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    (Standar) ACI 314R-11 Guide To Simplified Design For Reinforced Concrete Buildings

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    This guide presents simplified methods and design techniques to facilitate the engineering of low-rise buildings within certain limitations. Material is presented in an order that follows typical design process flow with procedures introduced as the designer will need them in the course of a building design. The original 2003 draft of this guide, published by ACI as document ACI 530.1-03, was produced by a Joint Committee of ICOTEC and AIS.

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    (Standar) ACI 314R-11 Guide To Simplified Design For Reinforced Concrete Buildings

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    This guide presents simplified methods and design techniques to facilitate the engineering of low-rise buildings within certain limitations. Material is presented in an order that follows typical design process flow with procedures introduced as the designer will need them in the course of a building design. The original 2003 draft of this guide, published by ACI as document ACI 530.1-03, was produced by a Joint Committee of ICOTEC and AIS.

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    [Standar] ACI 314R-11 Guide to Simplified Design for Reinforced Concrete Buildings

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    [Standar] ACI 314R-11 Guide to Simplified Design for Reinforced Concrete Buildings

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    This guide presents simplified methods and design techniques to facilitate the engineering of low-rise buildings within certain limitations. Material is presented in an order that follows typical design process flow with procedures introduced as the designer will need them in the course of a building design. The original 2003 draft of this guide, published by ACI as document ACI 530.1-03, was produced by a Joint Committee of ICOTEC and AIS.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2K views136 pages

    (Standar) ACI 314R-11 Guide To Simplified Design For Reinforced Concrete Buildings

    Uploaded by

    Fadly
    This guide presents simplified methods and design techniques to facilitate the engineering of low-rise buildings within certain limitations. Material is presented in an order that follows typical design process flow with procedures introduced as the designer will need them in the course of a building design. The original 2003 draft of this guide, published by ACI as document ACI 530.1-03, was produced by a Joint Committee of ICOTEC and AIS.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    The document discusses simplified methods and design techniques for reinforced concrete structures as well as technical standards and certification organizations.

    The document discusses simplified seismic design, simplified structure design, inspection procedures, structure layout specifications, and structures for low-rise buildings.

    The document mentions Instituto Biano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación (IBNT) and Instituto Biano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación (IBNT).

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    Guide to Simplified Design for Reinforced Concrete


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    IRGIERH[SVOMRKORS[PIHKI*SVXLIWXVYGXYVIHIWMKRIHF]
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    sufficient information to design structural reinforced
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    set forth in this guide are simplifications that, when used
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    XSXLIGSPPIGXMZII\TIVMIRGISJXLISVMKMREPHVEJXMRKGSQQMXXII
    -'328)'%-7 &YMPHMRKW[MXLMRXLMWWGSTIEVII\TIGXIH
    XSLEZIERSVQEPVIGXERKYPEVJSSXTVMRX[MXLWMQTPIWXERHEVH
    KISQIXVMIWERHQIQFIVHMQIRWMSRWMRFSXLTPERERHZIVXMGEP
    HMVIGXMSRW 7YGL FYMPHMRKW EPWS HITIRH TVMQEVMP] SR VIMR
    JSVGIHGSRGVIXIWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWJSVPEXIVEPPSEHVIWMWXERGI
    Observing these limits justifies the simplified analysis and
    HIWMKRQIXLSHWLIVI[MXLSYXXLIRIIHJSVWTIGMEPEREP]WIW
    MRGPYHMRK WPIRHIVRIWW ERH WIGSRHSVHIV IJJIGXW &YMPHMRKW
    [MXL SJJWIXW VIIRXVERX GSVRIVW ERH ZIVXMGEP SV LSVM^SRXEP
    MVVIKYPEVMXMIWEVISYXWMHIXLIWGSTISJXLMWKYMHI
     9WIERHSGGYTERG]
     4IVQMXXIH YWIW ERH SGGYTERGMIW{8EFPI 
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    uses identified in 1.3.1.1.
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    described in this guide apply to buildings with five or fewer
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     Maximum area per floorThe area per floor should
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    floor finish to floor finish, should not exceed 13 ft (4 m).

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    1.5Notation and definitions
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    and cover of this guide, a 1-hour fire rating is achieved. This
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    this guide. Other fire ratings are beyond the scope of this
    KYMHIERHWYGLHIWMKRWWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIHYWMRKXLIGSHIW
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    Verification that the limitations for using the guide are met.
    Definition of the layout in plan and height of the structure.

    &
    '

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    Definition of an appropriate floor system, depending on the span lengths and the magnitude of the gravity loads.

    Selection of trial dimensions for the slab of the floor system.


    'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLIWIPJ[IMKLXSJXLIW]WXIQERHHIWMKRSJXLIQIQFIVWXLEXGSQTVMWIMXGSVVIGXMRKXLIHMQIRWMSRMJRIIHIHF]XLI
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    Verification of column slenderness through the use of minimum dimensions.
    'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLIWIPJ[IMKLXSJXLIGSPYQRW
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    For earthquake loads, the influence of wall self-weight is evaluated.
    *PI\YVIERHWLIEVHIWMKRSJXLIVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW

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    Definition of the foundation system is performed.
    (IWMKRSJXLIWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWSJXLIJSYRHEXMSR

    

    /
    0

    Production of the structural drawings and specifications.


    8LIWXVYGXYVIMWFYMPXGSQTP]MRK[MXLXLIGSRWXVYGXMSRERHMRWTIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW

    
    

    (a) General structural program, as defined in 'LETXIV


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    soil profile type, lateral soil pressures anticipated for design
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    should include, as a minimum, all the construction specifica
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    member becomes unfit for service and is judged to be unsafe
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    %WI ! WXIIPEVIEEXXLII\XVIQIJEGISJGSPYQRSVVIMRJSVGIH
    GSRGVIXI[EPPMR QQ
    %WQMR ! QMRMQYQ EVIE SJ PSRKMXYHMREP XIRWMSR VIMRJSVGI
    QIRXMR QQ
    %WW ! WXIIPEVIEEXXLIWMHIJEGISJGSPYQRSVVIMRJSVGIH
    GSRGVIXI[EPPMR QQ
    %WX ! XSXEPEVIESJPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMR QQ 
    %WY ! [MRHI\TSWIHWYVJEGIEVIEJX Q
    %Z
    ! EVIESJWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMR QQ
    F
    ! width of compression flange of member, or width
    SJQIQFIVMR QQ
    FG
    ! [MHXL SJ GSPYQR WIGXMSR ERH JSV TYRGLMRK WLIEV
    IZEPYEXMSRXLIWQEPPIWXTPERHMQIRWMSRSJTIHIWXEP
    GSPYQRGETMXEPSVHVSTTERIPSVXLMGORIWWGLERKI
    MRWXITTIHJSSXMRKWMR QQ
    FJ
    ! [MHXLSJGSQTVIWWMSRJEGISJQIQFIVMR QQ

    ! TIVMQIXIV SJ GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR JSV X[S[E] WLIEV


    TYRGLMRKWLIEV MRWPEFWMR QQ
    F[
    ! [IF[MHXLSJWIGXMSRSV[EPP[MHXLMR QQ
    &J
    ! WLSVXLSVM^SRXEPHMQIRWMSRSJJSSXMRKMR QQ
    GG
    ! PIEWXHMWXERGIJVSQWYVJEGISJVIMRJSVGIQIRXXSXLI
    WMHIJEGI
    'T ! GSQTSRIRX SV GPEHHMRK [MRH WYVJEGI TVIWWYVI
    coefficient
    'WY ! wind surface pressure coefficient
    'Z\ ! coefficient defined in JSVHIWMKRSJWIMWQMG
    PSEHW
    H
    ! IJJIGXMZI HITXL SJ WIGXMSR XEOIR EW HMWXERGI JVSQ
    extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXMR QQ
    H
    ! distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid
    SJGSQTVIWWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMR QQ
    HF
    ! RSQMREP HMEQIXIV SJ VIMRJSVGMRK FEV SV [MVI MR
    QQ
    HG
    ! distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of
    XIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMR QQ
    HW
    ! SYXWMHIHMEQIXIVSJWTMVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMR QQ
    (
    ! HIEHPSEHWSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHW
    I\
    ! IGGIRXVMGMX]QIEWYVIHMR\HMVIGXMSRFIX[IIRWXSV]
    GIRXIVSJ PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW ERH ETTPMGEXMSR TSMRX SJ
    WXSV]PEXIVEPPSEHWEGXMRKMR]HMVIGXMSRMR QQ
    I]
    ! IGGIRXVMGMX]QIEWYVIHMR]HMVIGXMSRFIX[IIRWXSV]
    GIRXIVSJ PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW ERH ETTPMGEXMSR TSMRX SJ
    WXSV]PEXIVEPPSEHWEGXMRKMR\HMVIGXMSRMR QQ
    I&
    ! IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ VIWYPXERX ETTPMIH XS JSSXMRK MR
    HMVIGXMSRTEVEPPIPXS&JMR QQ
    I,
    ! IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ VIWYPXERX ETTPMIH XS JSSXMRK MR
    HMVIGXMSRTEVEPPIPXS,JMR QQ
    )
    ! WIMWQMGPSEHWSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHW
    )G
    ! QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJGSRGVIXITWM 14E
    JG
    ! specified compressive strength of concrete, psi
    14E
    JG ! square root of specified compressive strength of
    GSRGVIXIXLIVIWYPXLEWYRMXWSJTWM 14E
    JGV
    ! VIUYMVIHEZIVEKIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJGSRGVIXI
    YWIH EW XLI FEWMW JSV WIPIGXMSR SJ GSRGVIXI
    TVSTSVXMSRWTWM 14E
    JGY
    ! extreme fiber compressive stress due to factored
    PSEHWEXIHKIWSJWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWTWM 14E
    J]
    ! specified yield strength of reinforcement, psi (MPa)
    J]TV ! probable specified maximum strength of
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXTWM 14E  J]TV!J]
    J]X
    ! specified yield strength of transverse or spiral
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXTWM 14E
    *
    ! loads due to weight and pressure of fluids with
    well-defined densities and controllable maximum
    LIMKLXWSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHW
    *E
    ! seismic site coefficient for short periods of vibration
    *EG ! XSXEPPEXIVEPEGXMZIWSMPJSVGIPF O2
    *M *\! [MRH SV WIMWQMG JSVGI ETTPMIH EX PIZIP M SV \
    VIWTIGXMZIP]PF O2
    *S
    ! XSXEPPEXIVEPEXVIWXWSMPJSVGIPF O2
    FS

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *T[

    ! IUYMZEPIRX WXEXMG [MRH JSVGI JSV GSQTSRIRXW ERH


    GPEHHMRKEGXMRKRSVQEPXS[MRHI\TSWIH WYVJEGI
    PF O2
    *WY ! IUYMZEPIRXWXEXMG[MRHJSVGIEGXMRKRSVQEPXS[MRH
    I\TSWIHWYVJEGIPF O2
    *YM*Y\ ! JEGXSVIHPEXIVEPJSVGIETTPMIHXS[EPPEXPIZIPMSV\
    VIWTIGXMZIP]PF O2
    K
    ! EGGIPIVEXMSRHYIXSKVEZMX]MRW QW
    QW
    L
    ! SZIVEPPHITXLSVXLMGORIWWSJQIQFIVSVLIMKLXSJ
    WIGXMSRSJQIQFIVSVSYXWMHIHMEQIXIVSJGMVGYPEV
    WIGXMSRMRSVJX QQSVQ
    LF
    ! ZIVXMGEP HMWXERGI QIEWYVIH JVSQ FSXXSQ SJ
    WYTTSVXMRKKMVHIVXSFSXXSQSJWYTTSVXIHFIEQJX
    Q
    LG
    ! HITXL SJ GSPYQR SV HMQIRWMSR SJ GSPYQR MR
    HMVIGXMSRTEVEPPIPXSKMVHIVWTERERHJSVTYRGLMRK
    WLIEV IZEPYEXMSR XLI PEVKIWX TPER HMQIRWMSR SJ
    GETMXEPHVSTTERIPTIHIWXEPSVXLMGORIWWGLERKIMR
    WXITTIHJSSXMRKWMR QQ
    LJ
    ! flange thickness, in. (mm)
    LK
    ! XSXEPHITXLSJWYTTSVXMRKKMVHIVMR QQ
    LML\ ! LIMKLXEFSZIFEWIXSPIZIPMSV\VIWTIGXMZIP]JX Q
    LR
    ! GPIEVZIVXMGEP HMWXERGI FIX[IIR PEXIVEPWYTTSVXW SJ
    GSPYQRWERH[EPPWMR QQ
    LTM ! story height of floor M measured from floor finish of
    story to floor finish of story immediately below, ft (m)
    ! QIERVSSJLIMKLXJSV[MRHHIWMKRQIEWYVIHSZIV
    LV
    XIVVEMRJX Q
    LW
    ! HITXLSJWSMPEKEMRWXVIXEMRMRK[EPPMR QQ
    L[
    ! LIMKLXSJ[EPPJVSQFEWIXSXSTMR QQ
    ,
    ! PSEHWHYIXS[IMKLXERHTVIWWYVISJWSMP[EXIVMR
    WSMPSVSXLIVQEXIVMEPWSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXW
    ERHPSEHW
    ,J
    ! PSRKLSVM^SRXEPHMQIRWMSRSJJSSXMRKMR QQ
    -G
    ! QSQIRXSJMRIVXMESJGSPYQRWIGXMSRMR QQ
    OV
    ! WXSV]XSXEPVSXEXMSREPWXMJJRIWW
    O\ O] ! [EPPPEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWMRHMVIGXMSR\SV]VIWTIGXMZIP]
    PFMR 2QQ  )U E E
    /E ! active soil pressure coefficient
    /S ! at-rest soil pressure coefficient
    /T ! passive soil pressure coefficient
    ! PIRKXLSJGPIEVWTERMRWLSVXHMVIGXMSRSJX[S[E]
    E
    WPEFWSVMRHMVIGXMSRSJQSQIRXWQIEWYVIHJEGIXS
    JEGISJFIEQWSVSXLIVWYTTSVXWMR QQ
    !
    PIRKXL
    SJGPIEV WTER MR PSRKHMVIGXMSRSJX[S[E]
    G
    WPEFW SVW]WXIQWQIEWYVIH JEGIXSJEGI SJ FIEQW
    SVSXLIVWYTTSVXWMR QQ
    !
    HIZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLMR QQ
    H
    ! PIRKXLSJGPIEVWTERMRPSRKHMVIGXMSRJSVX[S[E]
    R
    W]WXIQWQIEWYVIHJEGIXSJEGISJFIEQWSV SXLIV
    WYTTSVXWMR QQ
    !
    GIRXIVXSGIRXIV
    WTER PIRKXL WLSVXIWX HMWXERGI
    W
    FIX[IIR EHNEGIRX TEVEPPIP GSPYQR GIRXIVPMRIW MR
    QQ
    !
    LSVM^SRXEPPIRKXLSJ[EPPMR QQ
    [
    ! column confinement length, in. (mm)
    

    ! PIRKXLSJWTERMRHMVIGXMSRSJQSQIRXWQIEWYVIH
    GIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJWYTTSVXWMR QQ
    ! PIRKXLSJWTERXVERWZIVWIXS QIEWYVIHGIRXIVXS
    
    GIRXIVSJWYTTSVXWMR QQ
    0
    ! PMZIPSEHWSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHW
    0V
    ! VSSJPMZIPSEHSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHW
    1E ! JEGXSVIH QSQIRX MR WLSVX HMVIGXMSR MR X[S[E]
    WPEFWPFMR 2Q TIVYRMXWPEF[MHXL
    1F ! JEGXSVIH QSQIRX MR PSRK HMVIGXMSR MR X[S[E]
    WPEFWPFMR 2Q TIVYRMXWPEF[MHXL
    1FR ! RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL EX WIGXMSR EX FEPERGIH
    GSRHMXMSRWPFMR 2Q
    1M1\! YRJEGXSVIHSZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHW
    JSVWXSV]MSV\VIWTIGXMZIP]PFMR O2Q
    1MY1\Y!JEGXSVIHWXSV]QSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEXWXSV]
    MSV\VIWTIGXMZIP]PFMR O2Q
    1R ! RSQMREPQSQIRXWXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPFMR 2Q
    1S ! XSXEPJEGXSVIHQSQIRXEXWIGXMSRPFMR O2Q
    1SX ! YRJEGXSVIHSZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHW
    EXFEWISJWXVYGXYVIPFMR O2Q
    1SXY ! JEGXSVIHSZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEX
    FEWISJWXVYGXYVIPFMR O2Q
    1TV ! probable flexural strength of member at joint face,
    GSQTYXIHYWMRKJ]TVERH SJPFMR 2Q
    1Y ! JEGXSVIHQSQIRXEXWIGXMSRPFMR 2Q
    1ESVF! JEGXSVIH TSWMXMZI QSQIRX EX WIGXMSR PFMR 2Q
    TIVYRMXWPEF[MHXL
    1zESVF ! JEGXSVIHRIKEXMZI QSQIRX EX WIGXMSRPFMR 2Q
    TIVYRMXWPEF[MHXL
    1Y ! JEGXSVIHTSWMXMZIQSQIRXEXWIGXMSRPFMR 2Q
    1Yz ! JEGXSVIHRIKEXMZIQSQIRXEXWIGXMSRPFMR 2Q
    1Y\ ! JEGXSVIH QSQIRX EX WIGXMSR MR \ HMVIGXMSR PFMR
    2Q
    1Y] ! JEGXSVIH QSQIRX EX WIGXMSR MR ] HMVIGXMSR PFMR
    2Q
    1\Y ! JEGXSVIH SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX HYI XS PEXIVEP PSEHW
    JSVWXSV]\PFMR O2Q
    RG
    ! RYQFIV SJ MRXIVMSV GSPYQRW MR WXSV] MR HMVIGXMSR
    YRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSRJSVXLIIRXMVIWXVYGXYVI
    RI
    ! RYQFIVSJIHKIGSPYQRWMRWXSV]MRHMVIGXMSRYRHIV
    GSRWMHIVEXMSRJSVXLIIRXMVIWXVYGXYVI
    2
    ! RYQFIVSJFPS[WMRWXERHEVHTIRIXVEXMSRXIWX 748
    2
    ! EZIVEKI WSMP 748 VIWMWXERGI QIEWYVIH MR RYQFIV
    SJ FPS[W TIVJX Q  SJ TIRIXVEXMSR EZIVEKIHSZIV
    upper 100 ft (30 m) of soil profile
    T
    ! YRJEGXSVIHTVIWWYVIJSVFVEGIHVIXEMRMRK[EPPWTWM
    SVPFJX O4ESVO2Q
    TE
    ! YRJEGXSVIHEGXMZITVIWWYVITWMSVPFJX O4ESVO2Q
    TH
    ! YRJEGXSVIHGSRGIRXVEXIHHIEHPSEHETTPMIHHMVIGXP]
    XSQIQFIVPF O2
    T
    ! YRJEGXSVIH GSRGIRXVEXIH PMZI PSEH ETTPMIHHMVIGXP]
    XSQIQFIVPF O2
    TS
    ! YRJEGXSVIHTVIWWYVIEXVIWXTWMSVPFJX O4ESVO2Q
    TT
    ! YRJEGXSVIHTEWWMZITVIWWYVIPFJX O4ESVO2Q
    TX
    ! YRJEGXSVIH ZIVXMGEP WYVGLEVKI TVIWWYVI SR XST SJ
    retaining wall backfill, lb/ft O4ESVO2Q
    TY
    ! JEGXSVIH GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH ETTPMIH HMVIGXP] XS
    QIQFIVPF O2
    

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    TYX[

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    ! JEGXSVIH HIWMKR LSVM^SRXEP TVIWWYVI JSV VIXEMRMRK


    [EPPW GEYWIH F] WYVGLEVKI TVIWWYVI SR XST SJ
    retaining wall backfill, lb/ft O4ESVO2Q
    TY[ ! JEGXSVIH HIWMKR LSVM^SRXEP TVIWWYVI JSV VIXEMRMRK
    [EPPWPFJX O4ESVO2Q
    T^
    ! EXVIWXSVEGXMZIPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIEXHITXL\PF
    JX O4ESVO2Q
    4FR ! RSQMREPGSQTVIWWMSRE\MEPGSQTVIWWMSRWXVIRKXLEX
    WIGXMSREXFEPERGIHGSRHMXMSRWPF 2
    4GY ! JEGXSVIH GSQTVIWWMSR PSEH SR [EPP FSYRHEV]
    IPIQIRXMRGPYHMRKWIMWQMGIJJIGXWPF 2
    4H
    ! YRJEGXSVIHHIEHPSEHE\MEPJSVGIEXWIGXMSRPF O2
    4P
    ! YRJEGXSVIHPMZIPSEHE\MEPJSVGIEXWIGXMSRPF O2
    4R
    ! RSQMREP E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR WXVIRKXL EX KMZIR
    IGGIRXVMGMX]PF 2
    4R QE\ ! QE\MQYQGSQTVIWWMSRRSQMREPE\MEPGSQTVIWWMSR
    WXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPF 2
    4SR ! nominal compression, without flexure, or axial
    GSQTVIWWMSRWXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPF 2
    4SZ ! QE\MQYQZIVXMGEPPSEHETTPMIHXSJSSXMRKMRGPYHMRK
    [MRHSVWIMWQMGSZIVXYVRMRKIJJIGXWPF 2
    4XR ! nominal tension, without flexure, or axial tension
    WXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPF 2
    4XY ! JEGXSVIH XIRWMSR JSVGI SR [EPP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX
    MRGPYHMRKWIMWQMGIJJIGXWPF 2
    4Y
    ! JEGXSVIH E\MEP SV GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH SV JEGXSVIH
    E\MEPPSEHEXKMZIRIGGIRXVMGMX]PF 2SVO2
    4YF ! JEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEHEXFEWISJGSPYQRPF 2
    4Z
    ! QE\MQYQ ZIVXMGEP PSEH ETTPMIH XS JSSXMRK RSX
    MRGPYHMRK[MRHSVWIMWQMGPF 2
    4- ! WSMP TPEWXMGMX] MRHI\ IUYEP XS HMJJIVIRGI MR
    TIVGIRXEKISJQSMWXYVIGSRXIRXEXPMUYMHPMQMXERH
    EXTPEWXMGPMQMX
    UE
    ! YRJEGXSVIHEPPS[EFPIFIEVMRKGETEGMX]SJWSMPPFJX
    O4ESVO2Q
    UG
    ! WXERHEVH GSRI TIRIXVEXMSR VIWMWXERGI MR GSRI
    TIRIXVEXMSRXIWX '48 PFJX O4ESVO2Q
    UH
    ! YRJEGXSVIHHIEHPSEHTIVYRMXEVIEPFJX O2Q
    UL
    ! [MRHZIPSGMX]TVIWWYVIEXLIMKLXLSZIVXIVVEMRPF
    JX O2Q
    U
    ! YRJEGXSVIHPMZIPSEHTIVYRMXEVIEPFJX O2Q
    US
    ! SZIVFYVHIR TVIWWYVI SV YRJEGXSVIH KVEZMX] PSEHW
    ETTPMIH HMVIGXP] XS WPEF MR QEX JSYRHEXMSRW PFJX
    O2Q
    UY
    ! JEGXSVIHPSEHTIVYRMXEVIEPFJX O2Q
    UYG ! unconfined compression strength of soil, lb/ft O4E
    SVO2Q
    UYR ! JEGXSVIHRIXWSMPVIEGXMSRTVIWWYVISRJSSXMRKPFJX
    O2Q
    VY
    ! JEGXSVIH YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH VIEGXMSR JVSQ WPEF
    SRWYTTSVXMRKKMVHIVFIEQSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
    [EPPPFJX O2Q
    6
    ! VEMRPSEHSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHWPF
    SVJXPFERHPF 2 SV 2Q  2
    6R
    ! nominal strength in terms of flexure, axial load,
    WLIEVSVFIEVMRKWXVIRKXLPF 2
    6TM ! VIEGXMSRJVSQPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIEXWXSV]MPF O2

    ! response modification factor related to energy


    HMWWMTEXMSR GETEGMX] MR MRIPEWXMG VERKI SJ WIMWQMG
    VIWMWXERXWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ
    6Y
    ! JEGXSVIH VIEGXMSR JVSQ WYTTSVXIH WXVYGXYVEP
    QIQFIVPF O2
    W
    ! WTEGMRK SJ XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WXMVVYTW SV
    [EPPVIMRJSVGIQIRXQIEWYVIHEPSRKE\MWSJQIQFIV
    MR QQ
    WN
    ! GIRXIVXSGIRXIVWTEGMRKFIX[IIRTEVEPPIPNSMWXWMR
    QQ
    WW
    ! WEQTPIWXERHEVHHIZMEXMSRTWM 14E
    WWO
    ! WTEGMRKSJWOMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMR QQ
    WY
    ! WLIEV WXVIRKXL SJ YRHVEMRIH GSLIWMZI WSMP PFJX
    O4ESVO2Q
    7
    ! WRS[PSEHSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHW
    7E
    ! ZEPYI SJ IPEWXMG EGGIPIVEXMSR HIWMKR VIWTSRWI
    WTIGXVYQJSVHEQTMRKVEXMSSJTIVGIRXSJGVMXMGEP
    I\TVIWWIHEWJVEGXMSRSJEGGIPIVEXMSRSJKVEZMX]
    7M
    ! RSQMREPPSEHIJJIGXFEWIHSRPSEHM
    7(7 ! ZEPYI SJ HIWMKR IEVXLUYEOI WTIGXVEP EGGIPIVEXMSR
    TEVEQIXIVEXWLSVXTIVMSH
    X\X] ! WXVYGXYVEP ZIVXMGEP QIQFIV GVSWWWIGXMSREP
    HMQIRWMSRMRHMVIGXMSR\SV]VIWTIGXMZIP]MR QQ
    8
    ! GYQYPEXMZIIJJIGXSJXIQTIVEXYVIGVIITWLVMROEKI
    HMJJIVIRXMEPWIXXPIQIRXERHWLVMROEKIGSQTIRWEXMRK
    GSRGVIXI
    8M 8\ ! YRJEGXSVIH WXSV] XSVWMSREP QSQIRX HYI XS PEXIVEP
    PSEHWEXWXSV]MSV\VIWTIGXMZIP]PFMR O2Q
    ! YRJEGXSVIH WXSV] XSVWMSREP QSQIRX HYI XS PEXIVEP
    8S
    PSEHWEXFEWISJWXVYGXYVIPFMR O2Q
    8SY ! JEGXSVIHWXSV]XSVWMSREPQSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHW
    EXFEWISJWXVYGXYVIPFMR O2Q
    8Y
    ! JEGXSVIHXSVWMSREPQSQIRXEXWIGXMSRPFMR 2QQ
    8\Y 8MY ! JEGXSVIHWXSV]XSVWMSREPQSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHW
    EXWXSV]MSV\VIWTIGXMZIP]PFMR O2Q
    9
    ! VIUYMVIHWXVIRKXLXSVIWMWXJEGXSVIHPSEHWSVVIPEXIH
    MRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHW
    :
    ! FEWMG[MRHWTIIHQTLGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSWIGSRH
    KYWXWTIIHEXJX Q EFSZIKVSYRH
    :FW ! WIMWQMGHIWMKRFEWIWLIEVPF O2
    :G
    ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLTVSZMHIHF]GSRGVIXIPF 2
    :M :\! YRJEGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEXWXSV]M
    SV \VIWTIGXMZIP]PF O2
    :MY:\Y! JEGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEXWXSV]MSV
    \VIWTIGXMZIP]PF O2
    :R
    ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPF 2
    :S
    ! YRJEGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEXFEWISJ
    WXVYGXYVIPF O2
    :SY ! JEGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWEXFEWISJ
    WXVYGXYVIPF O2
    :W
    ! RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL EX WIGXMSR TVSZMHIH F]
    XVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXPF O2
    :W[ ! GSRXVMFYXMSRSJXLILSVM^SRXEP[EPPVIMRJSVGIQIRXXS
    XLIRSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLEXWIGXMSRPF O2
    :Y
    ! JEGXSVIHWLIEVPF 2
    :[ ! [MRHHIWMKRFEWIWLIEVPF O2
    [
    ! QSMWXYVIGSRXIRXSJXLIWSMPTIVGIRXEKI
    6W

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    [H

    ! YRJEGXSVIH HIEH PSEH TIV YRMX QIQFIV PIRKXL


    ETTPMIHHMVIGXP]XSXLIQIQFIVPFMR O2Q
    [HJ ! YRJEGXSVIH HIEH PSEH TIV YRMX QIQFIV PIRKXL
    ETTPMIHHMVIGXP]XSXLIQIQFIVPFJX O2Q
    [M[\ ! TEVXSJ;WGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSWXSV]MSV\VIWTIGXMZIP]
    PFJX O2Q
    [
    ! YRJEGXSVIHPMZIPSEHTIVYRMXQIQFIVPIRKXLETTPMIH
    HMVIGXP]XSXLIQIQFIVPFMR O2Q
    [Y ! JEGXSVIH PSEH TIV YRMX QIQFIV PIRKXL ETTPMIH
    HMVIGXP]XSXLIQIQFIVPFJX O2Q
    ;
    ! [MRHPSEHWSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHPSEHW
    ;W ! XSXEP FYMPHMRK [IMKLX JSV WIMWQMG HIWMKR PF O2 
    
    ;Y ! XSXEPJEGXSVIHYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHHIWMKRPSEHTIV
    YRMXQIQFIVPIRKXLPFMR O2QQ
    ;YJ ! XSXEPJEGXSVIHYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHHIWMKRPSEHTIV
    YRMXQIQFIVPIRKXLPFJX O2Q
    \ ] ! WXSV] PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW GIRXIV GSSVHMREXIW MR
    HMVIGXMSRW \ERH]VIWTIGXMZIP]MR QQ
    ^
    ! HITXLSJWSMPJX Q
    ! JVEGXMSRSJPSEHEGXMRKMRWLSVXHMVIGXMSRMRX[S[E]
    E
    WPEFWSRKMVHIVW
    ! JVEGXMSRSJPSEHEGXMRKMRPSRKHMVIGXMSRMRX[S[E]
    F
    WPEFWSRKMVHIVW
    ! TEVEQIXIVSJ)U 
    J
    ! JEGXSV EJJIGXMRK IUYMZEPIRX WLIEV JSVGI HYI XS
    WL
    YRFEPERGIHQSQIRX EXGSPYQRWPEFGSRRIGXMSRMR
    )U 
    !
    LSVM^SRXEPERKPIFIX[IIRRSVQEPXS[MRHI\TSWIH
    [
    WYVJEGIERH[MRHHMVIGXMSRHIKVIIW
    ! VEXMS SJ GPIEV WTERW MR PSRK XS WLSVX HMVIGXMSR SJ
    X[S[E]WPEFW
    !
    VEXMSSJPSRKWMHIXSWLSVXWMHISJJSSXMRK
    J
    ! ZIVXMGEP ERKPI FIX[IIR RSVQEP XS [MRHI\TSWIH
    [
    WYVJEGIERHLSVM^SRXEPPMRIHIKVIIW
    ! YRMX[IMKLXSJQEXIVMEPSVWSMPPFJX O2Q
    ! PSEHJEGXSVJSVPSEHIJJIGXM
    M
    1Y ! JEGXSVIHYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXEXGSPYQRKMVHIVNSMRX
    SV[EPPKMVHIVNSMRXPFMR 2QQ
    1YEH ! EHHMXMSREPJEGXSVIHYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXEXGSPYQR
    WPEFGSRRIGXMSRPFMR 2QQ
    :I ! JEGXSVIH HIWMKR WLIEV JSVGI JVSQ HIZIPSTQIRX SJ
    probable flexural capacity of member at faces of
    NSMRXWPF 2
    :Y ! JEGXSVIHWLIEVJSVGIHYIXSYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXEX
    GSPYQRWPEFGSRRIGXMSRPF 2
    :YX ! MRGVIEWI MR [EPP JEGXSVIH WLIEV HYI XS XSVWMSREP
    IJJIGXWPF O2
    !
    JEGXSVXSGEPGYPEXITYRGLMRKWLIEVWXVIRKXL 
    TW
    ! VEXMSSJPSRKMXYHMREPXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRX%W FH
    ! VEXMS SJ PSRKMXYHMREP GSQTVIWWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    %W  FH
    ! VEXMS SJ XSXEP PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE XS
    KVSWWGSRGVIXIWIGXMSREVIE%WX FL
    !
    maximum ratio of longitudinal flexural tension
    QE\
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    !
    minimum
    ratio of longitudinal flexural tension
    QMR
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX

    Z[

    1G
    1K
    4Y
    6Y

    

    ! VEXMS SJ ZSPYQI SJ WTMVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX XS GSVI


    volume confined by spiral reinforcement (measured
    SYXXSSYX
    ! VEXMSSJLSVM^SRXEPWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIEXSKVSWW
    GSRGVIXIEVIESJZIVXMGEPWIGXMSR
    ! VEXMS SJ ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR VIMRJSVGIH
    GSRGVIXI[EPPW
    ! WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV 
    ! ERKPISJMRXIVREPJVMGXMSRSJWSMP
    ! sum of nominal flexural strengths (1R SJGSPYQRW
    JVEQMRKMRXSNSMRXPFMR 2Q
    ! sum of nominal flexural strengths (1R SJ KMVHIVW
    JVEQMRKMRXSNSMRXPFMR 2Q
    ! WYQSJJEGXSVIHGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW[MXLMRWTERPF
    O2
    ! WYQSJJEGXSVIHVIEGXMSRWJVSQWYTTSVXIHWXVYGXYVEP
    QIQFIVWEXWEQIWXSV]PF O2

    2.2Definitions
    ACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through
    ER SRPMRI VIWSYVGI w%'- 'SRGVIXI 8IVQMRSPSK]x LXXT
    XIVQMRSPSK]GSRGVIXISVK.) Definitions provided herein
    GSQTPIQIRXXLEXVIWSYVGI
    EHQM\XYVI{QEXIVMEP SXLIV XLER [EXIV EKKVIKEXI SV
    L]HVEYPMG GIQIRX YWIH EW ER MRKVIHMIRX SJ GSRGVIXI ERH
    EHHIHXSGSRGVIXIFIJSVISVHYVMRKMXWQM\MRKXSQSHMJ]MXW
    TVSTIVXMIW
    EKKVIKEXI{KVERYPEV QEXIVMEP WYGL EW WERH KVEZIP
    GVYWLIH WXSRI ERH MVSR FPEWXJYVREGI WPEK YWIH [MXL E
    GIQIRXMRKQIHMYQXSJSVQEL]HVEYPMGGIQIRXGSRGVIXISV
    QSVXEV
    EKKVIKEXIPMKLX[IMKLX{EKKVIKEXI QIIXMRK XLI VIUYMVI
    QIRXWSJ%781''1ERHLEZMRKEPSSWIFYPO
    HIRWMX]SJPFJX OKQ SVPIWWHIXIVQMRIHMREGGSV
    HERGI [MXL %781 ''1 'SRGVIXI QERYJEGXYVIH
    YWMRKPMKLX[IMKLXEKKVIKEXIMWRSXGSZIVIHF]XLMWKYMHI
    EPPS[EFPI FIEVMRK GETEGMX]{XLI QE\MQYQ TVIWWYVI XS
    [LMGLEWSMPSVSXLIVQEXIVMEPWLSYPHFIWYFNIGXIHXSKYEVH
    EKEMRWXWLIEVJEMPYVISVI\GIWWMZIWIXXPIQIRX
    ERGLSVEKI{E HIZMGI IQFIHHIH MR GSRGVIXI JSV XLI
    TYVTSWI SJ TVSZMHMRK E GSRRIGXMSR XS ERSXLIV QIQFIV SV
    WXVYGXYVI
    FEV HMEQIXIV RSQMREP{ZEPYI GSQTYXIH YWMRK XLI
    RSQMREPFEVEVIE
    FEWI SJ WXVYGXYVI{PIZIP EX [LMGL XLI LSVM^SRXEP IEVXL
    UYEOI KVSYRH QSXMSRW EVI EWWYQIH XS FI MQTEVXIH XS E
    FYMPHMRK8LMWPIZIPHSIWRSXRIGIWWEVMP]GSMRGMHI[MXLXLI
    KVSYRHPIZIP
    FIEQ{E WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIV WYFNIGXIH XS E\MEP PSEH ERH
    flexure but primarily to flexure. See also KMVHIV
    FIRHMRK QSQIRX{XLI FIRHMRK IJJIGX EX ER] WIGXMSR SJ
    EWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXMXMWIUYEPXSXLIEPKIFVEMGWYQSJXLI
    QSQIRXW SJ XLI MRXIVREP GSQTVIWWMSR ERH XIRWMSR JSVGIW
    EGXMRKEXXLIWIGXMSR[MXLVIWTIGXXSXLIGIRXVSMHEPE\MWSJE
    QIQFIVSREJVIIFSH]SJXLIQIQFIV
    FSYPHIVW{GSEVWIQEXIVMEPWQSVIXLERMR QQ MR
    HMEQIXIV

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX{TSVXMSR EPSRK [EPP IHKIW WXVIRKXL


    IRIHF]PSRKMXYHMREPERHXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRX&SYRHEV]
    IPIQIRXWHSRSXRIGIWWEVMP]VIUYMVIERMRGVIEWIMRXLMGORIWW
    SJXLI[EPP
    GIQIRX{ER]SJERYQFIVSJQEXIVMEPWXLEXEVIGETEFPISJ
    FMRHMRKEKKVIKEXITEVXMGPIWXSKIXLIV
    GPE]{REXYVEP QMRIVEP QEXIVMEP LEZMRK TPEWXMG TVSTIVXMIW
    and composed of very fine particles; the clay mineral fraction
    SJEWSMPMWYWYEPP]GSRWMHIVIHXSFIXLITSVXMSRGSRWMWXMRKSJ
    particles finer than 8 10z MR  Q  GPE] QMRIVEPW EVI
    IWWIRXMEPP] L]HVSYW EPYQMRYQ WMPMGEXIW SV SGGEWMSREPP]
    L]HVSYWQEKRIWMYQWMPMGEXIW
    GSPYQR{QIQFIV [MXL E VEXMS SJ LIMKLXXSPIEWX PEXIVEP
    HMQIRWMSR I\GIIHMRK  YWIH TVMQEVMP] XS WYTTSVX E\MEP
    GSQTVIWWMZIPSEH
    GSPPIGXSVIPIQIRX{IPIQIRXXLEXEGXWMRE\MEPXIRWMSRSV
    GSQTVIWWMSRXSXVERWQMXIEVXLUYEOIMRHYGIHPSEHWFIX[IIR
    EWXVYGXYVEPHMETLVEKQERHEZIVXMGEPIPIQIRXSJXLIWIMWQMG
    JSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ
    GSRGVIXI{QM\XYVI SJ TSVXPERH GIQIRX ERH ER] SXLIV
    hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and
    [EXIV[MXLSV[MXLSYXEHQM\XYVIW
    GSRGVIXI QM\XYVI TVSTSVXMSRMRK{XLI TVSTSVXMSRW SJ
    MRKVIHMIRXW XLEX QEOI XLI QSWX IGSRSQMGEP YWI SJ EZEMP
    EFPIQEXIVMEPWXSTVSHYGIQSVXEVSVGSRGVIXISJXLIVIUYMVIH
    TVSTIVXMIW
    concrete, specified compressive strength of JG {
    GSQTVIWWMZI G]PMRHIV WXVIRKXL SJ GSRGVIXI EX HE]W YWIH
    MRHIWMKRERHIZEPYEXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIETTVSTVMEXI
    %781 WXERHEVHW I\TVIWWIH MR TWM 14E  ;LIRIZIV XLI
    UYERXMX] JG  MW YRHIV E VEHMGEP WMKR JG  WUYEVI VSSX SJ
    RYQIVMGEP ZEPYI SRP] MW MRXIRHIHERH XLIVIWYPX QEMRXEMRW
    XLIYRMXWEWTWM 14E 
    GSRGVIXI PMKLX[IMKLX{GSRGVIXI GSRXEMRMRK PMKLX[IMKLX
    EKKVIKEXI ERH ER IUYMPMFVMYQ HIRWMX] EW HIXIVQMRIH F]
    %781'FIX[IIRERHPFJX XS
    OKQ 8LMWX]TISJGSRGVIXIMWRSXGSZIVIHF]XLMWKYMHI
    confinement stirrup or tie{WIIEPWSLSST
    GSRWXVYGXMSR HSGYQIRXW{XLI [VMXXIR KVETLMG IPIG
    XVSRMGERHTMGXSVMEPHSGYQIRXWHIWGVMFMRKXLIHIWMKRPSGE
    XMSRWERHTL]WMGEPGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWSJXLITVSNIGXVIUYMVIHXS
    ZIVMJ]GSQTPMERGI[MXLXLIWXERHEVH
    GSRXVEGXMSR NSMRX{JSVQIH WE[IH SV XSSPIH KVSSZI MR
    E GSRGVIXI WXVYGXYVI XS GVIEXI E [IEOIRIH TPERI ERH VIKY
    PEXIXLIPSGEXMSRSJGVEGOMRKVIWYPXMRKJVSQXLIHMQIRWMSREP
    GLERKISJHMJJIVIRXTEVXWSJXLIWXVYGXYVI
    GSVVSWMSR{HIWXVYGXMSR SJ QIXEP F] E GLIQMGEP IPIGXVS
    GLIQMGEPSVIPIGXVSP]XMGVIEGXMSR[MXLMRMXWIRZMVSRQIRX
    GSZIV GSRGVIXI{XLI PIEWXHMWXERGI FIX[IIRXLIWYVJEGI
    SJIQFIHHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHXLIGPSWIWXSYXIVWYVJEGISJ
    XLIGSRGVIXI
    GVSWWXMI{E GSRXMRYSYW VIMRJSVGMRK FEV LEZMRKEWIMWQMG
    LSSOEXSRIIRHERHELSSORSXPIWWXLERHIKVIIW[MXLEX
    PIEWXEWM\HMEQIXIV I\XIRWMSR EX XLI SXLIV IRH 8LI LSSOW
    WLEPP IRKEKI TIVMTLIVEP PSRKMXYHMREP FEVW 8LI HIKVII
    LSSOWSJX[SWYGGIWWMZIGVSWWXMIWIRKEKMRKXLIWEQIPSRKM
    XYHMREPFEVWWLEPPFIEPXIVREXIHIRHJSVIRH

    GYVMRK{EGXMSRXEOIRXSQEMRXEMRQSMWXYVIERHXIQTIVE
    XYVIGSRHMXMSRWMREJVIWLP]TPEGIHGIQIRXMXMSYWQM\XYVIXS
    EPPS[L]HVEYPMGGIQIRXL]HVEXMSRERH MJETTPMGEFPI TS^^S
    PERMGVIEGXMSRWXSSGGYVWSXLEXXLITSXIRXMEPTVSTIVXMIWSJXLI
    QM\XYVIQE]HIZIPST
    GYVXEMR[EPP{[EPPWXLEXEVITEVXSJXLIJEEHISVIRGPS
    WYVISJXLIFYMPHMRKXLEXHSRSXJSVQTEVXSJXLIKVEZMX]SV
    PEXIVEPPSEHVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ7IIEPWSTEVXMXMSRW
    HITXL SJ QIQFIV Ldistance in a flexural member,
    measured from extreme compression fiber to the extreme
    tension fiber.
    HIWMKR PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW{GSQFMREXMSRW SJ JEGXSVIH
    PSEHWERHPSEHW
    HIWMKRQIXLSHWXVIRKXL{EQIXLSHSJQIQFIVTVSTSV
    XMSRMRKFEWIHSRIRWYVMRKXLEXXLIHIWMKRWXVIRKXLSFXEMRIH
    F]VIHYGMRKXLIRSQMREPWXVIRKXLMWPEVKIVXLERXLIVIUYMVIH
    WXVIRKXLSFXEMRIHF]ETTP]MRKPSEHJEGXSVWXSWIVZMGIPSEHW
    HIZIPSTQIRXPIRKXL{PIRKXLSJIQFIHHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    VIUYMVIHXSHIZIPSTXLIHIWMKRWXVIRKXLSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXEX
    EGVMXMGEPWIGXMSR
    HIZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLJSVEFEV[MXLEWXERHEVHLSSO{
    WLSVXIWX HMWXERGI FIX[IIR XLI GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR [LIVI XLI
    WXVIRKXLSJXLIFEVMWXSFIHIZIPSTIH ERHEXERKIRXXSXLI
    SYXIVIHKISJXLISVHIKVIILSSO
    HMJJIVIRXMEP WIXXPIQIRX{XLI PS[IVMRK MR IPIZEXMSR SJ
    ZEVMSYWTEVXWSJEJSYRHEXMSRF]HMJJIVIRXEQSYRXW
    HSGYQIRXWGSRXVEGX{EWIXSJHSGYQIRXWWYTTPMIHF]XLI
    S[RIVXSXLIGSRXVEGXSVEWXLIFEWMWJSVGSRWXVYGXMSR8LIWI
    HSGYQIRXW GSRXEMR GSRXVEGX JSVQW GSRXVEGX GSRHMXMSRW
    specifications, drawings, addenda, and contract changes.
    IJJIGXMZI HITXL SJ WIGXMSR H{HMWXERGI QIEWYVIH
    from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    IQFIHQIRXPIRKXL{PIRKXLSJIQFIHHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    TVSZMHIHFI]SRHEGVMXMGEPWIGXMSR
    IWWIRXMEP JEGMPMXMIW{FYMPHMRKW ERH SXLIV WXVYGXYVIW
    MRXIRHIHXSVIQEMRSTIVEXMSREPHYVMRKERHEJXIVERI\XVIQI
    IRZMVSRQIRXEPIZIRXJVSQ[MRHWRS[SVIEVXLUYEOI
    flange, compression{XLI [MHIRIH TSVXMSR SJ ER - 8
    SVWMQMPEVGVSWWWIGXMSRXLEXMWWLSVXIRIHSVGSQTVIWWIHF]
    FIRHMRKYRHIVRSVQEPPSEHWWYGLEWXLILSVM^SRXEPTSVXMSR
    SJXLIGVSWWWIGXMSRSJEWMQTPIWTER8FIEQ
    flexural reinforcement{VIMRJSVGIQIRX TVSZMHIH XS
    resist the tension and compression stresses induced by flex
    YVEPQSQIRXWEGXMRKSRXLIQIQFIVWIGXMSR
    floor systemstructural members that comprise the floor
    SJEWXSV]MREFYMPHMRKMRGPYHMRKKMVHIVWFIEQWNSMWXWERH
    XLIWPEFXLEXWTERWFIX[IIRXLIQSVXLIWPEFSRP][LIVIMXMW
    HMVIGXP]WYTTSVXIHSRGSPYQRWEWMRWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW
    JSSXMRK{EWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXSJEJSYRHEXMSRXLEXXVERWQMXW
    PSEHWHMVIGXP]XSXLIWSMP
    JSSXMRKGSQFMRIH{EWXVYGXYVEPYRMXSVEWWIQFP]SJYRMXW
    WYTTSVXMRKQSVIXLERSRIGSPYQR
    JSVQ[SVO{XSXEP W]WXIQ SJ WYTTSVX JSV JVIWLP] TPEGIH
    GSRGVIXI MRGPYHMRK XLI QSPH SV WLIEXLMRK MR GSRXEGX [MXL
    XLIGSRGVIXIEW[IPPEWWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVWLEVH[EVIERH
    RIGIWWEV]FVEGMRK

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    JSYRHEXMSR{EW]WXIQSJWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWXLEXXVERWQMX
    PSEHWJVSQXLIWXVYGXYVIEFSZIXSXLIIEVXL
    JSYRHEXMSRFIEQ KVEHIFIEQ {EVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
    FIEQYWYEPP]EXKVSYRHPIZIPXLEXWXVIRKXLIRWSVWXMJJIRWXLI
    JSYRHEXMSRSVWYTTSVXWSZIVP]MRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
    JSYRHEXMSR QEX{E GSRXMRYSYW JSSXMRK WYTTSVXMRK ER
    EVVE]SJGSPYQRWMRWIZIVEPVS[WMRIEGLHMVIGXMSRLEZMRK
    EWPEFPMOIWLETI[MXLSV[MXLSYXHITVIWWMSRWSVSTIRMRKW
    KMVHIV{E PEVKI FIEQ YWYEPP] LSVM^SRXEP XLEX WIVZIW EW
    E QEMR WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIV SJXIR WYTTSVXMRK VIEGXMSRW JVSQ
    SXLIVFIEQWSVKMVHIVW7IIEPWSFIEQ
    KVEHIFIEQ{WII JSYRHEXMSRFIEQ
    KVEHI WPEF WPEFSRKVSYRH {E WLEPPS[ JSYRHEXMSR
    GSRWMWXMRKSJEGSRXMRYSYWGSRGVIXIWPEFTPEGIHSZIVREXMZI
    WSMPSVIRKMRIIVIHWYFKVEHI[LIVIPSEHWEVIPSGEPP]HMWXVMF
    YXIHERHXVERWQMXXIHXSXLIKVSYRH
    KVEZIP{
    +VERYPEVQEXIVMEPTVIHSQMRERXP]VIXEMRIHSRXLI2S
     QQ  WMIZI ERH VIWYPXMRK IMXLIV JVSQ REXYVEP HMWMRXI
    KVEXMSRERHEFVEWMSRSJVSGOSVTVSGIWWMRKSJ[IEOP]FSYRH
    GSRKPSQIVEXIERH
     8LEX TSVXMSR SJ ER EKKVIKEXI VIXEMRIH SR XLI 2S 
     QQ  WMIZI VIWYPXMRK IMXLIV JVSQ REXYVEP HMWMRXIKVE
    XMSR ERH EFVEWMSR SJ VSGO SV TVSGIWWMRK SJ [IEOP] FSYRH
    GSRKPSQIVEXI
    KVEZMX]PSEHW{PSEHWXLEXEGXHS[R[EVHERHEVIGEYWIH
    F] XLI EGGIPIVEXMSR SJ KVEZMX] EGXMRK SR XLI QEWW SJ XLI
    IPIQIRXWERHGSRXIRXXLEXGEYWIXLIHIEHERHPMZIPSEHW
    LSSO{EFIRHMRXLIIRHSJEVIMRJSVGMRKFEV
    LSST{EGPSWIHXMISVGSRXMRYSYWP][SYRHXMI%GPSWIH
    XMIGERFIQEHIYTSJWIZIVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXIPIQIRXWIEGL
    LEZMRKWIMWQMGLSSOWEXFSXLIRHW%GSRXMRYSYWP][SYRH
    XMIWLEPPLEZIEWIMWQMGLSSOEXFSXLIRHW
    MWSPEXMSRNSMRX{EWITEVEXMSRFIX[IIREHNSMRMRKTEVXWSJE
    GSRGVIXIWXVYGXYVIYWYEPP]EZIVXMGEPTPERIEXEHIWMKRIHPSGE
    XMSRWYGLEWXSMRXIVJIVIPIEWX[MXLTIVJSVQERGISJXLIWXVYG
    XYVI]IXWYGLEWXSEPPS[VIPEXMZIQSZIQIRXMRXLVIIHMVIG
    XMSRWERHEZSMHJSVQEXMSRSJGVEGOWIPWI[LIVIMRXLIGSRGVIXI
    ERHXLVSYKL[LMGLEPPSVTEVXSJXLIFSRHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXMW
    MRXIVVYTXIH
    MRXIKVMX] WXVYGXYVEP{XLI HIWMKR GSRGITX XLEX EJXIV ER
    SZIVPSEHIZIRXSVEJXIVHEQEKISGGYVWXSEQENSVWYTTSVXMRK
    member, the structure has sufficient toughness to confine
    the damage to a local area and sufficient overall stability to
    TVIZIRXMQQIHMEXIGSPPETWI
    NSMWX{E GSQTEVEXMZIP] REVVS[ FIEQ YWIH MR GPSWIP]
    spaced parallel arrangements to support floor or roof slabs.
    PET WTPMGI{E GSRRIGXMSR SJ VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP QEHI F]
    PETTMRKXLIIRHWSJFEVW
    PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ{TSVXMSR SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI
    GSQTSWIHSJ QIQFIVW TVSTSVXMSRIH XS VIWMWX PSEHW VIPEXIH
    XSPEXIVEPPSEHW
    PMGIRWIH HIWMKR TVSJIWWMSREP{ER MRHMZMHYEP [LS MW
    licensed to practice structural design as defined by the statutory
    VIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLITVSJIWWMSREPPMGIRWMRKPE[WSJXLIWXEXI
    SVNYVMWHMGXMSRMR[LMGLXLITVSNIGXMWXSFIGSRWXVYGXIHERH
    [LSMWMRVIWTSRWMFPIGLEVKISJXLIWXVYGXYVEPHIWMKRMRSXLIV
    HSGYQIRXWEPWSGEPPIHPMGIRWIHHIWMKRTVSJIWWMSREP

    

    PMQMX WXEXI{E GSRHMXMSR FI]SRH [LMGL E WXVYGXYVI SV


    member becomes unfit for service and is judged either to
    FIRSPSRKIVYWIJYPJSVMXWMRXIRHIHJYRGXMSR WIVZMGIEFMPMX]
    PMQMXWXEXI SVXSFIYRWEJI WXVIRKXLPMQMXWXEXI 
    PSEHW{PSEHWSVSXLIVEGXMSRWXLEXVIWYPXJVSQXLI[IMKLX
    SJ EPP FYMPHMRK QEXIVMEPW SGGYTERXW ERH SXLIV ZEVMEFPI SV
    TIVQERIRX GSRXIRXW IRZMVSRQIRXEP IJJIGXW HMJJIVIRXMEP
    QSZIQIRXERHVIWXVEMRIHHMQIRWMSREPGLERKIW4IVQERIRX
    PSEHWEVIXLSWIPSEHWMR[LMGLZEVMEXMSRWSZIVXMQIEVIVEVI
    SVSJWQEPPQEKRMXYHI%PPSXLIVPSEHWEVIZEVMEFPIPSEHW
    PSEHIJJIGXW{PSEHWERHHIJSVQEXMSRWTVSHYGIHMRWXVYG
    XYVEPQIQFIVWF]XLIETTPMIHPSEHW
    PSEH JEGXSVIH{PSEH QYPXMTPMIH F] ETTVSTVMEXI PSEH
    JEGXSVWYWIHXSTVSTSVXMSRQIQFIVWF]XLIWXVIRKXLHIWMKR
    QIXLSHSJXLMWKYMHI
    PSEH JEGXSV{E JEGXSV F] [LMGL E WIVZMGI PSEH MW QYPXM
    TPMIHXSHIXIVQMRIEJEGXSVIHPSEHYWIHMRXLIWXVIRKXLHIWMKR
    QIXLSH
    PSEH PMZIlive load specified by general building code
    [MXLSYXPSEHJEGXSV 
    PSEHTIVQERIRX{PSEHMR[LMGLZEVMEXMSRWSZIVXMQIEVI
    VEVISVSJWQEPPQEKRMXYHI7IIEPWSPSEHWIVZMGI
    PSEHWIVZMGI{EPPPSEHWWXEXMGSVXVERWMXSV]MQTSWIHSRE
    WXVYGXYVISVIPIQIRXXLIVISJHYVMRKSTIVEXMSRSJEJEGMPMX]
    specified in 'LETXIV  HIEH PMZI WSMP [MRH WRS[ VEMR
    flood, and seismic).
    PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX{VIMRJSVGIQIRX TEVEPPIP XS
    XLIPIRKXLSJEGSRGVIXIQIQFIV
    QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX]{VEXMS SJ RSVQEP WXVIWW XS GSVVI
    WTSRHMRK WXVEMR JSV XIRWMPI SV GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW FIPS[
    TVSTSVXMSREPPMQMXSJQEXIVMEP
    QSQIRX RIKEXMZIa condition of flexure in which top
    fibers of a horizontally placed member, or external fibers of
    EZIVXMGEPP]TPEGIHI\XIVMSVQIQFIVEVIWYFNIGXIHXSXIRWMPI
    WXVIWWIW
    QSQIRXTSWMXMZIa condition of flexure in which, for a
    horizontal simply supported member, the deflected shape is
    RSVQEPP] GSRWMHIVIH XS FI GSRGEZI HS[R[EVHERH XLIXST
    fibers subjected to compression stresses; for other members
    ERH SXLIV GSRHMXMSRW GSRWMHIV TSWMXMZI ERH RIKEXMZI EW
    VIPEXMZIXIVQW
    RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW{XLI EVGLMXIGXYVEP QIGLERMGEP
    ERHIPIGXVMGEPGSQTSRIRXWERHW]WXIQWTIVQERIRXP]EXXEGLIH
    XSXLIFYMPHMRK
    SGGYTERG]{XLI TYVTSWI JSV [LMGL E FYMPHMRK SV SXLIV
    WXVYGXYVISVTEVXXLIVISJMWYWIHSVMRXIRHIHXSFIYWIH
    TEVXMXMSRW{ERSRWXVYGXYVEPMRXIVMSV[EPPXLEXWTERWLSVM
    ^SRXEPP]SVZIVXMGEPP]JVSQWYTTSVXXSWYTTSVX8LIWYTTSVXW
    QE] FI XLI FEWMG FYMPHMRK JVEQI WYFWMHMEV] WXVYGXYVEP
    QIQFIVWSVSXLIVTSVXMSRWSJXLITEVXMXMSRW]WXIQ
    TIHIWXEP{YTVMKLX GSQTVIWWMSR QIQFIV [MXL E VEXMS SJ
    YRWYTTSVXIH LIMKLX XS EZIVEKI PIEWX PEXIVEP HMQIRWMSR RSX
    I\GIIHMRK
    TMPI{EWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXXLEXMWHVMZIRNIXXIHSVSXLIV
    [MWI IQFIHHIH SR IRH MR XLI KVSYRH XS VIWMWX PSEHW SV
    GSQTEGXXLIWSMP

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    TMPI GET{E GSRGVIXI IPIQIRX XLEX XVERWJIVW PSEH JVSQ E


    GSPYQR SV TIHIWXEP XS XLI XST SJ SRI SV QSVI WYTTSVXMRK
    TMPIW
    TPEMR GSRGVIXI{WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI [MXL RS VIMRJSVGI
    QIRXSV[MXLPIWWVIMRJSVGIQIRXXLERXLIQMRMQYQEQSYRX
    specified for reinforced concrete. Plain concrete is not
    GSZIVIHF]XLIKYMHI
    TPEMR VIMRJSVGIQIRX{VIMRJSVGIQIRX [MXLSYX WYVJEGI
    HIJSVQEXMSRWSVLEZMRKHIJSVQEXMSRWXLEXHSRSXGSRJSVQXS
    XLIETTPMGEFPIVIUYMVIQIRXW
    TSWMXMZI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{WXIIP VIMRJSVGIQIRX XS VIWMWX
    TSWMXMZIFIRHMRKQSQIRX
    TVIGEWXGSRGVIXI{WXVYGXYVEPGSRGVIXIIPIQIRXGEWXIPWI
    where than its final position in the structure. Precast concrete
    MWRSXGSZIVIHF]XLIKYMHII\GITXEWHIWGVMFIHMR
    TVIWXVIWWIH GSRGVIXI{WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI MR [LMGL
    MRXIVREP WXVIWWIW LEZI FIIR MRXVSHYGIH XS VIHYGI TSXIRXMEP
    XIRWMPIWXVIWWIWMRGSRGVIXIVIWYPXMRKJVSQPSEHW4VIWXVIWWIH
    GSRGVIXIMWRSXGSZIVIHF]XLIKYMHII\GITXEWHIWGVMFIHMR
    
