago that he could not
remember where he was. Fifthly, it was pointed out that Inman, who had as good a view as Miss Kennedy,
could not identify the appellant. Finally, there were discrepancies and contradictions in the descriptions of the
assailant given by the identifying witnesses. As to this last matter Taylor's original description of his attacker
was that he had thick black curlyish hair which was collar length, long thick sideburns which appeared to be
joined like a beard and that he was wearing a white lightweight
[1977] Q.B. 224 Page 236

jumper with a design on it. In evidence-in-chief he described the hair as shoulder length and the clothing as a
white floppy jumper. He claimed to have seen the man for a couple of seconds. In cross-examination he
described the garment as a white heavyweight cardigan. He did not think his attacker had a beard, though he
was not sure, but he was positive the man had a moustache.

Miss Kennedy described the man as having lightish bushy shoulder length hair and as wearing a white
T-shirt. In cross-examination she was positive he had a beard and moustache.

There were also discrepancies about the assailant's height. There was, moreover, evidence that the
appellant had never had a beard and had not grown a moustache until after the date of the attack.

No suggestion was made that the identifying witnesses were dishonest. It is conceded that Miss Kennedy in
particular was an impressive witness. But the quality of the identifications was not good, indeed there were
notable weaknesses in it and there was no evidence capable of supporting the identifications made
 Page 11

We think it would have been wiser for the trial judge to have withdrawn the case from the jury. In the
circumstances the verdict was unsafe and unsatisfactory and for that reason we have allowed the appeal,
applying the general principles enumerated earlier in this judgment.

Then, finally, there is the Whitby appeal. The case against this appellant was based principally upon
evidence of identification. A man called Lenik was indicted with Whitby: he was acquitted.

On March 15, 1975, leave to appeal against conviction and sentence was originally refused by the single
judge. On March 24, 1975, these applications were renewed. For the purposes of this appeal it is sufficient to
say that over the ensuing months information was received and investigated by the Metropolitan Police with
the result that they were satisfied that there had been an incorrect identification in this case and that the
appellant had not in fact committed the offence of which he had been convicted.

On November 11, 1975, the Director of Public Prosecutions informed the registrar of this court by letter that
he had taken over the conduct of this case on behalf of the Crown. The appellant's renewed applications
ultimately came before this court on May 13, 1976. On that occasion counsel for the Crown indicated that
those concerned with the prosecution had by then grave doubts about the justice of the conviction and that in
consequence his instructions were to assist the court in any way that he could rather than actively to respond
to the appellant's appeal. In those circumstances this court grantedleave to appeal and adjourned the
hearing to a date to be fixed. It was in fact this particular case which led to the convening of this full court to
consider the various problems which have arisen relating to identification evidence in criminal cases, and
which has resulted in the judgment which this court is now delivering.

The brief facts of the case are that on February 14, 1974, a number of men attempted to steal some £23,000
from the wages office of E.M.I. Ltd. in Uxbridge Road, Hayes. This was money to pay employees' wages and
had been delivered to the premises shortly before. Two men entered
[1977] Q.B. 224 Page 237

the office next to that in which the money had been placed. One, and possibly both of them, were wearing
balaclava helmets. One man was carrying a wooden cosh, the other a pistol. With these they threatened two
clerks in the wages office, a Mr. Byrne and a Mr. Marshall, and taking the wages bags in holdalls which they
were also carrying they made off down a corridor. There they were confronted by another E.M.I. employee.
He managed to snatch the holdall from one man before he hit him with a hammer and the other robber struck
at him with the wooden cosh. The two men then ran on towards the works entrance, and before they
escaped in a stolen motor car driven by a third man they were seen in different circumstances by a number
of other witnesses. In all, including Mr. Byrne and Mr. Marshall, the robbers were seen by a total of 14
witnesses.

When Marshall was first seen by the police very shortly after the robbery he told them that he could not
describe the man whom it was alleged was this appellant, Whitby, nor assess his age. Nevertheless, he
subsequently decided that he did know the man with the balaclava who had threatened him. He decided that
it had been this appellant, whom he knew as a fellow employee with E.M.I., and he consequently gave the
police Whitby's name and address.

Both Whitby and Lenik were employed by E.M.I. at that time. They worked together on the night shift and
had finished work that morning at about 7 a.m. The appellant's evidence was that he took Lenik home in his
car and then went on to his own home where he went to bed.

Later that day, however, having been given his name and address by Marshall, the police arrested the
appellant and took him to the local police station. He at once denied that he was in any way concerned in the
 Page 12

robbery and maintained this denial throughout. He contended that at the time the robbery was being
committed he was in bed at home. In this he was supported by his wife who gave evidence to this effect at
the trial. The appellant's house was searched, but the only articles of relevance found were a number of toy
guns which he said were his children's. One of them was a somewhat realistic imitation of a pistol.

In the course of interrogation at the police station the appellant gave two answers which at one stage at the
trial it was suggested could be considered as admissions, notwithstanding that overall he was denying any
complicity on his part. We were told, however, that counsel for the Crown did not rely upon them in his final
address to the jury at the Central Criminal Court.

