Lab Calculating IPv4 Subnets

Objectives
Part 1: Determine IPv4 Address Subnetting
Part 2: Calculate IPv4 Address Subnetting

Background / Scenario
The ability to work with IPv4 subnets and determine network and host information based on a given IP
address and subnet mask is critical to understanding how IPv4 networks operate. The first part is designed to
reinforce how to compute network IP address information from a given IP address and subnet mask. When
given an IP address and subnet mask, you will be able to determine other information about the subnet.

Required Resources

1 PC (Windows 7 or 8 with Internet access)

Optional: IPv4 address calculator

Part 1: Determine IPv4 Address Subnetting

In Part 1, you will determine the network and broadcast addresses, as well as the number of hosts, given an
IPv4 address and subnet mask.
REVIEW: To determine the network address, perform binary ANDing on the IPv4 address using the subnet
mask provided. The result will be the network address. Hint: If the subnet mask has decimal value 255 in an
octet, the result will ALWAYS be the original value of that octet. If the subnet mask has decimal value 0 in an
octet, the result will ALWAYS be 0 for that octet.
Example:
IP Address

192.168.10.10

Subnet Mask

255.255.255.0
==========

Result (Network)

192.168.10.0

Knowing this, you may only have to perform binary ANDing on an octet that does not have 255 or 0 in its
subnet mask portion.
Example:
IP Address

172.30.239.145

Subnet Mask

255.255.192.0

Analyzing this example, you can see that you only have to perform binary ANDing on the third octet. The first
two octets will result in 172.30 due to the subnet mask. The fourth octet will result in 0 due to the subnet
mask.
IP Address

172.30.239.145

Subnet Mask

255.255.192.0
==========

Result (Network)

172.30.?.0

Perform binary ANDing on the third octet.

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Lab Calculating IPv4 Subnets

Decimal

Binary

239

11101111

192

11000000
=======

Result

192

11000000

Analyzing this example again produces the following result:

IP Address

172.30.239.145

Subnet Mask

255.255.192.0
==========

Result (Network)

172.30.192.0

Continuing with this example, determining the number of hosts per network can be calculated by analyzing
the subnet mask. The subnet mask will be represented in dotted decimal format, such as 255.255.192.0, or in
network prefix format, such as /18. An IPv4 address always has 32 bits. Subtracting the number of bits used
for the network portion (as represented by the subnet mask) gives you the number of bits used for hosts.
Using our example above, the subnet mask 255.255.192.0 is equivalent to /18 in prefix notation. Subtracting
18 network bits from 32 bits results in 14 bits left for the host portion. From there, it is a simple calculation:
(number of host bits)

- 2 = Number of hosts

14

2 = 16,384 2 = 16,382 hosts

Determine the network and broadcast addresses and number of host bits and hosts for the given IPv4
addresses and prefixes in the following table.
IPv4
Address/Prefix

Network Address

Broadcast Address

Total Number
of Host Bits

Total Number
of Hosts

192.168.100.25/28

192.168.100.16

192.168.100.31

14

172.30.10.130/30

172.30.10.128

172.30.10.131

10.1.96.0

10.1.127.255

13

8190

198.133.219.250/24

198.133.219.0

198.133.219.255

254

128.107.14.191/22

128.107.10.0

128.107.15.255

10

1022

172.16.104.99/27

172.16.104.96

172.16.104.127

30

10.1.113.75/19

Part 2: Calculate IPv4 Address Subnetting

When given an IPv4 address, the original subnet mask and the new subnet mask, you will be able to
determine:

Network address of this subnet

Broadcast address of this subnet

Range of host addresses of this subnet

Number of subnets created

Number of hosts per subnet

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Lab Calculating IPv4 Subnets

The following example shows a sample problem along with the solution for solving this problem:
Given:
Host IP Address:

172.16.77.120

Original Subnet Mask

255.255.0.0

New Subnet Mask:

255.255.240.0
Find:

Number of Subnet Bits

Number of Subnets Created

16

Number of Host Bits per Subnet

12

Number of Hosts per Subnet

4,094

Network Address of this Subnet

172.16.64.0

IPv4 Address of First Host on this Subnet

172.16.64.1

IPv4 Address of Last Host on this Subnet

172.16.79.254

IPv4 Broadcast Address on this Subnet

172.16.79.255

Lets analyze how this table was completed.