    TVSNIGXHVE[MRKW{HVE[MRKWXLEXEPSRK[MXLXLITVSNIGX
    specifications, complete the descriptive information for
    GSRWXVYGXMRKXLI[SVOVIUYMVIHMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
    project specifications{[VMXXIR HSGYQIRXW XLEX WTIGMJ]
    VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV E TVSNIGX MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI WIVZMGI
    parameters and other specific criteria established by the
    S[RIV7IIEPWSspecifications
    VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI{WXVYGXYVEPGSRGVIXIVIMRJSVGIH[MXL
    RSPIWWXLERXLIQMRMQYQEQSYRXWSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI [EPP{WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI [EPP
    VIMRJSVGIH [MXL RS PIWW XLER XLI QMRMQYQ EQSYRX SJ
    prestressing steel or nonprestressed reinforcement as specified
    MR XLI ETTPMGEFPIFYMPHMRKGSHI%WLIEV[EPPMWEVIMRJSVGIH
    GSRGVIXI[EPP
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX{HIJSVQIHWXIIPFEVW[MVISV[MVIQIWL
    IQFIHHIH MR GSRGVIXI MR WYGL E QERRIV XLEX MX ERH XLI
    GSRGVIXIEGXXSKIXLIVMRVIWMWXMRKPSEHW
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSQTVIWWMSR{VIMRJSVGIQIRX HIWMKRIH
    XSGEVV]GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIW
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX HIJSVQIH{QIXEP FEVW [MVI SV JEFVMG
    [MXLEQERYJEGXYVIHTEXXIVRSJWYVJEGIVMHKIWXLEXTVSZMHIE
    PSGOMRKERGLSVEKI[MXLWYVVSYRHMRKGSRGVIXI8LIJSPPS[MRK
    WXIIP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW GSRWMHIVIH HIJSVQIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    HIJSVQIH VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW [IPHIH TPEMR [MVI JEFVMG ERH
    [IPHIHHIJSVQIH[MVIJEFVMGGSRJSVQMRKXSXLIETTVSTVMEXI
    %781WXERHEVHW
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXRIKEXMZI{WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRXJSVRIKEXMZI
    QSQIRX
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTMVEP{GSRXMRYSYWP] [SYRH VIMRJSVGI
    QIRXMRXLIJSVQSJEG]PMRHVMGEPLIPM\
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXXIRWMSR{VIMRJSVGIQIRXHIWMKRIHXSGEVV]
    XIRWMPIWXVIWWIWWYGLEWXLSWIMRXLIFSXXSQSJEWMQTPIFIEQ
    VIWLSVIW{WLSVIWTPEGIHWRYKP]YRHIVEGSRGVIXIWPEFSV
    SXLIVWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVEJXIVXLISVMKMREPJSVQWERHWLSVIW
    LEZI FIIR VIQSZIH XS EPPS[ XLI RI[ WPEF SV WXVYGXYVEP
    member to deflect and support its own weight.
    resistance, fire{XLI TVSTIVX]SJEQEXIVMEP SVEWWIQFP]
    to withstand fire or give protection from it; as applied to

    IPIQIRXW SJ FYMPHMRKW MX MW GLEVEGXIVM^IH F] XLI EFMPMX] XS
    confine a fire or, when exposed to fire, to continue to perform
    EKMZIRWXVYGXYVEPJYRGXMSRSVFSXL
    VIUYMVIHWXVIRKXL{WXVIRKXLSJEQIQFIVSVGVSWWWIGXMSR
    VIUYMVIHXSVIWMWXJEGXSVIHPSEHWSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXW
    and loads in specified load combinations.
    VIXEMRMRK[EPP{[EPPFYMPXXSLSPHFEGOIEVXL
    WERH{
     +VERYPEV QEXIVMEP TEWWMRK XLI  MR  QQ  WMIZI
    ERHEPQSWXIRXMVIP]TEWWMRKXLI2S QQ WMIZIERH
    TVIHSQMRERXP]VIXEMRIHSRXLI2S  Q WMIZIERH
    VIWYPXMRKIMXLIVJVSQREXYVEPHMWMRXIKVEXMSRERHEFVEWMSRSJ
    VSGOSVTVSGIWWMRKSJGSQTPIXIP]JVMEFPIWERHWXSRIERH
    8LEXTSVXMSRSJEREKKVIKEXITEWWMRKXLI2S QQ 
    WMIZIERHTVIHSQMRERXP]VIXEMRIHSRXLI2S  Q WMIZI
    ERHVIWYPXMRKIMXLIVJVSQREXYVEPHMWMRXIKVEXMSRERHEFVEWMSR
    SJVSGOSVTVSGIWWMRKSJGSQTPIXIP]JVMEFPIWERHWXSRI
    WIMWQMGLSSO{ELSSOSREWXMVVYT SVGVSWWXMILEZMRKE
    FIRH RSX PIWW XLER  HIKVIIWI\GITX XLEX GMVGYPEV LSSTW
    WLEPPLEZIEFIRHRSXPIWWXLERHIKVIIW,SSOWWLEPPLEZI
    EHF FYXRSXPIWWXLERMR?QQA I\XIRWMSRXLEXIRKEKIW
    XLIPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHTVSNIGXWMRXSXLIMRXIVMSV
    SJXLIWXMVVYTSVLSST
    WIPJ[IMKLX{[IMKLXSJXLIWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVGEYWIHF]
    XLIQEXIVMEPXLEXGSQTSWIWXLIQIQFIV
    WIVZMGIPSEH{EPPPSEHWWXEXMGSVXVERWMXSV]MQTSWIHSRE
    WXVYGXYVISVIPIQIRXXLIVISJHYVMRKSTIVEXMSRSJEJEGMPMX]
    [MXLSYXPSEHJEGXSVW 
    WIXXPIQIRX{HS[R[EVHQSZIQIRXSJXLIWYTTSVXMRKWSMP
    WLIEV{ERMRXIVREPJSVGIXERKIRXMEPXSXLITPERISR[LMGL
    MXEGXW
    WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX{VIMRJSVGIQIRX HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX
    WLIEVSVHMEKSREPXIRWMSRWXVIWWIW
    WLIPPGSRGVIXI{GSRGVIXISYXWMHIXLIXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGI
    ment confining the concrete core.
    WLSVIW{ZIVXMGEPSVMRGPMRIHWYTTSVXQIQFIVWHIWMKRIHXS
    GEVV]XLI[IMKLXSJXLIJSVQ[SVOGSRGVIXIERHGSRWXVYGXMSR
    PSEHWEFSZI
    WLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX{VIMRJSVGI
    QIRXTVSZMHIHXSVIWMWXWLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVIWXVIWWIW
    MRGSRGVIXI
    WMPX{EKVERYPEVQEXIVMEPVIWYPXMRKJVSQXLIHMWMRXIKVEXMSR
    SJVSGO[MXLKVEMRWPEVKIP]TEWWMRKE2S  Q WMIZI
    EPXIVREXMZIP] WYGL TEVXMGPIW MR XLI VERKI JVSQ    z XS
    MR XS Q MRHMEQIXIV
    WPEFa molded layer of reinforced concrete, flat, hori
    ^SRXEP SVRIEVP]WS YWYEPP]SJYRMJSVQFYXWSQIXMQIWSJ
    ZEVMEFPI XLMGORIWW IMXLIV SR XLI KVSYRH SV WYTTSVXIH F]
    FIEQWGSPYQRW[EPPWSVSXLIVJVEQI[SVO
    WSMP{E KIRIVMG XIVQ JSV YRGSRWSPMHEXIH REXYVEP WYVJEGI
    QEXIVMEPEFSZIFIHVSGO
    WSMPGSEVWIKVEMRIH{WSMPMR[LMGLXLIPEVKIVKVEMRWM^IW
    WYGLEWWERHERHKVEZIPTVIHSQMREXI
    soil, fine-grained{WSMPMR[LMGLXLIWQEPPIVKVEMRWM^IW
    predominate, such as fine sand, silt, and clay.
    WSMPFIEVMRK GETEGMX]{XLI QE\MQYQ WXVIWW YRHIV E
    JSYRHEXMSRXLEXTVSZMHIWEHIUYEXIWEJIX]EKEMRWXWSMPJEMPYVI
    ERHEKEMRWXI\GIWWMZIWSMPWIXXPIQIRX

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    WSPMHWPEF{WPEFSJYRMJSVQXLMGORIWW
    WTERPIRKXL{LSVM^SRXEPHMWXERGIFIX[IIR WYTTSVXWSJE
    LSVM^SRXEPWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWYGLEWEWPEFNSMWXFIEQSV
    KMVHIVQIEWYVIHGIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJWYTTSVX
    specifications{[VMXXIRHSGYQIRXHIWGVMFMRKMRHIXEMPXLI
    WGSTISJ[SVOQEXIVMEPWXSFIYWIHQIXLSHSJMRWXEPPEXMSR
    ERHUYEPMX]SJ[SVOQERWLMT7IIEPWSproject specifications
    specified lateral seismic loads{PEXIVEP PSEHW GSVVI
    WTSRHMRK XS XLI ETTVSTVMEXI HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ XLI FEWI WLIEV
    JSVGIJSVWIMWQMGVIWMWXERXHIWMKR
    specified wind loads{RSQMREP TVIWWYVI SJ [MRH XS FI
    YWIHMRHIWMKR
    WTVIEH JSSXMRK{E KIRIVEPP] VIGXERKYPEV TVMWQ SJ
    GSRGVIXI PEVKIV MR PEXIVEP HMQIRWMSRW XLER XLI GSPYQR SV
    [EPPMXWYTTSVXWXSHMWXVMFYXIXLIPSEHSJEGSPYQRSV[EPPXS
    XLIWYFKVEHI7IIEPWSJSSXMRK
    WXMVVYT{VIMRJSVGIQIRX YWIH XS VIWMWX WLIEV ERH XSVWMSR
    WXVIWWIW MR E WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIV X]TMGEPP] FEVW [MVIW SV
    [IPHIH[MVIJEFVMG TPEMRSVHIJSVQIH IMXLIVWMRKPIPIKSV
    FIRX MRXS 0 9 SV VIGXERKYPEV WLETIW ERH PSGEXIH TIVTIR
    HMGYPEVXSSVEXERERKPIXSPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX8LI
    XIVQwWXMVVYTWxMWYWYEPP]ETTPMIHXSPEXIVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMR
    FIEQWERHKMVHIVWERHXLIXIVQwXMIWxXSXLSWIMRGSPYQRW
    7IIEPWSXMI
    WXSV]LIMKLXvertical distance from the floor finish of a
    story to the floor finish of the story below.
    WXVIRKXL HIWMKR{RSQMREP WXVIRKXL QYPXMTPMIH F] E
    WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV 
    WXVIRKXLRSQMREP{WXVIRKXLSJEQIQFIVSVGVSWWWIGXMSR
    GEPGYPEXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLTVSZMWMSRWERHEWWYQTXMSRWSJ
    XLIWXVIRKXLHIWMKRQIXLSHSJXLMWKYMHIFIJSVIETTPMGEXMSR
    SJER]WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVW
    WXVIRKXL VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV {GETEGMX] VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV
    MR WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR E RYQFIV PIWW XLER  F] [LMGL XLI
    RSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJEWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVSVIPIQIRXMRXIVQW
    SJPSEHQSQIRXWLIEVSVWXVIWWMWVIUYMVIHXSFIQYPXMTPMIH
    XSHIXIVQMRIHIWMKRWXVIRKXLSVGETEGMX]
    WXVIWW{MRXIRWMX]SJJSVGITIVYRMXEVIE
    WXVIWW EPPS[EFPI{QE\MQYQ TIVQMWWMFPI WXVIWW YWIH MR
    HIWMKRSJQIQFIVWSJEWXVYGXYVIERHFEWIHSREJEGXSVSJ
    WEJIX]EKEMRWXJEMPYVI
    WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI{EPP GSRGVIXI YWIH JSV WXVYGXYVEP
    TYVTSWIWMRGPYHMRKTVIWXVIWWIHERHVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIERH
    YRHIVWTIGMEPGMVGYQWXERGIWTPEMRGSRGVIXI
    WXVYGXYVEP HMETLVEKQ{WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIV WYGL EW E
    floor or roof slab, that transmits loads acting in the plane of
    XLI QIQFIV XS XLI ZIVXMGEP IPIQIRXW SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGI
    VIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ
    XEROcontainer for the storage of water or other fluids.
    8LIKYMHISRP]GSZIVWXEROWYWIHJSVWXSVEKISJTSXEFPI[EXIV
    MRPSGEXMSRW[LIVIXLI[EXIVWYTTP]W]WXIQMWYRVIPMEFPI
    XIQTSVEV]JEGMPMXMIW{FYMPHMRKWSVSXLIVWXVYGXYVIWXSFI
    MR WIVZMGI JSV E PMQMXIH XMQI ERH LEZI E PMQMXIH I\TSWYVI
    TIVMSHJSVIRZMVSRQIRXEPPSEHMRKW
    XMI{PSSTSJVIMRJSVGMRKFEVSV[MVIIRGPSWMRKPSRKMXYHMREP
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX % GSRXMRYSYWP] [SYRH FEV SV [MVI MR XLI
    JSVQSJEGMVGPIVIGXERKPISVSXLIVTSP]KSRWLETI[MXLSYX
    VIIRXVERXGSVRIVWMWEGGITXEFPI7IIEPWSWXMVVYT

    

    XMIIPIQIRXW{IPIQIRXWXLEXWIVZIXSXVERWQMXMRIVXMEPSEHW
    ERH TVIZIRX WITEVEXMSR SJ FYMPHMRK GSQTSRIRXW WYGL EW
    JSSXMRKWERH[EPPW
    XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{VIMRJSVGIQIRX PSGEXIH
    TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI PSRKMXYHMREP E\MW SJ XLI QIQFIV
    GSQTVMWMRKWXMVVYTWXMIWERHWTMVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    [EPP{QIQFIVYWYEPP]ZIVXMGEPYWIHXSIRGPSWISVWITEVEXI
    WTEGIW7IIEPWSVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPP
    [IF{XLMR ZIVXMGEP TSVXMSR SJ ER -WLETIH WIGXMSR XLEX
    connects the flanges. See also flange, compression
    [MVI{VIMRJSVGMRKFEVSJWQEPPHMEQIXIV
    [MVIQIWL{[IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    [SVOthe entire construction or separately identifiable
    TEVXW XLIVISJ XLEX EVI VIUYMVIH XS FI JYVRMWLIH YRHIV XLI
    GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
    [SVOMRK WXVIWW{QE\MQYQ TIVQMWWMFPI HIWMKR WXVIWW
    YWMRK[SVOMRKWXVIWWHIWMKRQIXLSHW
    ]MIPH WXVIRKXL J]specified minimum yield strength or
    ]MIPH TSMRX SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX =MIPH WXVIRKXL SV ]MIPH TSMRX
    WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH MR XIRWMSR EGGSVHMRK XS ETTPMGEFPI
    %781WXERHEVHW
    ',%48)6{7869'896%07=78)10%=398
    {(IWGVMTXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPGSQTSRIRXW
    8LIFYMPHMRKWXVYGXYVIWLSYPHFIHMZMHIHMRXSGSQTSRIRXW
    EWHIWGVMFIHF]XLVSYKL
     *PSSV W]WXIQ{'SRWMWXW SJ WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW
    that comprise the floor of a story in a building. 'LETXIV
    describes different types of floor systems. The floor system
    GER MRGPYHI KMVHIVW FIEQW NSMWXW ERH XLI WPEF XLEX WTERW
    FIX[IIRXLIQSVXLIWPEFSRP][LIVIMXMWHMVIGXP]WYTTSVXIH
    F]GSPYQRWEWMRWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW
     :IVXMGEP WYTTSVXMRK QIQFIVWSupport the floor
    W]WXIQ EX IEGL WXSV] ERH GEVV] EGGYQYPEXIH KVEZMX] PSEHW
    HS[RXSXLIJSYRHEXMSRSJXLIWXVYGXYVI:IVXMGEPWYTTSVXMRK
    QIQFIVW WLSYPH FI IMXLIV GSPYQRW SV VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI
    [EPPW
     *SYRHEXMSR{'SQTVMWIWWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWXLVSYKL
    [LMGLXLIPSEHSJEWXVYGXYVIMWXVERWQMXXIHXSXLIIEVXL-X
    MRGPYHIWQIQFIVWWYGLEWWTVIEHJSSXMRKWGSQFMRIHJSSXMRKW
    JSYRHEXMSR QEXW FEWIQIRX ERH VIXEMRMRK [EPPW ERH KVEHI
    FIEQW *SYRHEXMSR QIQFIVW EVI HIWGVMFIH MR 'LETXIV 
    (IITJSYRHEXMSRWWYGLEWTMPIWGEMWWSRWTMPIJSSXMRKWERH
    GETWEVIFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLIKYMHI
     0EXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ{'SQTVMWIW XLI
    WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW XLEX EGXMRK NSMRXP] VIWMWX ERH XVERWQMX
    XSXLIKVSYRHXLIPEXIVEPPSEHWEVMWMRKJVSQWIMWQMGQSXMSRW
    wind, and lateral earth pressure. The floor system acts as
    EHMETLVEKQXLEXGEVVMIWMR MXW TPERIXLIPEXIVEP JSVGIJVSQ
    XLIETTPMGEXMSRTSMRXXSXLIZIVXMGEPQIQFIVWSJXLIPEXIVEP
    JSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ :IVXMGEP QIQFIVW SJ XLI PEXIVEP
    JSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQMRXYVRGSPPIGXXLIPSEHWEVMWMRKJVSQ
    all floors and transmit them down to the foundation and
    XLVSYKLXLIJSYRHEXMSRXSXLIYRHIVP]MRKWSMP*SVEVIEW[MXL
    QSHIVEXI SV LMKL WIMWQMG VMWO XLI QEMR ZIVXMGEP QIQFIVW
    SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ WLSYPH FI VIMRJSVGIH
    GSRGVIXI[EPPW

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

     3XLIV WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW{3XLIV TEVXW SJ XLI


    FYMPHMRKWXVYGXYVIXLEXEVIGSZIVIHMRXLMWKYMHIEVIWXEMV[E]W
    VEQTWWQEPPTSXEFPI[EXIVXEROWERHWPEFWSRKVSYRH
    {+IRIVEP
     %VGLMXIGXYVEP TVSKVEQ{% KIRIVEP EVGLMXIGXYVEP
    TVSKVEQ SJ XLI FYMPHMRK WLSYPH FI GSSVHMREXIH [MXL XLI
    PMGIRWIH HIWMKR TVSJIWWMSREP FIJSVI XLI WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR
    FIKMRW8LIKIRIVEPEVGLMXIGXYVEPTVSKVEQWLSYPHMRGPYHIXLI
    JSPPS[MRKMXIQWEWEQMRMQYQ
    (1) Plan geometry and dimensions of all building floors;
     &YMPHMRKIPIZEXMSRERHXLIXIVVEMRMRGPYHMRKXLIFEWI
    QIRXMJER]
     8]TISJVSSJMXWWLETIERHWPSTIWXLIX]TISJ[EXIV
    proofing, the means to facilitate the runoff of water from
    VEMRERHQIPXMRKWRS[SVLEMPERHXLIPSGEXMSRSJHVEMREKI
    KYXXIVW
     9WISJMRXIVREPWTEGIWSJXLIFYMPHMRKMXWWYFHMZMWMSR
    ERHQIERWSJWITEVEXMSRMREPPWXSVMIW
    (5) Minimum architectural clear height in all floors;
      0SGEXMSR ERH HMQIRWMSRW SJ WXEMV[E]W VEQTW ERH
    IPIZEXSVW
     8]TISJFYMPHMRKIRGPSWYVIMRXIVREPTEVXMXMSRWEVGLM
    XIGXYVEPERHRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW
      0SGEXMSRW SJ HYGXW ERH WLEJXW JSV YXMPMXMIW WYGL EW
    TS[IV WYTTP] PMKLXMRK XLIVQEP GSRXVSP ZIRXMPEXMSR [EXIV
    WYTTP] ERH [EWXI[EXIV MRGPYHMRK IRSYKL MRJSVQEXMSR XS
    HIXIGXMRXIVJIVIRGI[MXLXLIWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWERH
      %VGLMXIGXYVEP JIEXYVIW XLEX QE] VIHYGI IJJIGXMZI
    GSRGVIXIGSZIVSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     7XVYGXYVEPTVSKVEQ{&EWIHSRXLIKIRIVEPEVGLMXIG
    XYVEPTVSKVEQMRJSVQEXMSRXLIPMGIRWIHHIWMKRTVSJIWWMSREP
    should define the general structural program for the building
    FIMRKHIWMKRIH8LIKIRIVEPWXVYGXYVEPTVSKVEQMRGPYHIWXLI
    JSPPS[MRKMXIQWEWEQMRMQYQ
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    Fig. 3.3.2Typical floor structural layout.


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    tional floor level during the life of the structure. This live
    PSEHZEPYIEHHVIWWIWXLMWTSWWMFMPMX];LIRXLIVSSJMWERSR
    GSRGVIXIVSSJ[MXLEWPSTIKVIEXIVXLERHIKVIIWWYTTSVXIH

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    8EFPI E{*PEXRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWGIMPMRKW
    'SQTSRIRX
    'IMPMRKW
    Acoustical fiberboard
    +]TWYQFSEVH
    1IGLERMGEPHYGXEPPS[ERGI
    7TVMROPIVW]WXIQEPPS[ERGI
    0YQMREVMIWERHIPIGXVMGEPW]WXIQEPPS[ERGI
    4PEWXIVSRXMPISVGSRGVIXI
    4PEWXIVSR[SSHPEXL
    7YWTIRHIHWXIIPGLERRIPW]WXIQ
    7YWTIRHIHQIXEPPEXLERHGIQIRXTPEWXIV
    7YWTIRHIHQIXEPPEXLERHK]TWYQTPEWXIV
    ;SSHJYVVMRKWYWTIRWMSRW]WXIQ

    0SEH PFJX TIVJX of floor area

    0SEH O2Q TIVQ of floor area

    
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    8EFPI 4.5.3.1bFlat nonstructural elements minimum dead loads: floor fill


    'SQTSRIRX

    0SEH PFJX TIVJX of floor area

    0SEH O2Q TIVQ of floor area

    Floor fill

    TIVMRXLMGORIWW
    
    
    
    

    TIVQQXLMGORIWW
    
    
    
    

    'MRHIVGSRGVIXI
    0MKLX[IMKLXGSRGVIXI
    7ERH
    7XSRIGSRGVIXI

    8EFPI 4.5.3.1cFlat nonstructural elements minimum dead loads: floors


    'SQTSRIRX
    Floors and floor finishes
    %WTLEPXFPSGO MR?QQA MR QQ QSVXEV
    Cement finish (1 in. [25 mm]) on stone-concrete fill
    'IVEQMGSVUYEVV]XMPI MR?QQA SRMR QQ QSVXEVFIH
    'IVEQMGSVUYEVV]XMPI MR?QQA SRMR QQ QSVXEVFIH
    Concrete fill finish
    Hardwood flooring, 7/7 in. (25 mm)
    0MRSPIYQSVEWTLEPXXMPIMR QQ
    Marble and mortar on stone-concrete fill
    7PEXI
    Solid flat tile on 1 in. (25 mm) mortar base
    Sub flooring, 3/4 in. (20 mm)
    8IVVE^^SMR QQ HMVIGXP]SRWPEF
    Terrazzo 1 in. (25 mm) on stone-concrete fill
    8IVVE^^SMR QQ MR QQ WXSRIGSRGVIXI
    Wood block 3 in. (75 mm) on mastic, no fill
    ;SSHFPSGOMR QQ SRMR QQ QSVXEVFEWI

    SREWXIIPSV[SSHWXVYGXYVIMXMWTIVQMXXIHXSYWIEVSSJPMZI
    PSEHSJPFJX O2Q 
    {6EMRPSEH
    )EGL TSVXMSR SJ XLI VSSJ WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH XS WYWXEMR
    XLI EGGYQYPEXIH VEMR[EXIV MJ XLI HVEMREKI W]WXIQ JSV XLEX
    TSVXMSRMWFPSGOIH
    {7RS[PSEH
    ;LIVIWRS[MWI\TIGXIHXLIPSEHWGEYWIHF]MXWEGGYQY
    PEXMSRWLSYPHFIXEOIRMRXSEGGSYRX[LIRHIWMKRMRKXLIVSSJ

    0SEH PFJX TIVJX of floor area

    0SEH O2Q TIVQ of floor area

    
    
    
    
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
    
    
    
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    
    
    
    
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
    
    
    
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    8LIPSEHWWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIPSGEPGSHITVSZM
    WMSRW-RXLIEFWIRGISJEKSZIVRMRKPSGEPGSHIXLIQMRMQYQ
    WRS[PSEHEXPEXMXYHIWKVIEXIVXLERHIKVIIWMRPFJX O2Q
    MWKMZIR MR *MK ;LIVI VIGSVHW SVI\TIVMIRGIRIEVXLI
    WMXI MRHMGEXI XLEX XLI ZEPYI [MXL E  TIVGIRXERRYEP TVSFE
    FMPMX]SJFIMRKI\GIIHIH ]IEVQIERVIGYVVIRGIMRXIVZEP 
    I\GIIHW XLI ZEPYI JVSQ *MK  SV XLI FYMPHMRK MW WYFNIGX
    to significant ice loads, the design should not be performed
    YWMRK XLI KYMHI ERH XLI GSHIW ERH WXERHEVHW PMWXIH MR 
    WLSYPHFIYWIH

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    8EFPI H{*PEXRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWVSSJGSZIVMRKW
    'SQTSRIRX
    6SSJGSZIVMRK
    %WFIWXSWGIQIRXWLMRKPIW
    %WTLEPXWLMRKPIW
    'IQIRXXMPI
    'PE]XMPIMRGPYHMRKQSVXEV
    'STTIVSVXMR
    Corrugated asbestos-cement roofing
    (IGOQIXEPKEYKI QQRSQMREPXLMGORIWW
    (IGOQIXEPKEYKI QQRSQMREPXLMGORIWW
    (IGOMRKMR QQ [SSH
    (IGOMRKMR QQ [SSH
    *MFIVFSEVHMR QQ
    +]TWYQWLIEXLMRKMR QQ
    -RWYPEXMSRVSSJFSEVHW
    *MFVSYWSVGIPPYPEVKPEWW
    *MFIVFSEVH
    4IVPMXI
    4SP]WX]VIRIJSEQ
    9VIXLERIJSEQ[MXLWOMR
    4P][SSH TIVMR?QQAXLMGORIWW
    7O]PMKLXQIXEPJVEQIMR QQ [MVIKPEWW
    Waterproofing membranes:
    &MXYQMRSYWKVEZIPGSZIVIH
    &MXYQMRSYWWQSSXLWYVJEGI
    0MUYMHETTPMIH
    7MRKPITP]WLIIX
    ;SSHWLIEXLMRK
    ;SSHWLMRKPIW

    0SEH PFJX TIVJX of floor area

    0SEH O2Q TIVQ of floor area

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
    

     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
    

    
    
    
    
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
    

    
    
    
    
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
    

    8EFPI E{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWGSZIVMRKWJSV[EPPW

    'SQTSRIRX
    'SZIVMRKJSV[EPPW
    'IQIRXXMPI
    *MFIVFSEVHMR QQ
    +]TWYQWLIEXLMRKMR QQ
    -RWYPEXMSR[EPPFSEVHW
    *MFVSYWSVGIPPYPEVKPEWW
    *MFIVFSEVH
    4IVPMXI
    4SP]WX]VIRIJSEQ
    9VIXLERIJSEQ[MXLWOMR
    4P][SSH TIVMR QQ XLMGORIWW
    ;SSHWLIEXLMRK

    0SEH PFJX TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI QYPXMTP]


    F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRJXXSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHW
    MRPFJX

    0SEH O2Q TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI


    QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQXS
    SFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRO2Q

    
    
    

    
    
    

     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW

     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW

    {;MRHPSEHW
     +IRIVEP{7IGXMSR  TVSZMHIW E QIXLSH XS
    GEPGYPEXI[MRHPSEHWSREFYMPHMRKERHSRMRHMZMHYEPWXVYGXYVEP
    QIQFIVWERHGPEHHMRK8LITVSGIHYVIWERHZEPYIWTVSZMHIH
    F]EPSGEPFYMPHMRKGSHIWLSYPHFIYWIHXSSFXEMR[MRHPSEHW
    -RXLIEFWIRGISJEPSGEPFYMPHMRKGSHIJSVFYMPHMRKW[MXL
    VIKYPEVKISQIXVMGWLETIWVIWTSRWIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWERHWMXI
    PSGEXMSRWXLIJSPPS[MRKWLSYPHETTP]&YMPHMRKWXLEXHSRSX

    GSQTP][MXLXLIWIJIEXYVIWWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIHSYXWMHIXLI
    WGSTISJXLIKYMHI  
     4VSGIHYVI{;MRH TVIWWYVIW ERH [MRH PSEHW
    EX WXVIRKXL PIZIP WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
    7XITWXLVSYKLOIITMRKMRQMRHXLEXFYMPHMRK[MRHPSEHW
    EVIFEWIHSRXLIKVSWWI\TSWIHEVIEWMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLI
    [MRH[LIVIEWGSQTSRIRXERHGPEHHMRK[MRHPSEHWEVIFEWIH
    SRXLIIPIQIRXEVIEYRHIVWXYH]

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    8EFPI F{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWPMKLXTEVXMXMSRW

    'SQTSRIRX

    0SEH PFJX TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI


    QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMR
    JXXSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRPFJX

    0SEH O2Q TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI


    QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQ
    XSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRO2Q

    
    
    
    
    
    

    
    
    
    
    
    

    0MKLXTEVXMXMSRW
    1SZEFPIWXIIPTEVXMXMSRW RSRJYPPLIMKLX
    1SZEFPIWXIIPTEVXMXMSRW JYPPLIMKLX
    ;SSHSVWXIIPWXYHWMR QQ K]TWYQFSEVHIEGLWMHI
    ;SSHWXYHW\MR \QQ YRTPEWXIVIH
    ;SSHWXYHW\MR \QQ TPEWXIVIHSRIWMHI
    ;SSHWXYHW\MR \QQ TPEWXIVIHX[SWMHIW

    8EFPI G{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHWZIRIIV

    'SQTSRIRX

    0SEH PFJX TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI


    QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRJXXSSFXEMR
    PMRIPSEHWMRPFJX

    0SEH O2Q TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI


    QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQXSSFXEMR
    PMRIPSEHWMRO2Q

     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW
     TIVMRXLMGORIWW

     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW
     TIVQQXLMGORIWW

    :IRIIV
    +VERMXI
    0MQIWXSRI
    7ERHWXSRI
    'IVEQMG

    8EFPI H{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHW[EPPW
    0SEH PFJX
    TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI
    QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRJXXS
    SFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRPFJX

    0SEH O2Q
    TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI
    QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQXS
    SFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRO2Q

    \MR \QQ EXMR QQ MR


    QQ K]TWYQMRWYPEXIHMR QQ WMHMRK

    

    

    \MR \QQ EXMR QQ MR


    QQ K]TWYQMRWYPEXIHMR QQ WMHMRK

    

    

    'SQTSRIRX
    ;EPPW
    )\XIVMSVWXYH[EPPW WXIIPSV[SSHWXYHW 

    )\XIVMSVWXYH[EPPW[MXLFVMGOZIRIIV
    'PE]WSPMHQEWSRV]YRMX[EPPW
    9RTPEWXIVIH
    'PE]XMPIQEWSRV]YRMX[EPPW
    4PEWXIVMRFSXLJEGIW
    9RTPEWXIVIH
    ,SPPS[GSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMX[EPPW
    2SKVSYX
    MRSG Q KVSYXWTEGMRK
    MRSG Q KVSYXWTEGMRK
    MRSG Q KVSYXWTEGMRK
    MRSG Q KVSYXWTEGMRK
    MRSG Q KVSYXWTEGMRK
    *YPPKVSYX
    7SPMHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMX[EPPW
    9RTPEWXIVIH

    

    

    ;EPPXLMGORIWW
    MRMRMRMR
    

    ;EPPXLMGORIWW QQ
    
    

    ;EPPXLMGORIWW
    MRMRMRMRMR
    
    

    ;EPPXLMGORIWW QQ
    
    
    

    ;EPPXLMGORIWW
    MRMRMRMRMR
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    ;EPPXLMGORIWW QQ
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    ;EPPXLMGORIWW
    MRMRMRMRMR
    

    ;EPPXLMGORIWW QQ
    
    

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    8EFPI I{7XERHMRKRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWQMRMQYQHIEHPSEHW[MRHS[W

    'SQTSRIRX

    0SEH PFJX TIVJXSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI


    QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRJX
    XSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRPFJX

    0SEH O2Q TIVQSJZIVXMGEPWYVJEGI


    QYPXMTP]F]XLILIMKLXSJIPIQIRXMRQ
    XSSFXEMRPMRIPSEHWMRO2Q

    
    

    
    

    ;MRHS[W
    +PEWWGYVXEMR[EPPWKPEWWJVEQIERHWEWL
    ;MRHS[WKPEWWJVEQIERHWEWL

    8EFPI {%PXIVREXMZIQMRMQYQZEPYIWJSVHIEHPSEHSJRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW[LIRRSHIXEMPIH
    EREP]WMWMWTIVJSVQIH
    *EEHIERH
    TEVXMXMSRW
    PFJX O2Q
    TIVJX Q SJ
    floor area

    Floor finish and


    GIMPMRK
    PFJX O2Q
    TIVJX Q SJ
    floor area

    &YMPHMRKLEZMRKEREWWIQFP]VSSQ[MXLGETEGMX]SJPIWWXLER
    TIVWSRWERHRSXLEZMRKEWXEKI

     

     

    1SZEFPIJYPPLIMKLXTEVXMXMSRW
    *M\IHQEWSRV]TEVXMXMSRW
    'PEWWVSSQW
    0MKLXMRHYWXVMIW
    6IWMHIRXMEPFSEVHERHGEVIJEGMPMXMIW
    4VMWSRWNEMPWVIJSVQEXSVMIWHIXIRXMSRGIRXIVW
    (E]GEVIJEGMPMXMIW
    (MWTPE]ERHWEPISJQIVGLERHMWI
    1EWSRV]JEEHIERHTEVXMXMSRW
    0MKLXJEEHIERHTEVXMXMSRW
    7XSVEKISJPMKLXQEXIVMEPW

     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     

     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     

    +EVEKIWJSVZILMGPIW[MXLGEVV]MRKGETEGMX]YTXSPF OK

     

     

    3GGYTERG]
    +VSYT%{%WWIQFP]

    %
    %

    +VSYT&{&YWMRIWW

    &

    +VSYT){)HYGEXMSREP
    +VSYT*{*EGXSV]

    +VSYT1{1IVGERXMPI

    )
    *
    -
    -
    -
    1

    +VSYT6{6IWMHIRXMEP

    +VSYT7{7XSVEKI

    7

    +VSYT9{9XMPMX]ERH
    1MWGIPPERISYW

    +VSYT-{-RWXMXYXMSREP

    8EFPI {1MRMQYQYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHPMZIPSEHW
    3GGYTERG]SVYWI

    +VSYT%{%WWIQFP]

    +VSYT&{&YWMRIWW

    +VSYT){
    )HYGEXMSREP
    +VSYT*{*EGXSV]
    +VSYT-{
    -RWXMXYXMSREP
    +VSYT1{
    1IVGERXMPI
    +VSYT6{
    6IWMHIRXMEP
    +VSYT7{7XSVEKI
    +VSYT9{9XMPMX]
    ERH1MWGIPPERISYW

    &EPGSRMIW
    'SVVMHSVWERHWXEMV[E]W
    +]QREWMYQW
    0SFFMIW
    1SZEFPIWIEXW
    6IGVIEXMSREPEVIEW
    4PEXJSVQW
    'SVVMHSVWERHWXEMV[E]W
    Offices
    6IWXEYVERXW
    'PEWWVSSQW
    'SVVMHSVWERHWXEMV[E]W
    0MFVEVMIW
    6IEHMRKVSSQW
    7XEGOVSSQW
    0MKLXMRHYWXVMIW
    3TIVEXMRKVSSQWPEFSVEXSVMIW
    ;EVHWERHTVMZEXIVSSQW
    'SVVMHSVWERHWXEMV[E]W
    6IXEMP
    ;LSPIWEPI
    &EPGSRMIW
    4VMZEXIVSSQWERHGSVVMHSVWWIVZMRKXLIQ
    4YFPMGVSSQWERHGSVVMHSVWWIVZMRKXLIQ
    7XEMV[E]W
    0MKLX
    +EVEKIWJSVTEWWIRKIVGEVWSRP]

    9RMJSVQPSEH PFJX TIVJXSJ 9RMJSVQPSEH O2Q TIVQ


    of floor area
    floor area
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    

    

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    8EFPI {8]TMGEPZEPYIWSJWXVIRKXLPIZIP
    FEWMG[MRHWTIIH:

    *MK{1MRMQYQWRS[PSEH
    7XIT  :IPSGMX] TVIWWYVI UL WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH MR
    EGGSVHERGI[MXLERH
    7XIT  %TTVSTVMEXI 'WY pressure coefficients should
    FI WIPIGXIH JVSQ  HITIRHMRK SR I\TSWIH FYMPHMRK
    WYVJEGIW EWWYQMRK XLEX XLI [MRH EGXW MR XLI TSWMXMZI ERH
    RIKEXMZI WIRWI MR FSXL TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSRW MR TPER SJ XLI
    FYMPHMRK
    7XIT:IPSGMX]TVIWWYVIUL affected by the force coefficients
    ERHQYPXMTPMIHF]XLII\TSWIHEVIESJXLIWYVJEGI%WYWLSYPH
    FIYWIHXSHIXIVQMRIXLIIUYMZEPIRXWXEXMG[MRHHIWMKRJSVGI
    *WY XLEXEGXWMR EHMVIGXMSRRSVQEP XSXLI I\TSWIHFYMPHMRK
    WYVJEGIW
    7XIT  'SQTSRIRXW MR XLI HMVIGXMSR SJ XLI [MRH SJ XLI
    WXEXMG[MRHPSEHWXLEXEGXSRXLIWYVJEGIW*WYWLSYPHFIEPKI
    FVEMGEPP] EHHIH XS SFXEMR XLI [MRH FEWI WLIEV :[ JSV XLI
    FYMPHMRKMRIEGLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRMRTPERMRFSXLWIRWIW
    7XIT  7XEXMG [MRH PSEHW XLEX EGX SR XLI WXVYGXYVEP
    QIQFIVW ERH GPEHHMRK WLSYPH FI YWIH XS HIWMKR XLI MRHM
    ZMHYEPIPIQIRXWERHXLIMVEXXEGLQIRXWXSXLIWXVYGXYVI
    7XIT7XEXMG[MRHPSEHWXLEXEGXSRXLIFYMPHMRKWLSYPH
    FIYWIHXSHIWMKRXLIQIQFIVWSJXLIPEXIVEPPSEHVIWMWXMRK
    W]WXIQERHXLISZIVEPPWXEFMPMX]SJXLIWXVYGXYVI
     %TTPMGEXMSR SJ TVIWWYVIW ERH PSEHW{7XEXMG
    [MRHHIWMKRPSEHW*WYWLSYPHFIEWWYQIHXSEGXMREHMVIG
    XMSR RSVQEP XS XLI WYVJEGI GSRWMHIVIH EX XLI GIRXVSMH SJ
    MXW EVIE *WY YWIH MR GEPGYPEXMRK FYMPHMRK PSEHW WLSYPH FI
    I\TVIWWIH EW XLI VIWYPXERX EPSRK XLI TVMRGMTEP E\MW SJ XLI
    FYMPHMRK )U F 
     'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLI[MRHPSEHW
     :IPSGMX]TVIWWYVIGEPGYPEXMSR{:IPSGMX]TVIWWYVI
    ULEXXLIQIERVSSJLIMKLXLVSZIVXLIXIVVEMRWLSYPHFIGEPGY
    PEXIHJVSQ)U E ERH F 

    qh

    1 2 hr
    V
    400
    33

    2
    7

    ULMRPFJX  LVMRQERH:MRQTL E


    

    ULMRO2Q LVMRQERH:MRQW

    6IKMSR

    :QTL

    :QW

    -WPERHWERHGSEWXEPVIKMSRWI\TSWIHXSXVSTMGEP
    WXSVQW

    XS
    

    XS

    -WPERHWERHGSEWXEPVIKMSRWI\TSWIHXS
    WYFXVSTMGEPWXSVQW

    XS
    

    XS

    -WPERHWERHGSEWXEPVIKMSRWRSXI\TSWIHXS
    XVSTMGEPSVWYFXVSTMGEPWXSVQW

    XS
    

    XS

    8SVREHSTVSRIVIKMSRW

    XS
    

    XS

    'SRXMRIRXEPVIKMSRWQSVIXLERQMPIW
    OQ JVSQXLIGSEWX

    XS
    

    XS

     7IPIGXMSRSJFEWMG[MRHWTIIH{&EWMG[MRHWTIIH
    EX WXVIRKXL PIZIP : GSVVIWTSRHW XS E WIGSRH KYWX WTIIH
    EXJX Q EFSZIKVSYRHQIEWYVIHEXSTIRXIVVEMR[MXL
    WGEXXIVIHSFWXVYGXMSRWLEZMRKLIMKLXWPIWWXLERJX Q 
    WYGLEWSTIRGSYRXV][MXLE]IEVQIERVIXYVRTIVMSH
    8LITIVGIRXI\GIIHERGITVSFEFMPMX]MRE]IEVTIVMSH
    SVXLIERRYEPTVSFEFMPMX]XLEXXLIFEWMG[MRHWTIIH[MPPFI
    I\GIIHIHMW
    8EFPI  KMZIW X]TMGEP ZEPYIW SJ FEWMG [MRH WTIIH
    EX WXVIRKXL PIZIP KMZIR EW E KYMHI JSV VIKMSRW SYXWMHI SJ
    XLI9RMXIH7XEXIWERHGSYRXVMIW[LIVI[MRHWTIIHZIPSGMX]
    MRJSVQEXMSRMWRSXEZEMPEFPI8LIYWIVWLSYPHVIJIVXSLMWXSV
    MGEPVIGSVHWSVPSGEPVIKYPEXMSRWJSVEGXYEPHIWMKRWTIIH%
    HMWXMRGXMSRWLSYPHFIQEHIFIX[IIRXLIX]TISJFEWMG[MRH
    WTIIH WIGSRHKYWXSVJEWXIWXQMPI XLIQIERVIXYVRTIVMSH
    and the type of exposure where the wind velocity is defined.
    +MZIR XLI PEXIVEPPSEHFYMPHMRK WXMJJRIWW SFXEMRIH JVSQ XLI
    KYMHIEKYWXIJJIGXJEGXSVMWRSXMRGPYHIHMRXLITVSGIHYVI
     ;MRHPSEHWSREFYMPHMRK{8LIIUYMZEPIRXWXEXMG
    WXVIRKXL PIZIP [MRH JSVGI XLEX EGXW MR XLI HMVIGXMSR RSVQEP
    XS XLI [MRHI\TSWIH WYVJEGI WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK
    )U E 6IKEVHPIWWSJXLISTIRRIWWSJXLII\TSWIH
    WYVJEGIXLIKVSWWEVIEWLSYPHFIYWIH
    *WY!UL%WY'WY

    E

    [LIVI %WYMWXLII\TSWIHWYVJEGIEVIEERH 'WYMWXLIZEPYI


    KMZIRMR
    % TSWMXMZI ZEPYI SJ *WY MRHMGEXIWXLEX XLIJSVGIMW EGXMRK
    XS[EVHXLIWYVJEGIERHERIKEXMZIZEPYIMRHMGEXIW XLEXXLI
    JSVGI MW EGXMRKE[E] JVSQ XLI WYVJEGI WYGXMSR  8LI [MRH
    design force at floor level \ *\HYIXS[MRHMRETVMRGMTEP
    HMVIGXMSRMRTPERWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHEWXLIWYQSJEPP[MRH
    I\TSWIHWYVJEGIWSJXLIWXSV]YWMRK)U F 

    Fx

    n
    w 1

    Fsu( w ) cos

    cos

    F

    [LIVI [MWXLILSVM^SRXEPERKPIFIX[IIRXLIRSVQEPXSXLI
    WYVJEGIERH XLITVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRMR TPER YRHIV GSRWMHIV
    EXMSRERH [MWXLIZIVXMGEPERKPIFIX[IIRXLIRSVQEPXSXLI
    WYVJEGIERHELSVM^SRXEPPMRI

    F
    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    8EFPI 4.10.3.1Pressure coefficients for the building as a whole


    8]TISJWYVJEGI
    :IVXMGEPWYVJEGIW
    4VMWQEXMGVIGXERKYPEVFYMPHMRKW
    4EVXMEPP]STIRWYVJEGIW 'WYETTPMIWSZIVKVSWWEVIE
    TIVGIRXXSTIVGIRXSTIR
    "TIVGIRXSTIR
    ,SVM^SRXEPVSSJWYVJEGIW
    )RGPSWIHFYMPHMRKW
    &YMPHMRKW[MXLSRISVX[SSTIRWMHIW

    'WY
    8SXEPFYMPHMRK

    'WY
    ;MRH[EVH

    'WY
    0II[EVH

    

    

    z

    
    

    
    

    z
    z

    z
    z

    z
    z

    z
    z
    z
    z
    z
    z
    

    z
    z
    z
    z
    z
    z
    z
    z

    'WYETTPMIWSZIVSJXLIVSSJEVIEJSV[MRH[EVH
    'WYETTPMIWSZIVSJXLIVSSJEVIEJSVPII[EVH
    7PSTMRKVSSJWYVJEGIW
    6SSJERKPIQIEWYVIH[MXLVIWTIGXXSELSVM^SRXEPPMRI
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    5"

    5

    -R )U F , care should be used in defining the sign


    XSFIYWIHJSV*WY[MXLVIWTIGXXSXLIHMVIGXMSRMR[LMGLXLI
    JSVGIMWEGXMRK
    8LI [MRH FEWI WLIEV :[ MR E TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSR MR TPER
    GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIWYQSJEPPWXSV][MRHPSEHW*\MRXLITVMR
    GMTEPHMVIGXMSRMRTPERYRHIVWXYH]
     ;MRH PSEHW SR GSQTSRIRXW ERH GPEHHMRK{
    'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLIWXVIRKXLPIZIP[MRHJSVGISRGSQTSRIRXW
    ERHGPEHHMRKWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIHYWMRK)U  
    *T[!UL%T'T

    

    [LIVI %TMWXLIGSQTSRIRXI\TSWIHWYVJEGIEVIEERH'TMW
    XLIGSQTSRIRXWYVJEGITVIWWYVI
     Pressure coefficients
     Pressure coefficients for a building{4VIWWYVI
    coefficients in Table 4.10.3.1 should be used for the calcula
    tion of the wind loads on a building. Note that coefficients
    reflect the direction of the force relative to the direction of
    XLIQIQFIVW-RXIVQWSJXLIFYMPHMRKXSXEPPSEHIJJIGXJSV
    ZIVXMGEPWYVJEGIWXLIEFWSPYXIZEPYIWWLSYPHFIEHHIH
     Pressure coefficients for components and clad
    HMRKPressure coefficients in Table 4.10.3.2 should be used
    JSV XLI GEPGYPEXMSR SJ XLI WXVIRKXL PIZIP [MRH PSEHW SRXLI
    GSQTSRIRXWERHGPEHHMRKTSWMXMZIJSVTVIWWYVIERHRIKEXMZI
    JSVWYGXMSR
    {7IMWQMGPSEHW
     +IRIVEP{6IWMWXERGI XS WIMWQMG PSEHW WLSYPH FI
    provided by using a sufficient number of reinforced concrete
    [EPPW GSRXMRYSYW JVSQ XLI VSSJ XS XLI JSYRHEXMSR MR FSXL
    TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSRW MR TPER 6IMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI [EPPW

    8EFPI 4.10.3.2Pressure coefficients for


    GSQTSRIRXWERHGPEHHMRK
    8]TISJWYVJEGI
    :IVXMGEPWYVJEGIW
    )\XIVMSV[EPPWSJIRGPSWIHFYMPHMRKW
    (SSVWERH[MRHS[W
    )\XIVMSV[EPPWSJFYMPHMRKW[MXLSRISVQSVIWMHIWSTIR
    ,SVM^SRXEPWYVJEGIW
    %[E]JVSQIHKIWERHGSVRIVW
    )HKIWSJFYMPHMRKERHE[E]JVSQGSVRIVW
    'SVRIVWSJFYMPHMRK

    'T
    
    
    
    
    
    

    )HKIHMWXERGIMWTIVGIRXSJPIRKXLSJWYVJEGIMRGSRWMHIVEXMSR

    TVSHYGIWXMJJWXVYGXYVIW[MXLEWLSVXJYRHEQIRXEPTIVMSHSJ
    vibration, and the seismic loads given in the guide reflect
    XLMW X]TISJWXVYGXYVI 8LIGEPGYPEXMSRSJWIMWQMG PSEHW JSV
    more flexible structures is beyond the scope of the guide.
    %HHMXMSREPWIMWQMGMRJSVQEXMSRMWTVIWIRXIHMR'LETXIV
     7IMWQMGKVSYRHQSXMSRW
     7IMWQMGPSEHWERHWIMWQMGHIWMKR{-XMWMRXIRHIHXLEX
    [LIVIXLIKSZIVRMRKEYXLSVMX]LEWEHSTXIHF]PSGEPSVHMRERGI
    XLIQSHIPGSHI -&' ERHVIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH %7') 
    WIMWQMGHIWMKRPSEHWERHWIMWQMGHIWMKRTVIWGVMFIHYRHIVXLI
    QSHIPGSHI -&' ERHVIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH %7') 
    WLSYPH FI YWIH QIIXMRK  ERH  ;LIVI XLIWI
    WXERHEVHWLEZIRSXFIIREHSTXIHF]XLIKSZIVRMRKEYXLSVMX]
    XLVSYKLWLSYPHFIYWIH
     (IWMKR WTIGXVEP EGGIPIVEXMSR TEVEQIXIVW{8LI
    HIWMKR IEVXLUYEOI WTIGXVEP EGGIPIVEXMSR TEVEQIXIV EX WLSVX
    TIVMSH 7(7 WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ XLI TVSGIHYVI IWXEF

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    8EFPI 4.11.2.4.2Values of the site coefficient *E


    7SMP
    profile
    7%
    7&
    7'
    7(
    7)

    Site coefficient *EJSVWLSVXTIVMSHWSJZMFVEXMSR


    %E 
    %E!
    %E!
    %E!
    %E 
    
    
    
    
    

    
    
    
    
    

    
    
    
    
    

    
    
    
    
    

    
    
    
    
    

    PMWLIHMRVIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH%7')8LIHIWMKRWTIGXVEP
    SVHMREXIWJSVHIXIVQMRMRKWIMWQMGPSEHW7ESJXLIKYMHIEVI
    IUYEPXS7(7
     7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSVMIW{-R XLI KYMHI XLI
    JSPPS[MRKHMWXMRGXMSRSJ7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIWEWEWWS
    GMEXIH[MXLWIMWQMGVMWOWLSYPHFIYWIHMRXLSWIGEWIW[LIVI
    VIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH%7')LEWRSXFIIREHSTXIHF]PSGEP
    EYXLSVMXMIW
    E  0S[SVRSWIMWQMGVMWO^SRIWEVI[LIVIXLI7IMWQMG
    (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] EWWMKRIH XS XLI WXVYGXYVI MR XLI TVSGI
    HYVIMRXLIVIJIVIRGIHWXERHEVHWJSV7LSVX4IVMSH6IWTSRWI
    %GGIPIVEXMSRMWIMXLIV%SV&
    F  1SHIVEXI SV LMKL WIMWQMG VMWO ^SRIW EVI [LIVI XLI
    7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] EWWMKRIH XS XLI WXVYGXYVI MR XLI
    TVSGIHYVI MR XLI VIJIVIRGIW WXERHEVHW JSV 7LSVX4IVMSH
    6IWTSRWI%GGIPIVEXMSRMW'()SV*
     7IMWQMG PSEHW ERH WIMWQMG HIWMKR [LIR XLI
    VIJIVIRGIH WXERHEVHW LEZI RSX FIIR EHSTXIH{;LIVI XLI
    KSZIVRMRKEYXLSVMX]LEWRSXEHSTXIHXLIQSHIPGSHI -&' 
    ERHVIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH %7') XLIKVSYRHQSXMSRWLSYPH
    FI HIWGVMFIH XLVSYKL ER IJJIGXMZI TIEO KVSYRH LSVM^SRXEP
    EGGIPIVEXMSR MR VSGO JSV WLSVX TIVMSHW SJ ZMFVEXMSR %E
    I\TVIWWIHEWEJVEGXMSRSJKVEZMX]K8LIZEPYIWKMZIRMRXLI
    KIRIVEPFYMPHMRKGSHILEZMRKNYVMWHMGXMSRWLEPPFIYWIHJSV
    SFXEMRMRKXLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKZEPYIW  
    Where the building code having jurisdiction defines a
    QE\MQYQGSRWMHIVIHWIMWQMGKVSYRHQSXMSRFEWIHSRWTIG
    XVEPVIWTSRWIEGGIPIVEXMSRWEXTIVGIRXSJGVMXMGEPHEQTMRK
    XLIWLSVXTIVMSH WIGSRH ZEPYIW7WWLSYPHFIIQTPS]IH
    ERHXLIZEPYISJ%EQE]FISFXEMRIHEW%E!7W;LIVI
    the building code having jurisdiction defines a seismic zone
    JEGXSV >XLIZEPYISJ%EWLSYPHFIXEOIRIUYEPXS>
     Soil profile types&EWIH SR XLI WSMP X]TI
    present at the building site, the soil profile should be classified
    EWSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRK
    (a) Soil Profile 7%LEVHVSGO[MXLEQIEWYVIHWLIEV[EZI
    ZIPSGMX] ZW "JXW QW 
    (b) Soil Profile 7& VSGO [MXL QSHIVEXI JVEGXYVMRK ERH
    [IEXLIVMRK[MXLEQIEWYVIHWLIEV[EZIZIPSGMX]MRXLIVERKI
    JXW ZW "JXW?QW ZW "QWA 
    (c) Soil Profile 7' WSJX [IEXLIVIH SV JVEGXYVIH VSGO SV
    HIRWISVWXMJJWSMP[LIVIXLIQIEWYVIHWLIEV[EZIZIPSGMX]
    MWMRXLIVERKI JXW ZW "JXW?QW ZW "
    QWA SVMRXLIYTTIVJX Q XLI748VIWMWXERGILEW
    EREZIVEKIZEPYISJ2 "SVEWLIEVWXVIRKXLJSVGPE]WWY
    PFJX WY O4E 
    (d) Soil Profile 7(TVIHSQMREXIP]QIHMYQHIRWIXSHIRWI
    SVQIHMYQWXMJJXSWXMJJWSMP[LIVIXLIQIEWYVIHWLIEV[EZI
    ZIPSGMX]MWMRXLIVERKI JXW ZW "JXW?QW

    ZW "QWA SV[LIVIMRXLIYTTIVJX Q XLI748


    VIWMWXERGILEWEREZIVEKIZEPYIMRXLIVERKI  2 c 
    SVEWLIEVWXVIRKXLJSVGPE]WMRXLIVERKI PFJX c WY 
    PFJX?O4Ec WY O4EA 
    (e) Soil Profile 7) a soil profile where the measured shear
    [EZIZIPSGMX]ZW JXW QW SVXLI748VIWMWXERGI
    LEWEREZIVEKIZEPYI2 MRXLIYTTIVJX Q SV
    LEWQSVIXLERJX Q SJTPEWXMG 4-" LMKLQSMWXYVI
    GSRXIRX ["TIVGIRX ERHPS[WLIEVWXVIRKXL WY PF
    JX?WY O4EA GPE]WERH
    (f) Seismically vulnerable soils: sites where the soil profile
    GSRXEMRWWSMPLEZMRKSRISVQSVISJXLIJSPPS[MRKGLEVEGXIV
    MWXMGWEVIFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLIKYMHI M WSMPWZYPRIVEFPI
    XSTSXIRXMEPJEMPYVISVGSPPETWIYRHIVWIMWQMGQSXMSRWWYGL
    as liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, collaps
    MFPI[IEOP]GIQIRXIHWSMP MM TIEXWLMKLP]SVKERMGGPE]W
    SVFSXL[MXLQSVIXLERJX Q SJXLMGORIWW MM ZIV]
    LMKLTPEWXMGMX]GPE]W 4-" [MXLQSVIXLERJX Q SJ
    XLMGORIWWERH MZ WSJXXSQIHMYQWXMJJGPE]W[MXLQSVIXLER
    JX Q SJXLMGORIWW
    When the soil profile and properties are not known well
    enough in detail to determine the soil profile type, a soil
    profile 7(WLSYPHFIYWIH
     7MXI IJJIGXW{7MXI IJJIGXW WLSYPH FI HIWGVMFIH
    through the site coefficient for short periods of vibration, *E
    Values of the site coefficient for short periods of vibration,
    *EWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ8EFPIEWEJYRG
    XMSRSJXLIIJJIGXMZITIEOKVSYRHLSVM^SRXEPEGGIPIVEXMSRMR
    VSGOJSV WLSVX TIVMSHWSJZMFVEXMSR %E, and the soil profile
    X]TIJVSQ0MRIEVMRXIVTSPEXMSRGERFIYWIHFIX[IIR
    ZEPYIWSJ%EMR8EFPI
    7MXI IJJIGX SJ WIMWQMGEPP] ZYPRIVEFPI WSMPW EW HIWGVMFIH
    MR  MW FI]SRH XLI WGSTI SJ XLI KYMHI ERH HIWMKRW
    WLSYPHRSXFIQEHIYRHIVXLIKYMHIJSVFYMPHMRKWPSGEXIHSR
    WYGLWSMP
     7IMWQMG VMWO ^SRIW [LIR VIJIVIRGIH WXERHEVHW
    LEZIRSXFIIREHSTXIH{8LIJSPPS[MRKHMWXMRGXMSRSJWIMWQMG
    VMWOWLSYPHFIYWIH
    E 0S[ERHRSWIMWQMGVMWO^SRIW^SRIW[LIVI%EMWPIWW
    XLERSVIUYEPXSERH
    F 1SHIVEXISVLMKLWIMWQMGVMWO^SRIW^SRIW[LIVI%E
    I\GIIHW
     (IWMKRVIWTSRWIWTIGXVEPSVHMREXIW[LIRVIJIV
    IRGIH WXERHEVHW LEZI RSX FIIR EHSTXIH{3VHMREXIW SJ XLI
    IPEWXMGHIWMKRVIWTSRWIWTIGXVYQ7EJSVEHEQTMRKVEXMSSJ
    TIVGIRXSJGVMXMGEPI\TVIWWIHEWEJVEGXMSRSJXLIEGGIPIVEXMSR
    SJKVEZMX]WLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHEW
    7E!%E*E

    

     7IMWQMGHIWMKRFEWIWLIEV
     7IMWQMGVIWMWXERXWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ{8LIWIMWQMG
    resistant structural system used in this guide is classified as
    EHYEPFYMPHMRKJVEQIW]WXIQ[LIVIERIWWIRXMEPP]GSQTPIXI
    QSQIRXVIWMWXERX WTEGI JVEQI WYTTSVXW KVEZMX] PSEHW ERH
    VIWMWXERGIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWMWTVSZMHIHF]VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
    [EPPW [MXL XLI QSQIRXVIWMWXMRK WTEGI JVEQI TVSZMHMRK
    E QMRMQYQ GSPPEXIVEP PEXIVEP PSEH VIWMWXERGI 6IMRJSVGIH

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    GSRGVIXI [EPPW VIWMWXMRK PEXIVEP PSEHW EVI RSX TIVQMXXIH XS


    GEVV]ZIVXMGEPE\MEPPSEHWKVIEXIVXLEXXLIFEPERGIHTSMRXE\MEP
    WXVIRKXL )U  
     )RIVK]HMWWMTEXMSRGETEGMX]SJXLIWIMWQMGVIWMW
    XERXWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ{8LIIRIVK]HMWWMTEXMSRGETEGMX]MR
    XLIMRIPEWXMGVERKISJXLIWIMWQMGVIWMWXERXWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ
    described by the response modification factor, should have
    EZEPYISJ6W !
     'EPGYPEXMSR SJ XLI WIMWQMG HIWMKR FEWIWLIEV{
    8LI WIMWQMG HIWMKR FEWI WLIEV :FW IUYMZEPIRX XS XLI XSXEP
    LSVM^SRXEPMRIVXMEPIJJIGXWGEYWIHF]WIMWQMGKVSYRHQSXMSRW
    WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRK)U  
    a

    bs

    