Forensic examination of the appellant's clothing revealed a small fragment of glass which was similar to that
of the windscreen of the get-away car used by the robbers and which was shattered by one of the witnesses
trying to prevent their escape.

Finally, the day after his arrest, the appellant was put on an identity parade. Of the 14 witnesses to the
robbery 12 attended, and three purported to identify the appellant.

This essentially was the evidence led against this appellant at the trial and, as will be clear, it was founded
upon the identification said to have been made by the three witnesses of him on the identification parade.

In the course of his summing up the judge did warn the jury that
[1977] Q.B. 224 Page 238

mistakes in identification are possible, but in our opinion the warning that he gave was inadequate. Further,
any effect that it might have had upon the jury was, we think, nullified by his final comment on the Point:

"Nevertheless, make no bones about it, there is a massive block of prosecution evidence implicating these two accused
in this robbery, three people have identified each of them."

Further, the judge gave the jury no help about the quality of the identification of this appellant, which in our
view was meagre in the extreme. In so far as Marshall was concerned, as we have already said, he had
decided that this appellant had been one of the robbers before he attended any identification parade, and
some time after he had told the police he was unable to describe him. That in these circumstances Marshall
picked out this appellant on the parade, when his mind was already made up, clearly added nothing to the
case against this appellant. The judge put this point before the jury merely as an argument raised by the
defence. In our view this was not sufficient: the jury should have been given a clear direction about
Marshall's purported identification of the appellant on the parade.

In so far as the identification of the appellant by the other two witnesses on the parade was concerned, one
of them had at the robbery only seen the man whom he said had been the appellant from the rear. The other
had given to the police before the parade a description of a man which in no way fitted the description of the
appellant in fact. In addition one must remember that all these identifications were of a man wearing a
balaclava helmet who was only seen for a short time in the hurly-burly of a robbery and subsequent chase.
Clearly the quality of the identifications in this case was very poor.

Was there any supporting evidence? In the course of his summing up the judge in effect put before the jury
the three matters to which we have already referred. First, what were said to amount to admissions in the
 Page 13

course of the questioning of this appellant by the police. Counsel for the respondent in this court told us that
he did not rely upon these any more than did counsel for the Crown at the trial when all the evidence had
been called and he was addressing the jury at the end. We agree and in our view nothing that was said by
this appellant to the police could in any way be said to be evidence supporting the identifications.

Secondly, the toy gun. There was no real evidence that the man thought to have been this appellant even
had a gun at any time during the robbery and in any event we do not think that the discovery of an imitation
pistol among his children's toys when his house was searched was in any way supporting of the poor quality
of the identifications which were made.

Thirdly, the fragment of glass found on the appellant's coat. As we have said, there was evidence that this
was similar to the glass of the windscreen of the get-away car. The forensic witness giving this evidence,
however, also accepted that this was a very common type of windscreen glass. Further, there was
substantial evidence called on behalf of this appellant that the windscreen of his own similar car had
shattered two or three months earlier and that the small piece of glass might well have come from this. In the
result the evidence on this point was entirely
[1977] Q.B. 224 Page 239

neutral. This was accepted by counsel for the Crown in the course of the argument on this appeal. In these
circumstances we do not think that evidence of the finding of a fragment of glass on the appellant's coat in
any way went to support the correctness of the identifications by the three witnesses.

Finally, we feel that we should refer briefly to the way in which the judge dealt with the appellant's wife's
evidence at the trial. She was called to support his alibi, as such it effectively was, that at the time of the
robbery he was in bed asleep at home. Of her evidence the judge said:
"Let me say straight away, one hates to pry into these things as between husband and wife, it is extremely distasteful,
and what can the poor wife do other than back her husband up as much as she possibly can. This is not a criticism of
her evidence at all, and you must approach her evidence on the same basis as that of all the other witnesses."

In the first place, the two sentences just quoted were mutually inconsistent. What else was the first other
than a criticism of the appellant's wife's evidence?

Secondly, we think that the comment as it was left was unfortunate in that the judge did not go on to point out
to the jury that as the appellant's alibi was that he was at home with his wife, who else could he have called
to support it? This is a situation which not infrequently arises. In such circumstances it will almost certainly be
present in the jury's mind that the witness is the defendant's wife and they will no doubt make what they think
is the proper allowance for this fact. They should, however, be warned in most, if not all, similar cases that
they should not necessarily regard the fact that the witness is the defendant's wife as derogating from the
worth of her evidence when the nature and content of the defence is such that anyone would expect her to
be called as a witness in any event.

In the result we think that the quality of the identification evidence in this case was very poor and that there
was no evidence of the nature to which we have referred put before the jury which could be said to support
the correctness of the identifications. It follows, in our judgment, that the statement by the judge that there
was a "massive block of evidence "implicating the appellant was factually incorrect and in consequence a
serious misdirection. In these circumstances we have no doubt that this conviction was both unsafe and
unsatisfactory, and it was on these grounds that we allowed this appeal.

Appeals of defendants Turnbull and Camelo dismissed.

Application of defendant Turnbull for leave to appeal against sentence refused.

Appeals of defendants Whitby and Roberts allowed.

Solicitors: Registrar of Criminal Appeals; Director of Public Prosecutions.