    [LIVI 7EWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U   6WMWXLI


    response modification factor determined from 4.11.3.2; and
    ;WGSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIXSXEP[IMKLXSJXLIFYMPHMRK;WWLSYPH
    MRGPYHIXLIXSXEP[IMKLXSJXLIWXVYGXYVITPYWXLI[IMKLXSJEPP
    RSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWWYGLEW[EPPWERHTEVXMXMSRWTIVQE
    RIRXIUYMTQIRXXEROWERHXLIGSRXEMRIHPMUYMHMRWXSVEKIERH
    SGGYTERGMIW ;W WLSYPH EPWS MRGPYHI  TIVGIRX SJ XLI PMZI
    PSEHERHXLIWRS[PSEH[LIRXLIWRS[PSEHI\GIIHWPF
    JX O4E 
     :IVXMGEP HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ HIWMKR WIMWQMG PSEHW{
    8SXEPWIMWQMGHIWMKRFEWIWLIEVWLSYPHFIHMWXVMFYXIHSZIV
    XLIFYMPHMRKLIMKLXYWMRK)U E ERH)U F %X
    each floor level designated as \ *\WLSYPHFIETTPMIHSZIV
    XLIFYMPHMRKEVIEMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIQEWWHMWXVMFYXMSRW
    EXIEGLPIZIP
    *\!'Z\:FW

    Cvx

    w x hx
    n
    i 1

    wi hi

    E

    

    QMRIHF]%[MRHFEWIWLIEV:SERHMXWHMWXVMFYXMSR
    SZIVXLIFYMPHMRKLIMKLXWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJSVFSXLQEMR
    HMVIGXMSRWMRTPEREWHIXIVQMRIHF]8LISZIVXYVRMRK
    QSQIRX 1SXGEYWIHF]XLI[MRHPSEHWMRFSXLQEMRHMVIG
    XMSRWMRTPERWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHEWHIXIVQMRIHF]
    The application of the resultant wind loads on each floor and
    TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSR WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH ERH XLI XSVWMSREP
    QSQIRXWSRXLIWXVYGXYVI8MEFSYXEZIVXMGEPE\MWWLSYPHFI
    IZEPYEXIHEWHIXIVQMRIHF]JSVIEGLWXSV]
     7IMWQMG PSEHW{7IMWQMG PSEHW WLSYPH FI HIXIV
    QMRIHF],SVM^SRXEPWIMWQMGPSEHW*\EXIEGLPIZIP\
    ERHMRIEGLQEMRHMVIGXMSRMRTPERWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]
    %PEXIVEPFEWIWLIEV:SERHMXWHMWXVMFYXMSRSZIVXLI
    FYMPHMRKLIMKLXWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]ERH
    JSV FSXL QEMRHMVIGXMSRW MR TPER 8LI SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX
    1SXHYIXSXLIWIMWQMGPSEHWMRFSXLQEMRHMVIGXMSRWMRTPER
    WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F]  %TTPMGEXMSR TSMRX SJ XLI
    seismic force at each floor should be the center of mass of the
    floor diaphragm. The effect of an eccentricity between the
    center of mass of the floor diaphragm and the center of stiff
    RIWW GSVVIWTSRHMRK XS XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK WXVYGXYVEP
    QIQFIVW WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH ERH XLI XSVWMSREP QSQIRXW
    SRXLIWXVYGXYVI8MEFSYXEZIVXMGEPE\MWWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIH
    F] JSVIEGLWXSV]
     7SMPPEXIVEPPSEHW{0EXIVEPPSEHWHYIXSWSMPTVIW
    WYVIWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]'LETXIV(YIXSXLIVIWXVMG
    XMSRWSJERHVIXEMRMRK[EPPWPEXIVEPP]WYTTSVXIH
    F]XLIFYMPHMRKWLSYPHFISRP]SRIWXSV]MRLIMKLX8LIVIEG
    tion from the lateral soil pressure on the first story per unit
    LSVM^SRXEPPIRKXLSJVIXEMRMRK[EPPWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHF]
    )U  
    R p1

    pz hs3
    6h p 1

    

    F

    {7SMP[IMKLXERHPEXIVEPTVIWWYVI
    8LIHIWMKRSJFEWIQIRX[EPPWERHWMQMPEVZIVXMGEPIPIQIRXW
    FIPS[KVEHIWLSYPHMRGPYHIXLIPEXIVEPTVIWWYVISJEHNEGIRX
    WSMPJSPPS[MRK
    {0EXIVEPPSEHW
     +IRIVEP{%PPETTPMGEFPIPEXIVEPPSEHWEWHIWGVMFIH
    MR 'LETXIVWLSYPHFIYWIHMRXLIHIWMKR8LIWMQYPXERISYW
    SGGYVVIRGISJPEXIVEPPSEHW[MXLSXLIVPSEHWWLSYPHFIIZEPY
    EXIHYWMRKXLIPSEHGSQFMREXMSRSJ%GSRXMRYSYWPSEH
    TEXLJVSQ XLI PEXIVEP JSVGI ETTPMGEXMSR TSMRX XSXLI PEXIVEP
    force-resisting structural elements should be identified
    ERHEPPIPIQIRXWEPSRKXLIPSEHTEXLWLSYPHLEZIEHIUYEXI
    WXVIRKXL
     %TTPMGEXMSRSJPEXIVEPPSEHW
     ;MRHPSEHW{;MRHPSEHW WLSYPHFI HIXIVQMRIH
    F]  ,SVM^SRXEP WXVIRKXL PIZIP [MRH PSEHW *\ EX IEGL
    PIZIP \ERHMRIEGLQEMRHMVIGXMSRMRTPERWLSYPHFIXLIWYQ
    SJ XLI [MRH[EVH ERH PII[EVH [MRH GSQTSRIRXW EW HIXIV

    [LIVI T^MWXLIPEXIVEPTVIWWYVIEXHITXLSJWSMPLW  


    ERH LT is the first-story height (*MK 
    8[SHMJJIVIRXGEWIWWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH[LIRHIWMKRMRK
    XLIWXVYGXYVIEWE[LSPIJSVXLIIJJIGXWSJPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVI
    1. Case 1A building located in flat or nearly flat terrain
    HSIW RSX RIIH E PEXIVEP EREP]WMW SJ XLI SZIVEPP WXVYGXYVI
    HYI XS WSMP TVIWWYVI FIGEYWI PEXIVEP VIEGXMSRW HYI XS WSMP
    TVIWWYVI SR FEWIQIRX [EPPW MR STTSWMXI WMHIW EVI ETTVS\M
    QEXIP]IUYEPGSQTIRWEXIIEGLSXLIVERHMRXVSHYGIERIEVP]
    uniform in-plane compression on the first-floor slab. In this
    GEWI PEXIVEP WSMPTVIWWYVI WLSYPHFI GSRWMHIVIHSRP][LIR
    HIWMKRMRKXLIWSMPVIXEMRMRKJSYRHEXMSRQIQFIVWEWRSXIHMR
    'LETXIVERHXLIQIQFIVWJVEQMRKMRXSMX
    'EWI{%FYMPHMRKPSGEXIHMRWPSTMRKXIVVEMRWYTTSVXW
    YRGSQTIRWEXIH PEXIVEP PSEHW [LIVI PEXIVEP VIEGXMSR HYI
    XS WSMP TVIWWYVIW SR FEWIQIRX [EPPW MR STTSWMXI WMHIW EVI
    HMJJIVIRX-RXLMWGEWIEPEXIVEPFEWIWLIEV:SWLSYPHFIHIXIV
    QMRIHF]JSVFSXLQEMRHMVIGXMSRWMRTPERJVSQXLI
    first-floor reaction. The overturning moment 1SXHYIXSWSMP
    PEXIVEP TVIWWYVI MR FSXL QEMR HMVIGXMSRW MR TPER WLSYPH FI
    HIXIVQMRIHF]8LIPSGEXMSRMRTPERSJXLIVIWYPXERX

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MK{3ZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRXGEPGYPEXMSR
    *MK{0EXIVEPVIHYGXMSRHYIXSWSMPTVIWWYVI

     *EGXSVIH SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX{8LI SZIVXYVRMRK


    QSQIRX HYIXS[MRH WIMWQMGJSVGI ERHPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVI
    WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHMRHITIRHIRXP]JSVXLIX[SQEMRHMVIG
    XMSRW MR TPER 8LI WXSV] SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRXEXPIZIP \JSV
    IEGL PEXIVEP JSVGI [MRH WIMWQMG ERH WSMP  GSVVIWTSRHWXS
    XLI WYQ SJ XLI QSQIRXW HYI XS PEXIVEP PSEHW EX XLEX WXSV]
    JVSQPIZIP\XSXLIVSSJEW HIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U E 
    *MK 
    E

    *MK{7XSV]WLIEVERHFEWIWLIEVGEPGYPEXMSR
    lateral soil loads on the first floor should be calculated and
    XLIXSVWMSREPQSQIRXWSRXLIWXVYGXYVI8MEFSYXEZIVXMGEP
    E\MWWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIHF]8LISGGYVVIRGISJ[MRH
    SVWIMWQMGPSEHWWMQYPXERISYWP][MXLXLMWWSMPTVIWWYVITIVQE
    RIRXPEXIVEPJSVGIWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIHYWMRKPSEHGSQFMRE
    XMSRWTVIWGVMFIHJSVXLMWGEWIMR
     *PYMHTVIWWYVI{%Y\MPMEV]WXVYGXYVIWWYFNIGXIHXS
    fluid pressure, such as water tanks, should be self-contained
    and fluid pressure should be compensated within the auxiliary
    WXVYGXYVI8LIQEMRFYMPHMRKWXVYGXYVIWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHXS
    VIWMWX PEXIVEP PSEHW HIVMZIH JVSQ GSRXEMRIH PMUYMHW ;IMKLX
    JVSQEY\MPMEV]XEROERHPMUYMHGSRXIRXWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
    MRXLIGEPGYPEXMSRSJ[IMKLXMRXLIVSSJPIZIP
     *EGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVERHFEWIWLIEV{&EWIWLIEV
    HYIXS[MRHWIMWQMGJSVGIERHPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIWLSYPH
    FIHIXIVQMRIHMRHITIRHIRXP]JSVXLIX[SQEMRHMVIGXMSRWMR
    TPER8LIWXSV]WLIEVEXPIZIP\JSVIEGLPEXIVEPJSVGI [MRH
    WIMWQMGERHWSMP GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIWYQSJXLIPEXIVEPPSEHW
    ETTPMIHXSXLIWXVYGXYVIMRXLIQEMRHMVIGXMSRYRHIVGSRWMHIV
    EXMSRJVSQWXSV]\XSXLIVSSJEWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U  
    *MK 

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    8LIFEWIWLIEV:SJSVIEGLPEXIVEPJSVGI [MRHWIMWQMGERH
    WSMP GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIWYQSJXLIPEXIVEPPSEHWETTPMIHXS
    XLIWXVYGXYVIMRXLIQEMRHMVIGXMSRYRHIVWXYH] *MK 
    *EGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEV:\YERHJEGXSVIHFEWIWLIEV:SYWLSYPH
    FIHIXIVQMRIHF]QYPXMTP]MRK:\ERH:SF]XLIETTVSTVMEXI
    PSEHJEGXSVJVSQ

    &EWISZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRX1SXJSVIEGLPEXIVEPJSVGI [MRH
    WIMWQMG ERH WSMP  GSVVIWTSRHW XS XLI WYQ SJ XLI TVSHYGX
    of the floor level lateral loads by the height to floor level
    QIEWYVIH JVSQ XLI FEWI SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI *MK   EW
    defined by Eq. (4.13.4b).

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    *EGXSVIH WXSV] SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX 1\Y ERH JEGXSVIH FEWI


    SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX 1SXY WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F] QYPXM
    TP]MRK 1\ERH1SXF]XLIETTVSTVMEXIPSEHJEGXSVJVSQ
     8SVWMSREP QSQIRXW{*SV IEGL WXSV] ERH MR IEGL
    TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSR XLI YRJEGXSVIH XSVWMSR 8M WLSYPH FI
    GSQTYXIHEWXLITVSHYGXSJXLIWXSV]PEXIVEPJSVGI*MXMQIW
    ERIGGIRXVMGMX]IUYEPXSXLIXVERWZIVWIHMWXERGIFIX[IIRXLIPMRI
    SJEGXMSRSJXLIPEXIVEPJSVGIERHXLIWXSV]PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWGIRXIV
    *MK 8LIWXSV]WXMJJRIWWGIRXIVWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIH
    F] *SV[MRHERHWIMWQMGPSEHW8MWLSYPHFIXEOIREW
    XLIKVIEXIVZEPYIHIXIVQMRIHJSVFSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRW*SV
    PEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVI8MWLSYPHFIXEOIREWXLIEPKIFVEMGWYQSJ
    XLIZEPYIWHIXIVQMRIHJSVFSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRW
    8LIWXSV]XSXEPYRJEGXSVIHXSVWMSREXPIZIP\JSVIEGLPEXIVEP
    JSVGI [MRH WIMWQMG ERH WSMP  GSVVIWTSRHW XS WYQ SJ XLI
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    XSXLIVSSJEWHIXIVQMRIHF])U  

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    YRJEGXSVIHXSVWMSRETTPMIHXSXLIWXVYGXYVI

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    *MK{7XSV]XSVWMSR

    *EGXSVIH WXSV] XSVWMSREP QSQIRX 8MY ERH JEGXSVIH FEWI


    XSVWMSREPQSQIRX8SYWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHF]QYPXMTP]MRK8M
    ERH 8SF]XLIETTVSTVMEXIPSEHJEGXSVJVSQ
    {0EXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ
     +IRIVEP{8LI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ MW
    GSQTSWIH SJ WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW EGXMRK NSMRXP] XLEX VIWMWX
    ERH XVERWQMX PEXIVEP PSEHW VIWYPXMRK JVSQ WIMWQMG QSXMSRW
    [MRHERHPEXIVEPIEVXLTVIWWYVIXSXLIKVSYRH *MK 
    The floor system should act as a diaphragm that carries
    MR MXW TPERI XLI PEXIVEP JSVGI JVSQ XLI ETTPMGEXMSR TSMRX XS
    XLI ZIVXMGEP QIQFIVW SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ
    :IVXMGEP QIQFIVW SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ
    in turn, collect loads arising from all floors affected and
    XVERWQMXXLIQHS[RXSXLIJSYRHEXMSRERHXSXLIYRHIVP]MRK
    WSMP8LIQEMRZIVXMGEPQIQFIVWSJXLIPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
    W]WXIQWLSYPHFIERYQFIVSJVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWMR
    FSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRWMRTPER8LIWIVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
    [EPPWWLSYPHLEZIRSSTIRMRKWJSV[MRHS[WSVHSSVW
     6IWXVMGXMSRW SR WXVYGXYVEP W]WXIQ JSV WIMWQMG
    VIWMWXERGI
     +IRIVEP{8LI JSPPS[MRK VIWXVMGXMSRW ETTP] XS
    structural systems used for the seismic risk zones as defined
    MR 
     >SRIWSJPS[ERHRSWIMWQMGVMWO{8LIVIEVIRS
    VIWXVMGXMSRWSR[LMGLWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQWGERFIYWIHMR^SRIW
    of low or no seismic risk, as defined in  -R XLIWI
    ^SRIWWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWJSVVIWMWXERGIXSIEVXLUYEOIWIMWQMG
    PSEHWQE]RSXFIRIIHIHFYXXLIMVRIIHXSVIWMWX[MRHERH
    soil pressure lateral loads should be verified.
     1SHIVEXI SV LMKL WIMWQMG VMWO ^SRI{0EXIVEP
    JSVGIVIWMWXERGIWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHF]VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
    [EPPWGSRXMRYSYWJVSQ XLI JSYRHEXMSR XS XLI VSSJ MR FSXL
    TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSRW MR TPER 8LI WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    HIXEMPWSJ'LETXIVWLSYPHFIYWIH
     (METLVEKQIJJIGX
     +IRIVEP{8S SFXEMR TVSTIV PEXIVEP JSVGI VIWMW
    XERGI XLI FYMPHMRK WXVYGXYVI WLSYPH EGX EW E WMRKPI YRMX
    through the diaphragm effect of the floor slabs. The lateral
    PSEHW WLSYPH FI XVERWJIVVIH JVSQ XLI ETTPMGEXMSR TSMRX XS
    XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW WXVYGXYVEP

    *MK{0EXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRKWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ
    [EPPWERHQSQIRXVIWMWXMRKJVEQIW EWMRTPERIPSEHWMRXLI
    HMETLVEKQ
     (METLVEKQ{8LI HMETLVEKQ WLSYPH GSQTP]
    [MXL E XLVSYKL I 
    (a) The shape in plan of the floor slab diaphragm should be
    EWVIKYPEVERHW]QQIXVMGEPEWTVEGXMGEFPI4VIJIVVIHJSVQW
    WLSYPH FI WUYEVI SV VIGXERKYPEV 6IGXERKYPEV HMETLVEKQW
    WLSYPHLEZIEQE\MQYQVEXMSSJWLSVXIVXSPSRKIVWMHISJ
    F *PSSVWPEFWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLI
    QMRMQYQXLMGORIWWSJ'LETXIV
    G 2SSTIRMRKMRXLIWPEFWLSYPHFIKVIEXIVXLERTIVGIRX
    of the floor area, and the sum of all openings in the slab
    should not exceed 50 percent of the floor area;
    H (METLVEKQGSPPIGXSVIPIQIRXWWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHEW
    MRHMGEXIH MR  ERH FI GETEFPI SJ XVERWQMXXMRK PEXIVEP
    loads from the floor slab system to the lateral-force-resisting
    WXVYGXYVEP[EPPWERH
    I  (METLVEKQ QIQFIVW GER FI EX E WPSTI FYX WLSYPH
    GSQTP][MXL
     *PSSV QEWW GIRXVSMHThe floor mass centroid
    should correspond to the centroid of the area of the floor
    slab. The area for computing each floor mass centroid should
    FIFSYRHIHF]WPEFFSVHIVWQMRYWXLIEVIESJEPPSTIRMRKW
    LEZMRKEWMHIKVIEXIVXLERJX Q 8LIPEXIVEPWIMWQMG

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    \M MW XLI HMWXERGI JVSQ SVMKMR  XS XLI [EPP GVSWWWIGXMSREP
    GIRXVSMHQIEWYVIHMREHMVIGXMSRTEVEPPIPXS]ERH
    H 8SXEPWXSV]VSXEXMSREPWXMJJRIWWEFSYXXLIWXSV]PEXIVEP
    WXMJJRIWWGIRXIVWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK)U G 

    *MK{'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLIWXSV]PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWGIRXIV
    loads should be applied at the floor mass centroid for each
    WXSV]
     7XSV]PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWGIRXIV{7XSV]PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWW
    center corresponds to the point where the floor diaphragm
    [MPP XIRH XS VSXEXI EFSYX EZIVXMGEP E\MW [LIR WYFNIGXIH XS
    E WXSV] XSVWMSREPQSQIRX 8LI PSGEXMSR SJXLIWXSV]PEXIVEP
    WXMJJRIWWGIRXIVMRTPERWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIPEXIVEP
    WXMJJRIWWSJXLI[EPPWSRP]HMWVIKEVHMRKXLIWXMJJRIWWGSRXVM
    FYXMSRSJXLIGSPYQRWSJXLIWXVYGXYVI-JXLIPSGEXMSRSJXLI
    WXVYGXYVEP [EPPW MW W]QQIXVMG [MXL VIWTIGX XS XLI GIRXIV SJ
    QEWWSJ IZIV] WXSV]MR XLI WXVYGXYVI MXWLSYPH FI EWWYQIH
    XLEXXLIPEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWGIRXIVJSVEPPWXSVMIWMWPSGEXIHEXXLI
    GIRXIVSJQEWW;LIVIXLI[EPPWEVIRSXW]QQIXVMGTVSGI
    HYVIW E XLVSYKL H WLSYPHFIYWIHXSGEPGYPEXIXLIPSGEXMSR
    SJXLIWXSV]PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWGIRXIV *MK 
    E %REVFMXVEV]SVMKMRPSGEXMSRMWEWWYQIHEXTSMRX
    F 0EXIVEPWXMJJRIWWIWO\ERHO]SJWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPH
    FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK )U E E  ERH E F  JSV
    FSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRW\ERH]
    *SVWXVYGXYVEP[EPPW[MXLPIRKXLWTEVEPPIPXSXLI\E\MW
    kx

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    {1MRMQYQEQSYRXSJVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
    WXVYGXYVEP[EPPW
     +IRIVEP{% QMRMQYQ EQSYRX SJ VIMRJSVGIH
    GSRGVIXI WXVYGXYVEP [EPPW WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH JSV JEGXSVIH
    PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXERGI8LIWIWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPHGSQTP]
    [MXL E XLVSYKL K 
    E 7XVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPHLEZIVIGXERKYPEVGVSWWWIGXMSRW
    3XLIVGVSWWWIGXMSRWEVIFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLMWKYMHI
    F 7XVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPHFIZIVXMGEPP]GSRXMRYSYWJVSQ
    JSYRHEXMSRXSVSSJI\GITX[LIVI[EPPWEVIRIIHIHSRP]JSV
    VIWMWXERGIJSVYRFEPERGIHPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIMREFEWIQIRX
    In this case, the wall may be stopped at the first story level;
    G  7XVYGXYVEP [EPPW WLSYPH FI EPMKRIH ZIVXMGEPP] ;LIVI
    WIGXMSRVIHYGXMSRWSGGYVXLI[EPPGVSWWWIGXMSRYRHIVRIEXL
    WLSYPHFIKVIEXIVXLERXLISRIEFSZIERHXLIGIRXVSMHSJXLI
    [EPPGVSWW WIGXMSR EFSZI WLSYPH FI MR XLI QMHHPI XLMVH MR
    FSXLHMVIGXMSRWSJXLISRIFIPS[
    H 7XVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPHRSXLEZISTIRMRKWJSV[MRHS[W
    SVHSSVW
    I -RFSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRWMRTPERXLIVIWLSYPHFIEX
    PIEWXX[S TEVEPPIP [EPPWMR HMJJIVIRX TPERIW ERH XLI TPERIW
    WLSYPH FI EW JEV ETEVX EW TVEGXMGEFPI 8LI [EPPW WLSYPH FI
    TPEGIHEWGPSWIXSXLITIVMTLIV]SJXLIFYMPHMRKEWTVEGXMGEFPI
    J ;EPPWWLSYPHFIPSGEXIHEWW]QQIXVMGEPP]EWTSWWMFPI
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    floor; and
    K 7XVYGXYVEP[EPPHMQIRWMSRWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
    ERH
     1MRMQYQ [EPP EVIE JSV WLIEV WXVIRKXL{%X ER]
    floor MJSVXLIX[STVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRW\ERH]XLIQMRMQYQ
    GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE %K! [F[ JSVEPP VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI
    [EPPW EGXMRK MR XLI TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSR YRHIV GSRWMHIVEXMSR
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    SVJSVWXVYGXYVEP[EPPW[MXLPIRKXLWTEVEPPIPXSXLI]E\MW
    kx

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    LSVM^SRXEPPIRKXLSJXLI[EPPERHLTMMWXLIWXSV]LIMKLX
    G  8LIWXSV] PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW GIRXIV GSSVHMREXIW \ ERH]
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    [EPP [MWTEVEPPIPXSXLIHMVIGXMSRYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSRWLSYPH
    FI MRGPYHIH F[ GSVVIWTSRHW XS XLI [EPPXLMGORIWW ERH :MY
    WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ  %W RSXIH F]  I 
    IEGLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRWLSYPHLEZIEXPIEWXX[S[EPPW
     1MRMQYQ [EPP HMQIRWMSRW JSV PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW{
    7PIRHIVRIWW VEXMS L[ [ JSV ER] MRHMZMHYEP [EPP WLSYPH
    GSQTP][MXL)U  ERHXLI[EPPXLMGORIWWF[WLSYPH
    GSQTP][MXL'LETXIV

    [LIVI \M MW XLI HMWXERGI JVSQ SVMKMR  XS XLI [EPP GVSWW
    WIGXMSREPGIRXVSMHQIEWYVIHMREHMVIGXMSRTEVEPPIPXS\ERH
    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

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    hw

    

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    [LIVI L[MWXLI[EPPLIMKLXJVSQXLIJSYRHEXMSRXSXLIVSSJ
    ERH [MWXLILSVM^SRXEPPIRKXLSJ[EPP
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    PEXIVEPWLIEV:YXLEXE[EPPWLSYPHWYWXEMRMWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ
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    ER]WXSV]MWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U E JSV
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    GSPYQRWJVEQIMRXSSRIKMVHIVSRSRIWMHISRP]

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    [LIVI :MY MW XLI JEGXSVIH WXSV] WLIEV  MR XLI HMVIG
    XMSR TEVEPPIP XS [ F[ ERH [ EVI XLI [EPP GVSWWWIGXMSREP
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    F TEVEPPIPXS [WLSYPHFIYWIHMR)U E 

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    JVSQ)U F  O\ERHO]EVIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U E 
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    YWIHXSEWWMKRJEGXSVIHWXSV]WLIEVWXSXLIWXVYGXYVIvWJVEQI
    XLVSYKLXLIGSPYQRW
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    WLIEVEXER]WXSV]WLSYPHFIHMWXVMFYXIHXSXLIJVEQIWXLVSYKL
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    F  -R QSHIVEXI SVLMKL WIMWQMGVMWO ^SRIW  TIVGIRX
    SJ JEGXSVIH PEXIVEP PSEHW WLSYPH FI VIWMWXIH F] VIMRJSVGIH
    GSRGVIXI [EPPW *VEQIW WLSYPH FI TVSTSVXMSRIH XS VIWMWX E
    QMRMQYQ PEXIVEP JSVGI IUYEP XS TIVGIRX SJ XLI JEGXSVIH
    PEXIVEPJSVGIMRIEGLHMVIGXMSRMRTPERXSEGGSYRXJSVIJJIGXW
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    ERHWXVIRKXLHYIXSMRIPEWXMGVIWTSRWI

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     Balanced design strength for axial load with flexure


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    Fig. 6.1.2.1Slab-on-girder floor system.

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    6.1Types of floor systems
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    suspended ceiling may be needed for apartment and office
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    Fig. 6.1.3.1aJoist floor system.


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    removable wood pans; removable metal, fiberglass, plastic,
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    or clay filler blocks.
     (MWXVMFYXMSR VMFW{8S MQTVSZI PSEH HMWXVMFYXMSR
    ERH EZSMH GVIEXMRK E GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH SR E WSPMXEV] NSMWX
    MRSRI[E]NSMWXW]WXIQWXVERWZIVWIVMFWTEGMRKWLSYPHRSX
    I\GIIHXLIWQEPPIVSJXMQIWXLIXSXEPNSMWXHITXLLERHJX
    Q  *MK 
     8[S[E] NSMWX W]WXIQW{*SV WTERW ETTVS\M
    QEXIP] IUYEP MR FSXL HMVIGXMSRW MX QE] FI EHZERXEKISYW
    to use two-way joists. For the system to be classified as a
    NSMWXW]WXIQNSMWXWWLSYPHFIWYTTSVXIHSRKMVHIVW8LMWMW
    called a waffle-slab-on-beams system (Fig. 6.1.3.3). When

    *MK{(MWXVMFYXMSRVMFW

    Fig. 6.1.3.3Two-way joist system or waffle-slab-on-beams


    W]WXIQ
    the beams are omitted, the system is called the waffle-slab
    W]WXIQHIWGVMFIHMR
     %HZERXEKIW SJ NSMWX W]WXIQW{8LI NSMWX W]WXIQ
    GEREGGSQQSHEXIQIHMYQXSPEVKIWTERW[MXLVIPEXMZIP]PS[
    WIPJ[IMKLX-XMWIEW]XSPSGEXIWQEPPTIVJSVEXMSRWHYGXWERH

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MK{4YRGLMRKWLIEVJEMPYVI

    *MKE{(VSTTERIPW

    *MKF{'SPYQRGETMXEP

    *MK{*PEXTPEXIW]WXIQ
    WLEJXW *SV LIEZ] PMZI PSEHW SV PEVKI TIVQERIRX PSEHW XLI
    serviceability deflection limits can be readily met because
    SJ XLI VIPEXMZIP] PEVKI HITXL SJ XLI W]WXIQ 'PIEV WTEGMRK
    FIX[IIRNSMWXWMWEXVEHISJJFIX[IIREXLMRRIVXSTWPEFERH
    E PEVKIVRYQFIVSJ NSMWXW XLYW EPPS[MRK XLIHIWMKRIVKVIEX
    JVIIHSQMRGLSSWMRKETTVSTVMEXIHMQIRWMSRW
     (MWEHZERXEKIW SJ NSMWX W]WXIQW{8LI NSMWX
    W]WXIQHIQERHWQSVI[SVOQERWLMTXLERSXLIVW]WXIQW*SV
    WOI[TPERPE]SYXWFSXLHIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRTVSGIHYVIW
    EVIQSVIGSQTPI\XLERJSVSXLIVW]WXIQW*SVETEVXQIRXERH
    office occupancies, the system may need a false ceiling or an
    underneath concrete soffit, which in turn requires permanent
    TERWSVHSQIW0EVKITIVJSVEXMSRWHYGXWSVWLEJXWMRXIVVYTX
    WIZIVEPNSMWXW[LSWIXVMFYXEV]PSEHWLSYPHFIXVERWJIVVIHXS
    SXLIVNSMWXWXLYWQEOMRKHIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRQSVIMRXVM
    GEXI-JXLINSMWXHITXLMWHMJJIVIRXXLERXLIKMVHIVHITXLXLI
    advantage of a flat formwork decking is lost.
     7PEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW
     (IWGVMTXMSR{-RXLIWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQXLIWPEF
    MW WYTTSVXIH HMVIGXP] F] XLI GSPYQRW [MXLSYX FIEQW SV
    KMVHIVW8LI W]WXIQ LEWWIZIVEPZEVMEXMSRWPMWXIHMR 
    XS  %TVSFPIQ EWWSGMEXIH [MXL XLMWX]TISJ W]WXIQ
    ORS[RWMRGIIEVP]HIZIPSTQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIMWXLI
    TYRGLMRKWLIEVJEMPYVISJXLIWPEFHIWGVMFIHMR*MK
     %HZERXEKIW SJ WPEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW{7PEF
    GSPYQR W]WXIQW KIRIVEPP] TVSZMHI E WLEPPS[IV HITXL 8LI
    system provides flexibility in column location, because
    WSQIHIZMEXMSRJVSQXLILSVM^SRXEPE\MWSVPMRISJGSPYQRW
    MW EPPS[IH -R KIRIVEP XLIWI W]WXIQW HS RSX RIIH E JEPWI
    ceiling. Having a flat formwork decking simplifies construc
    XMSR6IMRJSVGIQIRXTPEGIQIRXMWIEWMIVFIGEYWIMXHSIWRSX

    require stirrups (except in waffle-slabs), thus allowing more


    efficient construction. Perforations, ducts, and shafts can be
    PSGEXIHMRXLIGIRXVEPTEVXSJXLIWPEFTERIP
     (MWEHZERXEKIW SJ WPEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW{8LI
    QEMR HMWEHZERXEKI SJ XLIWI W]WXIQW MW ZYPRIVEFMPMX] XS
    TYRGLMRK WLIEV JEMPYVI 8S EGGSYRX JSV XLMW JEMPYVI QSHI
    WPEF HITXL QE] LEZI XS FI MRGVIEWIH XLYW QEOMRK XLI
    WPEF LIEZMIV 9WMRK HVST TERIPW ERH GSPYQR GETMXEPW LIPT
    MRGVIEWI TYRGLMRKWLIEV VIWMWXERGI FYX GSQTPMGEXI HIWMKR
    ERHGSRWXVYGXMSR7TERWEVIWLSVXIVXLERJSVSXLIVW]WXIQW
    HYI XS KVIEXIV WIPJ[IMKLX ERH PIWW HITXL %W XLI WTER MW
    increased, significant long-term deflections caused by the
    large permanent load are possible. These deflections can
    EHZIVWIP]EJJIGX[EPPWERHTEVXMXMSRWIWTIGMEPP]MJXLI]EVI
    QEWSRV][EPPW4IVJSVEXMSRWHYGXWERHWLEJXWWLSYPHRSXFI
    PSGEXIH RIEV GSPYQRW FIGEYWI XLIWI STIRMRKW VIHYGI WPEF
    TYRGLMRKWLIEVWXVIRKXL8LIWIMWQMGTIVJSVQERGISJWPEF
    GSPYQRW]WXIQW[LIRRSXPEXIVEPP]WXMJJIRIHF]VIMRJSVGIH
    GSRGVIXI[EPPWLEZIEXXMQIWRSXTIVJSVQIHEW[IPPEWSXLIV
    WXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQWHYVMRKWIMWQMGIZIRXW
     *PEXTPEXI{%WPEFSJYRMJSVQXLMGORIWWWYTTSVXIH
    by columns is called a flat plate (Fig. 6.1.4.2).
     *PEX WPEFW{8S MRGVIEWI VIWMWXERGI XS TYRGLMRK
    shear (Fig. 6.1.4.1) and to increase the overall flexural
    WXVIRKXLXLIWPEFGERFIXLMGOIRIHEVSYRHXLIGSPYQRW8LMW
    system is called a flat-slab system.
    8LIXLMGOIVVIGXERKYPEVWPEFEVSYRHXLIGSPYQRMWGEPPIH
    EHVSTTERIPEWWLS[RMR*MKE;LIREHVSTTERIP
    MWYWIHXLITYRGLMRKWLIEVWXVIRKXLEXXLIGSPYQRERHEXXLI
    IHKISJXLIHVSTTERIPRIIHWXSFIGLIGOIH
    %RSXLIVSTXMSRMWXSMRGVIEWIXLIGSRXEGXEVIEFIX[IIRXLI
    GSPYQRERHXLIWPEFF]JSVQMRKEGSPYQRGETMXEPEWWLS[R
    MR*MKF
    -R WSQI MRWXERGIW FSXL E GETMXEP ERH E HVST TERIP EVI
    GSQFMRIH EW WLS[R MR *MK G ,IVI X[S TSXIRXMEP

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    *MKG{'SPYQRGETMXEPERHHVSTTERIP

    Fig. 6.1.4.4Waffle-slab.

    *MKH{1MRMQYQHMQIRWMSRWJSVHVSTTERIPW
    ^SRIW SJ TYRGLMRK WLIEV JEMPYVI I\MWX ERH FSXL WLSYPH FI
    GLIGOIHMRHIWMKR
    (VST TERIPW WLSYPH TVSNIGX FIPS[ XLI WPEF EX PIEWX SRI
    JSYVXLSJXLIWPEFHITXLFI]SRHXLIHVSTERHWLSYPHI\XIRH
    MRIEGLHMVIGXMSRJVSQXLIGSPYQRGIRXIVPMRIEHMWXERGIRSX
    PIWWXLERSRIWM\XLXLIWTERPIRKXLQIEWYVIHJVSQGIRXIVXS
    GIRXIVSJWYTTSVXWMRXLEXHMVIGXMSR *MKH 
     Waffle-slabs{*SVPSRKIVWTERWZSMHWEVIJSVQIH
    in the bottom of a flat-plate, away from the columns. This
    system is called a waffle-slab, as shown in Fig. 6.1.4.4. The
    rib dimensions (joists) in waffle-slabs should comply with
    XLIQMRMQYQHMQIRWMSRWJSVNSMWXWKMZIRMR
    8LMWW]WXIQMWZIV]WMQMPEVXSX[S[E]NSMWXW8LIQEMR
    HMJJIVIRGI MW XLEX JSV X[S[E] NSMWXW FIEQW EVI PSGEXIH MR
    the column lines, whereas for waffle slabs, all members are
    joists and the voids surrounding the column are filled, thus
    JSVQMRKEGSPYQRGETMXEP8LIWSPMHGETMXEPWLSYPHIRKEKI
    EX PIEWX XLVII NSMWXW MR IEGL HMVIGXMSR JSV MRXIVMSV GSPYQRW
    ERHEXPIEWXX[SNSMWXWTEVEPPIPXSXLIIHKIMRIHKIERHGSVRIV
    columns. Domes or pans for waffle-slabs can be permanent,
    QEHISJGSRGVIXIFPSGOSVVIQSZEFPI[LIRQEHISJ[SSH
    fiberglass, or plastic, as described for the joist system in
    
    6.2Selection of floor system
    The licensed design professional should select a floor
    W]WXIQJVSQXLIW]WXIQWGSZIVIHF]XLIKYMHIEWTVIWIRXIH
    MR. Several alternatives should be studied, and the final
    WIPIGXMSRWLSYPHGSRWMHIV
    E 1EKRMXYHISJHIEHERHPMZIPSEHWMRGPYHMRKWIPJ[IMKLX
    F +ISQIXV]SJXLIWXVYGXYVEPTPERPE]SYXMRGPYHMRKWTER
    PIRKXLWMRFSXLTPERHMVIGXMSRWERHXLIVEXMSFIX[IIRXLIQ

    G 4VIWIRGISJGERXMPIZIVWERHXLIMVQE\MQYQWTERERH
    HMVIGXMSR
    H 3GGYTERG]X]TI
    I  %ZEMPEFPI GSRGVIXI ERH VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP QEXIVMEP
    WXVIRKXLW
    J )\TIGXIHFILEZMSVSJXLIWPEFW]WXIQERHXLIEFMPMX]XS
    comply with the serviceability and deflection criteria;
    K %QSYRXSJQEXIVMEPWJSVGSRGVIXIWXIIPERHJSVQ[SVO
    that are required to build the floor system, which contains
    QSWXSJXLIQEXIVMEPWRIIHIHXSGSRWXVYGXXLIFYMPHMRK
    L  0SGEP TVIJIVIRGIW XS WMQTPMJ] GSRWXVYGXMSR
    GSSVHMREXMSR
    (i) Worker training and proficiency, as some systems
    require more training and proficiency than what local
    [SVOIVWGERGSQTP][MXLERH
    N 6IPEXMZIGSWXSJEPXIVREXMZIW[MXLIGSRSQMGEHZERXEKIW
    IZEPYEXIHSRP]EJXIVTVSZMHMRK EHIUYEXII\TIGXIHFILEZMSV
    ERHWEJIX]SJXLIW]WXIQ
    {7XVYGXYVEPMRXIKVMX]
     +IRIVEP{7IGXMSRWXLVSYKLGSRWXMXYXIXLI
    HIXEMPMRKGSRGITXWJSVWXVYGXYVEPMRXIKVMX]
    7XVYGXYVEP MRXIKVMX] WLSYPH MQTVSZI VIHYRHERG] ERH
    HYGXMPMX]SJXLIWXVYGXYVIEWE[LSPIJSVMXXSJYRGXMSRMRXLI
    IZIRXSJHEQEKIXSEQENSVWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVSVEREFRSVQEP
    loading event by confining the damage to a relatively small
    EVIEERHQEMRXEMRMRKSZIVEPPWXEFMPMX]
     4IVMQIXIV FIEQW MR WPEFERHKMVHIV ERH NSMWX
    W]WXIQW{&IEQW WLSYPH PMRO EPP TIVMQIXIV GSPYQRW ERH
    VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWSJXLIWXVYGXYVI8LIWITIVMQIXIV
    FIEQWSVKMVHIVWWLSYPHLEZIEQMRMQYQEVIESJGSRXMRYSYW
    XSTERHFSXXSQPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGPSWIHWXMVVYTW
    EW MRHMGEXIH MR  8LMW VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI PET
    WTPMGIHYWMRKXLIPETWTPMGIPIRKXLSJ
     2SRTIVMQIXIV FIEQW ERH KMVHIVW{%PP FIEQW ERH
    KMVHIVWRSXGSZIVIHMRWLSYPHLEZIGPSWIHWXMVVYTWERHE
    QMRMQYQEVIESJGSRXMRYSYWFSXXSQPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGI
    QIRXEWMRHMGEXIHMRERH8LMWPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGI
    QIRXWLSYPHFIPETWTPMGIHEXSVGPSWIXSXLIWYTTSVXWYWMRK
    XLIPETWTPMGIPIRKXLSJ

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    8EFPI {1MRMQYQHITXLLJSVSRI[E]
    solid slabs supporting deflection-insensitive
    RSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW

    8EFPI {1MRMQYQHITXLLJSVSRI[E]
    solid slabs supporting deflection-sensitive
    RSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW

    'SRXMRYMX]EGVSWWXLIWYTTSVXW

    1MRMQYQHITXLL

    'SRXMRYMX]EGVSWWXLIWYTTSVXW

    1MRMQYQHITXLL

    7MQTP]WYTTSVXIH
    3RIIRHGSRXMRYSYW
    &SXLIRHWGSRXMRYSYW
    'ERXMPIZIV

    W

    7MQTP]WYTTSVXIH
    3RIIRHGSRXMRYSYW
    &SXLIRHWGSRXMRYSYW
    'ERXMPIZIV

    W

    W
    W
    W

     .SMWXW{-RNSMWXWEXPIEWXSRIFSXXSQFEVWLSYPHFI
    GSRXMRYSYWSVWTPMGIHSZIVXLIWYTTSVXYWMRKXLIPETWTPMGI
    PIRKXL SJ  %X RSRGSRXMRYSYW WYTTSVXW EX PIEWX SRI
    FSXXSQFEVWLSYPHFIXIVQMREXIH[MXLEWXERHEVHLSSO  
     7PEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW{-R WPEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW
    QMRMQYQ GSRXMRYSYW WXVYGXYVEP MRXIKVMX] VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHEWMRHMGEXIHF]'LETXIV
    {3RI[E]ERHX[S[E]PSEHTEXLW
     +IRIVEPLoad path of the floor system should be
    classified either as one-way or two-way. The actual load
    TEXLJVSQXLIETTPMGEXMSRTSMRXXSXLIWYTTSVXWHITIRHWSR
    TPERHMQIRWMSRWERHWXMJJRIWWSJXLIWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVW
     3RI[E]{% WPEF WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH SRI[E]
    [LIRMXLEW
    E 8[SSTTSWMRKJVIIIHKIW[MXLSYXZIVXMGEPWYTTSVXERH
    LEWZIVXMGEPWYTTSVXWYGLEWFIEQWSV[EPPWMRXLISXLIVX[S
    STTSWMRKIHKIW
    F  % VIGXERKYPEV TPER WLETI LEW ZIVXMGEP WYTTSVX EX EPP
    IHKIW ERH XLI PSRKIV WPEF WTER MW KVIEXIV XLER X[MGI XLI
    WLSVXIVWPEFWTERSV
    G .SMWXWI\GITXXLIHMWXVMFYXMSRVMFWMRSRP]SRIHMVIGXMSR
     8[S[E]{% WPEF WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH X[S[E]
    [LIR
    E  8LI WPEF TERIP LEW E VIGXERKYPEV TPER WLETIERHLEW
    ZIVXMGEP WYTTSVX WYGL EW FIEQW SV [EPPW EX EPP IHKIW ERH
    XLIPSRKIVWPEFWTERMWPIWWXLERSVIUYEPXSX[MGIXLIWLSVXIV
    WPEFWTERSV
    F  -R WPEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW XLI TERIP LEW E VIGXERKYPEV
    TPERWLETI ERH XLI PSRK WPEF WTER MW PIWW XLER SV IUYEPXS
    X[MGIXLIWLSVXWPEFWTER
     *PSSVW]WXIQPSEHTEXL{%RETTVS\MQEXIPSEHTEXL
    (one-way or two-way) should be identified and used to
    EWWMKRXVMFYXEV]PSEHXSEPPWPEFWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVWERHHIXIV
    QMRITVIPMQMREV]HMQIRWMSRWSJXLIWPEFERHXLIWYTTSVXMRK
    QIQFIVW 8LI PSEH TEXL ERH XLI XVMFYXEV] PSEH WLSYPH FI
    verified as members are dimensioned and designed, and
    GSVVIGXIHEWRIIHIH
    6.5Minimum depth for floor system members
     +IRIVEPMinimum depth for floor system members
    KMZIR MR  XS  WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH XS QIIX XLI
    serviceability limit state, providing sufficient stiffness to
    avoid excessive member deflections caused by dead and live
    PSEHW
     7SPMHSRI[E]WPEFW
     7PEFFIX[IIRNSMWXW{7PEFWWLSYPHLEZIEQMRMQYQ
    HITXLSJ WFYXWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERMR QQ 

    W
    W
    W

    8EFPI {1MRMQYQHITXLLJSVKMVHIVW
    FIEQWERHSRI[E]NSMWXWWYTTSVXMRK
    deflection-insensitive nonstructural elements
    'SRXMRYMX]EGVSWWXLIWYTTSVXW
    7MQTP]WYTTSVXIH
    3RIIRHGSRXMRYSYW
    &SXLIRHWGSRXMRYSYW
    'ERXMPIZIV

    1MRMQYQHITXLL
    W
    W
    W
    W

    when permanent concrete or clay filler blocks are used as


    JSVQWRSVPIWWXLERMR QQ MREPPSXLIVGEWIW
     Deflection-insensitive nonstructural elements{
    ;LIVI XLI WPEF WYTTSVXW RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW FYMPX SJ
    materials that will not be damaged by large deflections, slab
    HITXL LWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERXLIZEPYIWMR8EFPI
    [LIVIXLIWTERPIRKXL WMWXLIHMWXERGIGIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJ
    WYTTSVXW;LIVIXLIGPIEVWTERMWPIWWXLERJX Q  WMW
    XLIGPIEVWTER
     Deflection-sensitive nonstructural elements{
    ;LIVI XLI WPEF WYTTSVXW RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW FYMPX SJ
    materials that will be damaged by large deflections, slab
    HITXL LWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERXLIZEPYIWMR8EFPI
    [LIVI WWLSYPHFIXEOIREWXLIHMWXERGIGIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJ
    WYTTSVXW;LIVIXLIGPIEVWTERMWPIWWXLERJX Q  WMW
    XLIGPIEVWTER
     +MVHIVWFIEQWERHSRI[E]NSMWXW
     Deflection-insensitive nonstructural elements{
    ;LIVIEKMVHIVFIEQSVSRI[E]NSMWXWYTTSVXWRSRWXVYG
    XYVEP IPIQIRXW FYMPX SJ QEXIVMEPW XLEX [MPP RSX FI HEQEKIH
    by large deflections, L WLSYPH RSX FI PIWW XLER XLI ZEPYIW
    MR 8EFPI  [LIVI W WLSYPH FI XEOIR EW XLI HMWXERGI
    GIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJWYTTSVXW*SVNSMWXW[LIVIXLIGPIEVWTER
    MWPIWWXLERJX Q  WMWXLIGPIEVWTER
     Deflection-sensitive nonstructural elements{
    ;LIVIXLIKMVHIVFIEQSVSRI[E]NSMWXWYTTSVXWRSRWXVYG
    XYVEP IPIQIRXW FYMPX SJ QEXIVMEPW XLEX [MPP FI HEQEKIH
    by large deflections, L WLSYPH RSX FI PIWW XLER XLI ZEPYIW
    MR 8EFPI  [LIVI W WLSYPH FI XEOIR EW XLI HMWXERGI
    GIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJWYTTSVXW*SVNSMWXW[LIVIXLIGPIEVWTER
    MWPIWWXLERJX Q  WMWXLIGPIEVWTER
     8[S[E] WPEFW WYTTSVXIH EX EPP IHKIW{8LI
    QMRMQYQHITXLSJX[S[E]WPEFWMRGPYHMRKX[S[E]NSMWX
    and waffle-on-beams systems, supported by girders, beams,
    SVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWSREPPTERIPIHKIWMWKMZIRMR
    )U  8LIWYTTSVXMRKKMVHIVWSVFIEQWWLSYPHLEZIE
    HITXLRSXPIWWXLERXLVIIXMQIWXLIWPEFHITXL  (ITXL
    SJWSPMHWPEFWWLSYPHFIRSXPIWWXLERMR QQ JSV R

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    8EFPI {1MRMQYQHITXLLJSVKMVHIVW
    FIEQWERHSRI[E]NSMWXWWYTTSVXMRK
    deflection-sensitive nonstructural elements

    

    8EFPI E{1MRMQYQHITXLSJWPEFGSPYQR
    systems supporting deflection-insensitive
    RSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW

    'SRXMRYMX]EGVSWWXLIWYTTSVXW

    1MRMQYQHITXLL

    7MQTP]WYTTSVXIH
    3RIIRHGSRXMRYSYW
    &SXLIRHWGSRXMRYSYW
    'ERXMPIZIV

    W
    W

    8]TISJWPEFGSPYQR
    W]WXIQ
    ;MXLSYXHVSTTERIPW

    W
    W

    ;MXLHVSTTERIPW

    0SGEXMSRSJ
    TERIP

    1MRMQYQHITXLSJ
    WPEF L

    )\XIVMSV
    -RXIVMSV
    )\XIVMSV
    -RXIVMSV

    R
    R
    R
    R

    2SXI RGSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIPSRKIVWTER

    KVIEXIV XLER  JX Q ERHWLSYPHRSX FIPIWWXLERMR


    QQ JSV RPIWWXLERSVIUYEPXSJX Q 
    n

    

    [LIVI R MW XLI GPIEV WTER MR XLI PSRK HMVIGXMSR QIEWYVIH
    JEGIXSJEGISJXLI WYTTSVXMRK FIEQW ERH MW XLI VEXMSSJ
    PSRKIVGPIEVWTERXSWLSVXIVGPIEVWTERSJXLIWPEFTERIP
     7PEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW{*SV WPEFW [MXLSYX MRXIVMSV
    beams spanning between supports, including waffle-slabs,
    ERHLEZMRKEVEXMSSJPSRKIVXSWLSVXIVWTERRSXKVIEXIVXLER
    E  *SV WPEFW WYTTSVXMRK RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW FYMPX SJ
    materials that will not be damaged by large deflections,
    QMRMQYQHITXLMWKMZIRF]8EFPIE
    F  *SV WPEFW WYTTSVXMRK RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW FYMPX
    of materials that will be damaged by large deflections,
    QMRMQYQHITXLMWKMZIRF]8EFPIFERH
    G 1MRMQYQWPEFHITXLWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERXLIZEPYIW
    KMZIRMR  ERH  JSVWSPMHWPEFW
     7PEFW[MXLSYXHVSTTERIPW{MR QQ
      7PEFW [MXL HVST TERIPW [LIVI HVST TERIP HMQIR
    WMSRWGSRJSVQXS{MR QQ 
    6.6Trial dimensions for floor system
    Initial trial dimensions for floor system members should
    be defined using the minimum depth as indicated in 'LETXIV
    8VMEP HMQIRWMSRW WLSYPH FI EWWMKRIH YWMRK LKMZIR MR
    8VMEP[MHXLF[JSVEFIEQMWSRILEPJSJLFYXRSXPIWWXLER
     MR  QQ  ERH F[ JSV NSMWXW EVI XLI QMRMQYQ [MHXL
    HMQIRWMSRWKMZIRMR8LIWIXVMEPHMQIRWMSRWQIIXXLI
    WIVZMGIEFMPMX] PMQMX WXEXI ERH EW XLI HIWMKR TVSGIIHW XLI]
    should be modified as needed by the strength limit state. The
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    HYVMRKXLIHIWMKRTVSGIWW
    6.7Floor finish
    A floor finish should not be included as part of a structural
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    is permitted to consider all concrete and mortar floor finishes
    EWTEVXSJXLIGSZIV
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    WLSYPHFIMREGGSVHERGI[MXL'LETXIV8LIXSTWSPMHWPEFW
    XLEXWTERFIX[IIRNSMWXWEVIEPWSMRGPYHIH
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    (a) Dead loads: Member self-weight, flat nonstructural
    elements, standing nonstructural elements, and any fixed
    IUYMTQIRXPSEHW
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     7LVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     (IWGVMTXMSR{6IMRJSVGIQIRX JSV WLVMROEKI ERH
    temperature effects normal to flexural reinforcement of the
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    VIMRJSVGIQIRXI\XIRHWMRSRIHMVIGXMSRSRP]
     0SGEXMSR{*SV JPSSV WPEFW WLVMROEKI ERH
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    positive flexural reinforcement perpendicular to it. For roof
    WPEFWMXWLSYPHFITPEGIHYRHIVXLIRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMR
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     1E\MQYQWTEGMRK{-RWSPMHWPEFWWLVMROEKIERH
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    X !%WX FL WLSYPHFI
     7TPMGMRK{-X MW TIVQMXXIH XS PETWTPMGI WLVMROEKI
    ERHXIQTIVEXYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXER]PSGEXMSR7TPMGIPIRKXL
    WLSYPHGSQTP][MXL

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    XIQTIVEXYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRWPEFW
     )RH ERGLSVEKI{%X WPEF IHKIW WLVMROEKI ERH
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    ;LIVIGSRWXVEMRIHF]WPEFKISQIXV]XLIIRHLSSORIIHRSX
    FITPEGIHZIVXMGEPP]
     *PI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX+IRIVEP
     Maximum spacing of flexural reinforcement in
    WSPMH WPEFWIn solid slabs, primary flexural reinforcement
    *MK   WLSYPH FI WTEGIHRS JEVXLIV ETEVX XLER XLVII
    XMQIWXLIWPEFXLMGORIWWRSVMR QQ 
     Minimum area of tension flexural reinforcement{
    The minimum area of tension flexural reinforcement in solid
    WPEFWWLSYPHFIXLIEVIERIIHIHJSVWLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVE
    XYVIIJJIGXW%W
    X FL ERH*MK 
     Maximum area of tension flexural reinforcement{
    The tension flexural reinforcement ratio, ! %W FH MRWSPMH
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    compression flexural reinforcement should not be taken into
    EGGSYRX[LIRGSQTYXMRKHIWMKRQSQIRXWXVIRKXL
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    As
    bd

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    0.85 f y bd 2

    

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    ;LIR MWKVIEXIVXLER QE\EWKMZIRMRMRGVIEWIWPEF
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    flexural strength.
     0SGEXMSR{4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPH
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    Fig. 7.3.4.1Maximum spacing between flexural reinforce


    QIRXMRWSPMHWPEFW

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    8EFPI 7.3.4.3Maximum flexural reinforcement
    VEXMS QE\JSVWSPMHWPEFW
    J]TWM 14E

    JG TWM
    14E

     
     
     
     
     

     

     

     
     
     
     
     

     
     
     
     
     

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    XLI WLSVXIV WTER TSWMXMZI QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFI
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    QIRX FIGEYWI XLI TSWMXMZI QSQIRX MR XLI WLSVXIV WTER MW
    PEVKIV
     'YXSJJTSMRXW{2SQSVIXLERSRILEPJSJXLITSWMXMZI
    moment reinforcement needed to obtain the required flexural
    WXVIRKXLEXQMHWTERQE]FIGYXSJJEXXLIPSGEXMSRWMRHMGEXIH
    MR XS JSVIEGLWPEFX]TI
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    WXERHEVHLSSO
     2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
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    WTERW
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    flexural strength.
     0SGEXMSR{2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPH
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    VIJIVXS ) for a distance equal to one-fifth of the longer
    GPIEVWTERSJXLIWPEFTERIP *MK 8LIEVIESJXSTERH
    bottom corner reinforcement should be sufficient to resist a
    moment equal to the required positive flexural strength, per
    YRMXSJ[MHXLMRXLIWPEFTERIPMREGGSVHERGI[MXL
    ERH
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    at the slab top, directly below the flexural reinforcement.
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    XLIWYTTSVX
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    TIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIHMEKSREPSJXLITERIPWLSYPHFITPEGIH
    at the slab bottom, directly above the flexural reinforcement.
    'SVRIVVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHIRH[MXLEWXERHEVHLSSOEXXLI
    IHKIWYTTSVX
     ;IPHIH [MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX YWIH MR WLSVX SRI[E]
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    YSYWPSGEXIHRIEVXLIWPEFXSTSZIVXLIWYTTSVXERHRIEVXLI
    WPEFFSXXSQEXQMHWTERTVSZMHIHMXIMXLIVGSRXMRYIWSZIVSV
    MWERGLSVIHEXXLIWYTTSVXW8LIPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    EVIEWLSYPHFIEHIUYEXIXSVIWMWXXLIVIUYMVIHTSWMXMZIERH
    negative flexural strength (Fig. 7.3.9). The wire area in the
    TIVTIRHMGYPEVHMVIGXMSRWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLIEVIERIIHIH
    JSVWLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     :EPYISJHGERHHMRWSPMHWPEFW{8LIHMWXERGIJVSQ
    extreme tension fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement,
    HGWLSYPHGSRWMHIVXLIGSRGVIXIGSZIVMRFEVHMEQIXIV
    ERH VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI TIVTIRHMGYPEV HMVIGXMSR TPEGIH
    FIX[IIR XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX YRHIV WXYH] ERH XLI GSRGVIXI
    WYVJEGI
    8LIJSPPS[MRKZEPYIWSJHGGERFIYWIHXSGSQTYXIHEWH!
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    I\TSWYVIERHHG!MR QQ JSVI\XIVMSVI\TSWYVI*SV
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    MR QQ JSVMRXIVMSVI\TSWYVIERHHG!MR QQ 
    JSVI\XIVMSVI\TSWYVI
    {7LIEVWXVIRKXL
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    QMRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLERH
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    Vc

    2 fc bd

    Vc

    Vu

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    c

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    {7PEFFIX[IIRNSMWXW
     (MQIRWMSREPPMQMXW{%WSPMHWPEFWTERRMRKFIX[IIR
    NSMWXW WLSYPH GSQTP] [MXL XLI QMRMQYQ HITXL SJ 
    (YGXWWLEJXWERHWPEFSTIRMRKWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL%
    XSTWSPMHWPEFMRNSMWXGSRWXVYGXMSRWLSYPHRSXGERXMPIZIVTEWX
    XLIIHKINSMWX  
     6IUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXL{8LIJEGXSVIHQSQIRX1Y
    VIUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXL JSVRIKEXMZIERHTSWMXMZIQSQIRX
    MRXLIWPEFFIX[IIRNSMWXWWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRK)U  
    [LIVI RMWXLIGPIEVWTEGMRKFIX[IIRNSMWXW *MK 
    Mu

    Mu

    qu n2
    12

    

     6IMRJSVGIQIRX{*PI\YVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS


    TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI NSMWX HMVIGXMSR WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH
    YWMRK 1YJVSQ)U  ERHYWMRKHEWSRILEPJXLIXLMGO
    RIWWSJXLIXSTWSPMHWPEFERHWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLER QMR
    *MK 8LIWPEFVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIETEVEPPIPXSXLINSMWX
    HMVIGXMSRWLSYPHQIIXXLEXRIIHIHJSVWLVMROEKIERHXIQTIV
    EXYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     7LIEV WXVIRKXL{8LI JEGXSVIH WLIEV :Y VIUYMVIH
    WLIEV WXVIRKXL  TIV YRMX WPEF [MHXL WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH
    YWMRK)U  [LIVI RMWXLIGPIEVWTEGMRKFIX[IIRNSMWXW
    *MK 

    Vu

    qu n
    2

    

    8LI ZEPYI SJ H JSV GSQTYXMRK HIWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL TIV


    YRMXWPEF[MHXL :RWLSYPHFISRILEPJXLIWPEFXLMGORIWW
     'EPGYPEXMSRSJWPEFVIEGXMSRW{7PEFVIEGXMSRWSRXLI
    WYTTSVXMRKNSMWXWVYWLSYPHFIXLIZEPYIWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ
    )U  [LIVI:YMWXLIJEGXSVIHWLIEVTIVYRMXWPEF[MHXL
    JVSQ WMWXLIGIRXIVXSGIRXIVNSMWXWTEGMRKERH RMW
    XLIGPIEVWTEGMRKFIX[IIRNSMWXW
    u s

    

    u
    n

    {'ERXMPIZIVWSJWPEFWWYTTSVXIHSRKMVHIVW
    FIEQWSV[EPPW
     (MQIRWMSREP PMQMXW{% GERXMPIZIV WPEF WTERRMRK
    FI]SRHXLIIHKISJKMVHIVFIEQSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPP
    WLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLIQMRMQYQHITXLSJ8LIGERXM
    PIZIVWTERWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLIPMQMXKMZIRMR2SWPEF
    STIRMRKWJSVHYGXWSVWLEJXWWLSYPHFIPSGEXIHFIX[IIRXLI
    WYTTSVXERHSRILEPJXLIGERXMPIZIVWTER8LIWPEFQE]GERXM
    PIZIVMRX[SHMVIGXMSRWEXGSVRIVW[MXLXLIWEQIPMQMXEXMSRW
    MRIEGLHMVIGXMSRXLEXETTP]JSVWMRKPIGERXMPIZIVW
     2IGIWWEV]QSQIRXWXVIRKXL{8LIJEGXSVIHQSQIRX
    1Y VIUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXL JSVEGERXMPIZIVWPEFWLSYPH
    FI GEPGYPEXIH EWWYQMRK XLEX SRILEPJ SJ XLI HMWXVMFYXIH
    JEGXSVIHPSEHUYEGXWEWEGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHEXXLIGERXMPIZIV
    XMT ERH XLISXLIV LEPJEGXW EW E YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH PSEH
    SZIVXLIJYPPWTERYWMRK)U  [LIVI RMWXLIGPIEVWTER
    SJXLIGERXMPIZIV6IUYMVIHRIKEXMZIQSQIRXWXVIRKXLJSVXLI
    GERXMPIZIVWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERXLIWXVIRKXLVIUYMVIHEXXLI
    exterior support of the first interior span, or one-third of the
    required positive moment strength of the first interior span,
    MRXLIWEQIHMVIGXMSR *MK 
    Mue

    *MK{'SRXVMFYXMSRSJGSRGVIXIXSFIEQEGXMSRWLIEV
    WXVIRKXLMRGSRGVIXIWPEFW

    

    3qu
    4

    2
    n

    

     6IMRJSVGIQIRX
     2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX{2IKEXMZI
    QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS MRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIGERXM
    PIZIVWLSYPHFIFEWIHSR1YJVSQ)U  8LMWVIMRJSVGI
    ment should extend beyond the first support not less than the
    HMWXERGIMRHMGEXIHJSVRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJXLI
    MRXIVMSVWPEFTERIPEXXLIIHKIWYTTSVXERHRSXPIWWXLER HJSV
    XLIVIMRJSVGMRKFEVYWIH *MK 

    *MK{6IMRJSVGIQIRXSJXSTWSPMHWPEFXLEXWTERWFIX[IIRNSMWXW
    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MK{'EPGYPEXMSRSJRIKEXMZIQSQIRXEXWPEFGERXMPIZIVW

    *MK{6IMRJSVGIQIRXJSVWPEFGERXMPIZIVW

    *MK{2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRX[S[E]WPEFGERXMPIZIVW

     4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX{4SWMXMZIQSQIRX
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIEXPIEWX%WQMR-XMWTVSZMHIHMRXLI
    direction of the cantilever to reduce time-dependent deflec
    XMSRWERHXSWEXMWJ]VIUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXL *MK 
     7LVMROEKI ERH XIQTIVEXYVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{8LI
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIETEVEPPIPXSXLIGERXMPIZIVIHKIWLSYPHRSX
    FIPIWWXLERXLEXRIIHIHJSVWLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVIVIMR
    JSVGIQIRX *MK 

     6IMRJSVGIQIRX SJ X[S[E] GERXMPIZIVW{%X GSVRIVW


    [LIVIXLIWPEFGERXMPIZIVWMRX[SHMVIGXMSRWRIKEXMZIQSQIRX
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI FEWIH SR XLI PSRKIV GERXMPIZIV 8LMW
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRW *MK
      1MRMQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX PIRKXL QIEWYVIH JVSQ XLI
    GSVRIVMWIUYEPXSXLIGERXMPIZIVGPIEVWTERTPYWX[SXMQIW
    XLIPSRKIVGERXMPIZIVFYXRSXPIWWXLERXLIHMWXERGIMRHMGEXIH
    for the negative moment reinforcement of the first interior

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    WTERTPYWXLIGERXMPIZIV4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXEW
    MRHMGEXIHF] WLSYPHFITPEGIHMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRW
     7LIEV WXVIRKXL{8LI JEGXSVIH WLIEV :Y VIUYMVIH
    WLIEV WXVIRKXL TIVYRMX WPEF [MHXLEX XLI WYTTSVXSJGERXM
    PIZIVWPEFWWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRK)U  [LIVI RMW
    XLIGPIEVWTERSJXLIGERXMPIZIV
    :Y!UY

    

    *SV X[S[E] GERXMPIZIVW XLI ZEPYI SJ :Y TIV YRMX WPEF
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    )U  JSVXLIPSRKIVGERXMPIZIVWTER
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    :YMWXLIJEGXSVIHWLIEVTIVYRMXWPEF[MHXLJVSQ WMW
    XLI GERXMPIZIV WTER QIEWYVIH JVSQ XLI WYTTSVX GIRXIVPMRI
    ERH RMWXLIGERXMPIZIVGPIEVWTER
    ru

    Vu

    

    ;LIVI E X[S[E] GERXMPIZIV I\MWXW VY MW HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ


    )U  JSVXLIPEVKIVGERXMPIZIVWTER[MXLSYXYWMRKXLI
    JEGXSVSJ
    {3RI[E]WMRKPIWTERWSPMHWPEFWWTERRMRK
    FIX[IIRKMVHIVWFIEQWSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
    [EPPW
     (MQIRWMSREP PMQMXW{3RI[E] WMRKPIWTER WSPMH
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    EHHMXMSRXSXLIWIWPEFWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLIKIRIVEP
    8EFPI {6IUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXLJSV
    SRI[E]WMRKPIWTERWPEFW
    4SWMXMZIQSQIRX

    Mu

    qu n2
    8

    E

    2IKEXMZIQSQIRXEXWYTTSVXW

    M ue

    qu n2
    24

    

    HMQIRWMSREPPMQMXW SJERHXLITEVXMGYPEVPMQMXWSJ 


    JSVWPEFSRKMVHIVW]WXIQW(YGXWWLEJXWERHWPEFSTIRMRKW
    WLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
     6IUYMVIH QSQIRX WXVIRKXL{4SWMXMZI ERH RIKEXMZI
    JEGXSVIHWPEFQSQIRX1Y VIUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXL WLSYPH
    FIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIIUYEXMSRWKMZIRMR8EFPI
     Primary flexural reinforcement
     4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX{4SWMXMZIQSQIRX
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS MRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIWTER RWLSYPH
    FIFEWIHSR1YHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ )U E ;LIVIXLI
    WPEF MWQSRSPMXLMG [MXL XLI WYTTSVX ERH XLI WYTTSVX LEW E
    HITXLEXPIEWXXLVIIXMQIWKVIEXIVXLERXLIWPEFHITXLYTXS
    SRILEPJSJXLITSWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]FIGYX
    SJJEXEHMWXERGIIUYEPXS RQIEWYVIHJVSQXLIMRXIVREPJEGI
    SJXLIWYTTSVXMRXSXLIWTER *MK 
     2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX{2IKEXMZI
    QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS MRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIWTER
    z
    RWLSYPHFIFEWIHSR1Y HIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U F %PP
    RIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]FIGYXSJJEXEHMWXERGI
    IUYEPXS RQIEWYVIHJVSQXLIMRXIVREPJEGISJXLIWYTTSVX
    MRXSXLIWTER6IJIVXS*MK
     7LVMROEKI ERH XIQTIVEXYVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{
    6IMRJSVGIQIRXTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIWTERWLSYPHRSXFIPIWW
    XLER XLEX RIIHIH JSV WLVMROEKI ERH XIQTIVEXYVI VIMRJSVGI
    QIRX *MK 
     7LIEV WXVIRKXL{8LI JEGXSVIH WLIEV :Y VIUYMVIH
    WLIEV WXVIRKXL  TIV YRMX WPEF [MHXL JSV XLI WMRKPIWTER
    SRI[E]WPEFWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHEXXLIJEGISJXLIWYTTSVXW
    YWMRK)U  [LIVI RMWXLIGPIEVWTER *MK 

    Vu

    qu n
    2

    

     'EPGYPEXMSRSJWYTTSVXVIEGXMSRW{7PEFVIEGXMSRWEX
    XLIWYTTSVXWSJSRI[E]WMRKPIWTERWPEFWVYWLSYPHFIXLI
    ZEPYIWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U  TPYWXLIGERXMPIZIVVIEG
    XMSR[LIVIETTPMGEFPI-R)U  :YMWXLIJEGXSVIHWLIEV
    TIVYRMXWPEF[MHXLJVSQ WMWXLIGIRXIVXSGIRXIVWTER
    SJXLIWPEFERH R MWXLIGPIEVWTERSJXLIWPEF

    F

    ru

    Vu
    n

    *MK{6IMRJSVGIQIRXJSVWMRKPIWTERSRI[E]WPEFW
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    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    8EFPI {6IUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXLJSV
    SRI[E]WPEFW[MXLX[SSVQSVIWTERW
    4SWMXMZIQSQIRXEX
    )RHWTERW

    Mu

    qu n2
    11

     E

    Mu

    qu n2
    16

    F

    -RXIVMSVWTERW

    2IKEXMZIQSQIRXEXWYTTSVXWEX
    -RXIVMSVJEGISJI\XIVREPWYTTSVX

    M ue

    qu n2
    24

    G

    Exterior face of first internal support, only two spans:

    M ue

    qu n2
    9

    H

    *EGIWSJMRXIVREPWYTTSVXWQSVIXLERX[SWTERW

    M ue

    qu n2
    10

    I

    *EGIWSJEPPWYTTSVXWJSVWPEFW[MXLWTERWRSX
    I\GIIHMRKJX Q 

    M ue

    qu n2
    12

    J

    {3RI[E]WSPMHWPEFWWYTTSVXIHSRKMVHIVW
    FIEQWSV[EPPW[MXLX[SSVQSVIWTERW
     (MQIRWMSREP PMQMXW{-R EHHMXMSR XS  SRI[E]
    WSPMHWPEFW[MXLX[SSVQSVIWTERWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLI
    QMRMQYQ HITXL SJ  XLI KIRIVEP HMQIRWMSREP PMQMXW
    SJ  ERH XLI TEVXMGYPEV PMQMXWSJ  JSV WPEFSRKMVHIV
    W]WXIQW (YGXW WLEJXW ERH WPEF STIRMRKW WLSYPH GSQTP]
    [MXL 
    8LI JSPPS[MRK VIWXVMGXMSRW WLSYPH FI MR IJJIGX JSV WPEFW
    HIWMKRIHYRHIV
    E 8LIVIEVIEXPIEWXX[SWTERW
    F 7TERPIRKXLWWLSYPHFIETTVS\MQEXIP]IUYEPERHXLI
    WLSVXIVSJX[SEHNEGIRXWTERWWLSYPHRSXFIWQEPPIVXLER
    TIVGIRXSJXLIPSRKIVWTER  
    G 0SEHWEVIYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIH
    H 9RMXPMZIPSEHU HSIWRSXI\GIIHWXLVIIXMQIWYRMXHIEH
    PSEH UHERH
    I *SVRIKEXMZIQSQIRXIZEPYEXMSREXMRXIVREPWYTTSVXW R
    WLSYPHGSVVIWTSRHXSXLIPEVKIWXEHNEGIRXWTER
     6IUYMVIH QSQIRX WXVIRKXL{4SWMXMZI ERH RIKEXMZI
    JEGXSVIHQSQIRX1Y VIUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXL JSVXLIWPEF
    WLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIIUYEXMSRWMR8EFPI
     Longitudinal flexural reinforcement
     4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX{4SWMXMZIQSQIRX
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS MRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIWTER RWLSYPH
    FIFEWIHSR1YHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U E SV F %X
    MRXIVREPWYTTSVXWEXEHMWXERGI RQIEWYVIHJVSQWYTTSVX
    JEGI MRXS XLI WTER YT XS SRILEPJ SJ XLI TSWMXMZI QSQIRX
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]FIGYXSJJ *MKEERHF 
     2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX{2IKEXMZI
    QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS MRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIWTER
    z
    RWLSYPHFIFEWIHSR1Y HIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U G XS
    J %PPRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]FIGYXSJJ

    EXEHMWXERGI RJVSQXLIMRXIVREPWYTTSVXW[LIVI RWLSYPH


    GSVVIWTSRHXSXLIPSRKIWXEHNEGIRXWTERQIEWYVIHJVSQXLI
    WYTTSVX JEGI MRXS XLI WTER &IGEYWI XLI RIKEXMZI QSQIRX
    EX MRXIVMSV WYTTSVXW HVSTW SJJ UYMGOP] XLI HIWMKRIV QE]
    want to provide two cutoff distances. In this case, the first
    GYXSJJHMWXERGIMW RQIEWYVIHJVSQXLIMRXIVREPJEGISJXLI
    WYTTSVXMRXSXLIWTER
    %XI\XIVREPWYTTSVXWEPPRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    QE]FIGYXSJJ *MKEERHF EXEHMWXERGI R
    QIEWYVIHJVSQXLIMRXIVREPJEGISJXLIWYTTSVXMRXSXLIWTER
     7LVMROEKI ERH XIQTIVEXYVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{
    6IMRJSVGIQIRXTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIWTERWLSYPHRSXFIPIWW
    XLER XLEX RIIHIH JSV WLVMROEKI ERH XIQTIVEXYVI VIMRJSVGI
    QIRX *MKEERHF 
     7LIEV WXVIRKXL{8LI JEGXSVIH WLIEV :Y VIUYMVIH
    WLIEVWXVIRKXL TIVYRMXWPEF[MHXLWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHEXXLI
    JEGISJXLIWYTTSVXYWMRKXLIIUYEXMSRWMR8EFPI[LIVI
    RMWXLIGPIEVWTER *MKEERHF 8LIHIWMKR
    WLIEVWXVIRKXL :RTIVYRMXWPEF[MHXLWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIH
    EXXLIWYTTSVXJEGI
     'EPGYPEXMSRSJWYTTSVXVIEGXMSRW{7PEFWYTTSVXVIEG
    XMSRW VYWLSYPH FIXLIZEPYIW HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ)U  
    [LIVI :YMWXLIJEGXSVIHWLIEV VIUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXL TIV
    YRMX WPEF [MHXL JVSQ  W MW XLI GIRXIVXSGIRXIV WTER
    ERH R MWXLIGPIEVWTER
    ru

    Vu

    

    8LII\XIVREPWYTTSVXVIEGXMSRMWIUYEPXSXLIWTERVIEGXMSR
    VYHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U  EXXLIWYTTSVXTPYWGERXMPIZIV
    VIEGXMSR[LIVIETTPMGEFPI6IEGXMSREXERMRXIVREPWYTTSVXMW
    XLIWYQSJVIEGXMSRWVYHIXIVQMRIHYWMRK)U  JSVFSXL
    EHNEGIRXWTERWEXXLEXWYTTSVX
    {8[S[E]WSPMHWPEFWWTERRMRKFIX[IIR
    KMVHIVWFIEQWSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
     (MQIRWMSREPPMQMXW{8[S[E]WSPMHWPEFWWYTTSVXIH
    SR EPP IHKIW WLSYPH GSQTP] [MXL XLI QMRMQYQ HITXL SJ
    -REHHMXMSRXSX[S[E]WPEFWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
    XLIKIRIVEPHMQIRWMSREPPMQMXWSJERHXLITEVXMGYPEVPMQMXW
    SJ JSVWPEFSRKMVHIVW]WXIQW(YGXWWLEJXWERHWPEF
    STIRMRKWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
    8LIJSPPS[MRK VIWXVMGXMSRW WLSYPH FI MR IJJIGX XSYWI XLI
    TVSGIHYVIHIWGVMFIHMR
    E 8LIVIEVIEXPIEWXX[SWTERW
    F 7TERPIRKXLWWLSYPHFIETTVS\MQEXIP]IUYEPERHXLI
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    SJXLIPSRKIVWTER  
    G 7YTTSVXMRKKMVHIVWSVFIEQWWLSYPHFIQSRSPMXLMG[MXL
    XLI WPEF ERH WLSYPH LEZI E XSXEP HITXL RSX PIWW XLER XLVII
    XMQIWXLIWPEFXLMGORIWW
    H %WPEF[MXLIPIZEXSVERHWXEMVGSVISTIRMRKWMWGSRWMH
    ered continuous when the floor slabs are supported on
    GSRXMRYSYW FIEQW EVSYRH XLI STIRMRK MRXIKVEXIH MRXS XLI
    GSVI[EPPW
    I 0SEHWEVIYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHERH

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    *MKE{6IMRJSVGIQIRXJSVX[SWTERSRI[E]WPEFWWYTTSVXIHF]KMVHIVWFIEQWSV
    VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW

    *MK F{6IMRJSVGIQIRX JSV SRI[E] WPEFW WYTTSVXIH F] KMVHIVW FIEQW SV VIMR
    JSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW[MXLXLVIISVQSVIWTERW
    J 9RMXPMZIPSEHU HSIWRSXI\GIIHXLVIIXMQIWYRMXHIEH
    PSEH UH
    8LIWPEFTERIPWLSYPHFIHMZMHIHMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRWMRXS
    GIRXVEPERHFSVHIVVIKMSRW8LIGIRXVEPVIKMSRWLSYPHFIXLI
    GIRXVEPLEPJSJXLITERIPERHXLIFSVHIVVIKMSRWWLSYPHFI
    X[SSRIUYEVXIVVIKMSRWEHNEGIRXXSFSXLWMHIWSJXLIGIRXVEP
    VIKMSR *MK 
     6IUYMVIH QSQIRX WXVIRKXL{8LI JEGXSVIH TSWMXMZI
    ERH RIKEXMZI QSQIRX 1Y VIUYMVIH QSQIRX WXVIRKXL  JSV
    X[S[E]WSPMHWPEFWWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLITVSGIHYVI
    MRXLMWWIGXMSR2IKEXMZIERHTSWMXMZIJEGXSVIHQSQIRXWJSV
    XLIGIRXVEPVIKMSRSJ XLI TERIPMRIEGLHMVIGXMSRWLSYPHFI
    GEPGYPEXIHYWMRKIUYEXMSRWMR8EFPIEJSVMRXIVMSVTERIPW
    MR 8EFPIFJSVIHKITERIPW[MXLXLIWLSVXIVWTEREXXLI
    IHKIMR8EFPIGJSVIHKITERIPW[MXLXLIPSRKIVWTER
    EXXLIIHKIERHMR 8EFPIHJSVGSVRIVTERIPW-RIEGL
    XEFPIJEGXSVIHQSQIRXWWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJSVXLIETTVS
    TVMEXIVEXMSSJPSRKIVGPIEVWTERXSWLSVXIVGPIEVWTER ERH
    XLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKIHKIGSRXMRYMX]GSRHMXMSRW8LIRIKEXMZI
    QSQIRXEXHMWGSRXMRYSYWIHKIWWLSYPHFIXEOIREWSRIXLMVH
    SJXLITSWMXMZIQSQIRXMRXLIWEQIHMVIGXMSR *MKE 

    8EFPI {6IUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXLJSVSRI[E]
    WPEFW[MXLX[SSVQSVIWTERW
    At exterior face of first interior support

    1.15

    Vu

    qu n
    2

    E

    %XJEGIWSJEPPSXLIVWYTTSVXW

    Vu

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    2

    F

    1SQIRXZEPYIWMRXLIFSVHIVSJXLIGIRXVEPVIKMSRWQE]FI
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    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    F  4VSGIHYVI WLSYPH GSRWMHIV IUYMPMFVMYQ HIJSVQEXMSR


    GSQTEXMFMPMX] KIRIVEP WXEFMPMX] ERH WLSVX ERH PSRKXIVQ
    QEXIVMEPTVSTIVXMIW
    (c) Analysis procedure should consider support flexibility
    and the interaction between flexure and torsion of supported
    ERHWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVW
    H  'SRGVIXI QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] WLSYPH FI XEOIR EW
    
    c TWM
    c
    c
    I 6IMRJSVGMRKWXIIPQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]WLSYPHFIXEOIR
    EW )W!TWM?)W!14EA
    J 6IEWSREFPIEWWYQTXMSRWWLSYPHFIYWIHJSVGSQTYXMRK
    relative flexural and torsional stiffness of structural members.
    8LI EWWYQTXMSRW EHSTXIH WLSYPH FI GSRWMWXIRX XLVSYKLSYX
    EREP]WMW
    K  7TER PIRKXL WLSYPH FI XEOIR EW XLI GIRXIVXSGIRXIV
    HMWXERGIFIX[IIRWYTTSVXWFYXJEGXSVIHQSQIRXWERHWLIEVW
    QE]FISFXEMRIHEXJEGIWSJWYTTSVXWERH
    L 8LIEVVERKIQIRXSJPMZIPSEHQE]FIPMQMXIHXSPSEH
    GSQFMREXMSRW SJ JEGXSVIH HIEH PSEH SR EPP WTERW [MXL JYPP
    JEGXSVIHPMZIPSEHSRX[SEHNEGIRXWTERWERHJEGXSVIHHIEH
    PSEH SR EPP WTERW [MXL JYPP JEGXSVIH PMZI PSEH SR EPXIVREXI
    WTERW
    c

    {0SEHW
     0SEHWXSFIMRGPYHIH{0SEHWJSVKMVHIVWFIEQWERH
    NSMWXWWLSYPHFIIWXEFPMWLIHJVSQ 'LETXIV+VEZMX] PSEHW
    WLSYPHFIXLIWYQSJXLIVIEGXMSRWJVSQWYTTSVXIHQIQFIVW
    ERH PSEHW ETTPMIH HMVIGXP] SR XLI QIQFIV 0EXIVEP PSEHW
    WLSYPHGSRJSVQXS'LETXIV
     6IEGXMSRW{8LIKVEZMX]VIEGXMSRWJVSQWYTTSVXIH
    QIQFIVWWLSYPHGSRWMHIV
    E  (IEH PSEHW MRGPYHMRK WIPJ[IMKLX SJ WYTTSVXIH
    members, loads due to flat and standing nonstructural
    elements, and loads from any fixed equipment carried by
    XLIWIWYTTSVXIHQIQFIVWERH
    F 0MZIPSEHWETTPMIHSRWYTTSVXIHQIQFIVW
     1IQFIVPSEHW{0SEHW GEVVMIH HMVIGXP] F] FIEQ
    KMVHIVSVNSMWXWLSYPHMRGPYHI
    (a) Dead loads, including member self-weight, and flat
    and standing nonstructural elements, and fixed equipment
    PSEHWETTPMIHHMVIGXP]SRXLIQIQFIVERH
    F 0MZIPSEHWETTPMIHHMVIGXP]SRXLIQIQFIV
     (IEHERHPMZIPSEHWGEVVMIHF]XLIQIQFIV
     9RMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH PSEHW{8LI JSPPS[MRK
    WLSYPHFIYWIHXSSFXEMRZEPYIWSJ[H JSVHIEHPSEHERH[
    JSVPMZIPSEH
    E [H WLSYPH MRGPYHI XLI WIPJ[IMKLX TIV QIQFIV YRMX
    PIRKXL
    F [H should include the weight of the flat and standing
    nonstructural elements directly supported, as defined in
    TIVQIQFIVYRMXPIRKXL
    (c) For girders, beams, or joists located at the edge of floor
    WPEFW [HWLSYPHMRGPYHIHMWXVMFYXIHPSEHHYIXSXLI[IMKLX
    SJJEEHIWERHFYMPHMRKIRGPSWYVIIPIQIRXWEWMRHMGEXIHF]
    
    H [  WLSYPH MRGPYHI PMZI PSEH HMVIGXP] ETTPMIH SR XLI
    QIQFIVEWMRHMGEXIHF]ERH

    I *SVEVSSJQIQFIVXLIHMVIGXP]ETTPMIHVSSJPMZIPSEHW
    KMZIRMRVEMRPSEHWMRERHWRS[PSEHWMR WLSYPH
    FIMRGPYHIHEWETTVSTVMEXI
     'SRGIRXVEXIH PSEHW{8LI JSPPS[MRK WLSYPH FI
    YWIHXSSFXEMRZEPYIWSJTHJSVHIEHPSEHERHT JSVPMZIPSEH
    JSVEPPPSGEXMSRW[LIVIGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWEVIETTPMIHXSXLI
    QIQFIV
    E TH WLSYPH MRGPYHI XLI GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEHW TVSHYGIH
    F] XLI [IMKLX SJ XLI LSVM^SRXEP ERH ZIVXMGEP RSRWXVYGXYVEP
    elements directly supported by the member, as defined in
    
    (b) For girders, beams, or joists located at the edge of floor
    WPEFW THWLSYPHMRGPYHIGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWHYIXSXLI[IMKLX
    SJIPIQIRXWSJXLIJEEHIERHXLIFYMPHMRKIRGPSWYVIERH
    G T  WLSYPHMRGPYHIER]GSRGIRXVEXIHPMZIPSEHHMVIGXP]
    ETTPMIHSRXLIQIQFIV
     *EGXSVIHPSEH
     *EGXSVIHVIEGXMSRW
    E  *SV YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH VIEGXMSRW GEVVMIH F] XLI
    QIQFIVXLIPEVKIWXZEPYISJVYWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHERH
    F  *SV GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEHW GEVVMIH F] XLI QIQFIV XLI
    PEVKIWXZEPYISJ6YWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJSVEPPGSRGIRXVEXIH
    PSEHPSGEXMSRW
     *EGXSVIHQIQFIVPSEHW
    E  *SV YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH PSEHW GEVVMIH HMVIGXP] F]
    XLIQIQFIV[YWLSYPHFIXLIKVIEXIWXZEPYIHIXIVQMRIHF]
    GSQFMRMRK [HERH[ YWMRKPSEHJEGXSVWERHPSEHGSQFMRE
    tions specified in ERH
    F  *SV EPP GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEHW GEVVMIH HMVIGXP] F] XLI
    QIQFIV TY WLSYPH FI XLI KVIEXIWX ZEPYI HIXIVQMRIH F]
    GSQFMRMRK TH ERH T YWMRKPSEH JEGXSVW ERH PSEH GSQFMRE
    tions specified in JSVIEGLGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEH
     *EGXSVIHXSXEPPSEH
    E *EGXSVIHYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHXSXEPPSEH;YWLSYPHFI
    XLIWYQSJ[YHIXIVQMRIHJVSQERHVYHIXIVQMRIH
    JVSQERH
    F *EGXSVIHGSRGIRXVEXIHXSXEPPSEH4YWLSYPHFIXLIWYQ
    SJ TY HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ  ERH 6Y HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ
    
    {6IMRJSVGIQIRXX]TIW
     +IRIVEP{6IMRJSVGIQIRX SJ KMVHIVW FIEQW ERH
    NSMWXWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL'LETXIVERHWLSYPHFIHMZMHIH
    MRXSPSRKMXYHMREPERHXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRX0SRKMXYHMREP
    ERH XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR KMVHIVW FIEQW ERH NSMWXW
    LEZI ETTPMGEXMSRW PMWXIH MR 8EFPIW E ERH F ERH
    WLSYPH GSQTP] [MXL XLI WIGXMSRW PMWXIH *MKYVI  MPPYW
    XVEXIWXLITVMRGMTEPX]TIWSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     7IMWQMG{-R KMVHIVW ERH FIEQW WYTTSVXIH HMVIGXP]
    SRGSPYQRWERHVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWXLEXEVITEVXSJE
    QSQIRXVIWMWXMRKJVEQIMREHYEPW]WXIQPSGEXIHMRWIMWQMG
    ^SRIWVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHEPWSGSQTP][MXL'LETXIV.SMWXW
    ERHFIEQWRSXTEVXSJEJVEQIEVII\IQTXJVSQ'LETXIV
     8SVWMSR{;LIRKMVHIVWERHFIEQWEVIWYFNIGXIHXS
    XSVWMSREPQSQIRXWEQMRMQYQEQSYRXSJXVERWZIVWIVIMR
    forcement as specified in WLSYPHFITVSZMHIH

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    8EFPI E{8]TIWSJPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXW
    *PI\YVEP
    0SRKMXYHMREP
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    3XLIV

    4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    7XVYGXYVEPMRXIKVMX]
    7OMRVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    6IMRJSVGIQIRXJSVWYTTSVXSJWXMVVYTW
    T-beam flange reinforcement
    0SRKMXYHMREPXSVWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRX

    7IGXMSR
    7IGXMSR
    7IGXMSR
    7IGXMSR
    7IGXMSR
    7IGXMSR
    7IGXMSR

    8EFPI F{8]TIWSJXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXW
    8VERWZIVWI
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX

    7XMVVYTW

    ,SSTW

    7LIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    8VERWZIVWIWYTTSVXSJGSQTVIWWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    ,ERKIVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    8VERWZIVWIXSVWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    Confinement in seismic zones

    7IGXMSR
    7IGXMSR
    7IGXMSR
    7IGXMSR
    7IGXMSR

    8EFPI {1E\MQYQRYQFIVSJPSRKMXYHMREP
    FEVWMREPE]IVJSVKMVHIVWERHFIEQW
    &IEQSVKMVHIV[IF[MHXLF[
    MR QQ

    1E\MQYQRYQFIVSJ
    PSRKMXYHMREPFEVW

    F[ MR QQ


    MR QQ c F[ MR QQ 
    MR QQ  F[ MR QQ 

    7IGXMSRRSXTIVQMXXIH
    8[SFEVW
    8LVIIFEVW

    MR QQ c F[

    *MK{1EMRX]TIWSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXJSVKMVHIVWFIEQW
    ERHNSMWXW

    *MK {1MRMQYQ GPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR FEVW MR E


    PE]IVERHGPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRPE]IVWSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    {0SRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     +IRIVEP{7IGXMSR  WLSYPH ETTP] XS EPP X]TIW SJ
    PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXYWIHMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXW
     1MRMQYQWTEGMRK
     0SRKMXYHMREP FEVW MR E PE]IV{-R KMVHIVWFIEQW
    ERH NSMWXW XLI QMRMQYQ GPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR TEVEPPIP
    PSRKMXYHMREP FEVW MR E PE]IV WLSYPH FI XLI RSQMREP FEV
    HMEQIXIV HFSJXLIPEVKIWXFEVFYXRSXPIWWXLERMR QQ 
    *MK 'PIEVHMWXERGIPMQMXEXMSRFIX[IIRFEVWWLSYPH
    ETTP]EPWSXSXLIGPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIREGSRXEGXPETWTPMGI
    ERHEHNEGIRXWTPMGIWSVFEVW
     4EVEPPIP PE]IVW{-R KMVHIVW FIEQW ERH NSMWXW
    [LIVITEVEPPIPPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWEVITPEGIHMRX[SSVQSVI

    bw
    e3
    2

    bw
    e 3 (SI) FEVW
    50

    PE]IVW FEVW MR XLI YTTIV PE]IV WLSYPH FI TPEGIH HMVIGXP]
    EFSZI FEVW MR XLI PS[IV PE]IV [MXL GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR
    PE]IVWSJEXPIEWXMR QQ  *MK 
     1E\MQYQRYQFIVSJFEVWMREPE]IV{8LIQE\MQYQ
    RYQFIVSJPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWMREPE]IVWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIH
    GSRWMHIVMRK PSRKMXYHMREP ERH XVERWZIVWI FEV HMEQIXIVW
    GSRGVIXI GSZIV   QE\MQYQ RSQMREP GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI
    WM^I ERH QMRMQYQ GPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR FEVW  
    ;LIRXLIWIGEPGYPEXMSRWEVIRSXTIVJSVQIH7IGXMSRW
    XS QE]FIYWIH
     +MVHIVWERHFIEQW[MXLF[ MR QQ {
    *SVKMVHIVWERHFIEQW[LSWI[MHXLF[MWIUYEPXSSVKVIEXIV
    XLER  MR  QQ  XLI QE\MQYQ RYQFIV SJ FEVW MR E
    PE]IVQE]FIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRK)U   8EFPI 
    QE\MQYQRYQFIVSJFEVWMREPE]IV
    

    [LIVI F[MWMRMRGLIW QQ 
     +MVHIVWERHFIEQW[MXLF[ MR QQ {9T
    XSXLVIIPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWQE]FIYWIHMRKMVHIVWERHFIEQW
    [LSWI[MHXLF[MWIUYEPXSSVKVIEXIVXLERMR QQ 
    ERHPIWWXLERMR QQ 8[SPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWWLSYPH
    FIYWIHJSVF[PIWWXLERMR QQ  8EFPI 

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    8EFPI 8.4.5Minimum flexural reinforcement ratio


    QMRJSVKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXW
    J]TWM 14E
     
     
    QMR

     

     

    -XMWTIVQMXXIHXSMRXIVTSPEXIJSVHMJJIVIRXZEPYIWSJJ]

    8EFPI 8.4.6Maximum flexural reinforcement ratio


    QE\JSVKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXW
    J]TWM 14E
     
     

    *MKE{6IGXERKYPEVWIGXMSRERH8WLETIHWIGXMSR[MXL
    flange in compression.
    JG TWM
    14E

     
     
     
     
     

     
     
     
     
     

     
     
     
     
     

    -XMWTIVQMXXIHXSMRXIVTSPEXIJSVHMJJIVIRXZEPYIWSJJ]ERHJG 

    QMRMQYQRYQFIVSJFEVWMREPE]IV
    Fig. 8.4.5bT-shaped section with flange in tension.

    c
     .SMWXW{-R NSMWXW [MXL [IF [MHXLW F[ PIWW XLER
    SV IUYEPXS  MR QQ  IMXLIV SRI PSRKMXYHMREP FEV SV
    E X[SFEV FYRHPI MR GSRXEGX PSGEXIH SRI EFSZI XLI SXLIV
    MW TIVQMXXIH *SV [IF [MHXLW KVIEXIV XLER  MR  QQ 
    ERH PIWW XLER  MR  QQ  IMXLIV SRI PSRKMXYHMREP FEV
    SVX[SFEVWMREWMRKPIPE]IVEVITIVQMXXIHFYXFYRHPMRKSJ
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSXTIVQMXXIH*SV[IF[MHXLWIUYEPXSSV
    KVIEXIVXLERMR QQ XLIQE\MQYQRYQFIVSJFEVW
    MREWMRKPIPE]IVWLSYPHFISRIQSVIXLERXLSWIEPPS[IHJSV
    MR 8EFPI
     1MRMQYQRYQFIV SJ FEVW MR E PE]IV{8SQMRMQM^I
    the number and width of flexural cracks at points of maximum
    QSQIRXEPEVKIRYQFIVSJWQEPPIVHMEQIXIVFEVWWLSYPHFI
    TVSZMHIHVEXLIVXLEREWQEPPRYQFIVSJPEVKIHMEQIXIVFEVW
    *SVNSMWXWXLIQMRMQYQRYQFIVSJPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWWLSYPH
    FISRI*SVKMVHIVWERHFIEQW[MXLF[PIWWXLERMR QQ 
    XLIQMRMQYQRYQFIVSJPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWWLSYPHFIX[S*SV
    KMVHIVWERHFIEQW[LSWI[MHXLF[MWIUYEPXSSVKVIEXIVXLER
    MR QQ ERHWLSYPHFIQIXEXWIGXMSRW
    SJQE\MQYQTSWMXMZIERHRIKEXMZIQSQIRX
     )\XIVMSV I\TSWYVI{8LI QMRMQYQ RYQFIV SJ
    PSRKMXYHMREPFEVWMREPE]IVJSVKMVHIVWERHFIEQWI\TSWIHXS
    IEVXLSV[IEXLIVWLSYPHFIXLIZEPYIKMZIRF])U 
    QMRMQYQRYQFIVSJFEVWMREPE]IV

    bw
    4

    bw
    100

    (SI)

    bw
    8

    bw
    200

    (SI)

    

    [LIVI F[MWMRMRGLIW QQ 
     Minimum area of flexural tension reinforcement{
    ;LIVI 'LETXIV  indicated that tension flexural reinforce
    QIRX MW RIIHIH %WQMR WLSYPH FI GSQTYXIH F] E  SV F 
    [LIVI QMRMWXLIZEPYIKMZIRMR8EFPI
    E  *SV VIGXERKYPEV WIGXMSRW ERH JSV 8WLETIH WIGXMSRW
    where the flange is in compression (Fig. 8.4.5a):
    %WQMR!

    QMRHF[

    E

    (b) For cantilevers having a T-section where the flange


    MWMRXIRWMSR *MKF %WQMRWLSYPHFIXLIWQEPPIVZEPYI
    GSQTYXIHJVSQ)U F ERH G 
    %WQMR!
    %WQMR!

    QMRHF[

    F

    QMRHFJ

    G

    6IJIVXS7IGXMSRJSVFJGEPGYPEXMSRJSV8WIGXMSR
     Maximum flexural reinforcement ratio{8LIVEXMSSJ
    tension flexural reinforcement, WLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHF] E 
    ERH F ERHWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLIZEPYIWSJ QE\EWKMZIRMR
    8EFPI
    (a) In girders, beams, and joists having only tension flexural
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX

    

    [LIVI F[MWMRMRGLIW QQ 
     -RXIVMSV I\TSWYVI{8LI QMRMQYQ RYQFIV SJ
    PSRKMXYHMREPFEVWMREPE]IVJSVKMVHIVWERHFIEQWRSXI\TSWIH
    XSIEVXLSV[IEXLIVWLSYPHFIXLIZEPYIKMZIRF])U 

    As
    bd

    max

    E

    F  -R KMVHIVW FIEQW ERH NSMWXW LEZMRK XIRWMSR ERH


    compression flexural reinforcement (*MK 

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    As e As
    bd

    max

    

    F

     1MRMQYQ HIWMKR QSQIRX WXVIRKXL{8LI WIGXMSR


    HIWMKRQSQIRXWXVIRKXL 1RWLSYPHFIIUYEPXSSVKVIEXIV
    XLERXLIVIUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXL1Y
    1R 1Y

    

    *MK {7IGXMSR [MXL XIRWMSR ERH GSQTVIWWMSR


    VIMRJSVGIQIRX

     (IWMKR QSQIRX WXVIRKXL JSV VIGXERKYPEV WIGXMSRW


    [MXLXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXSRP]
     (IWMKRQSQIRXWXVIRKXL{*SVKMVHIVWFIEQWERH
    NSMWXWXLIHIWMKRQSQIRXWXVIRKXLSJQE]FIETTVS\M
    QEXIHYWMRK)U  [MXL ! *MK 
    
     *PI\YVEPXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIEThe flexural
    XIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIEMWETTVS\MQEXIP]GSQTYXIHJVSQ
    )U  

    As

    Mu
    0.85 f y d

    *MK {(IWMKR HMQIRWMSRW JSV QSQIRX WXVIRKXL


    XIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXSRP]

    

    The flexural reinforcement ratio,  ! %WFH WLSYPH FI


    GSQTYXIH;LIR MWPIWWXLER QMREWIWXEFPMWLIHMR
    %W WLSYPH FI MRGVIEWIH -J  MW KVIEXIV XLER QE\ EW IWXEF
    PMWLIH MR  QIQFIV HMQIRWMSRW WLSYPH FI MRGVIEWIH
    QEOMRKXLIETTVSTVMEXIGSVVIGXMSRJSVWIPJ[IMKLXSVXLIYWI
    SJGSQTVIWWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIMRZIWXMKEXIH
    %RSXISRIQTPS]QIRXSJ97GYWXSQEV]YRMXW'SQTYXIH
    QSQIRXW KIRIVEPP] EVI MR YRMXW SJ PFJX FIGEYWI XLI] EVI
    HIXIVQMRIHJVSQGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWMRPFHMWXVMFYXIHPSEHW
    MRPFJXERHWTERWMRJX8LI]WLSYPHFIGSRZIVXIHXSPFMR
    PFMR!PFJX JSVYWI[MXLJ]MRTWMHERHFMRMRERH
    %WMRMR
    %RSXISRIQTPS]QIRXSJ7-YRMXW8LIGSQTYXIHQSQIRXW
    KIRIVEPP]EVIMRYRMXWSJO2QFIGEYWIXLI]EVIHIXIVQMRIH
    JVSQ GSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW MR O2 HMWXVMFYXIH PSEHWMRO2Q
    ERHWTERWMRQ8LI]WLEPPFIGSRZIVXIHXS2QQ O2Q!
    2QQ JSVYWI[MXLJ]MR14E 14E!2QQ  H
    ERH FMRQQERH%WMRQQ
     'SQTVIWWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERH
    NSMWXW
     8IRWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX PIWW XLER QE\MQYQ{*SV
    QSQIRXWXVIRKXLGEPGYPEXMSRWGSQTVIWWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMW
    RSXRIGIWWEV][LIRXLIXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS MWPIWW
    XLER QE\
     7LEPPS[HSYFP]VIMRJSVGIHWIGXMSRW{*SVQSQIRX
    WXVIRKXL GEPGYPEXMSRW GSQTVIWWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW RSX
    RIGIWWEV][LIRXLIZEPYISJVEXMSHH MWPIWWXLERXLIZEPYIW
    KMZIRMR8EFPI
     (IWMKR QSQIRX WXVIRKXL [MXL GSQTVIWWMSR VIMR
    JSVGIQIRX{*SVQSQIRXWXVIRKXLGEPGYPEXMSRW[MXLGSQTVIW
    WMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXYWI)U   *MK 

    *MK {(IWMKR HMQIRWMSRW JSV QSQIRX WXVIRKXL


    WIGXMSRW[MXLGSQTVIWWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    8EFPI {1MRMQYQZEPYIWSJHH JSV
    GSQTVIWWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXXSFIIJJIGXMZI
    J]TWM 14E
    HH

     
    

    Mn

    As f y d

    0.85 As

     
    

    As f y d d

    

    [LIVI !
    )UYEXMSR   EWWYQIW XLI GSQTVIWWMSR VIMRJSVGI
    ment yields, which should be verified.
     *PI\YVEP XIRWMSR ERH GSQTVIWWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    EVIEThe area of flexural tension reinforcement, %W ERH
    GSQTVIWWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRX%W WLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK
    1YEWJSPPS[W
    As

    Mu
    fy d d
    As

    As

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    0.85 max bd 2
    d d

    max

    bd

    E

    F

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    Fig. 8.4.10.1Effective flange width for T-beams with slab


    SRFSXLWMHIW

    Fig. 8.4.10.2Effective flange width for T-beams with slab


    SRSRIWMHISRP]

    Fig. 8.4.10.3Effective flange width for isolated T-beams.


    8LIVEXMS QE\WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ[LIRXLI
    QMRMQYQ HH  MW QIX %JXIV VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW EVI WIPIGXIH
    QE\EWKMZIRMR)U F WLSYPHFIGLIGOIH
     Transverse reinforcement where flexural compres
    WMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWTVIWIRXLongitudinal flexural compres
    WMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI IRGPSWIH F] XMIW SV WXMVVYTW
    WEXMWJ]MRKXLIWM^IERHWTEGMRKPMQMXEXMSRWSJGSPYQRXMIWMR
    7YGLXMIWSVWXMVVYTWWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHXLVSYKLSYX
    XLIHMWXERGI[LIVIGSQTVIWWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRIIHIH
     8FIEQIJJIGX{;LIVIEFIEQMWQSRSPMXLMG[MXL
    E WPEF ERH E QSQIRX MRHYGIW GSQTVIWWMSR MRXLIWPEFXLI
    slab may be assumed to act as a beam flange, and the design
    WLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXS
     Effective flange width for beams with slab on
    FSXLWMHIWThe effective flange width FWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH
    XLIPIEWXSJ E  F ERH G  *MK 
    E 3RIUYEVXIVXLIFIEQWTERPIRKXL
    F 7M\XIIRXMQIWXLIWPEFXLMGORIWWLJTPYWXLI[IFXLMGO
    RIWW F[SV
    G 8LIGPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIR[IFWTPYWXLI[IFXLMGO
    RIWW F[
     Effective flange width for beams with slab on one
    WMHISRP]The effective flange width FWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH
    XLIPIEWXSJ E  F ERH G  *MK 

    *MK {)JJIGXMZI GVSWW WIGXMSR JSV QSQIRX WXVIRKXL


    GEPGYPEXMSRSJ8FIEQW
    E 3RIX[IPJXLXLIFIEQWTERPIRKXLTPYWXLI[IFXLMGO
    RIWW F[
    (b) Six times the flange thickness LJTPYWXLI[IFXLMGORIWW
    F[SV
    G  3RILEPJ XLI GPIEV HMWXERGI XS XLI RI\X [IF TPYW XLI
    [IFXLMGORIWWF[
     -WSPEXIH8FIEQW{*PERKIXLMGORIWWLJMRMWSPEXIH
    8FIEQW WLSYPH FI EX PIEWX SRILEPJ SJ XLI [IF XLMGORIWW
    F[, and the effective flange width FWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH XLI
    WQEPPIVSJF[ERHFJ *MK 
     (IWMKR QSQIRX WXVIRKXL SJ 8FIEQW{8LI
    HIWMKRQSQIRXWXVIRKXLWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKJSV
    sections where the flange is in compression (Fig. 8.4.10.4),
    ERHXLIHITXLSJXLIIUYMZEPIRXYRMJSVQWXVIWWFPSGO EPMIW
    within the flange thickness LJEWGSQTYXIHF])U  

    hf

    a ERH a

    As f y
    0.85 fc b

    

     *PI\YVEPXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS{;LIRXLI
    ZEPYI KMZIRF])U  MWRSXI\GIIHIHXLIJPI\
    YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS !%W FH JSV8FIEQWWLSYPHFI
    GSQTYXIHYWMRK%WJVSQ)U  
    0.85 fc h f
    fy d

    

    ;LIVI XLI ZEPYI SJ  MW WQEPPIV XLER QMR JVSQ  %W
    WLSYPH FI MRGVIEWIH ;LIVI XLI ZEPYI SJ  MW KVIEXIV XLER
    QE\ JVSQ  QIQFIV HMQIRWMSRW WLSYPH FI MRGVIEWIH
    GSVVIGXMRKXLIWIPJ[IMKLX
     Reinforcement in T-beam flanges{8LIQMRMQYQ
    T-beam flange reinforcement of 8.4.11.1 and 
    WLSYPHETTP]XSKMVHIVWERHFIEQWFYXRSXXSNSMWXGSRWXVYG
    XMSR*PERKIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERRIIHIHF]
    XLIWPEFW]WXIQ
     (MWXVMFYXMSRSJRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX{
    Where T-beam flanges are in tension, negative moment beam
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIHMWXVMFYXIHSZIVE[MHXLIUYEPXSXLI
    smaller of the effective flange width as defined in 8.4.10,
    SVSRIXIRXLSJXLIFIEQWTER8LITSVXMSRSJXLIIJJIGXMZI
    flange width that exceeds one-tenth of the beam span should

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    Fig. 8.4.11.1Reinforcement in T-beam flanges.

    LEZI E QMRMQYQ SJ WLVMROEKI ERH XIQTIVEXYVI VIMRJSVGI


    QIRX  MR XLI FIEQ HMVIGXMSR 6IJIV XS *MK 
    8LIVIWXVMGXMSRWSJWLSYPHRSXETTP]XSXLMWMXIQ
     Transverse flange reinforcement{-R XLI WPEF
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI FIEQ WLSYPH VIWMWX E
    factored negative moment computed assuming the flange
    [MHXLEGXWEWEGERXMPIZIVWYTTSVXIHF]XLIFIEQ *MK 
    ERH JSV MWSPEXIH 8FIEQW XLI JYPP [MHXL SJ XLI SZIVLERKMRK
    flange. This reinforcement should also comply with 
     7OMR VIMRJSVGIQIRX{;LIVI XLI LIMKLX L SJ E
    KMVHIVFIEQSVNSMWXI\GIIHWMR QQ PSRKMXYHMREP
    WOMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHEPSRKFSXLWMHIJEGIW
    SJXLIQIQFIVJSVEZIVXMGEPHMWXERGIIUYEPXSLRIEVIWXXLI
    flexural tension reinforcement. Vertical spacing WWOFIX[IIR
    FEVWWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLIPIEWXZEPYISJ)U   H
    ERHMR QQ  *MK 

    ssk
    ssk

    900,000
    2.5cc
    fy
    159,600
    2.5cc
    fy

    720,000
    fy
    126,000
    (SI)
    fy

    

     :EPYI SJ HG ERH H XS YWI MR KMVHIVW FIEQW ERH
    NSMWXW{'EPGYPEXMSRSJHGXLIHMWXERGIJVSQI\XVIQIXIRWMSR
    fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, should consider
    GSRGVIXI GSZIVJVSQ FEVHMEQIXIVW ERHVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    PE]IVW
    8LIJSPPS[MRKZEPYIWSJ HGGERFIYWIHXSGSQTYXIHEW
    H!LzHGJSVGEWIW[LIVISRP]SRIVIMRJSVGIQIRXPE]IVMW
    YWIH*SVKMVHIVWERHFIEQWHG!MR QQ JSVMRXIVMSV
    I\TSWYVIERHHG!MR QQ JSVI\XIVMSVI\TSWYVI*SV
    NSMWXW HG!MR QQ JSVMRXIVMSVI\TSWYVIERHHG!MR
    QQ JSVI\XIVMSVI\TSWYVI
     4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     (IWGVMTXMSR{4SWMXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHMRXLIKMVHIVFIEQSVNSMWXWIGXMSREW
    MRHMGEXIHMR'LETXIVERHWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLERHXLI
    TEVXMGYPEVPMQMXEXMSRWJSVIEGLQIQFIVX]TIMRSV
     0SGEXMSR{4SWMXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    WLSYPHFITPEGIHPSRKMXYHMREPP]MRXLIKMVHIVFIEQSVNSMWX
    4SWMXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI PSGEXIH EW GPSWI XS
    XLIFSXXSQWYVJEGISJXLIKMVHIVFIEQWSVNSMWXEWTVEGXMGEFPI
    JSPPS[MRKXLIGSRGVIXIGSZIVSJ;LIVIKMVHIVWFIEQW
    SVNSMWXWWYTTSVXSXLIVKMVHIVWFIEQWSVNSMWXWXLITSWMXMZI

    *MK {7OMR VIMRJSVGIQIRX JSV KMVHIVW FIEQW ERH


    NSMWXW[MXLL"MR QQ 
    QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJ XLI WYTTSVXIH QIQFIV WLSYPH
    FITPEGIHEFSZIXLITSWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJXLI
    WYTTSVXMRKQIQFIV
     'YXSJJEQSYRX{2SQSVIXLERSRILEPJXLITSWMXMZI
    QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXQMHWTERQE]FIGYXSJJEXXLI
    PSGEXMSRWMRHMGEXIHMRSV
     6IMRJSVGIQIRXWTPMGMRK{8LIVIQEMRMRKTSWMXMZI
    QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX JVSQ  QE] FI PET WTPMGIH
    FIX[IIRXLIGYXSJJTSMRXERHXLISTTSWMXIJEGISJXLIWYTTSVX
     )QFIHQIRX EX MRXIVMSV WYTTSVXW{4SWMXMZI
    QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX XIVQMREXIH EX ER MRXIVMSV WYTTSVX
    WLSYPHFIGSRXMRYIHXSXLISTTSWMXIJEGISJXLIWYTTSVXTPYW
    XLIPETWTPMGIHMWXERGISJ
     )RHERGLSVEKISJVIMRJSVGIQIRX{%XXLIIRHSJ
    XLIKMVHIVFIEQSVNSMWXXLITSWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    WLSYPHI\XIRHXSXLIIHKIERHIRHMREWXERHEVHLSSO
     2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     (IWGVMTXMSR{2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHMRXLIKMVHIVFIEQSVNSMWXWIGXMSREX
    IHKIW ERH WYTTSVXW EW MRHMGEXIH MR 'LETXIV  ERH WLSYPH
    GSQTP][MXLERHXLITEVXMGYPEVTVSZMWMSRWSJSV
     0SGEXMSR{2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH EX EPP WYTTSVXW ERH PSGEXIH EW GPSWI XS
    XLIYTTIVWYVJEGISJXLIKMVHIVFIEQSVNSMWXEWTVEGXMGEFPI
    JSPPS[MRKGSRGVIXIGSZIVSJ%XWYTTSVXW[LIVIKMVHIVW
    SV FIEQW MRXIVWIGX XLI RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJ
    XLIQIQFIV[MXLXLIPSRKIVWTERWLSYPHFIPSGEXIHSRXST
     'YXSJJ EQSYRX{2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGI
    QIRXEXXLIPSGEXMSRWMRHMGEXIHMRSVQE]FIGYX
    SJJI\GITXGERXMPIZIVRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSX
    EPPS[IH XS FI GYX SJJ ;LIVI EHNEGIRX WTERW EVI YRIUYEP

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MKF{8]TMGEPWXMVVYT
    WLETIJSVNSMWXWMREHHMXMSR
    XS*MKE

    *MKE{8]TMGEPWXMVVYTWLETIWJSVKMVHIVWERHFIEQW

    *MK{8]TMGEPWXMVVYTWTEGMRKEPSRKXLIKMVHIVFIEQSVNSMWX

    RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX GYXSJJ TSMRXW WLSYPH FI


    FEWIHSRXLIPSRKIVWTER
     6IMRJSVGIQIRX WTPMGMRK{2IKEXMZI QSQIRX
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXFIX[IIRGYXSJJTSMRXERHXLIWYTTSVXWLSYPH
    RSXFIPETWTPMGIH
     )RH ERGLSVEKI{2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGI
    QIRX EX XLI IRH SJ E KMVHIV FIEQ SV NSMWX WLSYPH IRH MR
    E WXERHEVH LSSO EX XLI JEV IHKI SJ XLI WYTTSVXMRK KMVHIV
    FIEQGSPYQRSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPGSQTP]MRK[MXL
    ERGLSVEKIHMWXERGIHIWGVMFIHF]%XXLII\XIVREPIHKI
    SJ GERXMPIZIVW RIKEXMZIQSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH IRH
    MREWXERHEVHLSSO
     7XMVVYT WYTTSVX{-R EVIEW [LIVI RS RIKEXMZI
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW RIIHIH XST FEVW WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH JSV
    EXXEGLQIRXERHERGLSVEKISJWXMVVYTW8LIHMEQIXIVSJXLIWI
    XST FEVW WLSYPH FIIUYEP XS SV KVIEXIV XLER XLI WXMVVYT FEV
    HMEQIXIV 1MRMQYQ PET PIRKXLSJ XLIWI XST FEVW WLSYPH
    FIMR QQ 
    {8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     (IWGVMTXMSR{8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXJSVKMVHIVW
    FIEQWERHNSMWXWWLSYPHGSRWMWXSJWXMVVYTWXLEXIRGPSWIXLI
    PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHEVITPEGIHTIVTIRHMGYPEVXS
    XLIPSRKMXYHMREPE\MWSJXLIQIQFIVEXZEV]MRKMRXIVZEPW
    8LI QEMR JYRGXMSRW JSV XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR
    KMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXWEVI
    E 'SRXVMFYXIXSQIQFIVWLIEVWXVIRKXL
    F 4VSZMHIPEXIVEPWYTTSVXJSVPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    WYFNIGXIHXSGSQTVIWWMSRWXVIWWIW
    G  %GX EW LERKIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR KMVHIVW WYTTSVXMRK
    FIEQWERHNSMWXW
    H 'SRXVMFYXIXSQIQFIVXSVWMSRWXVIRKXLERH

    (e) Provide confinement to the concrete in seismic zones


    EXWIPIGXIHPSGEXMSRW[MXLMRXLIQIQFIV
     7XMVVYT WLETI{% WXMVVYT WLSYPH GSRWMWX SJ WMRKPI
    SV QYPXMTPI ZIVXMGEP PIKW )EGL ZIVXMGEP PIK WLSYPH IRKEKI
    E PSRKMXYHMREP FEV IMXLIV F] FIRHMRK EVSYRH MX [LIR XLI
    WXMVVYTGSRXMRYIWSVF]YWMRKEWXERHEVHWXMVVYTLSSO  XS
    WYVVSYRHXLIPSRKMXYHMREPFEVEXXLIWXMVVYTIRH *MKE
    ERHF 
     4IVQMXXIHWXMVVYTWLETIJSVKMVHIVWERHFIEQW{
    %PPWXMVVYTWMRKMVHIVWERHFIEQWWLSYPHFIGPSWIHWXMVVYTW
    [MXLHIKVIILSSOWEWWLS[RMR*MKE E 8LISXLIV
    WXMVVYTWLETIWEVIMRGSQQSRYWIFYXEVIWLS[RXSGPEVMJ]
    XLEXXLI]EVIRSXXSFIYWIH[MXLXLMWKYMHI-RWIMWQMGEVIEW
    XLIWXMVVYTWLETIMWJYVXLIVPMQMXIH
     4IVQMXXIH WXMVVYT WLETI JSV NSMWXW{%PP WXMVVYT
    X]TIWWLS[RMR*MKEERHFQE]FIYWIHMRNSMWXW
     1MRMQYQGPIEVWTEGMRKFIX[IIRWXMVVYTWPIKW{-R
    KMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXWXLIQMRMQYQGPIEVWTEGIFIX[IIR
    WXMVVYTWSVTEVEPPIPPIKWMREWXMVVYTWLSYPHFIMR QQ 
     7XMVVYT WYTTSVX{7XMVVYTW WLSYPH FI EXXEGLIH
    XSPSRKMXYHMREPFEVW WSXLEXWXMVVYTW HSRSXHMWTPEGIHYVMRK
    GSRGVIXITPEGIQIRX  
     7XMVVYTPIKWTPMGMRK{7XMVVYTFEVWWLSYPHRSXFIPET
    WTPMGIH
     0SGEXMSR SJ XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{7XMVVYT
    WTEGMRKMRXIVZEPWWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL *MK 
     'SRXVMFYXMSR SJ XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX XS WLIEV
    WXVIRKXL
     +IRIVEPBeam-action shear accompanies flex
    YVEPQSQIRXWERHSGGYVWMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXWEPSRK
    XLIMVPIRKXL ERH MW SJ KVIEXIV QEKRMXYHIMRXLIZMGMRMX]SJ
    WYTTSVXWERHGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    8EFPI {7LIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXWQE\MQYQWTEGMRKW
    :EPYISJJEGXSVIH
    VIUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXL
    :Y

    1MRMQYQEVIESJWLIEV
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX %Z[MXLMRE
    HMWXERGI W

    0MQMXMRKZEPYISJ :W

    2SXRIIHIH

    Vc

    Av

    Vc
    2

    Vu

    Av

    0.75 fc
    0.062 fc

    Av

     :G" :W

    Vu

    1E\MQYQWTEGMRKW

    Vc
    4 Vc

    Vs

    Vs

    Av

    2 Vc

    4 Vc

    Vu

    bw s
    fyt

    bw s
    (SI)
    fyt
    Vc s

    f yt d

    Vu

    Vc s
    f yt d

    d 2
    s c min. of
    d24 in. (600 mm)
    d 2
    f24 in. (600 mm)
    f
    s c min. of A f 50 b
    w
    f v yt
    f A f 0.35b (SI)
    w
    d v yt
    d 4
    f24 in. (600 mm)
    f
    s c min. of A f 50 b
    w
    f v yt
    f
    d Av fyt 0.35bw (SI)

    2SXTIVQMXXIH

     (IWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL{(IWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL


    :RSJEKMVHIVFIEQSVNSMWXWIGXMSRWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIH
    JSPPS[MRKXLITVSGIHYVIMRJSVFIEQEGXMSRWLIEVEW
    Vn

    Vc

    Vs

    

    [LIVI :GMW XLI GSRGVIXI GSRXVMFYXMSR XS XLI HIWMKR WLIEV


    WXVIRKXL :WMWXLIWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRXVMFYXMSRXSXLI
    HIWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXLERH !
     'SRXVMFYXMSR SJ GSRGVIXI XS WLIEV WXVIRKXL{%X
    IEGLPSGEXMSRXSFIMRZIWXMKEXIH *MK XLIGSRGVIXI
    GSRXVMFYXMSRSJXLI[IFSJXLIKMVHIVFIEQSVNSMWXWLSYPH
    FIXEOIRMRXSEGGSYRX *MK ERHWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIH
    YWMRK)U  [MXL !

    Vc

    2 fc bw d

    

     'SRXVMFYXMSRSJXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXXSWLIEV
    WXVIRKXL{*SV VIMRJSVGIQIRX TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI QIQFIV
    E\MWMXWGSRXVMFYXMSRXSHIWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXLWLSYPHFI
    v

    yt

    E

    [LIVI %ZMWXLIEVIESJWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXTIVTIRHMGYPEVXS
    XLIQIQFIVE\MW XLI WXMVVYT FEVEVIE%FQYPXMTPMIHF] XLI
    RYQFIVSJZIVXMGEPWXMVVYTPIKW [MXLMREHMWXERGIW J]XMWXLI
    ]MIPHWXVIRKXLSJXLIWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXWXIIPERH !
    6IMRJSVGIQIRX GSRXVMFYXMSR XS XLI HIWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL
    WLSYPHRSXFIXEOIRKVIEXIVXLER

    *MK{'SRXVMFYXMSRSJGSRGVIXIXSFIEQEGXMSRWLIEV
    WXVIRKXLMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXW
     (IWMKRSJWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRX{7LIEVVIMRJSVGI
    QIRXMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXWWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHYWMRK
    WXMVVYTWTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIQIQFIVE\MW[MXLEQE\MQYQ
    WTEGMRKWQIEWYVIHEPSRKQIQFIVE\MW
    E ;LIVIXLIJEGXSVIHWLIEV:YMWPIWWXLER :GXLIYWI
    SJWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]FI[EMZIH
    F  ;LIVI :Y I\GIIHW :G ERH MW PIWW XLER :G E
    QMRMQYQEVIESJWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHEW
    specified by Eq. (8.5.4.5). The spacing W EPSRKXLIQIQFIV
    E\MWWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLIWQEPPIVSJHERHMR QQ 
    *MK 
    Av

    0.062 fc

    bw s
    (SI)
    f yt

    

    [LIVI %ZMW%FQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIRYQFIVSJWXMVVYTPIKWERH
    G ;LIVI:YI\GIIHW :GXLIHMJJIVIRGI :Yz :G WLSYPH
    FITVSZMHIHJSVF]WLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXYWMRK)U  
    ERH E  ERH XLI PMQMXEXMSRW   XLVSYKL   WLSYPH
    ETTP] 8EFPI 

    F
    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MK{1MRMQYQWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXW[LIR :G  c
    :Y
    :G 

    *MK{'EPGYPEXMSRSJXLIWLIEVHMEKVEQSJEKMVHIV
    FIEQSVNSMWX

      1MRMQYQ WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE WLSYPH RSX FI


    PIWWXLERXLEXHIXIVQMRIHYWMRK)U  
      ;LIVI XLI ZEPYI SJ :W GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK )U
    E  MW PIWW XLER  :G XLI WTEGMRK PMQMXW SJ F 
    WLSYPHFIYWIH
     ;LIVIXLIZEPYISJ :WGEPGYPEXIHYWMRK)U E 
    MWKVIEXIVXLER :GWTEGMRKPMQMXWWLSYPHFILEPJXLI
    values specified in (b); and
      8LI ZEPYI SJ :W GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK )U E 
    WLSYPHRSXFIXEOIRKVIEXIVXLER :G
     7LIEV HMEKVEQ{8LI ZEPYI SJ :Y EX XLI WYTTSVX
    JEGIWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHMRGSRJSVQERGI[MXLSV%
    HMEKVEQWLS[MRKXLIWLIEVZEVMEXMSR[MXLMRXLIWTERWLSYPH
    FIGSRWXVYGXIH[MXLXLIZEPYISJ:YEXXLIPIJXWYTTSVXJEGI
    XEOIREWTSWMXMZI8LIWLIEVJVSQXLMWTSMRXTVSGIIHMRKXSXLI
    VMKLXWLSYPHFIHIGVIEWIHEXEVEXIIUYEPXS
    Vu

    left supp.

    Vu

    right supp.

    Pu

    0MQMXW JSV :R, as defined in 8EFPI  WLSYPH FI


    QEVOIHMR XLIWLIEV HMEKVEQERHWXMVVYTWTEGMRK W WLSYPH
    be defined for different regions within the shear diagram.
    The first stirrup should be placed not further than WJVSQ
    XLIJEGISJXLIWYTTSVXMRKQIQFIV[MXLWFIMRKXLIWXMVVYT
    WTEGMRKEXXLIWYTTSVX8LIQMRMQYQWXMVVYTWTEGMRKWLSYPH
    GSQTP][MXL-JXLIGSQTYXIHWMWPIWWXLERMR
    QQ YWMRKWXMVVYTW[MXLQSVIZIVXMGEPPIKWSVEPEVKIV
    FEVHMEQIXIVWLSYPHFIMRZIWXMKEXIH
     ,ERKIV WXMVVYTW{;LIVI E FIEQ MW WYTTSVXIH F]
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    VIEGXMSRWLSYPHFIVIWMWXIHF]LERKIVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLI
    JSVQSJGPSWIHWXMVVYTWTPEGIHMRFSXLQIQFIVW,ERKIVWXMVVYTW
    EVIMREHHMXMSRXSWXMVVYTWRIIHIHJSVWLIEV *MK ERH
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    [LIVI :YMWXLIFIEQJEGXSVIHWLIEVEXXLIWYTTSVXJEGI%MMW
    XLIXSXEPEVIESJLERKIVWXMVVYTWLKMWXLIKMVHIVLIMKLXJ]XMW
    the stirrup specified yield strength; and !
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    {.SMWXWERHFIEQWWYTTSVXIHF]KMVHIVW
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    QSRSPMXLMG [MXL ERH WYTTSVXIH F] KMVHIVW 8[S[E] NSMWX
    systems or waffle-on-beams systems as described in
    should also comply with 8.6. Waffle-slab systems without
    FIEQW WTERRMRK FIX[IIR GSPYQRW EW HIWGVMFIH MR 
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    [MXL &IEQ[IF[MHXLF[WLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERMR
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    compression flange.
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    WYTTSVX WLSYPH IUYEP SV I\GIIH XLI QE\MQYQ RIKEXMZI
    factored moment at the first interior support and one-third
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    Exterior face of first internal support, only two spans:
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    JVSQXLEXWYTTSVX

    *EGIWSJEPPSXLIVWYTTSVXW

    Vu

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    Wu n
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    YWMRK  ERH  MKRSVMRK XLI QMRMQYQ HITXL SJ XLI
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    ru

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    MWXLIGIRXIVXSGIRXIVWTEGMRKFIX[IIRTEVEPPIPNSMWXW
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    ERHMKRSVMRKQMRMQYQHITXLSJXLIWYTTSVXMRK
    FIEQWSVKMVHIVWKMZIRMR G ERH
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    FI XLI ZEPYIW HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ )U   TPYW XLI JEGXSVIH
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    GIRXIVWTERERH RMWXLIGPIEVWTERSJXLIFIEQ
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    GSRGVIXI[EPPW
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    GSQTP][MXL
     +MVHIVHITXLERH[MHXL{8LIKMVHIVWLSYPHFITVMW
    QEXMG[MXLSYXLEYRGLIWFVEGOIXWSVGSVFIPW8LILIMKLXL
    WLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLIQMRMQYQHITXLSJ'PIEVWTER
    SJXLIQIQFIVWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERJSYVXMQIWMXWLIMKLXL
    8LI[MHXLXSLIMKLXVEXMSF[LWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLER8LI
    [MHXL F[WLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERMR QQ RSVI\GIIHXLI
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    VIMRJSVGIQIRXSJXLI[EPPWLSYPHTEWWXLVSYKLXLIKMVHIVSV
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    laterally supported by the floor slab or secondary beams, the
    GPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXWWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH
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     6IMRJSVGIQIRX
     4SWMXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX{8LI TSWMXMZI
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    GEPGYPEXIH ZEPYI SJ 1Y -J E WPEF I\MWXW MR XLI YTTIV TEVX

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    Mu

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    16
    7
    2IKEXMZIQSQIRXEXWYTTSVXWEX
    -RXIVMSVJEGISJI\XIVREPGSPYQRSVTIVTIRHMGYPEV
    WXVYGXYVEP[EPP
    Wu n2
    n
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    Pu
    16
    10
    Exterior face of first internal column or perpendicular
    WXVYGXYVEP[EPPSRP]X[SWTERW
    Wu n2
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    Pu
    9
    6
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    Wu n2
    n
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    10
    6.5
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    JVEQI
    Wu n2
    n
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    12
    7
    7YTTSVXSJKMVHIVGERXMPIZIVW
    3Wu n2
    M ue
    Pu
    n
    4
    Mu

    F

    G

    H

    I

    Ru
    J

    K

    8EFPI {*EGXSVIHWLIEVJSVKMVHIVWSJ
    JVEQIW
    At exterior face of first interior column:

    Vu

    1.15

    Wu n
    2

    0.8 Pu

     E

    %XJEGIWSJEPPSXLIVGSPYQRW

    Wu n
    2

    Vu

    0.75 Pu

    F

    %XWYTTSVXWSJKMVHIVGERXMPIZIVW

    Vu

    Wu

    Pu

    [MXL  *SV TIVMQIXIV FIEQW EW MRHMGEXIH MR 


    SRIUYEVXIV SJ XLI RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH
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    WYTTSVXWERHEXEHMWXERGIIUYEPXS RJSVI\XIVREPWYTTSVXW
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    WLSYPHFIMRZIWXMKEXIH
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    PIZIVWTERRMRKJVSQXLEXWYTTSVX

    G

    SJXLIKMVHIVXLI8FIEQIJJIGXQE]FIXEOIRMRXSEGGSYRX
    4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
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    JVSQ XLI WYTTSVX JEGI MRXS XLI WTER YT XS SRILEPJ SJ XLI
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    F 
     2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX{8LI RIKEXMZI
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    8LMWVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL;LIREWPEF
    MWTVIWIRXMRXLIYTTIVTEVXSJXLIWIGXMSRSV[LIRXLIKMVHIV
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    Vu

    

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    GIRXIVWTERERH RMWXLIGPIEVWTERSJXLIKMVHIV
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    ZIVXMGEP PSEHW SR KMVHIVW XLEX WTER JVSQ XLI GSPYQR MR XLI
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    (b) In the first case ('EWI % SJ *MK   XLI IRXMVI
    KMVHIV WLSYPH FI PSEHIH [MXL XLI JEGXSVIH HIEH PSEH ERH
    EPXIVREXISHHWTERWWLSYPHFIPSEHIH[MXLXLIJEGXSVIHPMZI
    PSEHERH
    G -RXLIWIGSRHGEWI 'EWI&SJ*MK XLIIRXMVI
    KMVHIVWLSYPHFIPSEHIH[MXLXLIJEGXSVIHHIEHPSEHERHXLI
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    PSEH
     9RFEPERGIH QSQIRX HMWXVMFYXMSR{8S HMWXVMFYXI
    XLI YRFEPERGIH QSQIRX XS GSPYQRW SV [EPPW EFSZI ERH
    FIPS[XLIKMVHIV E ETTPMIWXSVSSJNSMRXWERH F ERH G
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    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

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    *MK E{6IMRJSVGIQIRX MR KMVHIVW XLEX EVI TEVX SJ E QSQIRXVIWMWXMRK JVEQI
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    *MKF{6IMRJSVGIQIRXMRKMVHIVWXLEXEVITEVXSJXLITIVMQIXIVJVEQI

    *MK{+MVHIVYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXXSFIXVERWJIVVIHXSGSPYQRW
    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    

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    horizontal and vertical nonstructural elements as defined in
     8LI ZEPYI U  JSV PMZI PSEH WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F]
    ;LIVIXLIWPEFMWTEVXSJXLIVSSJW]WXIQVSSJPMZIPSEH
    KMZIRMRVEMRPSEHMRERHWRS[PSEHWMRWLSYPH
    FIMRGPYHIHEWETTVSTVMEXI
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    REXMSRWMR

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    Mu

    up

    Mu

    I c hpi
    I c hpi

    up

    I c hpi

    up

    E
    down

    G *SVNSMRXW[MXLGSPYQRWXSTERHFSXXSQ 8]TIW%&ERH
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    Mu

    down

    Mu

    I c hpi
    I c hpi

    down

    I c hpi

    up

    F
    down

    H -R)U E ERH F -GWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIH


    YWMRK)U G  *MK 
    3
    c c
    c

    G

    [LIVI FG MW XLI GSPYQR HMQIRWMSR SV [EPP WIGXMSR MR XLI
    HMVIGXMSRTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIKMVHIVWTERLGMWXLIGSPYQR
    HMQIRWMSR SV [EPP WIGXMSR MR XLI HMVIGXMSR TEVEPPIP XS XLI
    KMVHIVWTERERHLTMMWXLIGSPYQRSV[EPPWXSV]LIMKLX
    ',%48)6{70%&'309127=78)17
    {+IRIVEP
    7PEFWMRWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQWEWHIWGVMFIHMRWLSYPH
    be designed using Chapter 9. The design of waffle-slabs as
    HIWGVMFIHMRMWMRGPYHIH
    {0SEHW
     0SEHWXSFIMRGPYHIH{7IVZMGIPSEHWJSVWPEFWXLEX
    EVITEVXSJWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQWWLSYPHFIIWXEFPMWLIHJVSQ
    'LETXIV  +VEZMX] PSEHW XLEX WLSYPH FI MRGPYHIH MR XLI
    HIWMKREVI
    (a) Dead loads: Slab self-weight, flat nonstructural
    elements, standing nonstructural elements, and fixed equip
    QIRXPSEHWMJER]
    F 0MZIPSEHWERH
    G  ;LIVI XLI WPEF MW TEVX SJ XLI VSSJ W]WXIQ ETTVSTVMEXI
    ZEPYIWSJVSSJPMZIPSEHVEMRPSEHERHWRS[PSEHWLSYPHFIYWIH

    {(MQIRWMSREPPMQMXW
     +IRIVEP{-REHHMXMSRXS'LETXIVXLIWPEFMRWPEF
    GSPYQRW]WXIQWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLIHMQIRWMSREPPMQMXW
    MRERHXLIVIWXVMGXMSRWSJJSVWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW
     'SPYQRWXVMT{%GSPYQRWXVMTMWEHIWMKRWXVMT[MXL
    E [MHXL SR IEGL WMHI SJ E GSPYQR GIRXIVPMRI IUYEP XS 
    SV [LMGLIZIVMWPIWW *MK ;LIVIXLIWXVMTMWEHNE
    GIRXERHTEVEPPIPXSERIHKIXLIGSPYQRWXVMT[MHXLSRXLI
    I\XIVREPWMHIWLSYPHFIXLIHMWXERGIJVSQXLIGSPYQRGIRXIV
    PMRIXSXLIIHKI[MXLSYXI\GIIHMRKXLI[MHXLSJXLIMRXIVREP
    side. For waffle-slabs, the column strip comprises all joists
    XLEX IRKEKI XLI GSPYQR GETMXEP 6IJIV XS  JSV XLI
    QMRMQYQRYQFIVSJNSMWXWXLEXWLSYPHIRKEKIXLIGETMXEP
     1MHHPI WXVMT{% QMHHPI WXVMT MW E HIWMKR WXVMT
    FSYRHIHF]X[SGSPYQRWXVMTW *MK 
     Definition of a panel{%TERIPMWFSYRHIHF]GSPYQR
    SV[EPPGIRXIVPMRIWSREPPWMHIW *MK 
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    WLSYPHGSRJSVQXS
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    W]WXIQW XLI VEXMS SJ PSRKXSWLSVX GVSWWWIGXMSREP GSPYQR
    HMQIRWMSRWWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH
     7YTTSVXHMQIRWMSRWERHGPIEVWTER{*SVEWPEFW]WXIQ
    WYTTSVXIHF]GSPYQRWSV[EPPWXLIGPIEVWTER RWLSYPHI\XIRH
    JVSQJEGIXSJEGISJGSPYQRWGETMXEPWFVEGOIXWSV[EPPW
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    GSQTP][MXL E XLVSYKL J 
    E 8LIVIWLSYPHFIEQMRMQYQSJXLVIIGSRXMRYSYWWTERW
    MRIEGLHMVIGXMSR
    F 4ERIPWWLSYPHFIVIGXERKYPEV[MXLEVEXMSSJPSRKIVXS
    WLSVXIVWTERGIRXIVXSGIRXIVSJWYTTSVXW[MXLMRETERIPRSX
    KVIEXIVXLER
    G  7YGGIWWMZI WTER PIRKXLW QIEWYVIH GIRXIVXSGIRXIV SJ
    WYTTSVXWMRIEGLHMVIGXMSRWLSYPHRSXFIWQEPPIVXLERTIVGIRX
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    H 'SPYQRWQE]FISJJWIXF]EQE\MQYQSJTIVGIRX
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    I %PPPSEHWWLSYPHFIHYIXSKVEZMX]SRP]ERHFIYRMJSVQP]
    HMWXVMFYXIHSZIVERIRXMVITERIPERH
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    YRJEGXSVIHHIEHPSEHUH
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    WLSYPHGSQTP][MXL ERH

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    *MK{'SPYQRERHQMHHPIWXVMTW
     3TIRMRKWMRQMHHPIWXVMTW{3TIRMRKWSJER]WM^I
    EVI TIVQMXXIH MR XLI EVIE GSQQSR XS MRXIVWIGXMRK QMHHPI
    WXVMTW TVSZMHIH XSXEP EVIE SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI TERIP
    [MXLSYXXLISTIRMRKMWQEMRXEMRIH
     3TIRMRKWMRGSPYQRWXVMTW{-RXLIEVIEGSQQSR
    XSMRXIVWIGXMRKGSPYQRWXVMTWRSXQSVIXLERSRIIMKLXLXLI
    GSPYQRWXVMT[MHXLMRIMXLIVWTERWLSYPHFIMRXIVVYTXIHF]
    STIRMRKW%REVIESJVIMRJSVGIQIRXIUYMZEPIRXXSXLEXMRXIV
    VYTXIH F] ER STIRMRK WLSYPH FI EHHIH SRXLI WMHIW SJ XLI
    STIRMRK;LIRERSTIRMRKMWPSGEXIHMRXLIGSPYQRWXVMTSV
    EXEHMWXERGIPIWWXLERXMQIWXLIWPEFXLMGORIWWJVSQXLI
    support face, or within the capital zone in waffle-systems,
    XLIGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRTIVMQIXIVFS defined in  WLSYPHFI
    modified by removing that part of the perimeter enclosed by
    WXVEMKLXPMRIWTVSNIGXMRKJVSQXLIGIRXVSMHSJXLIWYTTSVXERH
    XERKIRXXSXLIFSYRHEVMIWSJXLISTIRMRK *MK 
     3TIRMRKWMR^SRIWGSQQSRXSGSPYQRERHQMHHPI
    WXVMTW{-R XLI EVIE GSQQSR XS SRI GSPYQR WXVMT ERH SRI
    QMHHPIWXVMTRSXQSVIXLERSRIUYEVXIVSJXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    MRIMXLIVWXVMTWLSYPHFIMRXIVVYTXIHF]STIRMRKW%REVIESJ
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXIUYMZEPIRXXSXLEXMRXIVVYTXIHF]ERSTIRMRK
    WLSYPHFIEHHIHSRXLIWMHIWSJXLISTIRMRK
     (VSTTERIPW{(VSTTERIPWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLI
    HMQIRWMSREP PMQMXW SJ  *MK H  -R WPEF VIMR
    JSVGIQIRXGEPGYPEXMSRWXLIHVSTTERIPXLMGORIWWFIPS[XLI
    WPEF WLSYPH RSX FI EWWYQIH KVIEXIV XLER SRIUYEVXIV XLI
    HMWXERGIJVSQHVSTTERIPIHKIXSIHKISJGSPYQRSVGSPYQR
    GETMXEP
     Waffle-slab systems{.SMWXWWPEFWWTERRMRKFIX[IIR
    joists, and capitals of two-way waffle-slab systems should
    GSQTP][MXLXLIHMQIRWMSREPPMQMXWSJERH
    {6IMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPW
     +IRIVEP{7PEF VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJ WPEFGSPYQR
    W]WXIQWWLSYPHFISJXLIX]TIWHIWGVMFIHERHWLSYPHGSQTP]
    [MXLMREHHMXMSRXS E XLVSYKL J  *MK 
    E  7PEF VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE MR IEGL HMVIGXMSR WLSYPH FI
    HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ QSQIRXW EX GVMXMGEP WIGXMSRW FYX WLSYPH
    RSXFIPIWWXLERWLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMR
    

    *MK{)JJIGXSJSTIRMRKWMRXLIWPEF
    F *PI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
    (c) Slab reinforcement in waffle-slabs over cellular spaces
    WLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
    (d) Joists in waffle-slab systems should comply with 
    flexural reinforcement, and XVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    (e) Reinforcement in joists of waffle-slabs should meet
     JSVNSMWXWPSGEXIHMRXLIQMHHPI WXVMTERHSJ JSV
    NSMWXWPSGEXIHMRXLIGSPYQRWXVMTERH
    (f) Reinforcement in waffle-slabs need not comply with
    XS
     4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     (IWGVMTXMSR{4SWMXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHMRXLIPS[IVTEVXSJXLIWPEFWIGXMSREW
    MRHMGEXIHMR'LETXIVERHWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
     0SGEXMSR{4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPH
    FITVSZMHIHMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRW4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGI
    QIRX WLSYPH FI PSGEXIH EW GPSWI XS XLI FSXXSQ WYVJEGI SJ
    XLIWPEFEWTVEGXMGEFPIJSPPS[MRK 7LSVXWTERTSWMXMZI
    moment flexural reinforcement should be located below the
    long-span positive moment flexural reinforcement.
     1MRMQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE{4SWMXMZI QSQIRX
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHLEZIEREVIEEXPIEWXIUYEPXSXLIEVIE
    HIXIVQMRIHF]
     1E\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIE{4SWMXMZIQSQIRX
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIEWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHZEPYIWMR
     1E\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGMRK{4SWMXMZI
    QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX GVMXMGEP WIGXMSRW WLSYPH RSX FI
    WTEGIHJYVXLIVETEVXXLERX[MGIXLIWPEFXLMGORIWW
     'YXSJJTSMRXW{%PPFSXXSQFEVW[MXLMRXLIGSPYQR
    WXVMT MR IEGL HMVIGXMSR WLSYPH FI GSRXMRYSYW SV WTPMGIH
    GSQTP]MRK[MXLEXPSGEXMSRWWLS[RMR*MK%X

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MK{7PEFVIMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMP
    PIEWXX[SGSPYQRWXVMTFSXXSQFEVWMRIEGLHMVIGXMSRWLSYPH
    TEWW[MXLMRXLIGSPYQRGSVI-RXLIQMHHPIWXVMTEXMRXIVMSV
    WYTTSVXW YTXSSRILEPJSJ XLITSWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGI
    QIRX RIIHIH XS VIWMWX XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK JEGXSVIH TSWMXMZI
    QSQIRXEXQMHWTERQE]FIGYXSJJEXXLIPSGEXMSRWMRHMGEXIH
    MR *MK
     6IMRJSVGIQIRX WTPMGMRK{'SRXMRYSYW TSWMXMZI
    QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX QE] FI PETWTPMGIH FIX[IIR XLI
    GYXSJJTSMRXERHXLISTTSWMXIJEGISJXLIWYTTSVX
     )QFIHQIRXEXMRXIVMSVWYTTSVXW{4SWMXMZIQSQIRX
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXGYXSJJEXERMRXIVMSVWYTTSVXWLSYPHI\XIRHXS
    XLISTTSWMXIJEGISJXLIWYTTSVX
     )RH ERGLSVEKI SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX{4SWMXMZI
    QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS E HMWGSRXMRYSYW
    IHKI WLSYPH I\XIRH XS XLI WPEF IHKI ERH WLSYPH IRH MR E
    WXERHEVHLSSO
     2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     (IWGVMTXMSR{2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHMRXLIEQSYRXWERHPIRKXLWGSRJSVQMRK
    XS 'LETXIVERHWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
     0SGEXMSR{2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRWEXWYTTSVXW2IKEXMZI
    moment flexural reinforcement should be located as close
    XSXLIYTTIVWYVJEGISJXLIWPEFEWTVEGXMGEFPIJSPPS[MRKXLI
    GSRGVIXI GSZIV SJ . Short-span negative moment flex
    YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIPSGEXIHEFSZIPSRKWTERRIKE
    tive moment flexural reinforcement.
     1MRMQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIE{2IKEXMZIQSQIRX
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHLEZIEREVIEEXPIEWXIUYEPXSXLIEVIE
    HIXIVQMRIHF]
     1E\MQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIE{2IKEXMZIQSQIRX
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIEWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLIZEPYIWMR
     1E\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGMRK{2IKEXMZI
    QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX GVMXMGEP WIGXMSRW WLSYPH RSX FI
    WTEGIHJYVXLIVETEVXXLERX[MGIXLIWPEFXLMGORIWW
     'YXSJJ TSMRXW{%PP RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGI
    QIRXI\GITXJSVGERXMPIZIVWQE]FIGYXSJJEXXLIPSGEXMSRW
    MRHMGEXIHMR*MK;LIVIEHNEGIRXWTERWEVIYRIUYEP
    negative moment flexural reinforcement cutoff points should
    FIFEWIHSRXLIPSRKIVWTER
     6IMRJSVGIQIRXWTPMGMRK{-XMWRSXTIVQMXXIHXSPET
    WTPMGI RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX FIX[IIR XLI GYXSJJ
    TSMRXERHXLIWYTTSVX

     )RH ERGLSVEKI SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX{2IKEXMZI


    QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS E HMWGSRXMRYSYW
    IHKIWLSYPHFIERGLSVIH[MXLEWXERHEVHLSSOMRXSXLIIHKI
    At the external edge of cantilevers, negative moment flex
    YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIIHKIWLSYPHIRHMR
    E WXERHEVH LSSO ;LIVI GSRWXVEMRIH F] KISQIXV] XLI IRH
    LSSORIIHRSXFITPEGIHZIVXMGEPP]
     7LIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX{(IWMKR TVSGIHYVIW JSV WSPMH
    WPEFWHSRSXMRGPYHIXLIYWISJWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRWPEFW
    4VSGIHYVIWJSVHIWMKRSJWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRWSPMHWPEFW
    EVIFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLMWKYMHIERHXLIWXERHEVHWSJ
    WLSYPHFIYWIHJSVHIWMKRMRXLEXGEWI8LIYWISJWLIEVVIMR
    forcement for beam-action shear in joists of waffle-slabs is
    TIVQMXXIH
     :EPYIWSJHGERHHXSYWIMRWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW{
    Calculation of the distance from extreme tension fiber
    XS GIRXVSMH SJ XIRWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX HG WLSYPH GSRWMHIV
    GSRGVIXIGSZIVJVSQFEVHMEQIXIVWERHXLII\MWXIRGISJ
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLITIVTIRHMGYPEVHMVIGXMSRTPEGIHFIX[IIR
    XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX YRHIV GSRWMHIVEXMSR ERH XLI GSRGVIXI
    WYVJEGI
    8LIJSPPS[MRKZEPYIWSJHGGSYPHFIYWIHJSVGSQTYXMRKH
    EW H ! L zHG*SVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLIPSRKHMVIGXMSRSJXLI
    WPEFTERIPHG!MR QQ JSVMRXIVMSVI\TSWYVIERH
    HG!MR QQ JSVI\XIVMSVI\TSWYVI*SVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    MRXLIWLSVXHMVIGXMSRSJXLIWPEFTERIPHG!MR QQ 
    JSVMRXIVMSVI\TSWYVIERHHG!MR QQ JSVI\XIVMSV
    exposure. For joists that are part of waffle-slabs, HG!MR
    QQ JSVMRXIVMSVI\TSWYVIERHHG!MR QQ JSV
    I\XIVMSVI\TSWYVI6IJIVXSJSVWPEF^SRIW[LIVIHVST
    TERIPWI\MWX
     7PEFVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRWIMWQMG^SRIW{%WPEFGSPYQR
    W]WXIQWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHMRWIMWQMG^SRIWYRPIWWXLIWXVYG
    XYVEP W]WXIQ MW WXMJJIRIH F] VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI WXVYGXYVEP
    [EPPWEGXMRKMRFSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRW-RWIMWQMG^SRIW
    WPEFVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHEPWSGSQTP][MXL'LETXIV
    {7LIEVWXVIRKXL
     +IRIVEP{-RWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQWGEPGYPEXMSRSJXLI
    HIWMKRWXVIRKXLSJWPEFWWYFNIGXIHXSWLIEVPSEHWWLSYPHFI
    TIVJSVQIHYWMRK8[SX]TIWSJWLIEVJSVGIIJJIGXWSGGYV
    MRXLIZMGMRMX]SJWYTTSVXWERHGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW
    E 4YRGLMRKWLIEVSVX[S[E]EGXMSRWLIEVERH
    (b) Beam-action shear that accompanies flexural moments.
     6IUYMVIH WLIEV WXVIRKXL{*EGXSVIH WLIEV :Y
    VIUYMVIH WLIEV WXVIRKXL  MR XLI WPEF HYI XS JEGXSVIH PSEHW
    ETTPMIHXSXLIWXVYGXYVIWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQERH
    
     (IWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXL{8LIHIWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXLEX
    XLIQIQFIVWIGXMSR :RWLSYPHFIIUYEPXSSVKVIEXIVXLER
    XLIJEGXSVIHWLIEV:YEWWLS[RMR)U  [MXL !

    Vn

    Vc

    Vu

    

     8[S[E] EGXMSR WLIEV TYRGLMRK WLIEV  MR WSPMH


    WPEFWERHJSSXMRKW

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    *MK{1MRMQYQPIRKXLSJWPEFVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRWPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW
     +IRIVEP{7LIEV WXVIRKXL JSV X[S[E] EGXMSR
    WLIEVSVTYRGLMRKWLIEVWLSYPHFIMRZIWXMKEXIHEXIHKIWSJ
    GSPYQRWGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWERHWYTTSVXWERHEXGLERKIW
    SJXLMGORIWWWYGLEWIHKIWSJGETMXEPWERHHVSTTERIPW
     Definition of critical section for two-way shear{
    )EGLSJXLIGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRWMRZIWXMKEXIHWLSYPHFIPSGEXIH
    WSXLEXXLITIVMQIXIVFS is as defined in *MKFYXRIIH
    RSXETTVSEGLGPSWIVXLEREHMWXERGIHXSIHKIWSVGSVRIVW
    SJGSPYQRWERHXSGLERKIWMRWPEFXLMGORIWWWYGLEWIHKIW
    SJGETMXEPWSVHVSTTERIPW

     8[S[E] EGXMSR WLIEV WXVIRKXL{7LIEV WXVIRKXL


    WLSYPH FI XLI ZEPYI HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ )U   [MXL
    !
    Vn
    Vn

    Vc

    ps

    Vc

    [LIVI TWWLSYPHFIXEOIREW
    JSVFSH c

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    4 fc bo d
    fc

    ps

    bo d (SI)

    

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    Fig. 9.5.4.2Definition of FS


    JSV FSH c
    JSV FSH
     )JJIGXW SJ QSQIRX XVERWJIV XS XLI WPEFGSPYQR
    NSMRXTransfer of unbalanced moment defined in 
    MRGVIEWIWXLITYRGLMRKWLIEVEGXMRKSRXLIWPEF8LIMRGVIEWI
    MRTYRGLMRKWLIEVHYIXSQSQIRXXVERWJIVEFSYXER]TVMRGMTEP
    E\MWSJXLIWYTTSVXWLSYPHFIHMWVIKEVHIH[LIVIXLIVEXMSSJ
    XLIYRFEPERGIHJEGXSVIHQSQIRXXSXLIJEGXSVIHWLIEVHSIW
    RSXI\GIIHH[LIVIHMWXLIWPEFIJJIGXMZIHITXL;LIVI
    XLMWVEXMSMWI\GIIHIH E  F ERH G WLSYPHFIQIX
    E *SVGSVRIVGSPYQRGSRRIGXMSRWXVERWJIVVMRKQSQIRXW
    MR FSXL TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSRW ERH JSV IHKI GSPYQR GSRRIG
    XMSRW XVERWJIVVMRK YRFEPERGIH QSQIRXW SRP] TIVTIRHMGYPEV
    XSXLIWPEFIHKIXLIGSRRIGXMSRWLSYPHFIEWWYQIHXSLEZI
    EHIUYEXI TYRGLMRK WLIEV WXVIRKXL [LIR XLI JEGXSVIH WLIEV
    JSVGI :YHSIWRSXI\GIIH :G[MXL :GHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ
    )U  
    F *SVMRXIVMSVERHIHKIGSPYQRGSRRIGXMSRWXVERWJIVVMRK
    QSQIRXW WMQYPXERISYWP] MR XLI X[S TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSRW E
    JEGXSVIHWLIEVHYIXSXLIYRFEPERGIHQSQIRX :YMWEHHIH
    XS XLI JEGXSVIH WLIEV :Y :Y WLSYPH FI GSQTYXIH F] )U
     YWMRKXLIYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXWMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRW
    Vu

    M u1
    sh

    Mu 2
    bo

    

    -RXIVMSVERHIHKIGSPYQRGSRRIGXMSRWWLSYPHFIEWWYQIH
    XS LEZI EHIUYEXI TYRGLMRK WLIEV WXVIRKXL [LIR XLI XSXEP
    JEGXSVIHWLIEV :Y  :Y HSIWRSXI\GIIH :GHIXIVQMRIH
    JVSQ )U   [MXL :Y JVSQ )U   GSQTYXIH
    YWMRK LW!JSVMRXIVMSVGSPYQRGSRRIGXMSRWERH WL!
    JSVIHKIGSPYQRGSRRIGXMSRW

    *SVIHKIGSPYQRGSRRIGXMSRWQSQIRXWTIVTIRHMGYPEVXS
    XLIWPEFIHKIQE]FIXEOIRIUYEPXS^IVSMR)U  MJ
    :YHSIWRSXI\GIIH :G[MXL :GHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U
     ERH
    G  8LI HIXEMPW SJ  JSV XLI PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGI
    QIRXVIWMWXMRKXLIYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXWLSYPHFIQIX
     &IEQEGXMSR WLIEV{7IGXMSRW FIX[IIR XLI WYTTSVX
    JEGIERHEHMWXERGIHJVSQXLIWYTTSVXWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIH
    JSV XLI JEGXSVIH WLIEV :Y GSQTYXIH EX H 7LIEV WXVIRKXL EX
    IEGLGVMXMGEPPSGEXMSRXSFIMRZIWXMKEXIHWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIH
    YWMRK)U  [MXL ! *MK 
    Vc

    2 f c bd

    Vc

    fc
    6

    bd (SI)

    

    {1MRMQYQWPEFXLMGORIWWEWVIUYMVIHF]
    TYRGLMRKWLIEV
     6IUYMVIH TYRGLMRKWLIEV WXVIRKXL{*EGXSVIH
    TYRGLMRKWLIEV :YWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHEWXLIZEPYISJXLI
    XSXEP JEGXSVIH PSEH UY QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI EVIE FSYRHIH F]
    panel centerlines around the column, less the area defined by
    XLIGVMXMGEPWLIEVTIVMQIXIV *MK 
     1MRMQYQ WPEF XLMGORIWW{4YRGLMRKWLIEV WXVIRKXL
    WLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERXLIZEPYIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U 
    modified for unbalanced moment transfer as indicated by
    8LIWPEFIJJIGXMZIHITXLWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHJVSQ
    )U E XS H [MXLLGJSVXLIPSRKHMQIRWMSRERHFG
    JSVXLIWLSVXGSPYQRHMQIRWMSRERH !-JHVSTTERIPW
    EVIYWIHFSXLLGERHFGETTP]XSXLITPERHVSTTERIPHMQIR

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    *MK{&IEQEGXMSRWLIEVWXVIRKXLMRWSPMHWPEFW
    *MK{8VMFYXEV]EVIEWJSVTYRGLMRKWLIEV
    sions. In waffle-slab systems, calculations for punching
    WLIEVEVIRIIHIHSRP]MRXLIGVMXMGEP^SRI[MXLMRXLIGETMXEP
    *SVMRXIVMSVGSPYQRW
    hc

    bc

    Vu

    4
    bc

    2Vu

    bc
    4

    6 fc

    hc

    hc

    E
    hc

    bc
    4

    fc

    (SI)

    WLSYPH FI MRZIWXMKEXIH EX E HMWXERGI H JVSQ XLI JEGI SJ


    GSPYQRWGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWERHWYTTSVXW
     6IUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXL{*EGXSVIHFIEQEGXMSRWLIEV
    :YWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHEWXLIXSXEPJEGXSVIHPSEHUYQYPXMTPMIH
    F]XLIEVIEFSYRHIHF]TERIPGIRXIVPMRIWSJXLIGSPYQRERHE
    PMRIEXEHMWXERGIHJVSQXLIJEGISJXLIGSPYQR *MK 
     1MRMQYQWPEFXLMGORIWWEWVIUYMVIHF]FIEQEGXMSR
    WLIEV
     7SPMHWPEFW{1MRMQYQIJJIGXMZIHITXLHEWVIPEXIH
    XS FIEQEGXMSR WLIEV WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F] GSQFMRMRK
    )U  [MXL)U  ERHWSPZMRKJSVH

    *SVIHKIGSPYQRW[MXLLGTEVEPPIPXSIHKI
    hc

    2bc
    4

    hc

    Vu

    hc

    6 fc
    2

    2bc
    4

    2Vu

    hc

    2 bc
    4

    fc

    2hc

    bc

    Vu

    F

    bc

    2Vu

    bc

    2hc

    G
    bc

    fc

    (SI)

    *SVGSVRIVGSPYQRW
    d

    hc

    bc

    Vu

    2
    hc

    4Vu

    bc
    2

    3 fc
    bc

    hc

    hc

    fc

    fc

    
    (SI)

    [LIVI  !  8LI PEVKIWX ZEPYI SJ H HIXIVQMRIH JSV EPP


    HMVIGXMSRWEXEPPGSPYQRW MRXIVMSVIHKIERHGSVRIV WLSYPH
    FIYWIH-JXLIGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRGYXWEGVSWWE^SRI[MXLEHVST
    TERIPERHE^SRI[MXLSYXEHVSTTERIPXLI[IMKLXIHEZIVEKI
    ZEPYISJHWLSYPHFIYWIH
     Waffle-slabsIn waffle-slabs, the transverse
    HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI GETMXEP WLSYPH FI YWIH MR )U  
    MRWXIEHSJ %REHHMXMSREPGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRMWEXXLIJEGISJ
    XLIGETMXEPYWMRKXLITVSZMWMSRWJSVNSMWXWMRERH [MXL
    E GPIEV WTER IUYEP XS XLI GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR JEGIW SJ
    GETMXEPW'SRXVMFYXMSRSJXLINSMWXWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]
    FIMRGPYHIHMR XLI FIEQEGXMSRWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJ XLI NSMWXW
    XLEXIRKEKIXLIGSPYQRGETMXEP

    H
    bc

    6Vu

    (SI)

    6 fc

    2hc

    2hc

    2 fc

    *SVIHKIGSPYQRW[MXLFGTEVEPPIPXSIHKI

    Vu

    2bc
    4

    (SI)

    {1MRMQYQWPEFXLMGORIWWEWVIUYMVIHF]FIEQ
    EGXMSR
     +IRIVEP{8LIHIWMKRJSVFIEQEGXMSRWLIEVWXVIRKXL
    SJEWPEFWIGXMSRWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIHF]FIJSVIHIWMKRMRK
    the slab for flexure. Shear strength for beam-action shear

    {*PI\YVI
     6IUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXL
     +IRIVEP{8LI JEGXSVIH QSQIRXW WLSYPH FI
    GSQTYXIHJSPPS[MRK  XLVSYKL  
     8LIWPEFMWHMZMHIHMRXSHIWMKRWXVMTWMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRW
     )EGLWXVMTMRGPYHIWEGSPYQRSVWYTTSVXGIRXIVPMRIERH
    MWFSYRHIHF]TERIPGIRXIVPMRIWSRIEGLWMHI *MKE 
      ;LIVIXLIWXVMTMWEHNEGIRXXSERHTEVEPPIP[MXLEWPEF
    IHKIMXWLSYPHMRGPYHIXLIIHKIGSPYQRSVWYTTSVXGIRXIVPMRI

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MK{8VMFYXEV]EVIEJSVFIEQEGXMSRWLIEV
    ERHWLSYPHFIFSYRHIHF]XLIWPEFIHKISRSRIWMHIERHXLI
    TERIPGIRXIVPMRISRXLISXLIVWMHI *MKE 
     8SXEPJEGXSVIHQSQIRXWWLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHEGGSVHMRK
    XS  *MK F ERH G  JSV EPP WTERW SJ EPP
    WXVMTWMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRW
      8SXEPJEGXSVIHQSQIRXWWLSYPHFIHMZMHIHMRXSTSWM
    XMZIERHRIKEXMZIQSQIRXWYWMRK *MKFERH
    G ERH
      4SWMXMZI ERH RIKEXMZI QSQIRXW HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ
     WLSYPH FI HMWXVMFYXIH XS XLI GSPYQR WXVMT YWMRK
    ERHXSXLIX[SSRILEPJQMHHPIWXVMTWYWMRK
    *MKFERH G 
     8SXEP JEGXSVIH QSQIRXW{8LI EFWSPYXI WYQ SJ
    TSWMXMZI ERH EZIVEKI RIKEXMZI JEGXSVIH QSQIRXW MR E WTER
    WLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHJVSQ)U  
    2
    u 2 n
    o

    

    -R)U   E XLVSYKL J WLSYPHFIJSPPS[IH


    E ;LIVIXVERWZIVWIWTERSJTERIPWSRIMXLIVWMHISJXLI
    GIRXIVPMRI SJ WYTTSVXW ZEVMIW  MR )U   WLSYPH FI
    XEOIREWXLIEZIVEKISJEHNEGIRXXVERWZIVWIWTERW
    F ;LIRXLIWTERMWEHNEGIRXERHTEVEPPIPXSEWPEFIHKI
    XLI HMWXERGI JVSQ XLI IHKI XS TERIP GIRXIVPMRI WLSYPH FI
    WYFWXMXYXIHJSV MR)U  
    G  'PIEV WTER R WLSYPH I\XIRH JVSQ JEGI XS JEGI SJ
    GSPYQRWGETMXEPWFVEGOIXWSV[EPPW
    H :EPYISJ RWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLER 
    I 'MVGYPEVSVVIKYPEVTSP]KSRWLETIHWYTTSVXWWLSYPHFI
    XVIEXIHEWWUYEVIWYTTSVXW[MXLXLIWEQIEVIEERH
    J  6IHMWXVMFYXMSR SJ RIKEXMZI ERH TSWMXMZI JEGXSVIH
    QSQIRXWF]TIVGIRXMWTIVQMXXIHTVSZMHIHXLEXXLIWYQ
    VIQEMRWXLIWEQI
     2IKEXMZIERHTSWMXMZIJEGXSVIHQSQIRXW{2IKEXMZI
    JEGXSVIH QSQIRXW WLSYPH FI PSGEXIH EX XLI JEGI SJ VIGXER
    KYPEV WYTTSVXW 'MVGYPEVWLETIH WYTTSVXW WLSYPH FI XVIEXIH
    EWWUYEVIWYTTSVXW[MXLXLIWEQIEVIE
    -RERMRXIVMSVWTERXLIXSXEPJEGXSVIHQSQIRX1SWLSYPH
    FIHMWXVMFYXIHEWJSPPS[W
    E 2IKEXMZIJEGXSVIHQSQIRX 1S

    Fig. 9.8.1.1aDefinition of design strips.


    F 4SWMXMZIJEGXSVIHQSQIRX1S
    -RERIRHWTERXLIXSXEPJEGXSVIHQSQIRX 1SWLSYPHFI
    HMWXVMFYXIHEWJSPPS[W
    G -RXIVMSVRIKEXMZIJEGXSVIHQSQIRX 1S
    H 4SWMXMZIJEGXSVIHQSQIRX1S
    I )\XIVMSVRIKEXMZIJEGXSVIHQSQIRX 1S
    2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH XS
    VIWMWX XLI PEVKIV SJ XLI X[S RIKEXMZI JEGXSVIH QSQIRXW
    HIXIVQMRIHJSVWTERWJVEQMRKMRXSEGSQQSRWYTTSVX
     *EGXSVIH QSQIRXW MR GSPYQR WXVMTW{'SPYQR
    WXVMTWWLSYPHFITVSTSVXMSRIHXSVIWMWXXLIJSPPS[MRKTSVXMSRW
    SJXLIQSQIRXWHIXIVQMRIHMR
    E -RXIVMSVRIKEXMZIJEGXSVIHQSQIRXWTIVGIRX
    F 4SWMXMZIJEGXSVIHQSQIRXWTIVGIRX
    G )\XIVMSVRIKEXMZIJEGXSVIHQSQIRXW TIVGIRX
    ;LIVI GSPYQR[MHXL SV [EPP WYTTSVXI\XIRHW E HMWXERGI
    IUYEPXSSVKVIEXIVXLERXLVIIUYEVXIVWSJXLIWTERPIRKXL 
    YWIH XS GSQTYXI 1S RIKEXMZI QSQIRXW WLSYPH FIGSRWMH
    IVIHYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHEGVSWW 
     *EGXSVIHQSQIRXWMRQMHHPIWXVMTW{8LITSVXMSR
    SJ RIKEXMZI ERH TSWMXMZI JEGXSVIHQSQIRXWRSX VIWMWXIH F]
    GSPYQRWXVMTWWLSYPHFIEWWMKRIHXSXLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKSRI
    LEPJQMHHPIWXVMTW)EGLQMHHPIWXVMTWLSYPHFITVSTSVXMSRIH
    XSVIWMWXXLIWYQSJXLIX[SQSQIRXWEWWMKRIHXSMX%QMHHPI
    WXVMTEHNEGIRXXSERHTEVEPPIP[MXLERIHKIERHWYTTSVXIHF]
    E [EPP WLSYPH FI TVSTSVXMSRIH XS VIWMWX X[MGI XLI QSQIRX
    assigned to the adjacent one-half middle strip of the first row
    SJMRXIVMSVWYTTSVXW
     'ERXMPIZIVW{'ERXMPIZIVWSJWSPMHWPEFWWLSYPHFI
    HIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL and joists of waffle-systems
    WLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL
     9RFEPERGIHQSQIRXW{*EGXSVIHYRFEPERGIHQSQIRX
    1YWLSYPHFIXEOIREW1SEXIHKIWYTTSVXWERHJSVMRXIVMSV
    WYTTSVXWMXWLSYPHFIXEOIREWXLIHMJJIVIRGISJXLIGSPYQRWXVMT
    RIKEXMZIQSQIRXWSJXLIEHNEGIRXMRXIVMSVWTERWTPYWEREHHM
    XMSREPZEPYI 1YEHHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U 
    2
    2 n
    u e ad

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    *MKF{*EGXSVIHQSQIRXWMRXIVMSVWTERW

    *MKG{*EGXSVIHQSQIRXWI\XIVMSVWTERW
    [LIVI RMWXLIPEVKIVSJXLIEHNEGIRXGPIEVWTERWERHU MWXLI
    WIVZMGIPMZIPSEH
     8VERWJIV SJ YRFEPERGIH QSQIRXW EX WYTTSVXW{
    8VERWJIVSJXLIYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXW 1YJVSQ EXXLI
    slab-column joints should be solely through flexure in the
    WPEFTVSZMHIH E XLVSYKL H EVIQIX  
    E  8VERWJIV [MHXL JSV VIWMWXMRK YRFEPERGIH QSQIRXW MR
    flexure should be assumed to be one and one-half slab or
    HVST TERIP XLMGORIWW L SYXWMHI STTSWMXI JEGIW SJ XLI
    GSPYQRSVGETMXEP
    F 2IKEXMZIQSQIRX GSPYQRWXVMTVIMRJSVGIQIRX[MXLMR
    XLIXVERWJIV[MHXLWLSYPHFIEHIUYEXIXSVIWMWX 1YF]IMXLIV
    GPSWIVFEVWTEGMRKSVEHHMXMSREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX

    G 2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS MRXLIXVERWJIV
    [MHXLWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLVIIUYEVXIVWSJ QE\SJERH
    H 8LIMRGVIEWISJXLITYRGLMRKWLIEVJSVGIEGXMRKSRXLI
    WPEFMWIZEPYEXIHYWMRKXLITVSGIHYVISJ  
     Longitudinal flexural reinforcement in solid slabs of
    WPEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW
     4SWMXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX{-R FSXL HMVIG
    XMSRWHIXIVQMRIXLITSWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS
    YWMRKXLIZEPYIWSJ1YHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ *MKFERH
    G JSVXLIWXVMTYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR*SVTSWMXMZIQSQIRXW
    MRXLIGSPYQR WXVMT XLI WXVMT [MHXLF should be as defined in
     *SV TSWMXMZI QSQIRXW MR XLI SRILEPJ QMHHPI WXVMTW SR
    IEGLWMHIXLIWXVMT[MHXLWLSYPHFIGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLI[MHXL

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    YWIH XS HMWXVMFYXI QSQIRXW EW MRHMGEXIH F]  4SWMXMZI


    QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL *MK 
     2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX{-R FSXL HMVIG
    XMSRW XLI RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS  MR XLI
    HMVIGXMSR SJ XLI WTER WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK ZEPYIW
    SJ 1YzHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ  *MK F ERH G
    JSVXLIWXVMTYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR*SVRIKEXMZIQSQIRXWMR
    XLIGSPYQRWXVMTXLIWXVMT[MHXL F should be as defined in
     *SV RIKEXMZI QSQIRXW MR XLI SRILEPJ QMHHPI WXVMTW
    SRIEGLWMHIXLIWXVMT[MHXLWLSYPHFIGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLI
    [MHXL YWIH XS HMWXVMFYXI QSQIRXW EW MRHMGEXIH F] 
    2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL 
    *MK -RXLIGSPYQRWXVMTEXWYTTSVXWXLIYRFEPERGIH
    QSQIRXXVERWJIVSJ ERH WLSYPHFIQIX*SV
    YRIUYEPWXVMT[MHXLWQIIXMRKEXEWYTTSVXXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    JVSQIEGLWMHIPIEHMRKXSXLIPEVKIVRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMR
    JSVGIQIRXVEXMS WLSYPHFIYWIH
     Joist reinforcement of waffle-slab systems
     Positive moment reinforcement in joists of waffleWPEFW{4SWMXMZI QSQIRXW YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI VIMRJSVGIQIRX JSV
    IEGLNSMWXWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRKZEPYIWSJ1YJVSQ
    HMZMHIHF]XLIRYQFIVSJNSMWXW[MXLMRXLIWXVMTYRHIVGSRWMH
    IVEXMSR 8FIEQ IJJIGX EW MRHMGEXIH MR  QE] FI YWIH
    4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
    I\GITXXLEXXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXGYXSJJWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
     Negative moment reinforcement in joists of waffleWPEFW{2IKEXMZI QSQIRXW YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI VIMRJSVGI
    QIRX JSV IEGL NSMWX WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK ZEPYIW SJ
    1YzJVSQHMZMHIHF]XLIRYQFIVSJNSMWXW[MXLMRXLI
    WXVMT YRHIV GSRWMHIVEXMSR 2IKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    WLSYPH GSQTP] [MXL  I\GITX XLEX XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    GYXSJJWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
     Shear reinforcement in joists of waffle-slabs{
    :EPYIW SJ :Y EX XLI WYTTSVXW WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK
    7LIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL 
    ERH  7XMVVYT WTEGMRK W should be defined for the
    HMJJIVIRXVIKMSRW[MXLMRXLIWTER1MRMQYQWXMVVYTWTEGMRK
    EW MRHMGEXIH F]  should be used. The first stirrup
    WLSYPHRSXFITPEGIHJYVXLIVXLERWJVSQXLIWYTTSVXJEGI
    [MXL WFIMRKXLIWXMVVYTWTEGMRKEXXLIWYTTSVX

    ERH PEXIVEP XMIW ERH QIQFIVW VIMRJSVGIH [MXL PSRKMXYHMREP


    FEVWERHEGSRXMRYSYWWTMVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX6IGXERKYPEVERH
    GMVGYPEVWIGXMSRWEVITIVQMXXIH
    {0SEHW
     0SEHWXSFIMRGPYHIH{*SVGSPYQRWFIPSRKMRKXS
    JVEQIW SV WPEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW XLI XVMFYXEV] PSEHW JVSQ
    each floor plus self-weight of the column should be included.
    8VMFYXEV]PSEHWWLSYPHGSRJSVQXS'LETXIVERHXLITEVXMG
    YPEVPSEHWSJIEGLXVMFYXEV]QIQFIVX]TI *MKEERH
    *MKF 
     (IEH PSEH ERH PMZI PSEH{:EPYIW SJ 4H JSV HIEH
    PSEH ERH 4  JSV PMZI PSEH WLSYPH FI EGGYQYPEXIH MRHITIR
    dently and combined at each floor. 4HWLSYPHMRGPYHIWIPJ
    [IMKLXSJXLIGSPYQR7IPJ[IMKLXWLSYPHYWIXLIHIEHPSEH
    JEGXSV SJ XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK PSEH GSQFMREXMSR IUYEXMSRW MR
    7IPJ[IMKLXWLSYPHFIETTPMIHEXXLIPS[IVTEVXSJXLI
    GSPYQRMRXLEXWXSV] *MKF 
     6IUYMVIHWXVIRKXL{:EPYIWSJXLIJEGXSVIHPSEH4Y
    ERHJEGXSVIHQSQIRX1YWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHEXXLIYTTIV
    and lower part of each column at each floor. The direction
    MRTPEREPSRK[LMGLXLIQSQIRXW1Y\ERH1Y]EGXWLSYPHFI
    RSXIH *MKF 
    {(MQIRWMSREPPMQMXW
     +IRIVEP{-R EHHMXMSR XS 'LETXIV  GSPYQRW
    WLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLIKIRIVEPHMQIRWMSREPPMQMXWWIXJSVXL
    MR 'SPYQRWWLSYPHFIZIVXMGEPERHWLSYPHFIGSRXMRYSYW
    HS[R XS XLI JSYRHEXMSR 'SPYQR WIGXMSR WLETI WLSYPH FI
    IMXLIVVIGXERKYPEVSVGMVGYPEV
     (MQIRWMSREPPMQMXW
     1MRMQYQGVSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRWJSVVIGXER
    KYPEVGSPYQRW{'VSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRWJSVVIGXERKYPEV
    GSPYQRWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL E ERH F  *MK 
    E 8LIPIEWXGVSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRWLSYPHRSXFIPIWW
    XLERMR QQ ERH
    F  6EXMS SJ XLI PSRK GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSR XS XLI
    WLSVXHMQIRWMSRWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHI\GITXMRWPEFGSPYQR
    W]WXIQW[LIVIMXWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH  

    {'EPGYPEXMSRSJWYTTSVXVIEGXMSRW
     :IVXMGEP VIEGXMSRW EX GSPYQRW ERH [EPPW{:IVXMGEP
    VIEGXMSRW SJ XLI WYTTSVXMRK QIQFIVW 6Y WLSYPH FI HIXIV
    QMRIH EW XLI XSXEP JEGXSVIH HIWMKR PSEH UY QYPXMTPMIH F]
    XLIEVIE FSYRH F] TERIP GIRXIVPMRIWEVSYRHXLI WYTTSVXMRK
    QIQFIV *MK 
     'SPYQRERH[EPPQSQIRXWJVSQZIVXMGEPPSEHMRK{
    'SPYQRWERH[EPPWFYMPXMRXIKVEPP][MXLEWPEFW]WXIQWLSYPH
    VIWMWXYRFEPERGIHQSQIRXWHYIXSJEGXSVIHPSEHWSRXLIWPEF
    W]WXIQ 9RFEPERGIH QSQIRXW 1Y WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH
    JVSQ ERHWLSYPHFIHMWXVMFYXIHXSXLIGSPYQRWEFSZI
    ERHFIPS[XLIWPEFYWMRKXLITVSGIHYVISJ
    ',%48)6{'309127
    {+IRIVEP
    'SPYQRW WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH YWMRK 'LETXIV  8LMW
    GLETXIVETTPMIWXSQIQFIVWVIMRJSVGIH[MXLPSRKMXYHMREPFEVW

    *MK E{*EGXSVIH GSPYQR PSEHW ERH QSQIRXW JVSQ


    single floor and in one direction.

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    Fig. 10.2.1bFactored column loads and moments from multiple floors.

     1MRMQYQGVSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRJSVGMVGYPEV
    GSPYQRW{'SPYQRW [MXL E GMVGYPEV GVSWW WIGXMSR WLSYPH
    LEZIEHMEQIXIVSJEXPIEWXMR QQ  *MK 
     (MWXERGIFIX[IIRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXW
     +IRIVEPIt should be assumed that the floor
    W]WXIQTVSZMHIWGSPYQRPEXIVEPVIWXVEMRXMRFSXLLSVM^SRXEP
    HMVIGXMSRWEXEPPWYTTSVXIHPIZIPW *MK 
     -RXIVMSV GSPYQRW{*SV MRXIVMSV GSPYQRW XLI
    GSPYQRGVSWWWIGXMSRHMQIRWMSRTEVEPPIPXSXLIHMVIGXMSRSJ
    XLIWYTTSVXWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERSJXLIGPIEVZIVXMGEP
    HMWXERGIFIX[IIRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXWLR *MK 
     )HKIGSPYQRW{*SVIHKIGSPYQRWGSPYQRGVSWW
    WIGXMSRHMQIRWMSRTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIIHKIWLSYPHRSXFI
    PIWW XLER SRIRMRXL SJ XLI GPIEV ZIVXMGEP HMWXERGI FIX[IIR
    PEXIVEPWYTTSVXWLR *MK 
     'SVRIVGSPYQRW{*SVGSVRIVGSPYQRWQMRMQYQ
    GSPYQRGVSWWWIGXMSRHMQIRWMSRWLSYPHFISRIIMKLXLSJXLIGPIEV
    ZIVXMGEPHMWXERGIFIX[IIRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXWLR *MK 
     'SPYQRFYMPXQSRSPMXLMGEPP][MXL[EPP{)JJIGXMZI
    GVSWWWIGXMSRSJEXMIHSVWTMVEPP]VIMRJSVGIHGSPYQRXLEXMW
    QSRSPMXLMG[MXLEGSRGVIXI[EPPWLSYPHFIXEOIRRSXKVIEXIV
    XLERMR QQ SYXWMHIXLIXMISVWTMVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    SVXLIPEXIVEP[EPPJEGIW *MK 
    {6IMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPW
     +IRIVEP{'SPYQR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI SJ
    XLIX]TIWHIWGVMFIHMR'LETXIVERHWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
    XS

    *MK {1MRMQYQ GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSRW JSV


    VIGXERKYPEVGSPYQRW

    *MK {1MRMQYQ GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSR JSV


    GMVGYPEVGSPYQRW
     0SRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     (IWGVMTXMSR ERH PSGEXMSR{0SRKMXYHMREP VIMR
    JSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHEXXLITIVMTLIV]SJXLIGSPYQR
    WIGXMSR 0SRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI PSGEXIH EW
    GPSWIXSXLIGSPYQRPEXIVEPWYVJEGIWEWTVEGXMGEFPIJSPPS[MRK
    XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH GSRGVIXI GSZIV  ERH
      8LI EVIE SJ PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH
    FIEHIUYEXIXSVIWMWXXLIWMQYPXERISYWEGXMSRSJEJEGXSVIH
    E\MEPPSEHERHJEGXSVIHQSQIRXWEGXMRKEFSYXXLIX[SQEMR
    GSPYQRE\IW *MKF 

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MK{0EXIVEPVIWXVEMRXJSVGSPYQRW

     1MRMQYQ ERH QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ PSRKMXYHMREP


    VIMRJSVGIQIRX{8SXEPEVIESJGSPYQRPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGI
    QIRX %WX WLSYPH RSX FI PIWW XLER  SV QSVI XLER 
    XMQIWXLIKVSWWEVIE%KSJWIGXMSR
    0.01

    Ast
    Ag

    0.06

    

    8LMW KYMHI PMQMXW XLI GSPYQRPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX


    VEXMS XS  TIVGIRX FIGEYWI SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSRKIWXMSR
    GSRGIVRW
     1MRMQYQ HMEQIXIV SJ PSRKMXYHMREP FEVW{
    1MRMQYQHMEQIXIVSJPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWMRGSPYQRWWLSYPH
    FIMR QQ 
     1MRMQYQ RYQFIV SJ PSRKMXYHMREP FEVW{-R
    WUYEVIERHVIGXERKYPEVGSPYQRW[MXLXMIWXLIVIWLSYPHFIE
    QMRMQYQSJJSYVFEVW EXPIEWXSRIPSRKMXYHMREPFEVMRIEGL
    GSVRIV ERHMRVSYRHGSPYQRW[MXLWTMVEPWEQMRMQYQSJ
    WM\PSRKMXYHMREPFEVW
     (MWXVMFYXMSR SJ PSRKMXYHMREP FEVW{'SPYQR
    PSRKMXYHMREP FEV WTEGMRK EPSRK EPP GSPYQR JEGIW WLSYPH FI
    ETTVS\MQEXIP]IUYEP
     1MRMQYQ GPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR PSRKMXYHMREP
    FEVW{'PIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR PSRKMXYHMREP FEVW WLSYPH RSX
    FIPIWWXLERHFRSVMR QQ  *MK 
     'PIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR TEVEPPIP PET WTPMGIW{
    'PIEVWTEGMRKPMQMXEXMSRFIX[IIRFEVWWLSYPHEPWSETTP]XS
    XLIGPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIREGSRXEGXPETWTPMGIERHEHNEGIRX
    WTPMGIWSVFEVW
     6IMRJSVGMRK FEV WTPMGMRK{9T XS SRILEPJ XLI
    PSRKMXYHMREPFEVWEXER]KMZIRWIGXMSRQE]FIPETWTPMGIHEW
    PSRKEWSRP]EPXIVREXIFEVWEPSRKXLIGVSWWWIGXMSRTIVMQIXIVEVI
    PETWTPMGIH *MKEERHF 8LMWTVEGXMGIVIHYGIW
    GSRKIWXMSRERHTVSZMHIWXLIGSPYQR[MXLKSSHHYGXMPMX]EXPET
    PSGEXMSRW0ETWTPMGIWSJPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPH
    GSQTP][MXL

     )RHERGLSVEKISJVIMRJSVGIQIRX{0SRKMXYHMREP
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXEXXLIYTTIVIRHSJGSPYQRWERHEXXLIJSYR
    HEXMSR WLSYPH I\XIRH EW GPSWI XS XLI IHKI EW TVEGXMGEFPI
    GSRWMHIVMRKGSRGVIXIGSZIVERHIRH[MXLEWXERHEVHLSSO
     0SRKMXYHMREP FEV SJJWIX{3JJWIX FIRX PSRKMXY
    HMREPFEVWWLSYPHGSRJSVQXS E XLVSYKL K 
    E  7PSTISJMRGPMRIH TSVXMSRSJERSJJWIXFEVWLSYPHRSX
    I\GIIHMR *MK 
    F 4SVXMSRWSJFEVEFSZIERHFIPS[ERSJJWIXWLSYPHFI
    TEVEPPIPXSGSPYQRE\MW
    G  0EXIVEP XMIW SV WTMVEPW WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH EX SJJWIX
    FIRHW
    H 3JJWIXFIRHPEXIVEPXMIWSVWTMVEPWWLSYPHVIWMWXXMQIW
    XLI LSVM^SRXEP JSVGI GSQTSRIRX SJ ER SJJWIX FEVGSQTYXIH
    EWWYQMRKEWXVIWWIUYEPXSJ]
    I 0EXIVEPXMIWSVWTMVEPWWLSYPHFITPEGIHRSXQSVIXLERMR
    QQ JVSQFIRHTSMRXW
    J  3JJWIX FEVW WLSYPH FI FIRX FIJSVI TPEGIQIRX MR XLI
    JSVQWERH
    K ;LIVIEGSPYQRJEGIMWSJJWIXJVSQXLIGSPYQRFIPS[
    MXF]QSVIXLERSRIWM\XLSJXLIHITXLSJXLIKMVHIVSVWPEF
    SVMR QQ PSRKMXYHMREPFEVWWLSYPHRSXFISJJWIXFIRX
    7ITEVEXIHS[IPWPETWTPMGIH[MXLXLIPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWEHNE
    GIRX XS XLI SJJWIX GSPYQR JEGIW WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH 0ET
    WTPMGIWWLSYPHGSRJSVQXS
     1E\MQYQRYQFIVSJPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWMRIEGL
    VIGXERKYPEV GSPYQR JEGI{'EPGYPEXMSR SJ XLI QE\MQYQ
    RYQFIVSJPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWMREGSPYQRJEGIWLSYPHGSRWMHIV
    XLI PSRKMXYHMREP ERH XVERWZIVWI FEV HMEQIXIVW GSRGVIXI
    GSZIV   QE\MQYQ RSQMREP GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI WM^I ERH
    QMRMQYQGPIEVWTEGMRKFIX[IIRFEVW;LIRXLIWIGEPGYPE
    XMSRWEVIRSXTIVJSVQIH E ERH F WLSYPHFIYWIH
    E *SVGSPYQRHMQIRWMSRFGKVIEXIVXLERMR QQ 
    XLI QE\MQYQ RYQFIVSJ FEVW MR E GSPYQRJEGI WLSYPH FI
    HIXIVQMRIHYWMRK)U 

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MK{)JJIGXMZIGVSWWWIGXMSRSJGSPYQRWFYMPXQSRS
    PMXLMGEPP][MXLE[EPP

    

    *MK{'PIEVWTEGMRK FIX[IIRPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWMR
    GSPYQRW

    *MKE{8]TMGEPGSPYQRVIMRJSVGIQIRXPE]SYX
    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MKF{8]TMGEPGSPYQRVIMRJSVGIQIRXPE]SYXMRLMKLWIMWQMG^SRIW

    QE\MQYQRYQFIVSJFEVWTIVJEGI c bc
    3

    bc
    75

    

    [LIVI FGMWMRMRGLIW QQ  8EFPI 


    F 1E\MQYQSJXLVIIPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWWLSYPHFIYWIHMR
    XLIGSPYQRJEGIW[LSWIHMQIRWMSRFGMWPIWWXLERSVIUYEPXS
    MR QQ  8EFPI 

     1E\MQYQ RYQFIV SJ PSRKMXYHMREP FEVW MR


    GMVGYPEVGSPYQR{8LIGEPGYPEXMSRJSVXLIQE\MQYQRYQFIV
    SJPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWMRGMVGYPEVGSPYQRWWLSYPHGSRWMHIVXLI
    GSRGVIXI GSZIV   QE\MQYQ RSQMREP GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI
    WM^IQMRMQYQGPIEVWTEGMRKFIX[IIRFEVWERHPSRKMXYHMREP
    ERH XVERWZIVWI FEV HMEQIXIVW ;LIR XLIWI GEPGYPEXMSRW EVI
    RSX TIVJSVQIH XLI QE\MQYQ RYQFIV SJ FEVW WLSYPH FI
    HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK )U   [LIVI L MW XLI GSPYQR
    HMEQIXIV 8EFPI 

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    QE\MQYQRSSJFEVW

    h
    Lz c
    e 6 (SI)
    25

    

     :EPYISJHGERHHXSYWIMRGSPYQRW{'EPGYPE
    XMSRSJHGWLSYPHGSRWMHIVXLIGSRGVIXIGSZIV  ERHPSRKM
    XYHMREPERHXVERWZIVWIFEVHMEQIXIVW
    8LIJSPPS[MRKZEPYIWGERFIYWIHJSVGSPYQRWHG!MR
     QQ  JSV MRXIVMSV I\TSWYVI ERH HG !  MR  QQ  JSV
    I\XIVMSVI\TSWYVI
     8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     +IRIVEP{'SPYQRW WLSYPH LEZI XMI VIMRJSVGI
    QIRX SV WTMVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSRJSVQMRK XS  SV
     VIWTIGXMZIP] 'SPYQRW PSGEXIH MR WIMWQMG ^SRIW
    should have confining transverse reinforcement as indicated
    MR 'LETXIV%XGSPYQRFIEQNSMRXWXLIQMRMQYQRYQFIV
    SJXMIWWLSYPHFIEWMRHMGEXIHF]
     8MIW MR RSRWIMWQMG ^SRIW{'SPYQR XMIW WLSYPH
    GSQTP][MXL E XLVSYKL I 
    E %PPPSRKMXYHMREPGSPYQRFEVWWLSYPHFIIRGPSWIHF]PEXIVEP
    XMIW1MRMQYQXMIFEVHMEQIXIVWLSYPHFIMR QQ 
    F 8MIWWLSYPHFIEVVERKIHWSXLEXIZIV]GSVRIVERHEPXIVREXI
    PSRKMXYHMREPFEVWLSYPHLEZIPEXIVEPWYTTSVXTVSZMHIHF]XLI
    GSVRIVSJEXMISVEGVSWWXMI *MKE 
     G %PSRKEXMIRSPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWLSYPHFIJEVXLIVXLER
    MR QQ GPIEVJVSQEPEXIVEPP]WYTTSVXIHPSRKMXYHMREP
    FEV *MKE 
    H :IVXMGEPWTEGMRKSJXMIWWWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLIPIEWXSJ
    PSRKMXYHMREPFEVHMEQIXIVWXMIFEVHMEQIXIVWERHXLI
    PIEWXHMQIRWMSRSJXLIGSPYQRWIGXMSR *MKF ERH

    

    (e) The first tie should be located one-half spacing above


    XLIXSTSJXLIWPEFFIEQSVJSSXMRKERHXLIYTTIVQSWXSRI
    WLSYPHFIPSGEXIHRSQSVIXLERSRILEPJXMIWTEGMRKFIPS[
    XLI PS[IWX LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJWLEPPS[IWX QIQFIV
    WYTTSVXIHEFSZI
     7TMVEP{'SPYQRWWTMVEPWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL E 
    XLVSYKL J 
    E  %PP PSRKMXYHMREP GSPYQR FEVW WLSYPH FI IRGPSWIH F]
    E WTMVEP GSRWMWXMRK SJ ER IZIRP] WTEGIH GSRXMRYSYW FEV
    1MRMQYQWTMVEPFEVHMEQIXIVWLSYPHFIMR QQ 
    F  'PIEV ZIVXMGEP WTEGMRK FIX[IIR WTMVEPW WLSYPH RSX
    I\GIIHMR QQ RSVFIPIWWXLERMR QQ ERH
    WLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
    G  7TMVEPW WLSYPH LEZI  I\XVE XYVRW EX IEGL IRH SJ E
    WTMVEPYRMX
    H 7TPMGIWMRWTMVEPWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLERHIRHMR
    ELSSOHMVIGXIHXSXLIGSPYQRGSVI
    I 7TMVEPWWLSYPHI\XIRHJVSQXLIXSTSJJSSXMRKSVWPEF
    XSXLIPIZIPSJPS[IWXLSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJWLEPPS[IWX
    QIQFIV WYTTSVXIH EFSZI -R GSPYQRW [MXL GETMXEPW WTMVEP
    WLSYPHI\XIRHXSEPIZIPEX[LMGLXLIHMEQIXIVSV[MHXLSJ
    GETMXEPMWX[SXMQIWXLEXSJXLIGSPYQRERH
    J  7TMVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS W, defined as ratio of the
    ZSPYQISJVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRXEMRIHMRSRIWTMVEPPSSTXSXLI
    volume of concrete in the column confined by the same spiral
    PSSTWLSYPHFIRSXPIWWXLERXLIZEPYIKMZIRF])U  
    *MK 
    8EFPI {1E\MQYQRYQFIVSJPSRKMXYHMREP
    FEVWMRIEGLVIGXERKYPEVGSPYQRJEGI
    'SPYQRHMQIRWMSRFGMR QQ
    FG MR QQ
    MR QQ c FG MR QQ
    MR QQ c FG

    1E\MQYQRYQFIVSJ
    PSRKMXYHMREPFEVW
    7IGXMSRRSXTIVQMXXIH
    8LVIIFEVW
    c FG?c FG 7- AFEVW

    8EFPI {1E\MQYQRYQFIVSJPSRKMXYHMREP
    FEVWMRGMVGYPEVGSPYQRW
    'SPYQRHMEQIXIVLMR QQ

    1E\MQYQRYQFIVSJ
    PSRKMXYHMREPFEVW

    L MR QQ

    7IGXMSRRSXTIVQMXXIH

    MR QQ c L

    *MK{0SRKMXYHMREPFEVSJJWIX

    *MKE{,SVM^SRXEPXMIEVVERKIQIRX
    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    c he6

    h
    e 6 FEVW
    25

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    JG is the column concrete specified strength; and J]X MW XLI


    WXIIP]MIPHWXVIRKXLSJXLIWTMVEP
     'SPYQRKMVHIVNSMRXW{%XGSPYQRKMVHIVNSMRXWSJ
    JVEQIWEQMRMQYQSJXLVIIGSPYQRXMIWWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH
    [MXLMRXLINSMRX[MXLEQE\MQYQZIVXMGEPWTEGMRKFIX[IIR
    XMIWSJMR QQ  *MK 
     8MI LSSOW{%PP GSPYQR XMIW WLSYPH LEZI
    HIKVII LSSOW   'VSWWXMIW [MXL E HIKVII LSSO
    MRSRI IRHERH EHIKVIIMRXLISXLIVIRHQE] FIYWIH
    'SRWIGYXMZI GVSWWXMIW IRKEKMRK XLI WEQI PSRKMXYHMREP FEV
    WLSYPHLEZIXLIMVHIKVIILSSOWEXSTTSWMXIWMHIWSJXLI
    GSPYQR
     8MI PIK WTPMGMRK{'SPYQR XMIW WLSYPH RSX FI
    PETWTPMGIH
     'SPYQR VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR WIMWQMG ^SRIW{-R
    GSPYQRWXLEX EVI TEVX SJE QSQIRXVIWMWXMRK JVEQIPSGEXIH
    MR WIMWQMG ^SRIW VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH EPWS GSQTP] [MXL
    'LETXIV'SPYQRWXLEXEVITEVXSJWPEFGSPYQRJVEQIWMR
    WIMWQMG^SRIWWLSYPHEPWSGSQTP][MXL'LETXIV

    *MKF{:IVXMGEPWTEGMRKSJXMIW

    *MK{7TMVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJGSPYQR

    {*PI\YVI
     *EGXSVIH PSEHW ERH QSQIRXW{*EGXSVIH E\MEP
    PSEH 4YERHQSQIRX1YEXXLIWIGXMSRYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR
    WLSYPHFIFEWIHSR
     8VMEPGVSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRWERHPSRKMXYHMREP
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX
     8VMEP GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSRW{8VMEP GVSWW
    WIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRWWLSYPHFIIWXEFPMWLIHEWJSPPS[W
    E  8VMEP KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE %K WLSYPH FI HIXIV
    QMRIHJVSQ)U E 
    E
    F *SVVIGXERKYPEVGVSWWWIGXMSRWXLIPIEWXHMQIRWMSRFG
    WLSYPHGSQTP][MXL

    f
    ff
    bc
    f
    f
    fd

    *MK{'SPYQRXMIWMRGSPYQRKMVHIVNSMRXW

    Ab g d cs e db
    s

    Acs s

    0.45

    Ag
    Acs

    10 in. (250 mm)


    hc 3
    hn 10 for central columns
    hn 9 for edge columns
    hn 8 for corner columns

    G *SVVIGXERKYPEVGVSWWWIGXMSRWXLIPEVKIVHMQIRWMSRLG
    WLSYPHGSQTP][MXL

    fc
    
    f yt

    c
    c

    [LIVI %FMWXLIEVIESJXLIWTMVEPFEVSV[MVIHFMWXLIWTMVEP
    FEVSV[MVIHMEQIXIVHGWMWXLISYXWMHIHMEQIXIVSJXLIWTMVEP
    WMWXLIZIVXMGEPWTEGMRKSJXLIWTMVEP%GWMWXLIEVIESJXLI
    confined column core measured from the outside diameter of
    XLIWTMVEP%GW!gHGW %KMWXLIKVSWWGSPYQRWIGXMSREVIE

    F

    for central columns

    n
    n

    for edge columns

    for corner columns

    G

    H  *SV GMVGYPEV GSPYQRW XLI HMEQIXIV L WLSYPH GSQTP]


    [MXL

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    f
    f

    f
    fd

    12 in. (300 mm)


    hn 10 for central columns
    hn 9 for edge columns
    hn 8 for corner columns

    H

     8VMEP PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX{8VMEP EVIE SJ


    PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX %WX WLSYPH FI IWXEFPMWLIH EW
    JSPPS[W
    E *SVVIGXERKYPEVGVSWWWIGXMSRWXLIXVMEPEVIESJPSRKMXY
    HMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX%WXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
    f0.01Ag
    WII 

    fd4 Ab min .

    Ast

    E

    QSQIRXEXXLIGSPYQRPS[IVIRHERHLRMWXLIGPIEVHMWXERGI
    FIX[IIRGSPYQRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXW
     *EGXSVIHWLIEVJVSQLSVM^SRXEPPSEHW{*EGXSVIH
    WLIEV :YHYIXSLSVM^SRXEPPSEHWWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ
    XLILSVM^SRXEPPSEHWTVIWGVMFIHMR'LETXIVERHETTPMIHXS
    XLIWXVYGXYVIEWTVIWGVMFIHMR'LETXIVYWMRKETTVSTVMEXI
    PSEHGSQFMREXMSRWJVSQ
     (IWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXL
     +IRIVEP{8LIHIWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXLWLSYPHIUYEP
    SV I\GIIH JEGXSVIH FIEQEGXMSR WLIEV [LMGL EGGSQTERMIW
    GSPYQRQSQIRXWERHSGGYVWMRFSXLLSVM^SRXEPHMVIGXMSRW
    having a constant value in the clear distance between floors.
     7LIEV WXVIRKXL{'SPYQR WIGXMSR WLIEV WXVIRKXL
    :RWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJSPPS[MRKXLITVSGIHYVIMR
    JSVFIEQEGXMSRWLIEVYWMRK)U  
    Vn

    F  *SV GMVGYPEV GVSWW WIGXMSRW XLI XVMEP EVIE SJ PSRKMXY


    HMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX%WXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
    f0.01Ag
    WII 

    fd6 Ab min.

    Ast

    F

     6IUYMVIH QSQIRX WXVIRKXL{-RXIVEGXMSR HMEKVEQW


    JSVGSPYQRHMQIRWMSRWERHVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIGEPGY
    PEXIH MR FSXL HMVIGXMSRW YWMRK  8LI HIWMKR QSQIRX
    WXVIRKXLMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRWWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK
    ;LIVIJEGXSVIHQSQIRX1YEXJEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEH4YI\GIIHW
    HIWMKRQSQIRXWXVIRKXLXLIEVIESJPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGI
    QIRXWLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIH[MXLSYXI\GIIHMRKXLIQE\MQYQ
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE TIVQMXXIH F] SV XLI QE\MQYQ
    RYQFIV SJ FEVW MR IEGL GSPYQR JEGI F]  SV
    ;LIVIPMQMXWSJ SV
    are exceeded, increase the column dimensions. These verifi
    GEXMSRWWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIHEXXLIYTTIVERHPS[IVGSPYQR
    WIGXMSRWSJXLIWEQIWXSV]
     &ME\MEPQSQIRXWXVIRKXL{3RGIGSPYQRVIMRJSVGI
    QIRXMWGSQTYXIHJSVFSXLHMVIGXMSRWMRHITIRHIRXP]FME\MEP
    QSQIRX WXVIRKXL WLSYPH FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK  EX XLI
    YTTIVERHPS[IVGSPYQRWIGXMSRWSJXLIWEQIWXSV]
    {7LIEV
     6IUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXL{*EGXSVIHWLIEV:YWLSYPH
    FIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQZIVXMGEPPSEHWERHJVSQLSVM^SRXEPPSEHW
    YWMRKPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWJVSQ
     *EGXSVIH WLIEV JVSQ ZIVXMGEP PSEHW{*EGXSVIH
    WLIEV HYI XS ZIVXMGEP PSEHW WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ
    )U  JSVIEGLLSVM^SRXEPHMVIGXMSR

    Vu

    Mu

    Mu

    top

    hn

    bottom

    

    [LIVI 1Y XST GSVVIWTSRHW XS XLI JEGXSVIH QSQIRX EX XLI


    GSPYQR YTTIV IRH 1Y FSXXSQ GSVVIWTSRHW XS XLI JEGXSVIH

    

    Vc +Vs

    

    -R )U   :G MW GSRGVIXI WLIEV WXVIRKXL :W MW
    XVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLIEVWXVIRKXLERH !
     'SRXVMFYXMSRSJXLIGSRGVIXIXSWLIEVWXVIRKXL{
    8LI GSRXVMFYXMSR SJ GSRGVIXI XS WLIEV WXVIRKXL WLSYPH FI
    GSQTYXIHYWMRK)U  [MXL !

    Vc

    2 f c bd

    Vc

    fc
    6

    bd (SI)

    

    -R )U   H WLSYPH FI XEOIR EW XLI ETTVSTVMEXI


    ZEPYIFEWIHIMXLIVSRLGSVFGMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIWLIEV
    ERH FMRHMVIGXMSRRSVQEPXSXLIWLIEV-RGMVGYPEVGSPYQRW
    XLI TVSHYGX SJ F XMQIW H WLSYPH FI XEOIR EW L [MXL L
    FIMRKXLIGSPYQRHMEQIXIV
     'SRXVMFYXMSR SJ XLI XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    XS XLI WLIEV WXVIRKXL{8VERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLIEV
    WXVIRKXLWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHMRIEGLHMVIGXMSRYWMRK)U
     8LIHIWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXLWLSYPHFIFEWIHSR
    )U   ERH   ;LIVI )U   MW RSX
    WEXMWJMIHXMIWTEGMRKWWLSYPHFIVIHYGIH
    Vs

    Av f yt d
    s

    

    [LIVI %ZGSVVIWTSRHWXSEVIESJXLIXMIPIKWTEVEPPIPXSXLI
    WLIEVHMVIGXMSRERHWXSXLIPEVKIWXXMIZIVXMGEPWTEGMRK[MXLMR
    XLIGPIEVLIMKLXSJXLIGSPYQRJ]XMWXLI]MIPHWXVIRKXLSJXLI
    XMIPIKWERH !*SVGMVGYPEVWXMVVYTWSVWTMVEPVIMRJSVGI
    QIRX %ZMWX[MGIXLIWXMVVYTSVWTMVEPFEVSV[MVIEVIE%F
     Biaxial shear strength verification{;LIR XLI
    GSPYQRMWWYFNIGXIHXSWLIEVMRXLIX[SLSVM^SRXEPHMVIGXMSRW
    WMQYPXERISYWP]MXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL)U  

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    Vu
    Vn

    2
    x
    x

    Vu
    Vn

    2
    y

    1.0

    

    [LIVI :Y \ERH :Y ]GSVVIWTSRHXSXLIJEGXSVIHWLIEVMRXLI


    HMVIGXMSRSJXLI\ERH]E\IWERH :R \ERH :R ]GSVVI
    WTSRHXSXLIWLIEVWXVIRKXLHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U  
    JSVXLIETTVSTVMEXIHMVIGXMSR\SV]
    {'EPGYPEXMSRSJJSYRHEXMSRVIEGXMSR
     :IVXMGEP PSEH VIEGXMSR{:IVXMGEP PSEH VIEGXMSR 6Y
    EXXLIJSYRHEXMSRWLSYPHFIIUYEPXSXLIZEPYISJ 4YEXXLI
    GSPYQRPS[IVIRHHMVIGXP]EFSZIXLIJSYRHEXMSR
     1SQIRX VIEGXMSR{9RFEPERGIH QSQIRX VIEGXMSR
    1Y EXXLI JSYRHEXMSR WLSYPH FI IUYEP XS XLI ZEPYI SJ 1Y
    EXXLIGSPYQRPS[IVIRHHMVIGXP]EFSZIXLIJSYRHEXMSR8LMW
    YRFEPERGIHQSQIRXWLSYPHFIHMWXVMFYXIHXSXLIKVEHIFIEQW
    ERHXLIJSYRHEXMSRQIQFIVWEWTVIWGVMFIHMR'LETXIV
    ',%48)6{7)-71-'6)7-78%2')
    {7TIGMEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPWJSVWIMWQMG
    ^SRIW
     +IRIVEP{8LI JSPPS[MRK WLSYPH FI YWIH JSV XLI
    structural members located in seismic zones as defined by
    
     *VEQIKMVHIVW
     (MQIRWMSREP PMQMXW{1MRMQYQ [MHXL F[ SJ
    KMVHIVW WLSYPH FI  MR  QQ  ERH XLI KMVHIV WLSYPH
    GSQTP][MXL
     0SRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX{-R EHHMXMSR XS
     E XLVSYKL J WLSYPHFIQIX
    E %XPIEWXX[SXSTERHFSXXSQPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWWLSYPH
    FITVSZMHIH
    F  %X ER] WIGXMSR XLI VEXMSW SJ TSWMXMZI ERH RIKEXMZI
    QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIIUYEPXSSVKVIEXIVXLERXLI
    QMRMQYQMRHMGEXIHF]
    G  %X ER] WIGXMSR XLITSWMXMZI ERH RIKEXMZI QSQIRX
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMSWWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH
    H  %VIE SJ TSWMXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX XLI NSMRX
    JEGI WLSYPH RSX FI PIWW XLER SRILEPJ XLI EVIE SJ RIKEXMZI
    QSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXXLIWEQINSMRXJEGI
    I %VIESJTSWMXMZIERHRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXEX
    ER]WIGXMSRWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERSRIJSYVXLXLIQE\MQYQ
    EVIESJRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXIMXLIVNSMRXJEGIERH
    J 0ETWTPMGIWWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHMRFIEQGSPYQRWNSMRXW
    and the confinement zones defined in 11.1.2.3(a). Full length
    of the lap splice should be confined with closed stirrups as
    defined in 11.1.2.3(b), with stirrup spacing not exceeding the
    WQEPPIVSJHERHMR QQ 
     8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRX{-REHHMXMSRXS E 
    XLVSYKL I WLSYPHFIQIX
    (a) Transverse reinforcement should be hoops (confine
    QIRXWXMVVYTW EXFSXLIRHWSJXLIKMVHIVSZIVEHMWXERGIIUYEP
    XSX[MGIXLIQIQFIVHITXLLQIEWYVIHJVSQXLIJEGISJXLI
    WYTTSVXMRKQIQFIVXS[EVHQMHWTER *MK 

    Fig. 11.1.2.3Confinement stirrup spacing.


    F ,SSTWWLSYPHFIGPSWIHWXMVVYTWEXPIEWXMR QQ 
    diameter, with hooks as definedMR H ERHGSQTP]MRK[MXL
    GSPYQRXMIW'VSWWXMIWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL  I 
    (c) The first hoop should be located no farther than 2 in.
    QQ JVSQXLIWYTTSVXJEGI
    H ,SSTWTEGMRKWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLIWQEPPIVSJHERH
    MR QQ ERH
    I  *SV XLI GIRXVEP PIRKXL SJ XLI KMVHIV WTER FIX[IIR
    confinement zones, transverse reinforcement should be
    GPSWIHWXMVVYTW [MXL LSSOW GSQTP]MRK [MXL  H  ERH XLI
    QE\MQYQWXMVVYTWTEGMRKWLSYPHFIH
     7LIEV WXVIRKXL{-R EHHMXMSR XS  E  XLVSYKL
    I WLSYPHEPWSFIQIX
    E %HHMXMSREPJEGXSVIHWLIEVJSVGI :IGSVVIWTSRHMRKXS
    XLI TVSFEFPI QSQIRX WXVIRKXL HIZIPSTQIRX SJ XLI WTER EX
    XLINSMRXJEGIWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHEWXLIPEVKIVZEPYIJVSQ
    )U E ERH)U F  *MKE 

    Ve

    M pr

    left

    + M pr

    right

    E

    Ve

    M pr

    left

    + M pr

    right

    F

     F -R)U E ERH F 1TVERH1TVzGSVVI


    WTSRH XS TSWMXMZI ERH RIKEXMZI TVSFEFPI QSQIRX WXVIRKXL
    EXNSMRXJEGIWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U  ERHYWMRKXLI
    GSVVIWTSRHMRK PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX ]MIPH WXVIRKXL
    J]TVMRWXIEHSJJ] J]TV!J] ERHEWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV
    !
    G 8LIPEVKIWXZEPYISJ :IHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U E 
    SV)U F WLSYPHFIEHHIHXS:YEXXLIWYTTSVXJEGI
    ERH XLI WLIEV HMEKVEQ SJ  WLSYPH FI VIGEPGYPEXIH
    *MKF 
    H  8VERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX JSV WLIEV WLSYPH FI HIXIV
    QMRIHEWTVIWGVMFIHMRI\GITX[LIVI :I:Y MWKVIEXIV
    XLER :YJSVKVEZMX]PSEHWEXXLIWYTTSVXJEGI-RGSQTYXMRK
    WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLI GSRXVMFYXMSR SJ GSRGVIXI XS WLIEV
    WXVIRKXLWLSYPHFIXEOIREW^IVS :G = 0) in the confinement
    ^SRIWMRHMGEXIHMR E ERH
    I  ,SSTW HIWGVMFIH MR  WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH
    IJJIGXMZIWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRX

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

     'SPYQRW
     (MQIRWMSREP PMQMXW{8LI VIWXVMGXMSRW SJ 
    WLSYPHETTP]ERH should be modified by (a) and (b):
    E 8LIPIEWXGVSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRWLSYPHRSXFIPIWW
    XLERMR QQ ERH
    F  6EXMS SJ XLI PSRKIV XS XLI WLSVXIV GVSWWWIGXMSREP
    HMQIRWMSRWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH
     0SRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX{7IGXMSR 
    WLSYPHETTP]ERH should be modified to restrict the
    WTPMGIPSGEXMSRWXSXLIGIRXIVLEPJSJXLIQIQFIVPIRKXL
     1MRMQYQQSQIRXWXVIRKXLSJGSPYQRW{'SPYQR
    QSQIRX WXVIRKXL WLSYPH WEXMWJ] )U   YRPIWW XLI
    JYPPPIRKXLSJEGSPYQRMWTVSZMHIH[MXLXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGI
    QIRXGSQTP]MRK[MXL

    Mc

    6
    5

    Mg

    

    [LIVI 1GMWXLIWYQSJRSQMREPQSQIRXWXVIRKXLW1RSJ
    GSPYQRWJVEQMRKMRXSENSMRXERH 1KMWXLIWYQSJRSQMREP
    QSQIRXWXVIRKXLW1RSJKMVHIVWJVEQMRKMRXSXLIWEQINSMRX

    *MKE{'EPGYPEXMSRSJ :I

    'SPYQR QSQIRX WXVIRKXL WLSYPH GSVVIWTSRH XS XLI


    QMRMQYQ QSQIRX WXVIRKXL GSQTYXIH YWMRK XLI ETTVS
    TVMEXIIUYEXMSRSJ)U H ERH I JSVXLIVERKI
    SJJEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEHW4YXLEXEGXSRXLIGSPYQR1SQIRX
    WXVIRKXLW WLSYPH FI EHHIH MR WYGL E QERRIV XLEX GSPYQR
    QSQIRXWSTTSWIFIEQQSQIRXW)UYEXMSR  WLSYPH
    be satisfied for beam moments acting in both directions in
    XLIZIVXMGEPTPERISJXLIJVEQIGSRWMHIVIH *MK 
     8MIXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRX{;LIRXMIW WXMVVYTW 
    EVIYWIHEWGSPYQRXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXERH E 
    XLVSYKL L WLSYPHFIQIX
    (a) Transverse reinforcement should be hoops (confine
    QIRX XMIW  *MK E) over the length of the confine
    QIRX^SRI SQIEWYVIHJVSQXLINSMRXJEGIEXFSXLGSPYQR
    IRHW8LIHMWXERGI SWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERXLIPEVKIWXSJ
    XLI GSPYQR GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSR SRIWM\XL XLI GPIEV
    PIRKXLSJXLIGSPYQRSVMR QQ 
    F ,SSTWWLSYPHFIGPSWIHWMRKPISVSZIVPETTMRKXMIW[MXL
    hooks as defined in  H  ERH GSQTP]MRK [MXL 
    GSPYQRXMIW
    G 'VSWWXMIWXLEXGSQTP][MXL  I ERHLEZIXLIWEQI
    FEVHMEQIXIVERHWTEGMRKEWXLILSSTWEVITIVQMXXIH)EGL
    GVSWWXMIWLSYPHIRKEKIETIVMTLIVEPPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGMRK
    FEV 'SRWIGYXMZI GVSWWXMIW WLSYPH FI EPXIVREXIH IRHXSIRH
    EPSRKXLIPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    H  ,SVM^SRXEP HMWXERGI QIEWYVIH GIRXIVXSGIRXIV
    FIX[IIR PIKW SJ XLI TIVMTLIVEP LSSTW ERH GVSWWXMIW ERH
    FIX[IIR GVSWWXMIW WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH XLI PEVKIV SJ  MR
    QQ ERHSRILEPJXLIWQEPPIWXGVSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIR
    WMSR -J XLI RYQFIV SJ LSST PIKW ERH GVSWWXMIW HIXIVQMRIH
    I\GIIHWXLIRYQFIVSJPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWPSGEXIHMRXLIGVSWW
    WIGXMSRJEGIEHHMXMSREPPSRKMXYHMREPFEVWWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH
    *MKF 
    (e) In confinement zones, maximum hoop spacing
    QIEWYVIH EPSRK XLIQIQFIVE\MWWLSYPH RSX I\GIIH XLI
    PEVKIVSJMR QQ ERHXLIZEPYIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ
    )U  
    sc

    Ab fyt

    sc

    *MK F{'EPGYPEXMSR SJ XLI WLIEV IRZIPSTI MR XLI


    KMVHIV

    

    6 fc
    Ab fyt
    15 fc

    
    (SI)

    [LIVI %FMWXLILSSTERHGVSWWXMIFEVEVIEERHJ]XMWXLIRSQMREP
    ]MIPHWXVIRKXLSJXLILSSTERHGVSWWXMI *MKE 
    (f) The first hoop should be located no farther than 2 in.
    QQ JVSQXLINSMRXJEGI

    *MK{1MRMQYQQSQIRXWXVIRKXLSJGSPYQRW
    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    Fig. 11.1.3.4aConfinement hoop spacing in columns.


    F  8LI WTMVEP ZSPYQIXVMG VEXMS WLSYPH RSX FI PIWW XLER
    GSQTYXIHF])U  ERH)U  
    Ab g dcs e db
    s

    Fig. 11.1.3.4bArrangement of hoop legs (confinement


    XMIW ERHGVSWWXMIW
    K ;LIRVIMRJSVGIQIRXEWMRHMGEXIHEFSZIMWRSXTPEGIH
    XLVSYKLSYX XLI GSPYQR GPIEV PIRKXL XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGI
    QIRXMRXLIGIRXVEPTEVXSJXLIGSPYQRGPIEVPIRKXLFIX[IIR
    confinement zones should be hoops of the same diameter,
    ]MIPHWXVIRKXLJ]X and number of crossties used in the confine
    QIRX^SRIWERHQE\MQYQGIRXIVXSGIRXIVWTEGMRKWLSYPH
    RSXI\GIIHXLIWQEPPIVSJWM\XMQIWXLIPSRKMXYHMREPGSPYQR
    FEVHMEQIXIVHFERHMR QQ  *MKE ERH
    L 0SRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWTPMGIWWLSYPHFIPSGEXIHMR
    the central zone of the column with hoop confinement provided
    SZIVXLIIRXMVIWTPMGIPIRKXLERHRSXQSVIXLERSRILEPJSJXSXEP
    PSRKMXYHMREPFEVWWLSYPHFIWTPMGIH *MKG 
     7TMVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX{;LIRWTMVEPWEVIYWIHEW
    GSPYQR XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH E XLVSYKL
    G WLSYPHFIQIX
    E 8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIEWTMVEPGSQTP]MRK
    with 11.1.3.5 over the confinement zone length SRSX PIWW
    XLERXLI PEVKIWX SJ XLI GSPYQR GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSRW
    SRIWM\XLXLIGPIEVPIRKXLSJXLIQIQFIVERHMR QQ 
    QIEWYVIHJVSQXLINSMRXJEGIEXFSXLGSPYQRIRHW

    Acs s

    0.12

    fc
    f yt

    

    (c) Outside confinement zones, the maximum center-toGIRXIVWTMVEPWTEGMRKWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLIWQEPPIVSJWM\XMQIW


    XLIPSRKMXYHMREPGSPYQRFEVHMEQIXIVHFERHMR QQ 
     7LIEVWXVIRKXL{7IGXMSRERH E XLVSYKL H
    WLSYPHFIQIX
    E *EGXSVIHWLIEV :IGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSTVSFEFPIGSPYQR
    QSQIRX WXVIRKXL EX XLI NSMRX JEGIW WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH
    YWMRK )U   JSV FSXL TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSRW MR TPER
    *MKE 

    Ve

    M pr

    M pr

    top

    hn

    bottom

    

    F -R)U  1TVMWXLITVSFEFPIQSQIRXWXVIRKXL


    EX XLI NSMRX JEGIW HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK J]TV MRWXIEH SJ J] J]TV
    ! J]  ERH E WXVIRKXL VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV  !  'SPYQR
    QSQIRXWXVIRKXLWLSYPHGSVVIWTSRHXSXLIQMRMQYQTVSF
    EFPIQSQIRXWXVIRKXLGSQTYXIHYWMRKXLIETTVSTVMEXIIUYE
    XMSRSJ)U H ERH I JSVXLIVERKISJJEGXSVIH
    E\MEPPSEHW4YXLEXEGXSRXLIGSPYQR*EGXSVIHWLIEVJSVXLI
    GSPYQR :IRIIHRSXI\GIIHXLIZEPYIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQXLI
    NSMRXWLIEVFEWIHSRTVSFEFPIKMVHIVQSQIRXWXVIRKXL1TVEX
    XLINSMRXEWHIXIVQMRIHMR *MKF 

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    Fig. 11.1.3.4cConfinement hoop spacing in columns for splices.


    G  8VERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX JSV WLIEV WLSYPH FI HIXIV
    QMRIH EW TVIWGVMFIH MR  I\GITX XLEX XLI GSRGVIXI
    GSRXVMFYXMSR XS XLI WLIEV WXVIRKXL WLSYPH FI XEOIR EW :G
    ! 0) in the confinement zones indicated in  E ERH
     E ERH
    (d) Hoops (confinement ties) or spirals indicated by
     ERH WLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIHIJJIGXMZIEWWLIEV
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX
     *VEQINSMRXW
     +IRIVEP{*SV JVEQI NSMRXW PSGEXIH MR WIMWQMG
    ^SRIWWLSYPHETTP]ERHWLSYPHRSXETTP]
     'SPYQRHMQIRWMSRWEXENSMRX{'SPYQRHMQIR
    WMSRTEVEPPIP XSXLI FIEQ WLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLER  XMQIW
    XLIPEVKIWXPSRKMXYHMREPKMVHIVFEVHMEQIXIVHF[LIVIPSRKM
    XYHMREPKMVHIVFEVWI\XIRHXLVSYKLXLIGSPYQRKMVHIVNSMRX
     8VERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{8VERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGI
    QIRX GSRJSVQMRK XS E ERH F WLSYPHFI TVSZMHIH [MXLMR
    XLIGSPYQRKMVHIVNSMRX
    (a) Horizontal transverse hoops (confinement ties) with
    XLIWEQIEVIEERHWTEGMRKMRHMGEXIHF]WLSYPHFI
    TVSZMHIH [MXLMR XLI GSPYQRKMVHIV NSMRX 8LMW EVIE [MXLMR
    the joint is the confined core. Where girders, having a width
    IUYEPXSSVKVIEXIVXLERXLVIIJSYVXLWSJXLIGSPYQR[MHXLJVEQI
    MRXSXLINSMRXEXEPPJSYVWMHIWXLILSSTWTEGMRKGERFIX[MGIXLEX
    MRHMGEXIHF]FYXRSXI\GIIHMR QQ ERH
    F  ;LIVI PSRKMXYHMREP KMVHIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW PSGEXIH
    outside the confined core defined in (a), vertical hoops
    JSV KMVHIVW EW MRHMGEXIH F]  WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH XS
    confine it.

    *MKE{'EPGYPEXMSRSJ :IJSVGSPYQRW
     .SMRX WLIEV WXVIRKXL{,SVM^SRXEP NSMRX WLIEV
    WXVIRKXL WLSYPH IUYEP SV I\GIIH XLI JEGXSVIH WLIEV XLEX
    HIZIPSTWHYIXSXLITVSFEFPIQSQIRXWXVIRKXLSJGSPYQRW
    ERH KMVHIVW EX XLI NSMRX *MK E  -XIQW E  XLVSYKL
    H ETTP]
    E *EGXSVIHWLIEVEXXLINSMRX :YWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIH
    JSVFSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRWYWMRK)U E JSVNSMRXW
    [LIVIKMVHIVWJVEQIMRXSFSXLWMHIWERHYWMRK)U F 
    [LIVIKMVHIVWJVEQIMRXSSRIWMHISRP]

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MKF{1E\MQYQ1TVJSVGSPYQRWVIUYMVIHJSVGSPYQRWLIEV :I

    *MKE{.SMRXWLIEVHIXIVQMREXMSR

    Vu

    f ypr As

    Vu

    As

    f ypr As
    ff

    ff
    A
    df ypr s

    girder

    girder

    Ve

    Ve

    column

    E

    Fig. 11.1.4.4bDefinition of %N JSV KMVHIV [MHIV XLER


    GSPYQRW

    column

    F
    girder

    Ve

    column

    -R )U E  ERH F  %W KMVHIV GSVVIWTSRHW XS


    KMVHIVPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIE8LIWLIEVHIZIPSTIH
    JVSQ XLI GSPYQR QSQIRX WXVIRKXL WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH
    JVSQ 
    F 7LIEVWXVIRKXLEXXLIGVMXMGEPTPERIMRXLINSMRXWLSYPH
    FI JSV%NVIJIVXS*MKFERHG 

    For joints confined on all four faces

    For joints confined on three faces or on opposite faces

    *SVEPPSXLIVNSMRXW

    Fig. 11.1.4.4cDefinition of %N JSV KMVHIV REVVS[IV XLER


    GSPYQR
    G %KMVHIVXLEXJVEQIWMRXSENSMRXJEGIMWGSRWMHIVIHXS
    provide confinement to the joint if at least three-fourths the
    NSMRXJEGIMWGSZIVIHF]XLIKMVHIVERH
    H %N MW XLI IJJIGXMZI GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE [MXLMR XLI
    NSMRX MR E TPERI TEVEPPIP XS XLI TPERI SJ XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    KIRIVEXMRK XLI WLIEV ERH MW IUYEP XS XLI TVSHYGX SJ NSMRX
    HITXLERHXLIIJJIGXMZINSMRX[MHXL.SMRXHITXLMWIUYEPXS
    XLIGSPYQRHMQIRWMSRTEVEPPIPXSXLIKMVHIVHMVIGXMSR.SMRX
    IJJIGXMZI[MHXLMWIUYEPXSXLIKMVHIV[MHXLJSVKMVHIVWIUYEP
    XSSVPEVKIVXLERGSPYQR[MHXL *MKF *SVKMVHIVW
    REVVS[IVXLERGSPYQR[MHXLNSMRXIJJIGXMZI[MHXLMWIUYEP
    XSXLIWQEPPIVSJXLIKMVHIV[MHXLTPYWNSMRXHITXLSVKMVHIV
    [MHXL TPYW X[MGI XLI WQEPPIV TIVTIRHMGYPEV HMWXERGI JVSQ

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    *MK{&SYRHEV]IPIQIRXHMQIRWMSRW
    XLI KMVHIV PSRKMXYHMREP E\MW XS XLI GSPYQR WMHI [MXLSYX
    I\GIIHMRKGSPYQR[MHXL *MKG 
     +MVHIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERGLSVEKI{0SRKMXYHMREP
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX XIVQMREXMRK EX XLI NSMRX WLSYPH IRH MR E
    90-degree standard hook located within the column confined
    GSVI  E %RGLSVEKIHMWXERGIWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
    
     ;EPPW
     +IRIVEP{6IMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI [EPPW PSGEXIH MR
    WIMWQMG^SRIWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL'LETXIVERHSJ
     &SYRHEV] IPIQIRXW{&SYRHEV] IPIQIRXW MR
    WXVYGXYVEP[EPPWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL E XLVSYKL L 
    (a) Where the maximum compressive extreme fiber stress
    JGY GEPGYPEXIH JVSQ )U E  JVSQ PSEH GSQFMRE
    XMSRWXLEXMRGPYHIWIMWQMGIJJIGXWI\GIIHWJG SRISJXLI
    JSPPS[MRKWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH
    &SYRHEV]IPIQIRXWEXFSXLIRHWSJWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWSV
    Confinement transverse reinforcement complying with
    JSVXLIIRXMVI[EPP

    fcu

    Pu
    Ag

    6 Mu
    2
    w bw

    E

    F &SYRHEV]IPIQIRXWQE]FIHMWGSRXMRYIH[LIVIJGYMW
    PIWWXLERJG 
    G &SYRHEV]IPIQIRXXLMGORIWWWLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERXLI
    PEVKIVSJLRSVF[ERHWLSYPHLEZIELSVM^SRXEPPIRKXLMR
    XLI[EPPHMVIGXMSRRSXPIWWXLERMR QQ EXIEGLIRH
     ERH*MK 
    H &SYRHEV]IPIQIRXWWLSYPHLEZIXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGI
    ment as specified for columns in [MXLXLIWTEGMRK
    MR  I RSXI\GIIHIHEXER]TSMRXEPSRKXLILIMKLXSJ
    XLIFSYRHEV]IPIQIRX
    I &SYRHEV]IPIQIRXWWLSYPHFITVSTSVXMSRIHXSVIWMWXEPP
    JEGXSVIHKVEZMX]PSEHWSRXLI[EPPMRGPYHMRKXVMFYXEV]PSEHW
    ERHWIPJ[IMKLXEW[IPPEWXLIZIVXMGEPJSVGIVIWYPXMRKJVSQ
    VIWMWXMRK WIMWQMG SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRXW JSPPS[MRK 
    'SQTVIWWMZIJEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEHSRFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXW4GY
    WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U F ERHXLIXIRWMPI
    JEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEH 4XYSRXLIFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXWJVSQ)U
    G 
    u

    cu
    w

    F

    Ptu =

    Pu
    e
    2

    Mu
    e
    12 in.
    w
    G

     J 0SRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFITVSTSVXMSRIHJSV
    JEGXSVIHGSQTVIWWMSRE\MEPPSEH4GYYWMRK)U  ERH
    E  -R )U   %K WLSYPH FI VITPEGIH F] XLI
    FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX EVIE 8LI VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS WLSYPH RSX
    I\GIIHXLIPMQMXWSJ;LIRPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    HIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)U F ERH)U G I\GIIHW
    XLIWIPMQMXWFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXWM^IWLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIH;LIR
    XLIFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXWM^IMWMRGVIEWIH4GYERH4XYWLSYPHFI
    EHNYWXIHMR)U F ERH)U G 
    K 0SRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFITVSTSVXMSRIHJSV
    XLIEFWSPYXIZEPYISJXLIJEGXSVIHXIRWMPIE\MEPPSEH4XY{E
    ZEPYIKVIEXIVXLER^IVSMR)U G QIERWRSXIRWMPI
    PSEHW{YWMRK )U  ERH
    L  ;LIVI FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW EPWS WIVZI EW GSPYQRW
    [MXLMR E JVEQI XLI] WLSYPH FI TVSTSVXMSRIH EW GSPYQRW
    YWMRK 'LETXIV
     7LIEV WXVIRKXL{7XVYGXYVEP [EPP WLIEV WXVIRKXL
    WLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
     7PEFGSPYQRW]WXIQW
     +IRIVEP{7PEFGSPYQR W]WXIQW PSGEXIH MR
    WIMWQMG ^SRIW WLSYPH GSQTP] [MXL  ERH 'LETXIV 
    8LMWWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHMRWIMWQMG^SRIW
    [MXLSYX YWMRK VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI [EPPW XS VIWMWX WIMWQMG
    PEXIVEP PSEHW ERH PMQMX PEXIVEP HIJSVQEXMSR MQTSWIH F]
    WIMWQMGEGGIPIVEXMSR
     0EXIVEP JSVGI QSQIRXW{*EGXSVIH PEXIVEP JSVGI
    QSQIRXWEWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQWLSYPHFIEHHIHXS
    XLIGSPYQRWXVMTQSQIRXWYWMRKETTVSTVMEXIPSEHGSQFMRE
    XMSRW6IMRJSVGIQIRXGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSJEGXSVIHPEXIVEPJSVGI
    QSQIRXWWLSYPHFITPEGIH[MXLMRXLIIJJIGXMZI[MHXL^SRI
    defined in E 
     'SPYQR WXVMT VIMRJSVGIQIRX{-XIQW E  XLVSYKL
    I ERH'LETXIVWLSYPHFISFWIVZIH
    E  %X PIEWX SRILEPJ XLI XST ERH FSXXSQ GSPYQR WXVMT
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX XLI WYTTSVX WLSYPH FI TPEGIH [MXLMR XLI
    effective slab width defined in  E 
    F %XPIEWXSRIUYEVXIVXLIXSTGSPYQRWXVMTVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    EXXLIWYTTSVXWLSYPHFIGSRXMRYSYWXLVSYKLSYXXLIWTER
    G 'SRXMRYSYWFSXXSQGSPYQRWXVMTVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPH
    FIEXPIEWXSRIXLMVHXLIXSTVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXXLIWYTTSVX
    H  %X PIEWX SRILEPJ SJ EPP FSXXSQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX
    QMHWTERWLSYPHFIGSRXMRYSYWERHWLSYPHLEZIXLIHIZIPST

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MK{'ETXMZISVWLSVXGSPYQRIJJIGX
    QIRXPIRKXLTVIWGVMFIHMRat the support face as defined
    MRERH
    I %XHMWGSRXMRYSYWWPEFIHKIWEPPXSTERHFSXXSQVIMRJSVGI
    QIRXEXXLIWYTTSVXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLIHIZIPSTQIRXPIRKXL
    TVIWGVMFIHMREXXLIWYTTSVXJEGI
     Waffle-slabsIn waffle-slabs, joists located in
    XLIGSPYQRWXVMTERHEPPNSMWXWXLEXGSRRIGXXSGETMXEPWWLSYPH
    LEZIEQMRMQYQ[MHXLF[SJMR QQ ERHWLSYPHFI
    TVSZMHIH[MXLLSSTWWTEGIHEXRSXQSVIXLERHXLVSYKLSYX
    XLIGETMXEPERHI\XIRHMRKJVSQXLIGETMXEPJEGIEQMRMQYQ
    HMWXERGIHMRXSXLIWTER
    {-RXIVEGXMSR[MXLRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW
     +IRIVEP{7YTTSVXMRK WXERHEVHW SJ  WLSYPH FI
    YWIHJSVHIWMKRSJRSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW2SX[MXLWXERHMRK
    MR GIVXEMR GEWIW RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW MRXIVEGX[MXLWXVYG
    XYVEPQIQFIVWEJJIGXMRKXLIMVFILEZMSVERHMRXVSHYGMRKPSEHW
    ERHQSQIRXWRSXGSZIVIHF]ETTVS\MQEXITVSGIHYVIWSJXLMW
    KYMHI 8LMW WMXYEXMSR MW IWTIGMEPP] MQTSVXERX MR WXVYGXYVIW
    WYFNIGXIHXSWIMWQMGSVSXLIVPEXIVEPPSEHW8LITSXIRXMEPSJ
    PMJIXLVIEXIRMRK WMXYEXMSRWGEYWIH F] RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRX
    JEMPYVIWHYVMRKWXVSRKKVSYRHQSXMSRWLSYPHFIEHHVIWWIHF]
    XLIWXVYGXYVEPSVEVGLMXIGXYVEPHIWMKRIV
     Masonry infillsThe influence of masonry infills
    SRXLIWXVYGXYVIvWPEXIVEPJSVGIFILEZMSVWLSYPHFIEHHVIWWIH
    by the designer, either by considering such influence in the
    HIWMKRTVSGIWWSVF]MWSPEXMRKXLIQEWSRV]JVSQXLIWXVYG
    XYVI-RXLIWIGSRHEPXIVREXMZIETTVSTVMEXIQIEWYVIWWLSYPH
    FIXEOIRXSQEMRXEMRXLISYXSJTPERIWXEFMPMX]SJXLIQEWSRV]
    [LIRWYFNIGXIHXSWIMWQMGSV[MRHPEXIVEPPSEHW
     'ETXMZISVWLSVXGSPYQRW
     (IWGVMTXMSR{,MWXSVMGEPP] XLI QSWX HEQEKMRK
    IJJIGXSJVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIJVEQIWMRXIVEGXMRK[MXLRSRWXVYG
    XYVEPIPIQIRXWLEWFIIRGEYWIHF]GETXMZISVWLSVXGSPYQRW%
    GETXMZIGSPYQRI\MWXW[LIVIEWXVYGXYVEPSVRSRWXVYGXYVEP[EPP
    confines the column bottom, but leaves a gap at the top, below
    XLILSVM^SRXEPWXVYGXYVEPQIQFIV *MK 8LMWX]TISJ
    [EPP EVVERKIQIRX MW ZIV] GSQQSR MR FYMPHMRKW [LIVI XLI
    KET MW TVSZMHIH JSV PMKLXMRK TYVTSWIW WYGL EW IHYGEXMSREP
    FYMPHMRKW 8LMW WMXYEXMSR MRXVSHYGIW E PEVKI YRERXMGMTEXIH
    WLIEVJSVGIMRXLIGSPYQR[LIRXLIWXVYGXYVIMWWYFNIGXIHXS
    PEXIVEPPSEHW
     'SVVIGXMZI QIEWYVIW{8[S EPXIVREXMZI GSVVIG
    XMZIQIEWYVIWWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
    (a) Separate the infill wall from the column by providing
    EKET8LIKETFIX[IIR[EPPERHGSPYQRWLSYPHFIETTVS\M

    *MK{%PXIVREXMZIXSEGGSYRXJSVXLIWLSVXSVGETXMZI
    GSPYQRIJJIGX
    QEXIP]  TIVGIRX SJ XLI WXSV] LIMKLX LTM 8LI QEWSRV]
    [EPP WLSYPH FI ERGLSVIH XS TVIZIRX MXW SZIVXYVRMRK [LIR
    WYFNIGXIHXSSYXSJTPERIPEXIVEPPSEHWSV
    F 0SGEXIEQYGLWLSVXIV[MRHS[MRXLIGIRXVEPTEVXSJXLI
    span, thus having the infill masonry wall against the column
    EPSRKMXWJYPPLIMKLX-RXLMWEPXIVREXMZIXLIHMWXERGIFIX[IIRXLI
    GSPYQRJEGIERHXLI[MRHS[WLSYPHFIEXPIEWXX[MGIXLIZIVXMGEP
    HMQIRWMSRSJXLIKETPIJXF]XLI[MRHS[ *MK 
    -J RIMXLIV E  RSV F  MW WEXMWJMIH LSSTW WLSYPH FI
    TVSZMHIH SZIV XLI JYPP GSPYQR PIRKXL EW MRHMGEXIH F]
     ERH GSPYQR WLIEV WXVIRKXL WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH
    JVSQ YWMRKXLIZIVXMGEP[MRHS[HMQIRWMSR MRWXIEH
    SJ L R MR)U  
    ',%48)6{6)-2*36')('32'6)8);%007
    {+IRIVEP
    -RTPERI ERH SYXSJTPERI HIWMKR SJ VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI
    [EPPWWLSYPHFITIVJSVQIHYWMRK'LETXIV7SMPVIXEMRMRK
    [EPPWWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHJSPPS[MRK'LETXIV
    {0SEHW
     0SEHW XS FI MRGPYHIH{0SEHW JSV VIMRJSVGIH
    GSRGVIXI[EPPWWLSYPHFIIWXEFPMWLIHJVSQ'LETXIV0SEHW
    XLEXWLSYPHFIMRGPYHIHMRXLIHIWMKREVI *MK 
    E 0MZIERHHIEHPSEHWJVSQXVMFYXEV]WXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVW
    from each floor located above. Tributary loads should be
    IWXEFPMWLIHJVSQ'LETXIVERHXLIPSEHWSJIEGLXVMFYXEV]
    QIQFIVX]TI
    F ;EPPWIPJ[IMKLXERH
    G  0EXIVEP PSEHW JVSQ [MRH WIMWQMG SV WSMP PEXIVEP
    TVIWWYVIW
     (IEHPSEHERHPMZIPSEH{4HWLSYPHMRGPYHI[EPP
    WIPJ[IMKLX 8LI [EPP WIPJ[IMKLX GSVVIWTSRHMRK XS IEGL
    floor may be applied at the lower part of the wall in that
    floor. The unbalanced moment due to vertical loads should
    FIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQXLIWYTTSVXIHQIQFIV ERH 
     0EXIVEP PSEHW{%TTPMIH JEGXSVIH LSVM^SRXEP WLIEV
    :YEXIEGLWXSV]ERHMRFSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRWWLSYPHFI
    HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ 'LETXIV  8LI JEGXSVIH PEXIVEP JSVGI
    QSQIRXW 1YWLSYPHFIIWXEFPMWLIHEX XLI YTTIVERH PS[IV
    TEVXSJXLI[EPPMRFSXLTVMRGMTEPTPERHMVIGXMSRWEXIEGLWXSV]
    F]JSPPS[MRK E  F ERH G 

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    *MK{6IMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPP[MXLETTPMIHJEGXSVIHPSEHWERHQSQIRXW
    E *EGXSVIHLSVM^SRXEPWLIEVEXIEGLWXSV] \ :\YWLSYPH
    FIHIXIVQMRIHJSVXLI[EPPJVSQ'LETXIV
    F  *EGXSVIH PEXIVEP JSVGI ETTPMIH EX IEGL WXSV] \ *\Y
    WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH EW XLI HMJJIVIRGI MR JEGXSVIH WLIEV
    FIX[IIRXLIX[SWYGGIWWMZIWXSVMIW:\YERH: \ YERH
    G  *EGXSVIH PEXIVEP JSVGI QSQIRXW 1\Y EX IEGL WXSV] \
    WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRK)U   *MK 

    M xu

    n
    i=x

    Fiu hi

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     *EGXSVIH PSEHW{*EGXSVIH PSEHW 4Y ERH :Y ERH


    QSQIRXW 1YWLSYPHFIIWXEFPMWLIHEX XLI YTTIVERH PS[IV
    TEVX SJ XLI [EPP MR IEGL WXSV] ,SVM^SRXEP PSEHW WLSYPH FI
    HMZMHIHMRXSMRTPERIERHSYXSJTPERIPSEHW *MK 

    {(MQIRWMSREPPMQMXW
     +IRIVEP{-REHHMXMSRXS'LETXIV[EPPWWLSYPH
    GSQTP][MXLKIRIVEPHMQIRWMSREPPMQMXWWIXJSVXLMRERH
    WLSYPHFIVIGXERKYPEVI\GITXEWTIVQMXXIHF]
    WLSYPH FI EPMKRIH ZIVXMGEPP] ERH WLSYPH FI GSRXMRYSYW XS
    XLIJSYRHEXMSR;EPPWVIWMWXMRKPEXIVEPPSEHWEVIVIWXVMGXIHMR
    XLIQE\MQYQE\MEPPSEHXLI]GERGEVV]F]7IGXMSR
    PMQMXMRKXLIE\MEPPSEHXSXLEXGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSXLIFEPERGIH
    TSMRXEWMRHMGEXIHF])U E 
     (MQIRWMSREPPMQMXW
     1MRMQYQ XLMGORIWW{1MRMQYQ [EPP XLMGORIWW
    *MK   WLSYPH FI XLI PEVKIV SJ  MR  QQ  SV
    SJXLI[EPPPIRKXL [%XGLERKIWSJ[EPPXLMGORIWWMR
    GSRXMKYSYWWXSVMIW G WLSYPHETTP]
     'SPYQRW IQFIHHIH MR [EPPW{% GSPYQR QE]
    FIIQFIHHIHMRE[EPPMRWXIEHSJMRGVIEWMRK[EPPXLMGORIWW
    SZIVXLIIRXMVI[EPPPIRKXL8LIMRGVIEWISJXLMGORIWWQE]FI

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MK{'EPGYPEXMSRSJJEGXSVIHPEXIVEPJSVGIQSQIRXW

    *MK{-RTPERIERHSYXSJTPERIPSEHW

    *MK{6IMRJSVGIQIRXWTEGMRKMRVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI
    [EPPW

    ERH VSSJ WYTTSVXIH F] XLI [EPP 8LIWI FIEQW SV KMVHIVW
    WLSYPHGSRJSVQXSERHGSRJSVQXSGSPPIGXSV
    IPIQIRXW

    *MK {1MRMQYQ GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSRW JSV


    VIGXERKYPEVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
    TPEGIHEXSRIWMHISJXLIGVSWWWIGXMSR8VERWZIVWIGSPYQR
    HMQIRWMSRWLSYPHQIIX
     (MWXERGI FIX[IIR PEXIVEP WYTTSVXW{-X WLSYPH FI
    assumed that lateral support is provided by the floor system
    EXEPPPIZIPWGSRRIGXIHXSXLI[EPP *MK MRXLIX[S
    LSVM^SRXEPHMVIGXMSRW'PIEVZIVXMGEPHMWXERGIFIX[IIRPEXIVEP
    WYTTSVXW LRWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXMQIWXLI[EPPXLMGORIWW
     &IEQWSRXSTSJ[EPPW{&IEQWSVKMVHIVWWLSYPH
    be provided for the full horizontal wall length at every floor

    {6IMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPW
     +IRIVEP{6IMRJSVGIQIRX X]TIW WLSYPH FI EW
    HIWGVMFIHMR'LETXIVERHWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXS
    
     1E\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGMRK{1E\MQYQ
    ZIVXMGEPERHLSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIXLIPIWWIVSJ
    XLVIIXMQIWXLIVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPXLMGORIWWERHMR
    QQ  *MK 
     2YQFIV SJ GYVXEMRW SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX{8[S
    GYVXEMRW SV PE]IVW SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX LEZMRK FSXL ZIVXMGEP
    ERHLSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFITPEGIHMRGEWIW E 
    F ERH G 
    E ;EPPXLMGORIWWI\GIIHWMR QQ 

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    *MK{'EPGYPEXMSRSJZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS

    F  :IVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS Z[ I\GIIHW 


     ERH
    G -RTPERIJEGXSVIHWLIEVJSVGI:YMRXLI[EPPI\GIIHW :G
    EWKMZIRF])U  
    ;LIRX[SVIMRJSVGIQIRXGYVXEMRWEVITPEGIHIEGLWLSYPH
    LEZIETTVS\MQEXIP]LEPJXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRX1MRMQYQGSZIV
    XS E GYVXEMR WLSYPH FI  MR  QQ  ERH QE\MQYQ
    GSZIVXSEGYVXEMRWLSYPHFISRIXLMVHXLI[EPPXLMGORIWW*SV
    I\XIVMSVI\TSWYVIQMRMQYQGSZIVWLSYPHFIMR QQ 
    -REPPSXLIVGEWIWSRP]SRIVIMRJSVGIQIRXGYVXEMRPSGEXIH
    MRXLI[EPPGIRXIVQE]FIYWIH
     :IVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     +IRIVEP{:IVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH GSRWMWX SJ
    SRISVX[SGYVXEMRWSJFEVWSV[IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRXTPEGIH
    TEVEPPIP XS XLI [EPP JEGI 8LI EVIE SJ ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    should be sufficient to resist the combination of factored
    E\MEPPSEHWERHJEGXSVIHQSQIRXWEGXMRKEFSYXXLIX[SQEMR
    [EPPE\IW
     1MRMQYQ EVIE SJ ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX{
    1MRMQYQ ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS Z[ SJ WXIIP EVIE XS
    KVSWWGSRGVIXILSVM^SRXEPWIGXMSREVIEWLSYPHFI
     1E\MQYQ EVIE SJ ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX{
    1E\MQYQ ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS Z[ SJ WXIIP EVIE XS
    KVSWWVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPLSVM^SRXEPWIGXMSREVIEWLSYPH
    FI;LIVIXLIVEXMS Z[I\GIIHWZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGI
    QIRXWLSYPHFIIRGPSWIH[MXLXMIWEWTVIWGVMFIHJSVGSPYQRW
    MR 
    0.0025

    vw

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     'EPGYPEXMSR SJ ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS{


    -XIQW E ERH F WLSYPHETTP]XS[EPPW[LIVIEVIEERHZIVXMGEP
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXWTEGMRKZEVMIWSVGSPYQRWEVIIQFIHHIH
    E :IVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS Z[WLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLI
    maximum vertical reinforcement ratio defined by 12.4.4.3,
    ERHWLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIHMREREVIE[LIVIXLIZIVXMGEPVIMR
    JSVGIQIRX MW GSRGIRXVEXIH EW WLS[R MR *MK  E 
    8LI ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS Z[ WLSYPH FI IZEPYEXIH
    SZIVEREVIEFSYRHF][EPPJEGIWERHMR QQ FI]SRH

    XLIVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWEWQIEWYVIHEPSRKXLI[EPPPIRKXL[LIVI
    XLIZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWGSRGIRXVEXIH  ERH
    F  :IVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS Z[ WLSYPH RSX FI PIWW
    XLERXLI QMRMQYQ ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS WIX JSVXL MR
     [LIVI XLI ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSRGIRXVEXMSR MW
    VIHYGIHF]MRGVIEWMRKXLIFEVWTEGMRKSVF]HIGVIEWMRKXLI
    ZIVXMGEPFEVHMEQIXIVEWWLS[RMR*MK F 
     6IMRJSVGIQIRXWTPMGMRK{0ETWTPMGIWSJZIVXMGEP
    [EPPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXLXLIPETWTPMGIPIRKXL
    SJ  -X MW TIVQMXXIH XS PET WTPMGI  TIVGIRX SJ XLI
    ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX ER] KMZIR WIGXMSR I\GITX EX XLI
    supported member of the floor system.
     )RHERGLSVEKISJVIMRJSVGIQIRX{%XXLI[EPPXST
    ERHEXXLIFSXXSQ MRXLIJSYRHEXMSR ZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    WLSYPHI\XIRHEWGPSWIXSXLIIHKIEWTVEGXMGEFPIGSRWMHIVMRK
    GSRGVIXIGSZIVERHIRHMREWXERHEVHLSSO
     ,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     +IRIVEP{,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSRWMWX
    SJ SRI SV X[S PE]IVW SJ FEVW SV [IPHIH [MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    TPEGIHTEVEPPIP[MXLXLI[EPPJEGI8LIEQSYRXSJLSVM^SRXEP
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIXLEXRIIHIHXSVIWMWXJEGXSVIHMRTPERI
    WLIEV EX XLI [EPP WIGXMSR *SV LIEZMP] VIMRJSVGIH [EPPW EW
    HIWGVMFIH MR  XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI
    TVSZMHIHEWMRGSPYQRW
     ;EPPW [MXL XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX{;LIVI
    ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS Z[ I\GIIHW  ZIVXMGEP
    VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI IRGPSWIH F] XMIW GSQTP]MRK [MXL
    MRGPYHMRKZIVXMGEPWTEGMRKPMQMXW  
     1MRMQYQ LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE{
    1MRMQYQLSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS XSJWXIIPEVIEXS
    KVSWWGSRGVIXIZIVXMGEPWIGXMSREVIEWLSYPHFI
     6IMRJSVGIQIRX WTPMGMRK{0ET WTPMGIW SJ LSVM
    ^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH GSQTP] [MXL XLI PET WTPMGI
    length defined by 
     )RH ERGLSVEKI SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX{,SVM^SRXEP
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXXIVQMREXMRKEX[EPPIHKIWWLSYPHLEZIEWXER
    HEVH LSSO XLEX IRKEKIW XLI IHKI ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX SV
    9WLETIHWXMVVYTWSJWEQIWM^IERHWTEGMRK EWXLILSVM
    ^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH -J 9WLETIH
    WXMVVYTW EVI TVSZMHIH XLI] WLSYPH FI WTPMGIH XS XLI LSVM
    ^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

     6IMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRWIMWQMG
    ^SRIW{-R [EPPW XLEX EVI TEVX SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
    W]WXIQMRWIMWQMG^SRIWVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
    'LETXIV  
    {*PI\YVI
     *EGXSVIH PSEHW{*EGXSVIH E\MEP PSEHW 4Y ERH
    QSQIRXW 1Y EX WIGXMSR YRHIV GSRWMHIVEXMSR WLSYPH FI
    HIXIVQMRIHJSPPS[MRK
     8VMEP ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX{% XVMEP EVIE SJ
    ZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX%WXWLSYPHFIXLIQMRMQYQZIVXMGEP
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMSSJ
     6IUYMVIH QSQIRX WXVIRKXL{-RXIVEGXMSR HMEKVEQW
    JSVXVMEP[EPPHMQIRWMSRWERHVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIGEPGY
    PEXIHMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRWYWMRK8SXEPZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGI
    QIRXEVIE%WXWLSYPHFIHMZMHIHMRXSXSXEPI\XVIQIJEGIWXIIP
    EVIE %WIERHXSXEPWMHIJEGIWXIIPEVIE %WWJSV XLI HMVIGXMSR
    GSRWMHIVIH EW MRHMGEXIH F]  8LI HIWMKR QSQIRX
    WXVIRKXLMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRWWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK
    ;LIR XLI JEGXSVIH QSQIRX 1Y EX JEGXSVIH E\MEP PSEH 4Y
    I\GIIHWXLI HIWMKRQSQIRX WXVIRKXLEXJEGXSVIH E\MEP PSEH
    PIZIP 4YXLIZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIEWLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIH
    ;LIRXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIEI\GIIHWXLIPMQMXSJ
    MRGVIEWI XLI [EPP HMQIRWMSRW %JXIV EHNYWXMRK XLI HMQIR
    WMSRWXLI[EPPWIPJ[IMKLXWLSYPHFIGSVVIGXIHERHXLI[EPP
    HIWMKR WXVIRKXL WLSYPH FI VIGEPGYPEXIH 8LIWI GEPGYPEXMSRW
    WLSYPHFITIVJSVQIHEXXLIYTTIVERHPS[IVWIGXMSRWSJXLI
    WEQIWXSV]
    {7LIEV
     6IUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXL{*EGXSVIHMRTPERIWLIEV
    :YWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQZIVXMGEPPSEHWERHJVSQLSVM
    ^SRXEPPSEHWEWMRHMGEXIHF]
     7LIEVWXVIRKXLSJVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
     +IRIVEP{8LIMRJSVQEXMSRMRWLSYPHETTP]
    XSXLIHIWMKRSJVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPWJSVWLIEV-XIQW E 
    XLVSYKL H WLSYPHFIYWIH
    E  8LI HIWMKR JSV WLIEV TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI [EPP JEGI
    SYXSJTPERIWLIEV WLSYPHFIMREGGSVHERGIXSTVSZMWMSRW
    JSVWSPMHWPEFWMR8LIHIWMKRJSVMRTPERIWLIEVWLSYPH
    FITIVJSVQIHJSPPS[MRK
    F 8LI[EPPWLSYPHFIZIVXMGEPP]GSRXMRYSYWJVSQVSSJXS
    JSYRHEXMSRERHLEZIRSSTIRMRKWJSV[MRHS[WSVHSSVW
    G  8LI[EPPWLSYPHLEZIZIVXMGEPERHLSVM^SRXEPHMWXVMF
    YXIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSRJSVQMRK XS XLI QMRMQYQ EVIE ERH
    QE\MQYQWTEGMRKZEPYIWSJERH
    H  8LI HIWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL :R WLSYPH FI GSQTYXIH
    YWMRK)U  
    Vn

    Vc Vs

    

    [LIVI :G MW XLI GSRGVIXI GSRXVMFYXMSR XS XLI HIWMKR WLIEV
    WXVIRKXL ERH :W MW XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSRXVMFYXMSR XS XLI
    HIWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXLERH !
     'SRXVMFYXMSR SJ GSRGVIXI XS WLIEV WXVIRKXL{%X
    IEGLGVMXMGEPPSGEXMSRXSFIMRZIWXMKEXIHSRP]XLI[EPP[IF
    WLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIHXSGSQTYXI :GYWMRK)U  

    Vc

    2 fc bw
    fc

    Vc

    bw

    
    w

    (SI)

    [LIVI F[MWXLI[EPP[IF[MHXL [MXWLSVM^SRXEPPIRKXLERH


    !
     'SRXVMFYXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXXSWLIEVWXVIRKXL{
    'SRXVMFYXMSRSJLSVM^SRXEP[IFVIMRJSVGIQIRXXSXLI[EPPvW
    HIWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXLWLSYPHFI

    Vs =

    f y bw

    

    [LIVI X MW XLI VEXMS SJ LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX J] MW MXW
    ]MIPHWXVIRKXLERH !
     (IWMKRSJWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRX{;LIVIJEGXSVIH
    WLIEV :YI\GIIHW :GXLIVEXMSSJLSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    WLSYPH RSX FI PIWW XLER XLI EQSYRX HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ )U
    E [MXL !
    u

    E

    t
    y w w

    -REHHMXMSR E  F ERH G WLSYPHFIQIX


    E 8[SVIMRJSVGIQIRXGYVXEMRWSJFSXLZIVXMGEPERHLSVM
    ^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFITPEGIH
    F :IVXMGEPWXIIPVEXMS Z[WLSYPHRSXFIPIWWXLERXLILSVM
    ^SRXEPWXIIPVEXMS X[LIVIL[ [MWPIWWXLERERH
    G :EPYISJ :RWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHXLIZEPYIKMZIRF])U
    F [MXL !
    Vn
    Vn

    Vc +Vs
    Vc +Vs

    10 f c bw
    5
    6

    fc bw

    (SI)

    F

     7LIEV WXVIRKXL{;EPP WLIEV WXVIRKXL WLSYPH FI


    GSQTYXIHEWJSPPS[W
    E 3YXSJTPERI[EPPWLIEVWXVIRKXLWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHMR
    EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWJSVWSPMHWPEFWMR;LIR
    JEGXSVIHWLIEV:YI\GIIHW :GEWKMZIRF])U F YWMRK
    XLI [EPP LSVM^SRXEP PIRKXL [ MRWXIEH SJ F [EPP XLMGORIWW
    WLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIHERHXLI[EPPWIPJ[IMKLXGSVVIGXIHERH
    F -RTPERIWLIEVWXVIRKXLWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHMREGGSV
    HERGI[MXL;LIVIJEGXSVIHWLIEV:YI\GIIHW :REW
    KMZIRF])U  XLIEQSYRXSJLSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGI
    QIRXWLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIHGSQTP]MRK[MXL;LIVI
    JEGXSVIHWLIEV :YI\GIIHW :REWKMZIRF])U 
    F 
    [EPPXLMGORIWWWLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIHERHXLI[EPPWIPJ[IMKLX
    GSVVIGXIH
    {'EPGYPEXMSRSJVIEGXMSRWEXJSYRHEXMSR
     :IVXMGEPPSEHVIEGXMSR{:IVXMGEPPSEHVIEGXMSR6YEX
    XLIJSYRHEXMSRWLSYPHFIIUYEPXSXLIZEPYISJ4YEXXLIPS[IV
    IRHSJXLI[EPPHMVIGXP]EFSZIXLIJSYRHEXMSR
     1SQIRX VIEGXMSR{9RFEPERGIH QSQIRX VIEGXMSR
    1Y MR IEGL TVMRGMTEP HMVIGXMSR EX XLI JSYRHEXMSR WLSYPH

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    FI IUYEP XS XLI ZEPYI SJ 1Y MR XLEX HMVIGXMSR EX XLI PS[IV
    IRHSJXLI[EPPHMVIGXP]EFSZIXLIJSYRHEXMSR9RFEPERGIH
    QSQIRXWWLSYPHFIHMWXVMFYXIHXSXLIJSYRHEXMSRQIQFIVEW
    TVIWGVMFIHMR'LETXIV
    {'SVI[EPPW
     +IRIVEP{'SVI [EPPW YRHIV XLMW KYMHI EVI [EPPW
    GSQTSWIHSJTPEREVIPIQIRXW[LSWILSVM^SRXEPWIGXMSRLEW
    XLIWLETISJER-98SV'%PPSJ'LETXIVERH7IGXMSR
    JSVWXVYGXYVIWPSGEXIHMRWIMWQMG^SRIWEVIETTPMGEFPI
    XSGSVI[EPPW[MXLXLII\GITXMSRWRSXIHMRGYVVIRX
     )QFIHHIH GSPYQRW EX GSVRIVW{%PP GSVRIVW SJ
    MRXIVWIGXMRK TPEREV [EPP WIKQIRXW ERH EPP IHKIW SJ E GSVI
    [EPP WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH [MXL ER IQFIHHIH GSPYQR XLEX
    GSQTPMIW[MXLXLIHMQIRWMSREPERHVIMRJSVGIQIRXPMQMXWJSV
    GSPYQRW-JETTPMGEFPIXLIWIGSPYQRWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
    FSYRHEV]IPIQIRXW
     0SEHW{0SEHWSRXLIGSVI[EPPWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIH
    EWMRHMGEXIHMR [MXLXLII\GITXMSRXLEXMRMRWXIEH
    SJ MRTPERI ERH SYXSJTPERI HMWXMRGXMSR JSV XLI LSVM^SRXEP
    PSEHWXLIWIPSEHWWLSYPHFIGEPPIHXLITVMRGMTEPE\MWMRTPER
    \ERH]EWWLS[RMR*MK
     (MQIRWMSREPPMQMXW{8LIHMQIRWMSREPPMQMXWEWWIX
    JSVXLMRETTP]XSGSVI[EPPWEWMRHMGEXIHJSVIEGLSJ
    XLITPEREV[EPPGSQTSRIRXWSJXLIGSVI[EPP
     6IMRJSVGIQIRX HIXEMPW{6IMRJSVGIQIRX HIXEMPW MR
    ETTP]XSGSVI[EPPW
     *PI\YVI{*EGXSVIH E\MEP PSEHW 4Y ERH QSQIRXW
    1Y EX WIGXMSR YRHIV GSRWMHIVEXMSR WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH
    JSPPS[MRK 
    *SV GSVI [EPPW XLI JEGXSVIH QSQIRX 1Y WLSYPH FI
    GSQTYXIHMRFSXLTVMRGMTEPHMVIGXMSRW[MXLVIWTIGXXSERE\MW
    PSGEXIHMRXLIGIRXIVSJXLIWIGXMSRSJXLI[EPPMRXLIHMVIGXMSR
    SJMRXIVIWX
    1SQIRX WXVIRKXL JSV GSVI [EPPW WLSYPH FI GSQTYXIH EW
    JSPPS[W
    E  ;LIR XLI [IF SV [IFW SJ XLI GSVI [EPPW EVI MR
    compression and the flange in tension due to the flexural
    QSQIRX *MK E XLIWEQITVSGIHYVITVIWGVMFIHJSV
    TPEREV[EPPWWLSYPHFIYWIHEWTVIWIRXIHMR(MQIRWMSR
    LGSVVIWTSRHW XS XLI PIRKXL SJ XLI [EPP MR XLIHMVIGXMSR SJ
    XLILSVM^SRXEP JSVGIW GEYWMRK XLIQSQIRX [(MQIRWMSRF
    GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIWYQSJXLI[MHXLWSJXLI[IFWPSGEXIHMR
    XLI HMVIGXMSR SJ XLI LSVM^SRXEPJSVGIW GEYWMRK XLIQSQIRX
    :IVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI HMWXVMFYXIH EW %WI ERH
    %WWEW MRHMGEXIHMR MRGPYHMRK[EPP ERHIQFIHHIH
    GSPYQRZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXEWETTVSTVMEXIHITIRHMRKSR
    XLIMVPSGEXMSRMRXLI[EPPWIGXMSR
    (b) When the web of the core walls is in tension and the flange
    in compression due to the flexural moment (Fig. 12.8.6(b)),
    MX MW TIVQMXXIH HYIXS XLI VIWXVMGXMSR MQTSWIH MRE\MEPPSEH
    F] 7IGXMSR  XS HMWVIKEVH XLI E\MEP PSEH 4Y [LIR
    computing the flexural strength 1RERHYWISRP]XLIPSRKM
    XYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJXLIIQFIHHIHGSPYQRWMRXIRWMSREW
    the flexural reinforcement to compute the required moment
    WXVIRKXLYWMRKXLIWEQITVSGIHYVIEWTVIWIRXIHJSV8FIEQW
    MR. The limits for effective flange of WLSYPH
    FIGSQTPMIH[MXLMRXIVTVIXMRKXLIWTERPIRKXLEWXLILIMKLX

    *MK {8]TMGEP GSVI [EPP WLS[MRK IQFIHHIH GSVRIV


    GSPYQRW

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    (a) Distance from any point in an open floor area to nearest


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     Load definition

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    PEXMSR JSV IRZMVSRQIRXEP HYVEFMPMX] (YI GEVI WLSYPH FI
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    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

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    (b) Outside finish should be as smooth as practicable and
    inside surface should be a broom finish to reduce slip hazard;
    G  1E\MQYQ RSQMREP EKKVIKEXI WM^I WLSYPH FI EW
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    {7SMPMRZIWXMKEXMSR
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    laboratory investigation should be conducted by a qualified
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    SJ XLI TVSTSWIH FYMPHMRK -X WLSYPH GSRJSVQ XS 
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    VIJIVIRGIH
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    UE!2?UE!2 7- A

    

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    KVERYPEVWSMP[LIR GSRI TIRIXVEXMSR HEXEEVIEZEMPEFPI
    EPPS[EFPI FIEVMRK GETEGMX] U E WLSYPH FI IZEPYEXIH F]
    QIERWSJ)U  
    UE!UG

    

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    FIEVMRKGETEGMXMIW
    7SMP
    %PPYZMEPWSMP
    7SJXGPE]
    *MVQGPE]
    ;IXWERH
    7ERHERHGPE]QM\IH
    *MRIHV]WERH GSQTEGX
    ,EVHGPE]
    'SEVWIHV]WERH GSQTEGX
    7ERHERHKVEZIPQM\IH GSQTEGX
    +VEZIP GSQTEGX
    7SJXVSGO
    ,EVHTERSVLEVHWLEPI
    1IHMYQVSGO
    ,EVHVSGO

    &IEVMRK
    GETEGMX]
    UEPFJX
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

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    UEO4E O2Q
    c
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    GETEGMX] UE MR PFJX O4E ?O2QA  JSV WSMPW RSX ZIV] WSJX
    ZEPYIWHIXIVQMRIHEVIRSXVIPMEFPIJSVZIV]WSJXWSMPW 
    UE!2?UE!2 7- A

    F

    ;LIR '48 HEXE EVI EZEMPEFPI XLI VIPEXMSR I\TVIWWIH MR


    )U G WLSYPHFIYWIHSRP][LIRGSPPEXIVEPQIERWSJ
    bearing capacity confirmation exist.

    qa

    qc
    12

    G

     4VSGIHYVIWXSSFXEMREPPS[EFPIFIEVMRKGETEGMX]{
    4VSGIHYVIW XS IZEPYEXI EPPS[EFPI FIEVMRK GETEGMX] UE
    HIWGVMFIHMRERHWLSYPHFIYWIHMRGEWIWXLEX
    GSRJSVQXS E XLVSYKL K 
    E %JSVQEPWSMPFIEVMRKGETEGMX]VIGSQQIRHEXMSRJVSQ
    EKISXIGLRMGEPIRKMRIIVHSIWRSXI\MWXSVWMXII\TPSVEXMSRLEW
    RSXFIIRTIVJSVQIH
    F  7XVIRKXL TEVEQIXIVWGSVVIWTSRH XS XLI QIERTVSTIVXMIW
    SJ XLI FIEVMRK WXVEXYQ SV PE]IV WYTTSVXMRK PSEHW ETTPMIH
    XLVSYKLJSYRHEXMSRXSXLIWSMP
    (c) Ground surface is nearly flat;
    H &EWISJWXVYGXYVIMWLSVM^SRXEP
    I *SSXMRKHITXLMWXLIWEQIQEKRMXYHIEWMXW[MHXL
    J ;EXIVPIZIPMWFIPS[EHITXLSJX[MGIXLI[MHXLSJXLI
    PEVKIWXJSSXMRKERH
    (g) In stratified or multi-layered soils, the smallest value
    SJXLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKWSMPWXVIRKXLWMWYWIH
    :EPYIW KMZIR MR 8EFPI  GSVVIWTSRH XS EZIVEKI
    FIEVMRKGETEGMXMIWJSVZEVMSYWX]TIWSJWSMPWEXEHITXLSJJX
    (1 m). These values may be used as verification for values
    HIXIVQMRIHXLVSYKLI\TPSVEXMSR
     %PPS[EFPI FIEVMRK GETEGMX] MRGVIEWI JSV [MRH
    ERH WIMWQMG{%PPS[EFPI FIEVMRK GETEGMX] UE HIXIVQMRIH
    XLVSYKL TVSGIHYVIW MR 'LETXIV  SV JVSQ KISXIGLRMGEP
    MRZIWXMKEXMSRWLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIHF]SRIXLMVH[LIRFIMRK
    GSQTYXIHJSVPSEHWXLEXMRGPYHIIJJIGXWSJ[MRHSVWIMWQMG

    

    {7IXXPIQIRXGVMXIVME
    To define an allowable bearing capacity UEJSV EGIVXEMR
    WSMPMREGIVXEMRPSGEXMSREVIEWSREFPIWIXXPIQIRXWLSYPHFI
    HIXIVQMRIH
    %VIEWSREFPIWIXXPIQIRXZEVMIWFIX[IIRERHMR ERH
     QQ  ERHXLI QIXLSHW WXEXIH WLSYPH TVSHYGI ZEPYIW MR
    XLEXVERKI0SGEPTVIGIHIRXGERFIYWIH[LIVIRSEHHMXMSREP
    MRJSVQEXMSRMWEZEMPEFPILS[IZIVWLSYPHWMXIGSRHMXMSRWFI
    WYGLXLEXTVIGIHIRXMWRSPSRKIVETTPMGEFPIFIGEYWITEVXMGYPEV
    soils are very soft or because other difficult conditions are
    JSVIWIIR XLIR E GSQTPIXI KISXIGLRMGEP EREP]WMW WLSYPH FI
    GSRHYGXIH
    {(MQIRWMSRMRKJSYRHEXMSRQIQFIVW
    1MRMQYQ LSVM^SRXEP JSYRHEXMSR EVIE GSRXEGXMRK FIEVMRK
    WSMPWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHF]HMZMHMRKXLIWYQSJEPPYRJEG
    XSVIHZIVXMGEPPSEHWXVMFYXEV]XSXLIJSYRHEXMSRQIQFIVF]
    XLIEPPS[EFPIWSMPFIEVMRKGETEGMX]UE
    {7TVIEHJSSXMRKW
     +IRIVEP{-WSPEXIH JSSXMRKW WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH
    YWMRK  ;EPP JSSXMRKW WLSYPH GSQTP] [MXL  ERH
    8LMWWIGXMSRETTPMIWXSJSSXMRKWXLEXGERFIWYFNIGXIH
    to flexural moments from the supported column or wall. The
    EREP]WMWERHHIWMKRSJWSPMHQEXWERHHIITJSYRHEXMSRWWYGL
    EWTMPIWEVIFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLMWKYMHI
     Load definition and area of the footing
     0SEHW XS FI MRGPYHIH{8LI HIWMKR SJ WTVIEH
    JSSXMRKWWLSYPHMRGPYHIXLIPSEHWMR E XS G EWWLS[R
    MR *MK
    (a) The soil fill weight on top of the footing, and all dead
    and live loads applied to the fill, plus the footing self-weight.
    -XQE]FIEWWYQIHXLEXXLIJSSXMRKLEWXLIWEQIHIRWMX]EW
    the soil for a first trial, to be corrected as the footing size is
    defined. The sum of the pressure on the bearing soil is called
    XLISZIVFYVHIRTVIWWYVIUS
    F 8LIYRJEGXSVIHPSEHIJJIGXWXVERWJIVVIHF]XLIGSPYQR
    SV[EPPXSXLIJSSXMRKJVSQEPPWSYVGIWMRGPYHMRKHIEHPMZI
    [MRHWIMWQMGERHSXLIVPSEHWEWTVIWGVMFIHF]'LETXIV
    I\TVIWWIHEWYRJEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEHWQSQIRXWERHWLIEVW
    G  %W ER EPXIVREXI XS F  YRJEGXSVIH E\MEP PSEH QE] FI
    SFXEMRIHJVSQYRJEGXSVIHYRMXPSEHWMRGPYHMRKWIPJ[IMKLX
    multiplied by column or wall tributary area from all floors
    WYTTSVXIHF]MX*EGXSVIH[MRHIJJIGXWWLSYPHFIGSRZIVXIH
    XSYRJEGXSVIHZEPYIWF]HMZMHMRKJEGXSVIHZEPYIWF]ERH
    WIMWQMGIJJIGXWGSRZIVXIHXSYRJEGXSVIH ZEPYIWF]HMZMHMRK
    JEGXSVIHZEPYIWF]
     1E\MQYQYRJEGXSVIHZIVXMGEPPSEH{9RJEGXSVIH
    E\MEPPSEHWETTPMIHF]XLIGSPYQRSV[EPPXLVSYKLXLIJSSXMRK
    XSXLIYRHIVP]MRKWSMPSZIVFYVHIRPSEHWXVERWQMXXIHF]XLI
    fill, the fill weight, and the footing self-weight should be
    GSQFMRIHEGGSVHMRK XS PSEH GEWIW SJ  [MXLSYX ETTP]MRK
    PSEHJEGXSVW'EWIW E ERH F WLSYPHFIMRZIWXMKEXIH
    E 4ZQE\MQYQZIVXMGEPYRJEGXSVIHPSEHI\GPYHMRK[MRH
    SVWIMWQMGERH
    F 4SZ QE\MQYQ ZIVXMGEP YRJEGXSVIH PSEH MRGPYHMRK
    PEXIVEPPSEH [MRHSVWIMWQMG SZIVXYVRMRKIJJIGXW

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MK{0SEHWEGXMRKSRJSSXMRKW

    *MK{8]TIWSJWTVIEHJSSXMRKW
     1MRMQYQ JSSXMRK EVIE{1MRMQYQ JSSXMRK EVIE
    %J WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH EW XLIKVIEXIV EVIE SFXEMRIH JVSQ
    )U E SV)U F 
    E  *SVQE\MQYQZIVXMGEP YRJEGXSVIH PSEH4ZI\GPYHMRK
    PEXIVEPPSEHW [MRHSVWIMWQMG SZIVXYVRMRKIJJIGXW
    E
    F *SVQE\MQYQZIVXMGEPYRJEGXSVIHPSEH4SZMRGPYHMRK
    PEXIVEPPSEHW [MRHSVWIMWQMG SZIVXYVRMRKIJJIGXW
    Af =

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    (1.33qa e qo )

    F

     *EGXSVIH WSMP VIEGXMSR{*EGXSVIH RIX WSMP VIEGXMSR


    UYRWLSYPHFIGSQTYXIHF]HMZMHMRKXLIPEVKIWXJEGXSVIHE\MEP
    PSEHEXXLIGSPYQRSV[EPPFEWI4YFF]XLIJSSXMRKEVIE8LI
    JSSXMRKEVIEWLSYPHGSRJSVQXSERH
     (MQIRWMSREP PMQMXW{*SSXMRK HMQIRWMSRW WLSYPH
    GSQTP][MXLXLVSYKL
     4PERWLETI{7TVIEHJSSXMRKWWLSYPHFIWUYEVISV
    VIGXERKYPEVMRTPER
     7]QQIXV]{7TVIEH JSSXMRKW WLSYPH LEZI XLI
    GSPYQR SV [EPP PSGEXIH EX XLI JSSXMRK EVIE GIRXVSMH 8LMW
    MW[EMZIHMJMRHYGIHQSQIRXWERHEHHMXMSREPWSMPTVIWWYVI
    QIIXXLIPMQMXWMR
     1MRMQYQ HITXL XS FIEVMRK WSMP{1MRMQYQ
    ZIVXMGEP HMWXERGI JVSQ XLI WSMP WYVJEGI XS JSSXMRK FSXXSQ
    JSSXMRKWSMPMRXIVJEGI WLSYPHFIJX Q 
     1MRMQYQ JSSXMRK EVIE{1MRMQYQ JSSXMRK
    HMQIRWMSRMRTPERWLSYPHFIJX Q 

     1MRMQYQ JSSXMRK XLMGORIWW{*SSXMRK HITXL


    EFSZI FSXXSQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH RSX FI PIWW XLER  MR
    QQ 
     7PSTIHSVWXITTIHJSSXMRKW{-RWPSTIHSVWXITTIH
    JSSXMRKWERKPISJWPSTISVHITXLERHPSGEXMSRSJWXITWWLSYPH
    WEXMWJ]HIWMKRERHHMQIRWMSREPPMQMXWEXIZIV]WIGXMSR7PSTIH
    SVWXITTIHJSSXMRKWHIWMKRIHEWEYRMXWLSYPHFIGSRWXVYGXIH
    XSIRWYVIEGXMSREWEYRMX*MKYVIWLS[WXLIX]TIWSJ
    WTVIEHJSSXMRKW[MXLMRXLIWGSTISJXLMWKYMHI
     *SSXMRKWWYTTSVXMRKGMVGYPEVWLETIHGSPYQRW{
    *SV PSGEXMSRW SJ GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR JSV QSQIRXW WLIEV ERH
    HIZIPSTQIRX SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR JSSXMRKW GMVGYPEVWLETIH
    GSRGVIXIGSPYQRWWLSYPHFIXVIEXIHEWWUYEVIGSPYQRW[MXL
    XLIWEQIEVIE
     6IMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPW
     +IRIVEP{6IMRJSVGIQIRX X]TI ERH GLEVEGXIVMW
    XMGWMRWTVIEHJSSXMRKWWLSYPHFIEWHIWGVMFIHMR
     0SGEXMSR SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX{6IMRJSVGIQIRX
    WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHMRXLIPS[IV TEVXSJWTVIEH JSSXMRKWMR
    FSXLHMVIGXMSRW6IMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIPSGEXIHEWGPSWIXS
    JSSXMRKFSXXSQEWTVEGXMGEFPIJSPPS[MRKXLIGSRGVIXIGSZIVSJ
    -RVIGXERKYPEVGSPYQRJSSXMRKWVIMRJSVGIQIRXTEVEPPIP
    XS XLI WLSVXIV WMHI WLSYPH FI PSGEXIH EFSZI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    TEVEPPIP XS XLI PSRKIV WMHI -R [EPP JSSXMRKWVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI TPERI SJ XLI [EPP WLSYPH FI PSGEXIH
    YRHIVXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXTEVEPPIPXSXLI[EPP
     1MRMQYQGPIEVWTEGMRKFIX[IIRTEVEPPIPFEVW{
    1MRMQYQ GPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR TEVEPPIP FEVW MR E PE]IV
    WLSYPH FI XLIPEVKIWX FEV RSQMREP FEVHMEQIXIV HFFYXRSX
    PIWWXLERMR QQ 
     1E\MQYQ WTEGMRK{-R WTVIEH JSSXMRKW VIMR
    JSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI WTEGIH RS JEVXLIV ETEVX XLER XLVII
    XMQIWXLIJSSXMRKXLMGORIWWRSVMR QQ -RWUYEVI
    GSPYQRJSSXMRKWERHMR[EPPJSSXMRKWVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPH

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    FIHMWXVMFYXIHYRMJSVQP]EGVSWWXLIIRXMVIJSSXMRK[MHXL-R
    VIGXERKYPEVGSPYQRJSSXMRKWMRXLIPSRKHMVIGXMSRVIMRJSVGI
    QIRXWLSYPHFIYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHEGVSWWXLI[MHXLERH
    MRXLIWLSVXHMVIGXMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHFIJEGXSVIHF]
    XLIZEPYIKMZIRMR)U  ERHYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIH
    EGVSWWXLIIRXMVIJSSXMRK[MHXL
    

     1MRMQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIE{1MRMQYQVIMRJSVGI
    QIRXVEXMS QMRMRER]HMVIGXMSRWLSYPHFI
     1E\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE{1E\MQYQ VIMR
    JSVGIQIRXVEXMS QE\WLSYPHFIXLEXKMZIRJSVWPEFWMR
     (IZIPSTQIRX SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX{6IMRJSVGIQIRX
    EX GVMXMGEP WIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI HIZIPSTIH SR IEGL WMHI SJ
    XLEX WIGXMSR F] IQFIHQIRX PIRKXL SV LSSO *MK  
    'VMXMGEP WIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI EWWYQIH EX XLI WEQI PSGEXMSRW
    as defined in  JSV QE\MQYQ JEGXSVIH QSQIRX ERH
    EX EPP SXLIV ZIVXMGEP TPERIW [LIVI WIGXMSR SV VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    GLERKIWSGGYV
     6IMRJSVGIQIRXGYXSJJ{-RWTVIEHJSSXMRKWVIMRJSVGI
    QIRXEXXLIQSQIRXGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRMRIMXLIVHMVIGXMSRWLSYPH
    FI QEMRXEMRIH SZIV XLI JYPP PIRKXL SJ XLI JSSXMRK MR XLEX
    HMVIGXMSR
     )RH ERGLSVEKI SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX{6IMRJSVGMRK
    FEVW WLSYPH IRH MR E WXERHEVH LSSO EX XLI JSSXMRK IHKI MJ
    RIIHIHF]GEPGYPEXMSRSJXLIHIZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLEXGVMXMGEP
    WIGXMSR
     :EPYISJ HGERHHXSYWIMRJSSXMRK{8LIGEPGYPE
    XMSRSJHG, distance from extreme tension fiber to the centroid
    SJ XLI XIRWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH GSRWMHIV XLIGSRGVIXI
    GSZIVJSVQIQFIVWGEWXERHTIVQERIRXP]I\TSWIHXSIEVXL
    XLI FEV HMEQIXIVW YWIH ERH TIVTIRHMGYPEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    TPEGIHYRHIVXLIGSRWMHIVIHVIMRJSVGIQIRX
    8LIJSPPS[MRKZEPYIWSJHGQE]FIYWIHXSGSQTYXIHEW
    H ! LzHG*SVVIMRJSVGIQIRXTEVEPPIPXSXLIPSRKHMVIGXMSR
    SJJSSXMRKWERHJSV[EPPJSSXMRKWHG!MR QQ *SV
    VIMRJSVGIQIRXTEVEPPIPXSXLIWLSVXHMVIGXMSRSJGSPYQRJSSXMRKW
    HG!MR QQ 
     (IXEMPWJSVXVERWJIVSJGSPYQRSV[EPPPSEHWXS
    JSSXMRK{0SEHWERHQSQIRXWEXXLIFEWISJGSPYQR[EPPSV
    TIHIWXEPWLSYPHFIXVERWJIVVIHXSXLIWYTTSVXMRKTIHIWXEPSV
    JSSXMRK F]FIEVMRKSR GSRGVIXI ERH F] VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LI
    JSPPS[MRKWLSYPHETTP]
    E  &IEVMRK WXVIWW HYI XS JEGXSVIH PSEHW EX XLI GSRXEGX
    WYVJEGI FIX[IIR WYTTSVXIH ERH WYTTSVXMRK QIQFIV WLSYPH
    RSX I\GIIH GSRGVIXI FIEVMRK WXVIRKXL JSV IMXLIV WYVJEGI EW
    KMZIRMR
    F 8LIGSPYQRGSQTVIWWMZIJSVGIXLEXI\GIIHWXLIJSSXMRK
    GSRGVIXIFIEVMRKWXVIRKXLWLSYPHFIXVERWJIVVIHXSXLIJSSXMRK
    F]VIMRJSVGIQIRX
    G *SSXMRKHITXLWLSYPHFIEHIUYEXIXSEPPS[XLIGSPYQR
    PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXXSIRHMREWXERHEVHLSSOERHXS

    *MK{(MWXVMFYXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRVIGXERKYPEV
    WTVIEHJSSXMRKW
    HIZIPSTXLIERGLSVEKIHMWXERGISJ;EPPZIVXMGEPVIMR
    JSVGIQIRXWLSYPHLEZIXLIIQFIHQIRXPIRKXLKMZIRMR
    H -JYTPMJXMWI\TIGXIHERXMGMTEXIHXIRWMSRFIX[IIRXLI
    GSPYQR ERH JSSXMRK WLSYPH FIXVERWJIVVIHF]ZIVXMGEP VIMR
    JSVGIQIRXSRP]ERH
    I -JETIHIWXEPMWYWIHZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX MRGPYHMRK
    GSPYQR VIMRJSVGIQIRX  MR XLI TIHIWXEP WLSYPH FI RSX PIWW
    XLERXMQIWKVSWWGSRGVIXIEVIEERHWLSYPHLEZIXMIWMR
    EGGSVHERGI[MXL
     7LIEV
     +IRIVEP{*SSXMRK WLIEV WXVIRKXL WLSYPH FI
    GSQTYXIH YWMRK  JSV XLI X[S X]TIW SJ WLIEV XLEX SGGYV
    RIEVXLIWYTTSVXIHGSPYQRTIHIWXEPSV[EPPERHEXGLERKIW
    SJJSSXMRKXLMGORIWWMRWXITTIHJSSXMRKW
    E  4YRGLMRKWLIEV SV X[S[E] EGXMSR WLIEV MR GSPYQR
    JSSXMRKWERH
    (b) Beam-action shear that accompanies flexural moments.
     0SGEXMSR SJ GVMXMGEP WIGXMSRW JSV TYRGLMRK
    WLIEV{4YRGLMRKWLIEVGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRWLSYPHFIPSGEXIHEX
    EHMWXERGIHJVSQXLIJEGISJGSPYQRTIHIWXEPSVWXITTIH
    JSSXMRKXLMGORIWWGLERKI  
     4YRGLMRK WLIEV WXVIRKXL{6IUYMVIH TYRGLMRK
    WLIEVWXVIRKXLMWIUYEPXSXLIPEVKIWXJEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEH4YF
    EXXLIGSPYQRFEWI4YFQMKLXFIVIHYGIHF]XLITVSHYGXSJ
    XLIEVIEFSYRHF]XLIGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRXMQIWXLIJEGXSVIHRIX
    WSMPVIEGXMSRUYRJVSQ
     4YRGLMRKWLIEVHIWMKRWXVIRKXL{4YRGLMRKWLIEV
    WXVIRKXL MW HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK XLI WEQI QIXLSHW EW WPEF
    GSPYQRW]WXIQWSJ JSVMRXIVMSVGSPYQRW
     1MRMQYQJSSXMRKHITXLEWVIUYMVIHF]TYRGLMRK
    WLIEV{%XVMEPJSSXMRKHITXLWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ
    )U  

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MK{8VMFYXEV]EVIEWJSVFIEQEGXMSRWLIEV

    *MK{'VMXMGEPWIGXMSRWJSVQSQIRXW

    hc

    bc

    Pu

    4
    hc

    Pu
    fc

    bc
    4

    12 fc
    bc

    hc

    hc

    bc
    4

    
    (SI)

    *MREPHMQIRWMSRWWLSYPHQIIX
     'VMXMGEP WIGXMSR PSGEXMSRW JSV FIEQEGXMSR
    WLIEV{'VMXMGEP WIGXMSR JSV FIEQEGXMSR WLIEV WLSYPH
    FI PSGEXIH EX E HMWXERGI H JVSQ XLI JEGI SJ GSPYQR [EPP
    TIHIWXEPSVWXITTIHJSSXMRKXLMGORIWWGLERKI  
     &IEQEGXMSR WLIEV WXVIRKXL{&IEQEGXMSR
    VIUYMVIH WLIEV WXVIRKXL :Y WLSYPH FI XLI TVSHYGX SJ XLI
    JEGXSVIHRIXWSMPVIEGXMSRUYRJVSQERHXLIXVMFYXEV]
    area of the footing beyond the critical section as defined in
     *MK 
     &IEQEGXMSR WLIEV HIWMKR WXVIRKXL{&IEQ
    EGXMSR WLIEV WXVIRKXL MW HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK XLI WPEFGSPYQR
    W]WXIQETTVSEGLSJ
     &IEQEGXMSR WLIEV{8LI IJJIGXMZI HITXL H JSV
    TYRGLMRKWLIEVWLSYPHFIYWIHJSVMRMXMEPP]IWXEFPMWLMRKPSGEXMSR
    SJXLIFIEQEGXMSRWLIEVGVMXMGEPWIGXMSRXLIXVMFYXEV]EVIEERH

    XLIHIWMKRWXVIRKXL :GJVSQ)U  ;LIRHIWMKRWXVIRKXL


    MWPIWWXLERVIUYMVIHWXVIRKXLXLIZEPYISJHWLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIH
    *SV[EPPJSSXMRKWWLSYPHFIYWIH
     *PI\YVI
     'VMXMGEP WIGXMSRW JSV QSQIRXW{1E\MQYQ
    VIUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXLJSVERMWSPEXIHJSSXMRKWLSYPHFI
    GSQTYXIHEXJEGISJGSPYQR[EPPSVTIHIWXEP *MK 
     6IUYMVIH QSQIRX WXVIRKXL{6IUYMVIH QSQIRX
    WXVIRKXL 1YEXER]JSSXMRKWIGXMSRWLSYPHFIXLIGERXMPIZIV
    QSQIRX SJ XLI JEGXSVIH RIX WSMP VIEGXMSR UYR EGXMRK SZIV
    IRXMVIJSSXMRK EVIESRSRIWMHISJXLEXZIVXMGEPTPERIYWMRK
    )U   *MK 
    2
    un n
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    and needing an additional slab for the first floor. In this case,
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    used to cast the floor slab will be lost, but there is the advan
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    tributary area from all floors supported by it. Factored wind
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    and walls, floor loads, and mat foundation self-weight should
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    (a) Although mat slab layout is similar to a regular floor
    WPEFXLISVHIVSJQEKRMXYHISJXLIPSEHWEWGSQTEVIH[MXL
    a typical floor slab, increases by a factor equal to the number
    SJFYMPHMRKWXSVMIW
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    PSEHW [MPP GEYWI HIJSVQEXMSRW ERH WIXXPIQIRXW SJ XLI QEX
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    (c) The loads act in the opposite direction than in floor
    WPEFW XLIVIJSVI PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI QEX
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    of floor slabs, should be placed as bottom reinforcement
    MR JSYRHEXMSR QEXW ERH QEX KVEHI FIEQW *SV XLI WEQI
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    the bottom part of floor members, should be placed as top
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    YWIHEWXLIXSXEPPSEHETTPMIHHMVIGXP]XSXLIKMVHIVERHXLI
    JSYRHEXMSR WPEF VIEGXMSRW EW XVMFYXEV] PSEHW XS XLI KMVHIV
    7IPJ[IMKLXWLSYPHRSXFIMRGPYHIHFIGEYWIMXMWWYTTSVXIH
    HMVIGXP] F] XLI WSMP 8ST ERH FSXXSQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX PE]SYX
    WGLIQIWSJWLSYPHFIYWIH[MXLVIMRJSVGIQIRXVIZIVWIH

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    *MK{8]TIWSJVIMRXEMRMRK[EPPW
    8EFPI {8]TMGEPZEPYIWSJ WJSVHV]WERHW
    GSQTSWIHTVMQEVMP]SJUYEVX^
    (IRWMX]

    &PS[GSYRX 748

    %RKPISJMRXIVREPJVMGXMSR

    :IV]PSSWI
    0SSWI
    1IHMYQ
    (IRWI
    :IV]HIRWI

    2 c
     2 c
     2 c
     2 c
     2

    W c
      W c
      W c
      W c
      W c

    XST ERH FSXXSQ -R WIMWQMG ^SRIW 7IGXMSR  WLSYPH


    ETTP]
     *PSSVWPEF[LIRMRHITIRHIRXJVSQJSYRHEXMSR
    WPEFWhen the floor slab is independent from the founda
    XMSRWPEF *MKE), the floor slab should be designed
    as a slab on girders using the floor load of 'LETXIV  -R
    XLMWGEWIXLIWIPJ[IMKLXWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIHERHXLIVIMR
    JSVGIQIRXPE]SYXWSJ'LETXIVEVIRSXVIZIVWIHERHWLSYPH
    FIYWIHEWWLS[R
     :EPYIW HG ERH H MR JSYRHEXMSR QEXW{8LI
    GEPGYPEXMSRSJHG, the distance from extreme tension fiber to
    GIRXVSMHSJXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHGSRWMHIVGSRGVIXI
    GSZIVFEVHMEQIXIVWERHTIVTIRHMGYPEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXYRHIV
    XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR
    8LIJSPPS[MRKZEPYIWSJHGQE]FIYWIHXSGSQTYXIHEWH!
    L z HG*SVSRI[E]WSPMHWPEFWXLEXEVITEVXSJXLIJSYRHEXMSRQEX
    ERHMRGSRXEGX[MXLXLIWSMPERHJSVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLIWLSVX
    HMVIGXMSRMRX[S[E]WPEFWXLEXEVITEVXSJXLIJSYRHEXMSRQEXMR
    GSRXEGX[MXLXLIWSMPHG!MR QQ *SVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMR
    XLIPSRKHMVIGXMSRSJX[S[E]WPEFWMRGSRXEGX[MXLXLIWSMP
    HG!MR QQ *SVKMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXXLEXEVI
    TEVXSJXLIJSYRHEXMSRQEXYWI
    {6IXEMRMRK[EPPW
     8]TIW SJ VIXEMRMRK[EPPW{*MKYVIWLS[W
    WIZIVEP X]TIW SJ VIXEMRMRK [EPPW 8]TIW E  XS H  EVI JVII
    WXERHMRKERHWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHYWMRKEGXMZIIEVXLTVIWWYVI
    8]TI I MWVIWXVEMRIHEXXSTERHFSXXSQXLIVIJSVIMXWLSYPH
    FIHIWMKRIHYWMRKEXVIWXIEVXLTVIWWYVI3RP]X]TI I FEWI
    QIRX[EPPWMWGSRWMHIVIHMRXLMWKYMHI*SVSXLIVX]TIWXLI
    VIJIVIRGIHHSGYQIRXWMRWLSYPHFIYWIH
     0EXIVEPIEVXLTVIWWYVI
     +IRIVEP{:EPYIW JVSQ E KISXIGLRMGEP VITSVX
    should be used where backfill has appropriate drainage and
    [LIVIL]HVSWXEXMGTVIWWYVIJVSQ[EXIVEGGYQYPEXMSRMRXLI
    backfill is not possible. In remote areas, where a geotech
    RMGEPVITSVXSVPSGEPKISXIGLRMGEPMRJSVQEXMSRMWYREZEMPEFPI
    ZEPYIWKMZIRMRGERFIYWIH

    ;LIRETSVXMSRSVXLI[LSPISJXLIEHNEGIRXWSMPMWFIPS[
    XLI[EXIVXEFPIGEPGYPEXMSRWLSYPHFIFEWIHSRXLI[IMKLXSJ
    XLIWSMPHMQMRMWLIHF]FYS]ERG]TPYWJYPPL]HVSWXEXMGTVIW
    WYVI;LIRHIWMKRMRKFEWIQIRX[EPPWERHWMQMPEVETTVS\M
    QEXIP]ZIVXMGEPWXVYGXYVIWFIPS[KVEHITVSZMWMSRWWLSYPHFI
    QEHIJSVPEXIVEPTVIWWYVISJEHNEGIRXWSMP%PPS[ERGIWLSYPH
    be made for possible surcharge from fixed or moving loads.
    )EVXLTVIWWYVIMWWXEXIHKIRIVEPP]MRWMQTPIPMRIEVIUYEXMSRW
    %PXLSYKL XLMW XVIEXQIRX SZIVPSSOW WSQI EGXYEP FILEZMSV
    GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW MX MWTVIJIVVIH JSV WMQTPMGMX] 8LI HIWMKRIV
    LS[IZIV WLSYPHVIQIQFIVXLEXSJXIRPEXIVEPIEVXLTVIWWYVI
    HMWXVMFYXMSR MW RSX PMRIEV ERH IEVXL PSEHW XIRH XS QMKVEXI
    from the more flexible to the stiffer portions of the system.
    Construction stages and procedures have a great influence in
    XLMWPSEHQMKVEXMSR
     %RKPI SJ MRXIVREP JVMGXMSR W{*SV WSMPW XLI
    ERKPI SJ MRXIVREP JVMGXMSR W GSVVIWTSRHW XS XLI VIPIZERX
    TEVEQIXIV JSV PEXIVEP IEVXL TVIWWYVI HIXIVQMREXMSR 8LI
    JSPPS[MRKKYMHIPMRIWWLSYPHFIYWIHXSHIXIVQMRIXLIERKPI
    SJMRXIVREPJVMGXMSRSJXLIWSMP
    E *SVWERHWXLIVIPEXMSRWLMTKMZIRF])U  SV
    XLIZEPYIWJVSQ8EFPIWLSYPHFIYWIH[LIVI2MW
    XLIFPS[GSYRXJVSQXLI748
    s

    28.5

    N
    4

    

     F *SV[IXWERHWXLIZEPYIWSJ WJVSQ)U  SV


    8EFPIWLSYPHFIHIGVIEWIHF]SRISVX[SHIKVIIW
    G  *SV KVEZIPW ERH GVYWLIH VSGO [MXL WXEXIW SJ HIRWMX]
    WMQMPEV XS XLSWI KMZIR MR 8EFPI XLI ZEPYIWSJ W
    WLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIHJVSQXSHIKVIIW
    H  *SV HV] WMPXW ERH ZIV] WMPX] WERHW XLI ZEPYIW SJ W
    WLSYPH FI XEOIR FIX[IIRXS HIKVIIWPIWWXLERXLSWI SJ
    8EFPIERH
    I  *SV GPE]W W HITIRHW SR XLI HVEMREKI GSRHMXMSR ERH
    PSEHMRKVEXI8]TMGEPZEPYIWWLSYPHFIXEOIRFIX[IIRXS
    HIKVIIW*SVPS[HVEMREKIWMXYEXMSRWZEPYIWVERKIJVSQ
    XSHIKVIIW
     %XVIWX IEVXL TVIWWYVI{%XVIWX TVIWWYVI I\MWXW
    MR PIZIP KVSYRH YRHIV PSRKXIVQ GSRHMXMSRW 8LEX TVIWWYVI
    WLSYPHFIIZEPYEXIHEW
    TS!/S ^

    E

    [LIVI
    /S!zWMR

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    F

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    8EFPI {1MRMQYQHIWMKRPEXIVEPEGXMZITVIWWYVI /E
    Description of backfill material
    7ERHERHKVEZIPWSMPX]TI
    ;IPPKVEHIHGPIERKVEZIPW{KVEZIPWERHQM\XYVIW
    4SSVP]KVEHIHGPIERKVEZIPW{KVEZIPWERHQM\XYVIW
    7MPX]KVEZIPW{TSSVP]KVEHIHKVEZIPWERHQM\XYVIW
    'PE]I]KVEZIPW{TSSVP]KVEHIHKVEZIPERHGPE]QM\XYVIW
    ;IPPKVEHIHGPIERWERHW{KVEZIPP]WERHQM\XYVIW
    4SSVP]KVEHIHGPIERWERHW{WERHKVEZIPQM\XYVIW
    7MPX]WERHW{TSSVP]KVEHIHWERHWMPXQM\XYVIW
    7MPXERHGPE]WSMPX]TI
    Sand-silt clay mix with plastic fines
    'PE]I]WERHW{TSSVP]KVEHIHWERHGPE]QM\XYVIW
    -RSVKERMGWMPXWERHGPE]I]WMPXW
    1M\XYVISJMRSVKERMGWMPXERHGPE]
    3XLIVWSMPX]TIW
    -RSVKERMGGPE]WSJPS[XSQIHMYQTPEWXMGMX]
    3VKERMGWMPXWERHWMPXGPE]WPS[TPEWXMGMX]
    -RSVKERMGGPE]I]WMPXWTPEWXMGWMPXW
    -RSVKERMGGPE]WSJLMKLTPEWXMGMX]
    3VKERMGGPE]WERHWMPX]GPE]W

    Unified soil
    classification

    (IWMKREGXMZIWSMPTVIWWYVI
    PFJXTIVJXSJHITXL

    (IWMKREGXMZIWSMPTVIWWYVI
    O2QTIVQSJHITXL

    +;
    +4
    +1
    +'
    7;
    74
    71

    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    717'
    7'
    10
    10'0

    
    
    
    

    
    
    
    

    '0
    30
    1,
    ',
    3,

    

    

    Unsuitable as backfill

    Unsuitable as backfill

     %GXMZI IEVXL TVIWWYVI{%GXMZI IEVXL TVIWWYVI


    HIZIPSTW[LIRXLI[EPPQSZIWWPMKLXP]JVSQXLIIEVXLFERO
    -RXLMWGEWI

     +VERYPEVWSMPW

    TE!/E ^

     'SLIWMZIWSMPW

    E

    [LIVI /E is the active earth pressure coefficient and should


    FIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRK)U F 
    s

    F

    T!/E LW

    T! LWJSVWY

    PFJX O4E

    F

     4EWWMZI IEVXL TVIWWYVI{4EWWMZI IEVXL TVIWWYVI


    HIZIPSTW[LIRXLI[EPPSVER]SJMXWTEVXWMWJSVGIHEKEMRWX
    XLIIEVXLFERO-RXLMWGEWI
    TT!/T ^

    E

    [LIVI /T is the passive earth pressure coefficient and should


    FIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRK)U F 

    1 sin
    1 sin

    E

    T! LWJSVPFJX O4E "WY PFJX O4E

    Kp

    

    F

     &VEGIH I\GEZEXMSRW{1SWX VIXEMRMRK [EPPW JSV


    WQEPP FYMPHMRKW EVI FVEGIH I\GEZEXMSRW [LIVI XLI [EPP MW
    PEXIVEPP]VIWXVEMRIHEXXLIFEWIXLIXSTERHTSWWMFP]EXSXLIV
    PIZIPW -R XLMW WMXYEXMSR TVIWWYVI HMWXVMFYXMSR VIWIQFPIW
    E VIGXERKPI SV E XVETI^SMH [MXL XLI YTTIV XVMERKPI QMWWMRK
    L W  *SV TVEGXMGEP GEWIW HIWMKR TVIWWYVI WLSYPH FI
    IZEPYEXIHYWMRKERH

    T! LWJSVPFJX O4E  WY

    G

     1MRMQYQWSMPPEXIVEPTVIWWYVI
     1MRMQYQ EGXMZI WSMP TVIWWYVI{7SMP PSEHW MR
    8EFPIWLSYPHFIYWIHEWPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIYRPIWW
    specified otherwise in a soil investigation report. This pressure
    GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIEGXMZITVIWWYVI /E0EXIVEPTVIWWYVIJVSQ
    WYVGLEVKIPSEHWWLSYPHFIEHHIHXSXLIPEXIVEPIEVXLTVIWWYVI
    PSEH0EXIVEPTVIWWYVIWLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIH[LIVIWSMPW[MXL
    I\TERWMSRTSXIRXMEPEVITVIWIRXEXXLIWMXIEWHIXIVQMRIHF]E
    KISXIGLRMGEPMRZIWXMKEXMSR
    -R 8EFPI  PEXIVEP WSMP TVIWWYVI MW KMZIR JSV
    moist conditions for the specified soils at optimum densi
    XMIW %GXYEP JMIPH GSRHMXMSRW WLSYPH KSZIVR 7YFQIVKIH
    SV WEXYVEXIH WSMP TVIWWYVI WLSYPH MRGPYHI XLI FYS]ERX WSMP
    [IMKLXTPYWXLIL]HVSWXEXMGPSEHW
     1MRMQYQ PEXIVEP TVIWWYVI EX VIWX{*SV VMKMH
    [EPPW PEXIVEPP] VIWXVEMRIH XST ERHFSXXSQ PEXIVEP WSMP TVIW
    WYVIMR8EFPIWLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIHEWJSPPS[W

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    E *SVWERHERHKVEZIPWSMPX]TIXSPFJX O2Q
    TIVJX Q SJHITXLERH
    F *SVWMPXERHGPE]WSMPX]TIXSPFJX O2Q TIV
    JX Q SJHITXL
    8LIWIGEWIWGSVVIWTSRHXSXLIPEXIVEPWSMPTVIWWYVIEXVIWX
    /S
     0EXIVEP TVIWWYVI SR VIXEMRMRK [EPP{0EXIVEP
    TVIWWYVIGEYWIH F] XLI EHNEGIRX WSMP SR XLI VIXEMRMRK [EPP
    WLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKTVSGIHYVIWHIWGVMFIHMR
    ERH
     6IXEMRMRK [EPPW RSX PEXIVEPP]VIWXVEMRIH EX XLI
    XST{*SV VIXEMRMRK [EPPW RSX VIWXVEMRIH EX XLI XST F] XLI
    FYMPHMRKWPEFWXLIPEXIVEPTVIWWYVIEXER]HITXL^WLSYPHFI
    GEPGYPEXIHYWMRK)U E 
    T^! /E^

    E

    [LIVI T^GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIPEXIVEPTVIWWYVIMRPFJX O2Q


    EXEHITXL^MRJX Q QIEWYVIHJVSQXLIWYVJEGIERH /E
    WLSYPHFIKMZIRF]XLIKISXIGLRMGEPVITSVXSVMRMXWEFWIRGI
    QMRMQYQ ZEPYIW KMZIR MR 8EFPI  QE] FI YWIH
    8SXEPPEXIVEPJSVGIETTPMIHF]XLIWSMPXSXLI[EPPWLSYPHFI
    HIXIVQMRIHYWMRK)U F 

    Fac =

    1
    K h2
    2 a s

    F

    [LIVI *EG MW XLI XSXEP PEXIVEP JSVGI ERH LW MW WSMP LIMKLX
    EKEMRWXXLI[EPPQIEWYVIHJVSQXLIFEWISJXLI[EPPJSSXMRK
    XSWSMPWYVJEGI*EGWLSYPHFIEWWYQIHXSEGXEXELIMKLXLW
    QIEWYVIHJVSQXLIFEWISJXLI[EPPJSSXMRK
     6IXEMRMRK[EPPWPEXIVEPP]VIWXVEMRIHEXXLIXST{
    *SV VIXEMRMRK [EPPW VIWXVEMRIH PEXIVEPP] F] FYMPHMRK WPEFW
    PEXIVEPTVIWWYVIEXER]HITXL ^WLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHYWMRK
    )U E 
    T^! /S^

    E

    [LIVI T^GSVVIWTSRHWXSPEXIVEPTVIWWYVIMRPFJX  O2QQ


    EXEHITXL^MRJX QQ QIEWYVIHJVSQXLIWYVJEGIERH /S
    WLSYPHFIKMZIRF]XLIKISXIGLRMGEPVITSVXSVMRMXWEFWIRGI
    QMRMQYQZEPYIWKMZIRMR QE]FIYWIH8SXEPPEXIVEP
    JSVGIETTPMIHF]XLIWSMPXSXLI[EPP WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIH
    YWMRK)U F 

    *S

    
    / S LW
    

    F

    [LIVI *SMWXLIXSXEP PEXIVEPJSVGIERH LWMWXLIWSMPLIMKLX


    EKEMRWXXLI[EPPQIEWYVIHJVSQXLIFEWISJXLI[EPPJSSXMRK
    XSWSMPWYVJEGI*SWLSYPHFIEWWYQIHXSEGXEXELIMKLXLW
    QIEWYVIHJVSQXLIFEWISJXLI[EPPJSSXMRK
     0SEHWJSVFEWIQIRX[EPPW
     0SEHWXSFIMRGPYHIH{&EWIQIRXVIXEMRMRK[EPP
    HIWMKRWLSYPHMRGPYHIXLIJSPPS[MRKPSEHW
    E 3YXSJTPERIIEVXLTVIWWYVIT^EWWXEXIHMRERH
    

    F  3YXSJTPERI ZIVXMGEP WYVGLEVKI TVIWWYVI PSGEXIH SR


    top of the backfill, TXMRGVIEWMRKPEXIVEPIEVXLTVIWWYVIMRXLI
    WYVGLEVKIZEPYIQYPXMTPMIHF]/S
    G -RTPERIPSEHWERHQSQIRXWHYIXS[MRHERHWIMWQMG
    PSEHWXVERWQMXXIHF]WYTTSVXMRKIPIQIRXW
    H -RTPERIRSRGSQTIRWEXIHPEXIVEPPSEHWMRHYGIHF]WSMP
    PEXIVEPPSEHW  ERH
    I  %R] EHHMXMSREP PEXIVEP SYXSJTPERI TVIWWYVI I\IVXIH
    by the soil caused by the compaction of the backfill of the
    wall. In many cases, the backfill compaction is more effi
    GMIRXP] TIVJSVQIH [LIVI XLI [SVOIVGSQJSVX MW LMKLIWX EX
    the upper part of the fill; which is why this guide proposes
     EGSRWIVZEXMZIYRMJSVQSYXSJTPERIWSMPTVIWWYVI
    HMWXVMFYXMSRSRXLI[EPPYRPIWWXLIKISXIGLRMGEPMRZIWXMKEXMSR
    VITSVXMRHMGEXIWEHMJJIVIRXHMWXVMFYXMSRSJTVIWWYVIW
     7IMWQMG IJJIGXW{7IMWQMG IJJIGXW MRGPYHMRK
    MRGVIEWIH IEVXL TVIWWYVI [EPP MRTPERI QSQIRXW ERH SYX
    SJTPERIQSQIRXWERHSYXSJTPERIWLIEVWLSYPHFIHMWVI
    KEVHIH JSV E SRIWXSV] [EPP VIWXVEMRIH EX XST ERH FSXXSQ
    8LIMRTPERIWLIEVXVERWQMXXIHF]XLIWPEFHMETLVEKQMRXLI
    YTTIVTEVXSJXLI[EPPWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
     0EXIVEP TVIWWYVI{*EGXSVIH PEXIVEP TVIWWYVIW
    TY[ ERH TYX[ SR XLI [EPP WLSYPH FI HIXIVQMRIH F] QYPXM
    TP]MRKTVIWWYVIWT^ERHTXJVSQERHF]XLI
    ETTVSTVMEXIPSEHJEGXSVJVSQ
     +IRIVEPGSRHMXMSRWJSVFEWIQIRX[EPPW
     7YTTSVXXSTERHFSXXSQ{&EWIQIRXVIXEMRMRK
    [EPPW YRHIV XLI WGSTI SJ XLMW KYMHI WLSYPH LEZI PEXIVEP
    restraint provided at the top of the wall by the first aerial
    floor slab and at the bottom of the wall by either (a) the grade
    FIEQWMRLMKLERHQSHIVEXIWIMWQMG^SRIWMRSV F 
    F]XLI[EPPJSSXMRKMRPS[ERHRSWIMWQMGVMWO^SRIW-RFSXL
    GEWIWE[EPPJSSXMRKWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHXSXVERWQMXKVEZMX]PSEHW
    JVSQXLIJSPPS[MRKGSQTSRIRXWXSXLIWSMPXLI[EPPWIPJ[IMKLX
    ZIVXMGEPVIEGXMSRWSJXLIWPEFWYTTSVXIHF]XLIXSTSJXLI[EPPERH
    ER]ZIVXMGEPPSEHWXVERWQMXXIHF]JVMGXMSRXLEXEVITVSHYGIHF]
    the compaction of the backfill and the portion of the backfill
    XLEXMWWYTTSVXIHHMVIGXP]F]XLI[EPPJSSXMRK;MRHS[STIR
    MRKWJSVPMKLXMRKERHZIRXMPEXMSRTYVTSWIWGERGEYWIEGETXMZI
    GSPYQR TVSFPIQ MR WIMWQMG ^SRIW   -R XLSWI GEWIW
    EPXIVREXMZIPMKLXMRKERHZIRXMPEXMSRWLSYPHFIYWIH
     (VEMREKI{8LIHIWMKRTVIWWYVIEWWXEXIHHSIW
    RSXMRGPYHIL]HVSWXEXMGTVIWWYVIXLIVIJSVIHVEMREKIWYGLEW
    through-filters and weep-holes for dissipation of hydrostatic
    TVIWWYVIWLSYPHFIYWIH
     Backfill material{1EXIVMEPWQEVOIHEWYRWYMX
    able for backfill material in 8EFPIWLSYPHRSX FI
    YWIH
     7YVGLEVKI{%R] I\TIGXIH WYVGLEVKI HYVMRK
    GSRWXVYGXMSRSVYWISJXLIWXVYGXYVIWLSYPHFIMRGPYHIHMRXLI
    [EPPHIWMKR
     1MRMQYQ XLMGORIWW{1MRMQYQ XLMGORIWW SJ
    FEWIQIRX[EPPWWLSYPHFIMR QQ 
     6IMRJSVGIQIRX HIXEMPW{&EWIQIRX VIXEMRMRK
    [EPPWWLSYPHGSQTP][MXL
     *PI\YVI{6IUYMVIH QSQIRX WXVIRKXL SJ XLI
    FEWIQIRX VIXEMRMRK [EPP HITIRHW SR XLI SYXSJTPERI WSMP
    TVIWWYVI HMWXVMFYXMSR ERH XLI VSXEXMSREP VIWXVEMRX EX XLI XST

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    8EFPI {&EWIQIRXVIXEMRMRK[EPPVIUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXLTIVLSVM^SRXEPYRMXPIRKXLSJ[EPP
    'EWI

    Wall flexural restraint


    8ST
    &SXXSQ

    6IUYMVIHQSQIRXWXVIRKXLJSVVIMRJSVGIQIRXX]TI *MK
    &
    '

    *VII

    *VII

    Mu

    puw n2
    17

    putw
    8

    2
    n

    6IWXVEMRIH

    *VII

    Mu

    puw n2
    17

    putw
    8

    2
    n

    *VII

    6IWXVEMRIH

    6IWXVEMRIH

    6IWXVEMRIH

    Mu

    puw n2
    30

    putw n2
    12

    ERHFSXXSQSJXLI[EPP6SXEXMSREPVIWXVEMRXMWTVSZMHIHF]
    XLIWPEFEXXLIXSTSJXLI[EPPXLIFIEQEPSRKXLI[EPPPIRKXL
    EWMRHMGEXIHF]ERHXLI[EPPJSSXMRK&EWIHSRXLIWI
    GMVGYQWXERGIW XLI JSPPS[MRK WYTTSVX GSRHMXMSRW VIWYPX MR
    XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLS[RMR*MK[MXLXLIVIUYMVIH
    QSQIRXWXVIRKXLTIVYRMXSJ[EPP[MHXLMRHMGEXIHMR8EFPI
    
    E 1MRMQYQ VSXEXMSREP VIWXVEMRX XST ERH FSXXSQ{8LI
    [EPP LEW RS VSXEXMSREP VIWXVEMRX TVSZMHIH F] IPIQIRXW XLEX
    GSYPHTVSZMHIMX
    F 6SXEXMSREP VIWXVEMRX TVSZMHIH EX XST ERH QMRMQYQ
    VSXEXMSREPVIWXVEMRXEXFSXXSQThe slab elements of the first
    aerial floor have sufficient flexural stiffness to inhibit any
    flexural rotation of the wall at the top, whereas the elements
    XLEXTVSZMHIXLIPEXIVEPVIWXVEMRXEXXLIFSXXSQ HSRSXLEZI
    flexural stiffness to inhibit flexural rotation of the retaining
    [EPP
    G 1MRMQYQ VSXEXMSREP VIWXVEMRX EX XST ERH VSXEXMSREP
    VIWXVEMRX TVSZMHIH EX FSXXSQ{8LI WPEF IPIQIRXW SJ XLI
    first aerial floor are simply supported at the wall and do not
    provide any flexural stiffness to inhibit flexural rotation of
    XLI[EPPEXXLIXST[LIVIEWXLI[EPPJSSXMRKSVXLIIPIQIRXW
    XLEXTVSZMHIPEXIVEPVIWXVEMRXEXXLIFSXXSQSJXLI[EPPLEZI
    sufficient flexural stiffness to inhibit flexural rotation of the
    [EPPFSXXSQ
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    distance from extreme tension fiber to tension reinforcement
    GIRXVSMHWLSYPHGSRWMHIVGSRGVIXIGSZIVFEVHMEQIXIVWERH
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    GSPYQRWERH[EPPW
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    settlements, grade beams should have sufficient stiffness and
    WXVIRKXL XS XVERWJIV XLI PSEHW HIZIPSTIH 7XMJJRIWW GSRXVSPW
    JSVWLSVXWTERWERHWXVIRKXLJSVPSRKWTERW8LIKVEHIFIEQ
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    ',%48)6{(6%;-2+7%2(74)'-*-'%8-327
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    which cover all phases of the work necessary for the finished
    WXVYGXYVI WLSYPH LEZI XLI WGSTI KMZIR MR  XLVSYKL
    
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    F 9XMPMX]PMRIW
    G (VEMREKIERHHVEMREKIWXVYGXYVIW
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    (e) Preconstruction ground elevations and finished grades;
    ERH
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    [EPPWERHTEZMRK
     %VGLMXIGXYVEPHVE[MRKW{-RQER]GEWIWEVGLMXIGXYVEP
    HVE[MRKWEVIXLIFEWMWJSVXLIHVE[MRKWSJSXLIVHMWGMTPMRIW
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    G 4PERWERHWIGXMSRWGSQTPIXIP]HMQIRWMSRIH
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    (g) Ceiling, floor surfaces, and fixtures.
     7XVYGXYVEP HVE[MRKW{7XVYGXYVEP HVE[MRKW HITMGX
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    JVEQI[MXLGSQTPIXI[SVOMRKHMQIRWMSRWERHIPIZEXMSRW
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    VIUYMVIW XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ WYQTW TMXW ERH STIRMRKW MR
    walls and floors. Structural drawings need to depict these
    GSRGVIXIHIXEMPWWSXLIQIGLERMGEPHVE[MRKWWLSYPHFIYWIH
    JSV VIJIVIRGITYVTSWIW SRP] -R WSQI MRWXERGIW XLIQERY

    

    JEGXYVIV SJ WTIGMEP IUYMTQIRX WYTTPMIW WXVYGXYVEP HIXEMPW XS


    EGGSQTER]QIGLERMGEPJIEXYVIWMRXLMW GEWIRSXIWWLSYPH
    FITPEGIHSRXLIWXVYGXYVEPHVE[MRKWVIJIVVMRKXS[LIVIXLI
    WTIGMEPX]HVE[MRKWGERFIJSYRH
     )PIGXVMGEP HVE[MRKW{)PIGXVMGEP HVE[MRKW HITMGX
    electric wiring, conduits, fixture locations, control panels,
    ERH IPIGXVMG TYQTW 7SQIXMQIW GSRGVIXI IRGEWIQIRX SJ
    GSRHYMXWVIUYMVIWVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW8LMWIRGEWIQIRXWLSYPH
    FIHIXEMPIHSRXLIWXVYGXYVEPHVE[MRKW[MXLEVIJIVIRGIQEHI
    to the electrical drawings for specific details.
    {7XVYGXYVEPHVE[MRKW
    7XVYGXYVEPHVE[MRKWWLSYPHFIHMZMHIHMRXSKIRIVEPWXVYGXYVEP
    HVE[MRKW ERH HIXEMPMRK SV TPEGMRK HVE[MRKW ERH VIPEXIH
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    H 2EQIERHIHMXMSRSJGSHIXS[LMGLHIWMKRGSRJSVQW
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    (f) Specified compressive strength of concrete at stated
    EKIWSJGSRWXVYGXMSRJSVIEGLTEVXSJXLIWXVYGXYVI
    (g) Specified strength or grade of reinforcement; and
    L  7XEXIQIRX SJ XLI HIWMKR PMQMXEXMSRW [MXL VIWTIGX XS
    SGGYTERG] QE\MQYQ RYQFIV SJ WXSVMIW QE\MQYQ EVIE
    per floor; maximum span length; minimum number of
    WTERWQE\MQYQGERXMPIZIVWTERQE\MQYQWPSTIJSVWPEFW
    KMVHIVWFIEQWERHNSMWXWERHQE\MQYQWPSTISJXLIXIVVEMR
     +IRIVEP WXVYGXYVEP HVE[MRKW{-XIQW   XLVSYKL
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    7XITWMR[EPPJSSXMRKW
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    ERH WM^I XLEX EVI SJXIR PMWXIH MR WITEVEXI WGLIHYPIW JSV
    GSPYQRWFIEQWNSMWXWERHWPEFW
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    PSRKWTERFIEQERHKMVHIVWERHGERXMPIZIVW
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    E  +VEHI SJ WXIIP [LIR MJ QSVI XLER SRI KVEHI MW
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    (b) Specified concrete strengths for the various struc
    XYVEPQIQFIVW
    G 6IJIVIRGIXSXLIHIXEMPMRKERHTPEGMRKHVE[MRKW

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    H 6IJIVIRGIXSXLIGSHIJSVSZIVEPPHIWMKRGSQTPMERGI
    (e) Class of concrete slab finish and bar support types;
    ERH
    (f) Mill certifications for reinforcing steel, if needed.
     2SXIW[LIVIHIZMEXMSRJVSQVIGSKRM^IHWXERHEVHWERH
    tolerances exist, or where specific instructions are needed for
    YRYWYEPNSFGSRHMXMSRWERH
      8]TMGEP HMEKVEQW WLS[MRK FEV EVVERKIQIRX JSV EPP
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    74  
     (IXEMPMRK ERH TPEGMRK HVE[MRKW SV WGLIHYPIW{
    (IXEMPMRKERHTPEGMRKHVE[MRKWSVWGLIHYPIWWLSYPHWEXMWJ]
    X[STYVTSWIWXLEXTVSZMHI
     (IXEMPWJVSQ[LMGLXLIFYMPHIVSVFEVJEFVMGEXSVI\XVEGXW
    MRJSVQEXMSRRIIHIHXSGYXERHFIRHXLIWXIIPERH
     (IXEMPWERHTPEGMRKMRWXVYGXMSRWJSV[SVOIVWXSTPEGI
    FEVWSRXLINSF
    ;LIRQEHIF]XLIFYMPHIVSVJEFVMGEXSVXLI]MRHMGEXIXS
    XLIHIWMKRIRKMRIIVLS[XLIFYMPHIVSVJEFVMGEXSVMRXIVTVIXW
    KIRIVEPWXVYGXYVEPHVE[MRKW%TTVSZEPSJXLITPEGMRKHVE[
    MRKWF]XLIPMGIRWIHHIWMKRTVSJIWWMSREPMRHMGEXIWEGGITXERGI
    SJXLEXMRXIVTVIXEXMSR
    8LIVIGSQQIRHIHTVSGIHYVIJSVQEOMRKXLIHIXEMPMRKERH
    TPEGMRKHVE[MRKWSVWGLIHYPIWMWPMWXIHMR  XLVSYKL  
    (1) Project specifications and general structural drawings
    WLSYPH FI YWIH XS TVITEVI TPEGMRK HVE[MRKW [LMGL WLS[
    HIXEMPIH UYERXMXMIW PIRKXLW FIRHMRK HMEKVEQW ERH TSWM
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      ;LIR IPIGXVSRMG HVE[MRKW EVI RSX IQTPS]IH LMKLP]
    XVERWTEVIRX XVEGMRK TETIV WLSYPH FI WIPIGXIH 8LMW TETIV
    WLSYPH FI WYTIVMQTSWIH SR WXVYGXYVEP SV EVGLMXIGXYVEP
    HVE[MRKW 3YXPMRIW SR XLIWI HVE[MRKW WLSYPH FI XVEGIH
    ERH YWIH EW TEVX SJ XLI TPEGMRK HVE[MRKW 8LMW [MPP WEZI
    XLIHIXEMPIVXMQIMRQIGLERMGEPP]VITVSHYGMRKXLITPERW
    IPIZEXMSRWERHWIGXMSRWRIIHIHJSVVIMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPMRK
      ;LIR GVIEXMRK FYMPHMRK SYXPMRIW SRP] XLI TSVXMSR
    RIIHIH JSV FEV HIXEMPMRK WLSYPH FI XVEGIH &VMGO SV XMPI
    [SVORSRVIMRJSVGIHTEVXMXMSR[EPPWERHQIGLERMGEPHIXEMPW
    WLSYPHRSXFIWLS[R9RRIGIWWEV]WIGXMSRWERHIPIZEXMSRW
    WLSYPHFISQMXXIH+IRIVEPP]HMQIRWMSRWQE]FISQMXXIHSR
    TPEGMRKHVE[MRKW*SVGSRWXVYGXMSRTYVTSWIWWXVYGXYVEPERH
    EVGLMXIGXYVEPHVE[MRKWWLSYPHFIYWIH
      7IZIVEP QIXLSHW GER TVSHYGI XVERWTEVIRGMIW 6ITVS
    HYGXMSRWSRXVERWTEVIRXTETIV[MPPWEZIXLIHIXEMPIVXMQIERH
    IRWYVIEGGYVEXI[SVOXVEGMRKWJSVXLIHIXEMPW-RVITVSHYGMRK
    XLIWIHVE[MRKWMXMWTSWWMFPIXSFPSGOSYXXMXPIWRSXIWERH
    YRRIIHIHWIGXMSRWERHHIXEMPW6IMRJSVGMRKFEVHIXEMPWWLSYPH
    XLIRFIEHHIHXSXLIXVERWTEVIRGMIWXSWYTTPIQIRXSVMKMREP
    HVE[MRKWERHTVSHYGITPEGMRKHVE[MRKW
      4PEGMRK HVE[MRKW SV WGLIHYPIW WLSYPH FI GPIEV
    GSQTPIXIERH[SVOEFPIERHMRGPYHIEPPMRJSVQEXMSRRIGIWWEV]
    XSTPEGIXLIWXIIP8LISTIVEXMSRSJTPEGMRKVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWE
    key construction phase. Unclear drawings cause field delays,
    WPS[XLITVSHYGXMSRSJXLITPEGMRKGVI[ERHMJTVSPSRKIH
    [MPPHMWVYTXGSRWXVYGXMSRSTIVEXMSRWJSPPS[MRKTPEGMRK

    15.3Project specifications
    Project specifications should include all requirements,
    [VMXXIR F] XLI PMGIRWIH HIWMKRTVSJIWWMSREP XS WYTTPIQIRX
    and amplify project drawings. Specification details control
    GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW SZIV HVE[MRKW 8LI] WLSYPH FI
    HMZMHIHMRXSWIGXMSRWFIKMRRMRK[MXLSRIGSZIVMRKKIRIVEP
    GSRHMXMSRW ERH JSPPS[IH MR PSKMGEP GSRWXVYGXMSR SVHIV F]
    WIGXMSRWTIVXEMRMRKXSQEXIVMEPWERHI\IGYXMSR
    +IRIVEPGSRHMXMSRWMRGPYHIEJSVQSJGSRXVEGXKSZIVRMRK
    XLIVIPEXMSRWLMTERHVIWTSRWMFMPMXMIWSJXLIVIKMWXIVIHHIWMKR
    TVSJIWWMSREPXLIKIRIVEPGSRXVEGXSVWYFGSRXVEGXSVWYTTPMIVW
    SJQEXIVMEPWERH[SVOIVW8LMWWIGXMSRWLSYPHEPWSMRGPYHI
    KIRIVEPMRWXVYGXMSRWKSZIVRMRKXLIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJVIMRJSVGI
    QIRXTPEGMRKHVE[MRKWJSVETTVSZEPERHYWIERHTVSGIHYVIW
    JSVWYFQMXXMRKER]VIUYMVIHQEXIVMEPWEQTPIWJSVXIWXMRKSV
    ETTVSZEP
    *SPPS[MRK XLI KIRIVEP GSRHMXMSRW EVI XLI HIXEMPIH TEVXW
    of the project by sections. Each section defines the require
    QIRXWJSVSRITLEWISJGSRWXVYGXMSRSVQEXIVMEPW
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    A carefully prepared project specification should minimize
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    gates are generally classified as fine and coarse. Fine aggre
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    (6 mm) openings. Material coarser than this is classified
    EW GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI SV KVEZIP ;LIR JEZSVEFPI KVEHEXMSR
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    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

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    of concrete, admixtures are often used for specific purposes.
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    beneficial effects of some admixtures are well established,
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    [IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX  
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    that sufficient bond exists between the two materials so that
    VIPEXMZIQSZIQIRXFIX[IIRXLIWXIIPFEVERHXLIWYVVSYRHMRK
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    WYVJEGI FEV HIJSVQEXMSRW [LMGL TVSZMHI E LMKL HIKVII SJ
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    XLEX GSRJSVQW XS XLI WLETIW PMRIW ERH HMQIRWMSRW SJ XLI
    members indicated by the design drawings and specifications.
    Forms should be substantial and sufficiently tight to
    TVIZIRXQSVXEVPIEOEKI8LI]WLSYPHFITVSTIVP]FVEGIHSV
    XMIHXSKIXLIVXSQEMRXEMRTSWMXMSRERHWLETI*SVQWERHXLIMV
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    TPEGIHWXVYGXYVI*SVQ[SVOHIWMKRWLSYPHGSRWMHIVXLIVEXI
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    EHHVIWW GSRGVIXI GSRXEMRMRK WYTTPIQIRXEV] GIQIRXMRK
    materials (SCM) including fly ash. It is recognized that in
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    7'1 EVI YWIHMR SZIV  TIVGIRX SJ EPP GSRGVIXI QM\XYVIW
    ERH EVI VSYXMRIP] HIPMZIVIH F] GSRGVIXI WYTTPMIVW EW GSRWXMXY
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    [MXLPMQMXIHI\TSWYVIXSQEXIVMEPWXIGLRSPSK]ERHXVEMRMRK*SVE
    complete definition of proportions, the weight of cement, water,
    WERHERHGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH
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    VIWYPXMRKGSRGVIXILEWEHIUYEXIWXVIRKXLTVSTIV[SVOEFMPMX]JSV
    TPEGMRKERHPS[GSWX8LIPEXXIVGEPPWJSVYWMRKXLIQMRMQYQ
    EQSYRXSJGIQIRX{XLIQSWXGSWXP]GSQTSRIRX{XSEGLMIZI
    adequate properties. Concrete attributes are generally influenced
    EWMRHMGEXIHMR8EFPI8LIFIXXIVXLIEKKVIKEXIKVEHEXMSR
    XLIWQEPPIVXLIZSPYQISJZSMHWERHXLIPIWWGIQIRXTEWXIMW
    needed to fill these voids. Water is required for hydration and
    RIIHIHJSV[IXXMRKXLIEKKVIKEXIWYVJEGI%W[EXIVMWEHHIH
    TPEWXMGMX]ERHJPYMHMX]SJXLIQM\XYVIMRGVIEWIWERH[SVO
    EFMPMX]MQTVSZIWFYXWXVIRKXLHIGVIEWIWFIGEYWIJVII[EXIV
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    VIXEMRMRK [SVOEFMPMX] GIQIRX WLSYPH FI EHHIH 8LIVIJSVI
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    WLSYPHFIWIPIGXIH
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    GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL JGV  XLEX QMRMQM^IW XLI JVIUYIRG] SJ
    WXVIRKXLXIWXWFIPS[JG (IXIVQMREXMSRSJJGV WLSYPHFIFEWIH
    SRHE]EKIXIWXWSRTEMVWSJG]PMRHIVWQEHIERHXIWXIHEW
    HIWGVMFIHMR-REHHMXMSRGSRGVIXIQEXIVMEPTVSTSVXMSRW
    WLSYPHFIIWXEFPMWLIHXSTVSZMHI
    E ;SVOEFMPMX]ERHGSRWMWXIRG]XSTIVQMXGSRGVIXIXSFI
    [SVOIHVIEHMP]MRXSJSVQWERHEVSYRHVIMRJSVGIQIRXYRHIV
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    FPIIHMRK
    F 6IWMWXERGIXSERXMGMTEXIHI\TSWYVIWERH
    G 'SRJSVQERGI[MXLWXVIRKXLXIWXVIUYMVIQIRXW
    'SRGVIXI TVSTSVXMSRW MRGPYHMRK [G WLSYPH FI IWXEF
    lished based on field experience, trial mixtures, or both, with
    XLIQEXIVMEPWXSFIYWIH
     (YVEFMPMX]
     +IRIVEP{8S SFXEMR ETTVSTVMEXI GSRGVIXI
    HYVEFMPMX]EQMRMQYQEQSYRXSJGIQIRXWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH
    F] YWMRK [G below specified values and by specifying a
    QMRMQYQGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLJSVXLIGSRGVIXI8LMWKYMHI
    LS[IZIV HSIW RSX TVSZMHI QM\XYVI VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV
    FYMPHMRKW[MXLWTIGMEPHYVEFMPMX]GSRGIVRW
     'EPGYPEXMSRSJ[G{;EXIVGIQIRXVEXMSWWTIGM
    fied in 16.2.2 should be calculated using water weight in
    GSRGVIXI PF]H OK TIV Q HMZMHIH F]XLIGIQIRX MR XLI
    GSRGVIXIQM\XYVIMRPF]H OKTIVQ). The use of fly ash,
    TS^^SPERWWPEKERHWMPMGEJYQIMWFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLMW
    KYMHIERHMJYWIHWLSYPHFIMREGGSVHERGI[MXLVIJIVIRGIH
    WXERHEVHWSJ'LETXIV
     *VII^MRKERHXLE[MRK I\TSWYVIW{'SRGVIXI
    I\TSWIHXSJVII^MRKERHXLE[MRKSVHIMGMRKGLIQMGEPWWLSYPH
    FIEMVIRXVEMRIH[MXLETIVGIRXXSXEPEMVGSRXIRXJSVWIZIVI
    I\TSWYVI ERH  TIVGIRX JSV QSHIVEXI I\TSWYVI 8SPIVERGI
    SREMVGSRXIRXMRJVIWLGSRGVIXIWLSYPHFITIVGIRX%MV
    IRXVEMRQIRX WLSYPH RSXFI YWIH JSV GSRGVIXI WYVJEGIW[MXL
    specified hard trowel finish.
     7TIGMEP I\TSWYVI GSRHMXMSRW{*SV I\TSWYVIW
    KMZIR MR 8EFPI  GSRGVIXI WLSYPH GSRJSVQ XS XLI
    GSVVIWTSRHMRK QE\MQYQ [G and minimum specified
    GSRGVIXIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
     7YPJEXI I\TSWYVIW{;LIR [EXIVWSPYFPI WYPJEXI
    73 MWTVIWIRXMRWSMPERHLEWEGSRGIRXVEXMSRKVIEXIVXLER
    TIVGIRXF][IMKLXSVMWTVIWIRXMR[EXIV[MXLQSVIXLER
    TEVXWTIVQMPPMSR TTQ GSRGVIXII\TSWIHXSXLIWI
    WYPJEXIGSRXEMRMRKWSPYXMSRWSVWSMPWWLSYPHLEZIE[GPIWW
    XLERSVIUYEPXSF][IMKLXERHEQMRMQYQGSQTVIWWMZI
    WXVIRKXL JG SJTWM 14E 8LIYWISJWYPJEXIVIWMW
    XERXGIQIRXMWVIGSQQIRHIHMJEZEMPEFPI'EPGMYQGLPSVMHI
    EWEREHQM\XYVIWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHMRGSRGVIXII\TSWIHXS
    WYPJEXIW
     'LPSVMHIMSRI\TSWYVI{*SVGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR
    SJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRGSRGVIXIQE\MQYQ[EXIVWSPYFPIGLPS
    VMHI MSR GSRGIRXVEXMSRW MR LEVHIRIH GSRGVIXI EX EKIW JVSQ
    XSHE]WGSRXVMFYXIHJVSQMRKVIHMIRXWMRGPYHMRK[EXIV

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    

    8EFPI {)JJIGXWSRGSRGVIXIEXXVMFYXIWHYIXSERMRGVIEWISJER]WMRKPIQM\XYVIGSQTSRIRX
    %XXVMFYXI

    'IQIRX

    7PYQT
    'SLIWMSR
    ;SVOEFMPMX]
    7IKVIKEXMSR
    7IHMQIRXEXMSR
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    (YVEFMPMX]
    7XVIRKXL
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    *VII^IVIWMWXERGI
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    (V]WLVMROEKI
    (IRWMX]
    Form finish

    *MRIEKKVIKEXI 'SEVWIEKKVIKEXI

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    8EFPI {'SRGVIXITVSTIVXMIWJSVI\TSWYVIGSRHMXMSRW
    1E\MQYQ [GF][IMKLX

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    'SRGVIXII\TSWIHXSJVII^MRKERHXLE[MRKMREQSMWXGSRHMXMSRSVXS
    HIMGMRKGLIQMGEPW

    

    

    

    *SVGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRGSRGVIXII\TSWIHXS
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    GLPSVMHIMRWIVZMGI

    

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    greater than specified concrete compressive strength JG 8LMW
    I\GIIHWXLI%'-VIUYMVIQIRXSJTWM 14E 
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    A field-experienced concrete producer should have
    WXVIRKXL XIWX VIGSVHW RSX QSVI XLER  QSRXLW SPH ERH
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    GSZIV
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    Tolerance on specified
    GSRGVIXIGSZIV

    H MR
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    QSVIVIWXVMGXIHXLERXLSWIJSVTVSTSWIH[SVO
    (b) Represent concrete produced to meet a specified
    GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSVWXVIRKXLW[MXLMRTWM 14E 
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    ,6;6% 
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    field bent.
     7YVJEGI GSRHMXMSR SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX{%X XLI XMQI
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    SMP SV SXLIV RSRQIXEPPMG GSEXMRKW XLEX HIGVIEWI FSRH
    6IMRJSVGIQIRX[MXLVYWXQMPPWGEPISVEGSQFMREXMSRSJFSXL
    WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH WEXMWJEGXSV] TVSZMHIH XLI QMRMQYQ
    HMEQIXIV MRGPYHMRKLIMKLXSJHIJSVQEXMSRW ERHQEWWSJE
    LERH[MVIFVYWLIHXIWXWTIGMQIRMWRSXPIWWXLERETTPMGEFPI
    ASTM standard specification.
     4PEGMRK ERH WIGYVMRK{6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI
    EGGYVEXIP]TPEGIHERHEHIUYEXIP]WYTTSVXIHFIJSVIGSRGVIXI
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    fied concrete cover in girders, beams, joists, walls, and columns
    WLSYPHFIEWWIXMR8EFPII\GITXXLEXXSPIVERGIJSVXLI
    clear distance to formed soffits should be 1/4 in. (6 mm), and
    XSPIVERGI JSV GSZIV WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH z XLI QMRMQYQ
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    ported to its final destination following 16.4.
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    QIEWYVMRKXEROWSVF][EXIVQIXIVW8LITVMRGMTEPTYVTSWI
    SJQM\MRKMWXSTVSHYGIERMRXMQEXIQM\XYVISJGIQIRX[EXIV
    fine and coarse aggregate, and admixtures of uniform consis
    XIRG]XLVSYKLSYX IEGL FEXGL8LMW MW EGLMIZIHF] QEGLMRI
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    TEVXMGYPEVP][LIVIEQTPIWTEGIMWEZEMPEFPIQSZEFPIQM\MRK
    TPERXWEVIMRWXEPPIHERHSTIVEXIHEXXLIWMXI-RGSRWXVYGXMSR
    YRHIVGSRKIWXIHGSRHMXMSRWSRWQEPPIVNSFWERHJVIUYIRXP]
    MRLMKL[E]GSRWXVYGXMSRVIEH]QM\IHGSRGVIXIMWYWIH7YGL
    GSRGVIXIMWFEXGLIHMREWXEXMSREV]TPERXERHXLIRLEYPIHXS
    XLIWMXIMRXVYGOWMRSRISJXLVII[E]W  QM\IHGSQTPIXIP]
    EX XLI WXEXMSREV] TPERX ERH LEYPIH MR E XVYGO EKMXEXSV  
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    [MXLMREQE\MQYQSJLSYVWEJXIV[EXIVMWEHHIHXSXLI
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    SVJSVQWLIEZMIVKVEZIPGSQTSRIRXWXIRHXSWIXXPIERHPMKLXIV
    QEXIVMEPW TEVXMGYPEVP][EXIV VMWI0EXIVEPQSZIQIRXWYGLEW
    flow within the forms, tends to separate coarse gravel from
    the finer components of the mixture. The danger of segregation
    LEWGEYWIHXLIHMWGEVHMRKSJGLYXIWERHGSRZI]SVFIPXWMRJEZSV
    SJQIXLSHWXLEXQMRMQM^IXLMWXIRHIRG]
    4PEGMRKMWXLITVSGIWWSJXVERWJIVVMRKJVIWLGSRGVIXIJVSQ
    the conveying device to its final place in the forms. Before
    TPEGMRK PSSWI VYWX WLSYPH FI VIQSZIH JVSQ VIMRJSVGI
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    compacting are critical in their effect on the final quality
    SJ XLI GSRGVIXI 4VSTIV TPEGIQIRX WLSYPH EZSMH WIKVIKE
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    X]TI EXXEGLIH XS XLI JSVQW 8LI JSVQIVEVI TVIJIVEFPI FYX

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    WLSYPHFIWYTTPIQIRXIHF]XLIPEXXIV[LIVIREVVS[JSVQWSV
    SXLIVSFWXEGPIWQEOIMQQIVWMSRMQTSWWMFPI
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    GPIER
    F  (IFVMW ERH MGI MW VIQSZIH JVSQ WTEGIW XLEX [MPP FI
    SGGYTMIHF]GSRGVIXI
    G *SVQWEVITVSTIVP]GSEXIH
    (d) Masonry filler units that will be in contact with concrete
    EVI[IPPWEXYVEXIH
    I  6IMRJSVGIQIRXMW XLSVSYKLP]GPIER SJ MGISV SXLIV
    HIPIXIVMSYWGSEXMRK
    J ;EXIVMWVIQSZIHJVSQTPEGISJHITSWMXFIJSVIGSRGVIXI
    MWTPEGIHYRPIWWEXVIQMIMWXSFIYWIHERH
    K  %PP PEMXERGI ERH SXLIV YRWSYRH QEXIVMEP EVI VIQSZIH
    FIJSVIEHHMXMSREPGSRGVIXIMWTPEGIHEKEMRWXLEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI
     1M\MRK
     +IRIVEP{%PP GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI QM\IH YRXMP
    XLIVI MW YRMJSVQ QEXIVMEPW HMWXVMFYXMSR XLEX MW HMWGLEVKIH
    GSQTPIXIP]FIJSVIXLIQM\IVMWVIGLEVKIH
     6IEH] QM\IH GSRGVIXI{6IEH] QM\IH GSRGVIXI
    WLSYPH FI QM\IHERH HIPMZIVIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781
    ''1
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    F  1M\IV MW VSXEXIH EX QERYJEGXYVIVvW VIGSQQIRHIH
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    QSVI XLER  ]H  Q GETEGMX] [MXL ER EHHMXMSREP 
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    GSRXMRYIHJSVEGSRWMHIVEFPIXMQI[MXLSYXEHZIVWIIJJIGX
    H 1M\MRKMWGSRXMRYIHJSVEXPIEWXQMRYXIWEJXIVEPP
    QEXIVMEPWEVIMRXLIHVYQERH
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     2YQFIVSJFEXGLIWTVSHYGIH
     4VSTSVXMSRWSJQEXIVMEPWYWIH
    (3) Approximate location of final deposit in structure;
    ERH
     8MQIERHHEXISJQM\MRKERHTPEGMRK
     'SRZI]MRK{'SRGVIXI WLSYPH FI GSRZI]IH JVSQ
    QM\IV XSTPEGISJ JMREP HITSWMX F] QIXLSHWXLEX TVIZIRX
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    FIGETEFPISJTVSZMHMRKEWYTTP]SJGSRGVIXIEXXLIWMXISJ
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    as nearly as practical in its final position to avoid segregation
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     (ITSWMX VEXI{'SRGVIXMRK WLSYPH FI GEVVMIH SR
    at a rate that concrete is plastic during discharge and flows
    VIEHMP]MRXSWTEGIWFIX[IIRVIMRJSVGIQIRX
     4EVXMEPP] LEVHIRIH GSRGVIXI{'SRGVIXI XLEX
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    *MK {'SRWXVYGXMSR NSMRXW MR WPEFW KMVHIVW ERH


    FIEQW
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    section, as defined by its boundaries or predetermined joints,
    MWGSQTPIXIHI\GITXEWTIVQMXXIHSVTVSLMFMXIHF]
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    fixtures, as well as into form corners.
     'SRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXW
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    GPIERIHERHPEMXERGIVIQSZIH-QQIHMEXIP]FIJSVITPEGMRK
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    WXERHMRK[EXIVVIQSZIH'SRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWWLSYPHFIQEHI
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    4VSZMWMSRW WLSYPH FI QEHI JSV XVERWJIV SJ WLIEV ERH SXLIV
    PSEHWXLVSYKLGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXW
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    [MXLMRXLIQMHHPIXLMVHSJWTERWSJWPEFWFIEQWERHKMVHIVW
    *MK .SMRXWMRKMVHIVWWLSYPHFISJJWIXEQMRMQYQ
    HMWXERGISJX[MGIXLI[MHXLSJMRXIVWIGXMRKFIEQW
     -R FIEQW KMVHIVW ERH WPEFW WYTTSVXIH F]
    GSPYQRW SV [EPPW{'SRGVIXI WLSYPH RSXFI GEWX SVIVIGXIH
    YRXMPGSRGVIXIMRXLIZIVXMGEPWYTTSVXQIQFIVWMWRSPSRKIV
    TPEWXMG
     -R FIEQW KMVHIVW LEYRGLIW HVST TERIPW ERH
    GETMXEPW{'SRGVIXI MR FIEQW KMVHIVW LEYRGLIW HVST
    TERIPW ERH GETMXEPW WLSYPH FI TPEGIH QSRSPMXLMGEPP] [MXL
    XLIWPEFW]WXIQ
    {'SRGVIXIWXVIRKXLIZEPYEXMSR
     +IRIVEP{'SRGVIXIWLSYPHFIXIWXIHMREGGSVHERGI
    [MXL
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    QEHISRG]PMRHVMGEPWTIGMQIRWSJLIMKLXIUYEPXSX[MGIXLI
    HMEQIXIV\MR F]QQ SV\MR \
    mm). Impervious molds of this shape are filled with concrete
    during the placement operation as specified by ASTM C172/
    '1']PMRHIVWEVIQSMWXGYVIHEX* ' 
    JSV  HE]W EGGSVHMRK XS %781 ''1 ERH XLIR
    tested in the laboratory at a specified loading rate as required

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

    

    +9-()837-140-*-)(()7-+2*366)-2*36')('32'6)8)&9-0(-2+7 %'-6

    8EFPI {'YVMRKXMQI

    -XIQ

    1MRMQYQHYVEXMSRGSRGVIXIOITX
    [IXEJXIVWIXXMRK MRHE]W
    'SPH[IEXLIV
    ;EVQ[IEXLIV

    Self-supporting floors and


    FIEQW

    

    ;EPPWMR QQ XLMGO


    SVPIWW

    8LMGO[EPPWGSPYQRWERHTMIVW
    *PSSVWERHTEZIQIRXWSRWSMP

    
    

    
    

    F]%781''1'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLHIXIVQMRIH
    JVSQWYGLXIWXWEWXLIEZIVEKISJX[SG]PMRHIVWGEWXXLIWEQI
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    GSRGVIXIEWJYVRMWLIHWLSYPHFIMRWEXMWJEGXSV]EKVIIQIRX[MXL
    the specified strength value.
     *VIUYIRG]SJXIWXMRK
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    SJIEGLGPEWWSJGSRGVIXITPEGIHIEGLHE]WLSYPHFIEXPIEWX
    X[SG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR \QQ SVXLVIIG]PMR
    HIVWJSV\MR \QQ RSXPIWWXLERSRGIEHE]
    SV PIWW XLER SRGI JSV IEGL  ]H  Q  SJ GSRGVIXI SV
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    WPEFWSV[EPPW%WEQTPISJX[SG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR 
    \QQ SVXLVIIG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR \QQ 
    WLSYPHEXPIEWXFIXEOIRSJXLIGSRGVIXISJXLIGSPYQRWSJ
    each floor. A sample of two cylinders for 6 x 12 in. (150 x
    QQ  SV XLVII G]PMRHIVW JSV  \  MR  \ QQ 
    WLSYPHEXPIEWXFIXEOIRIZIV]FEXGLIWSJGSRGVIXI
     7QEPP NSFW{3R E KMZIR TVSNIGX MJ XLI XSXEP
    GSRGVIXIZSPYQIMWWYGLXLEXXIWXMRKJVIUYIRG]MRHMGEXIHF]
    16.5.2.1 would provide less than five strength tests (average
    SJX[SG]PMRHIVW SJEKMZIRGPEWWSJGSRGVIXIXIWXWWLSYPHFI
    made from at least five randomly selected batches or from
    each batch if fewer than five batches are used.
     Definition of strength test{%WXVIRKXLXIWXWLSYPHFI
    XLIEZIVEKISJXLIWXVIRKXLWSJX[SG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR 
    \QQ SVXLVIIG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR \QQ QEHI
    JVSQXLIWEQIWEQTPIERHXIWXIHEXHE]W
     %GGITXERGISJGSRGVIXI
     1EOMRK XIWX WTIGMQIRW{']PMRHVMGEP WTIGMQIRW
     \  MR  \  QQ  SV  \  MR  \  QQ 
    should be cast in impervious molds of this shape and filled
    with concrete during the placement operation as specified by
    %781'1
     'YVMRKERHXIWXMRKWTIGMQIRW{']PMRHIVWWLSYPH
    FIQSMWXGYVIHEX* ' JSVHE]WERHXLIR
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    ''1
     %GGITXERGI SJ GSRGVIXI{7XVIRKXL PIZIP SJ ER
    MRHMZMHYEP GPEWW SJ GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIHWEXMWJEG
    XSV][LIRFSXLSJXLIJSPPS[MRKEVIQIX
    E 8LIEZIVEKISJER]XLVIIGSRWIGYXMZITEMVWJSV\MR
    \QQ SVXLVIIG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR \QQ 
    should be at least equal to the specified design strength JG ERH

    F 2SMRHMZMHYEPWXVIRKXLXIWX EZIVEKISJX[SG]PMRHIVW
    JSV\MR?\QQASVXLVIIG]PMRHIVWJSV\MR
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    PS[WXVIRKXL GSRGVIXI I\MWXW ERH GEPGYPEXMSRW MRHMGEXI XLEX
    load-carrying capacity is significantly reduced, the affected
    TSVXMSR SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI WLSYPH FI HIQSPMWLIH SV VITEMVIH
    %WXEXMWXMGEPTVSGIHYVIJSVIZEPYEXMRKXLIVIWYPXWSJGSRGVIXI
    WXVIRKXLXIWXWMWKMZIRMR%'-6-JGSVIWEVIXEOIRXS
    ZIVMJ]GSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLW%'-6WYQQEVM^IWTVEGXMGIW
    JSVSFXEMRMRKGSVIWERHMRXIVTVIXMRKGSVIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
    XIWXVIWYPXW
    {'SRGVIXIGYVMRK
     +IRIVEP{'SRGVIXIWLSYPHFIGYVIHF]QEMRXEMRMRK
    it above the temperatures specified and in a moist condition
    JSVXLITIVMSHMRHMGEXIHMR8EFPI
    Fresh concrete gains strength rapidly during the first
    JI[ HE]W ERH [IIOW 7XVYGXYVEP HIWMKR MW KIRIVEPP] FEWIH
    SR HE] WXVIRKXL EFSYX  TIVGIRX SJ [LMGL MW VIEGLIH
    at the end of the first week after placing. Final concrete
    WXVIRKXLHITIRHWKVIEXP]SRXLIGSRHMXMSRWSJQSMWXYVIERH
    XIQTIVEXYVI HYVMRK XLMW MRMXMEP TIVMSH 8LI QEMRXIRERGI
    SJ TVSTIV GSRHMXMSRW HYVMRK XLMW XMQI MW ORS[R EW GYVMRK
    8LMVX]TIVGIRXSVQSVISJXLITSXIRXMEPWXVIRKXLGERFIPSWX
    F]TVIQEXYVIHV]MRKSJXLIGSRGVIXIWMQMPEVEQSYRXWQE]
    FI PSWX [LIR GSRGVIXI XIQTIVEXYVI HVSTW XS * ' 
    or lower during the first few days, unless the concrete is
    QEMRXEMRIH GSRXMRYSYWP] QSMWX JSV E PSRK XMQI XLIVIEJXIV
    *VII^MRKSJJVIWLGSRGVIXIQE]VIHYGIWXVIRKXLF]EWQYGL
    EW  TIVGIRX 8S TVIZIRX WYGL HEQEKI GSRGVIXI WLSYPH
    FITVSXIGXIHJVSQQSMWXYVIPSWWJSVEXPIEWXHE]WERHYT
    XS  HE]W 'YVMRK GER FI EGLMIZIH F] OIITMRK I\TSWIH
    WYVJEGIW GSRXMRYEPP] [IX XLVSYKL WTVMROPMRK TSRHMRK SV
    GSZIVMRK[MXL[IXFYVPET;EXIVYWIHJSVGYVMRKWLSYPHFI
    RSQSVIXLER* ' HMJJIVIRXMRXIQTIVEXYVIXLERXLI
    GSRGVIXIWYVJEGIFIMRKGYVIHXSTVIZIRXXLIVQEPWXVIWWIWERH
    GVEGOMRK 3XLIV QIXLSHW MRGPYHI YWMRK GYVMRK GSQTSYRHW
    XLEXJSVQZETSVFEVVMIVWERH[EXIVTVSSJTETIVW-REHHMXMSR
    XS MQTVSZIH WXVIRKXL TVSTIV QSMWX GYVMRK TVSZMHIW FIXXIV
    WLVMROEKIGSRXVSP8STVSXIGXGSRGVIXIEKEMRWXPS[XIQTIVE
    XYVI HYVMRK GSPH [IEXLIV QM\MRK [EXIV ERH SGGEWMSREPP]
    EKKVIKEXIWEVILIEXIHXIQTIVEXYVIMRWYPEXMSRMWYWIH[LIVI
    TSWWMFPIERHWTIGMEPEHQM\XYVIWTEVXMGYPEVP]GEPGMYQGLPSVMHI
    EVIYWIH;LIREMVXIQTIVEXYVIWEVIZIV]PS[I\XIVREPLIEX
    QE]LEZIXSFIWYTTPMIHMREHHMXMSRXSMRWYPEXMSR
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    EFSZI* ' ERHMREQSMWXGSRHMXMSRRSXPIWWXLERXLI
    XMQIKMZIRMR8EFPI
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    TVSZMHIH JSV LIEXMRK GSRGVIXI QEXIVMEPW ERH TVSXIGXMRK
    GSRGVIXI HYVMRK JVII^MRK SV RIEVJVII^MRK [IEXLIV %PP
    concrete materials and reinforcement, forms, fillers, and
    KVSYRHXLEXGSRGVIXIGSQIWMRGSRXEGX[MXLWLSYPHFIJVSWX
    JVII*VS^IRQEXIVMEPWSVQEXIVMEPWGSRXEMRMRKMGIWLSYPHRSX
    FIYWIH
     ,SX[IEXLIV{(YVMRKLSX[IEXLIVEXXIRXMSRWLSYPH
    FI KMZIR XS MRKVIHMIRXW TVSHYGXMSR QIXLSHW LERHPMRK

    %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

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    TPEGMRKTVSXIGXMSRERHGYVMRKXSTVIZIRXI\GIWWMZIGSRGVIXI
    XIQTIVEXYVIW SV [EXIV IZETSVEXMSR XLEX GSYPH MQTEMV E
    QIQFIVvWSVWXVYGXYVIvWHIWMKRWXVIRKXLSVWIVZMGIEFMPMX]
    {*SVQVIQSZEP
    *SVQW WLSYPH FI VIQSZIH WS EW RSX XS MQTEMV WEJIX]
    ERH WIVZMGIEFMPMX] SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI ;LIR VIQSZMRK JSVQ
    WYTTSVXW XLI STIVEXMSR WLSYPH TIVQMX GSRGVIXI XS XEOI MXW
    WLEVI SJ XLI PSEH KVEHYEPP] ERH YRMJSVQP] 'SRGVIXI XS FI
    exposed by form removal should have sufficient enough
    WXVIRKXL XS EZSMH HEQEKI HYVMRK XLI VIQSZEP STIVEXMSR
    'SRGVIXI [MXLMR XLI WGSTI SJ XLMW KYMHI YWYEPP] EXXEMRW 
    TIVGIRXSJJG EJXIVHE]W8LIVIJSVIETWM 14E 
    GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI EX PIEWX  TWM  14E  EX  HE]W
    &EWIHSRXLMWIWXMQEXMSRXLIQMRMQYQVIQSZEPXMQIKMZIR
    F]8EFPIEWLSYPHFIYWIH%PPS[IEVPMIVVIQSZEPSJXLI
    forms when the concrete strength tested, using field-cured
    G]PMRHIVWLEWEGLMIZIHWXVIRKXLWKMZIRMR8EFPIF
    {-RWTIGXMSR
    7]WXIQEXMG SFWIVZEXMSR ERH MRWTIGXMSR IRWYVIW GPSWI
    correspondence between plans and specifications and the
    finished structure. A competent architect/engineer, preferably
    XLI HIWMKR IRKMRIIV SV SRI VIWTSRWMFPI XS XLI HIWMKRIV
    WLSYPHSFWIVZIXLIWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQJSVGSRJSVQERGIXSXLI
    approved construction document at significant construction
    WXEKIWGSQTPIXMSRSJXLIWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQERHGSQTPIXMSR
    SJGSRWXVYGXMSR
    %HHMXMSREPMRWTIGXMSRWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHF]ERMRHITIR
    dent qualified inspector. The inspectors main functions for
    QEXIVMEPWUYEPMX]GSRXVSPEVI
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    8EFPI E{1MRMQYQJSVQVIQSZEPXMQI

    -XIQ

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    LEWWIXMRHE]W
    'SPH[IEXLIV
    ;EVQ[IEXLIV

    Self-supporting floors and


    FIEQW

    

    

    ;EPPWMR QQ XLMGO


    SVPIWW

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    *PSSVWERHTEZIQIRXWSRWSMP

    
    {

    
    {

    

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    MRWTIGXMSR VIGSVHW ERH TVITEVMRK TIVMSHMG VITSVXW 8LI
    MQTSVXERGI SJ XLSVSYKL MRWTIGXMSR XS XLI GSVVIGXRIWW ERH
    quality of the finished structure cannot be overemphasized.
    ',%48)6{6)*)6)2')7
    {6IJIVIRGIHWXERHEVHWERHVITSVXW
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    6 +YMHIXS)ZEPYEXMSRSJ7XVIRKXL8IWX6IWYPXWSJ
    'SRGVIXI
      Specifications for Structural Concrete
      &YMPHMRK 'SHI 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 7XVYGXYVEP
    'SRGVIXIERH'SQQIRXEV]
      &YMPHMRK 'SHI 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 6IMRJSVGIH
    'SRGVIXI
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    RIIVMRK'SRGVIXI7XVYGXYVIWERH'SQQIRXEV]
    -47  )WWIRXMEP 6IUYMVIQIRXW *SV 6IMRJSVGIH
    'SRGVIXI&YMPHMRKW
    74  %'-(IXEMPMRK1ERYEP
    %QIVMGER7SGMIX]SJ'MZMP)RKMRIIVW
    %7') 1MRMQYQ(IWMKR0SEHWJSV&YMPHMRKWERH3XLIV
    7XVYGXYVIW
    %781-RXIVREXMSREP
    %%1 Specification for Deformed and
    4PEMR 'EVFSR 7XIIP &EVW JSV 'SRGVIXI
    6IMRJSVGIQIRX
    %%1 Specification for Low Alloy Steel
    (IJSVQIHERH4PEMR&EVWJSV'SRGVIXI
    6IMRJSVGIQIRX
    %%1 Specification for Steel Wire and
    ;IPHIH ;MVI 6IMRJSVGIQIRX 4PEMR
    ERH(IJSVQIHJSV'SRGVIXI

    8EFPI F{'SRGVIXIWXVIRKXLJSVWEJIJSVQVIQSZEP
    Structural classification

    1MRMQYQGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
    TWM 14E

    'SRGVIXIRSXWYFNIGXIHXSETTVIGMEFPIFIRHMRKSVHMVIGXWXVIWWRSVVIPMERXSRJSVQWJSVZIVXMGEPWYTTSVXRSV
    PMEFPIXSMRNYV]JVSQJSVQVIQSZEPSTIVEXMSRWSVSXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRSTIVEXMSRWWYGLEWZIVXMGEPSVETTVS\MQEXIP]
    ZIVXMGEPWYVJEGIWSJXLMGOWIGXMSRWSVXSTSJWPSTMRKWYVJEGIW
    'SRGVIXIWYFNIGXXSETTVIGMEFPIFIRHMRKHMVIGXWXVIWWSVFSXLERHTEVXMEPP]VIPMERXSRJSVQWJSVZIVXMGEPWYTTSVX
      7YFNIGXXSZIVXMGEPPSEHSRP]WYGLEWZIVXMGEPSVETTVS\MQEXIP]ZIVXMGEPWYVJEGIWSJXLMRWIGXMSRWSVYRHIV
    WMHIWSJWPSTMRKWYVJEGIWWXIITIVXLER
      7YFNIGXXSHIEHERHPMZIPSEHWWYGLEWGSPYQRW

     

    'SRGVIXIWYFNIGXIHXSLMKLFIRHMRKWXVIWWIWERH[LSPP]SVEPQSWX[LSPP]VIPMERXSRJSVQWJSVZIVXMGEPWYTTSVX
    such as roof or floor slabs and beams, or undersides of slopping surfaces flatter than 1:1.

     

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    ;IMKLX ERH:SMHWMR%KKVIKEXI
    4VEGXMGI JSV 1EOMRK ERH 'YVMRK
    'SRGVIXI8IWX7TIGMQIRWMRXLI*MIPH
    Specification for Concrete Aggregates
    8IWX1IXLSHJSV'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXL
    SJ']PMRHVMGEP'SRGVIXI7TIGMQIRW
    Specification for Ready Mixed
    'SRGVIXI
    8IWX 1IXLSH JSV 7PYQT SJ ,]HVEYPMG
    'IQIRX'SRGVIXI
    Specification for Portland Cement
    4VEGXMGI JSV 7EQTPMRK *VIWLP] 1M\IH
    'SRGVIXI
    4VEGXMGI JSV 1EOMRK ERH 'YVMRK
    'SRGVIXI 8IWX 7TIGMQIRW MR XLI
    0EFSVEXSV]
    Specification
    for
    Air-Entraining
    %HQM\XYVIWJSV'SRGVIXI
    Specification for Lightweight Aggre
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    Specification for Chemical Admixtures
    JSV'SRGVIXI
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    VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW HS RSX LEZI HMVIGX GSVVIWTSRHIRGI
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    Chapter 2Notation and definitions

    
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