The original subnet mask was 255.255.0.0 or /16. The new subnet mask is 255.255.240.0 or /20. The
resulting difference is 4 bits. Because 4 bits were borrowed, we can determine that 16 subnets were created
4
because 2 = 16.
The new mask of 255.255.240.0 or /20 leaves 12 bits for hosts. With 12 bits left for hosts, we use the
12
following formula: 2 = 4,096 2 = 4,094 hosts per subnet.
Binary ANDing will help you determine the subnet for this problem, which results in the network 172.16.64.0.

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Lab Calculating IPv4 Subnets

Finally, you need to determine the first host, last host, and broadcast address for each subnet. One method to
determine the host range is to use binary math for the host portion of the address. In our example, the last 12
bits of the address is the host portion. The first host would have all significant bits set to zero and the least
significant bit set to 1. The last host would have all significant bits set to 1 and the least significant bit set to 0.
rd
th
In this example, the host portion of the address resides in the 3 and 4 octets.
st

Description

nd

1 Octet

rd

Octet

th

3 Octet

4 Octet

Description

Network/Host

nnnnnnnn

nnnnnnnn

nnnnhhhh

hhhhhhhh

Subnet Mask

Binary

10101100

00010000

01000000

00000001

First Host

Decimal

172

16

64

First Host

Binary

10101100

00010000

01001111

11111110

Last Host

Decimal

172

16

79

254

Last Host

Binary

10101100

00010000

01001111

11111111

Broadcast

Decimal

172

16

79

255

Broadcast

Step 1: Fill out the tables below with appropriate answers given the IPv4 address, original
subnet mask, and new subnet mask.
a. Problem 1:
Given:
Host IP Address:

192.168.200.139

Original Subnet Mask

255.255.255.0

New Subnet Mask:

255.255.255.224
Find:

Number of Subnet Bits

Number of Subnets Created

Number of Host Bits per Subnet

Number of Hosts per Subnet

30

Network Address of this Subnet

192.168.200.128

IPv4 Address of First Host on this Subnet

192.168.200.129

IPv4 Address of Last Host on this Subnet

192.168.200.158

IPv4 Broadcast Address on this Subnet

192.168.200.159

2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public.

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Lab Calculating IPv4 Subnets

b. Problem 2:
Given:
Host IP Address:

10.101.99.228

Original Subnet Mask

255.0.0.0

New Subnet Mask:

255.255.128.0
Find:

c.

Number of Subnet Bits

Number of Subnets Created

512

Number of Host Bits per Subnet

15

Number of Hosts per Subnet

32766

Network Address of this Subnet

10.101.0.0

IPv4 Address of First Host on this Subnet

10.101.0.1

IPv4 Address of Last Host on this Subnet

10.101.127.254

IPv4 Broadcast Address on this Subnet

10.101.127.255

Problem 3:
Given:
Host IP Address:

172.22.32.12

Original Subnet Mask

255.255.0.0

New Subnet Mask:

255.255.224.0
Find:

Number of Subnet Bits

Number of Subnets Created

Number of Host Bits per Subnet

13

Number of Hosts per Subnet

8190

Network Address of this Subnet

172.22.32.0

IPv4 Address of First Host on this Subnet

172.22.32.1

IPv4 Address of Last Host on this Subnet

172.22.63.254

IPv4 Broadcast Address on this Subnet

172.22.63.255

2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public.

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Lab Calculating IPv4 Subnets

d. Problem 4:
Given:
Host IP Address:

192.168.1.245

Original Subnet Mask

255.255.255.0

New Subnet Mask:

255.255.255.252
Find:

Number of Subnet Bits

Number of Subnets Created

64

Number of Host Bits per Subnet

Number of Hosts per Subnet

Network Address of this Subnet

192.168.1.244

IPv4 Address of First Host on this Subnet

192.168.1.245

IPv4 Address of Last Host on this Subnet

192.168.1.246

IPv4 Broadcast Address on this Subnet

192.168.1.247

e. Problem 5:
Given:
Host IP Address:

128.107.0.55

Original Subnet Mask

255.255.0.0

New Subnet Mask:

255.255.255.0
Find:

Number of Subnet Bits

Number of Subnets Created

256

Number of Host Bits per Subnet

Number of Hosts per Subnet

254

Network Address of this Subnet

128.107.0.0

IPv4 Address of First Host on this Subnet

128.107.0.1

IPv4 Address of Last Host on this Subnet

128.107.0.254

IPv4 Broadcast Address on this Subnet

128.107.0.255

2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public.

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Lab Calculating IPv4 Subnets

f.

Problem 6:
Given:
Host IP Address:

192.135.250.180

Original Subnet Mask

255.255.255.0

New Subnet Mask:

255.255.255.248
Find:

Number of Subnet Bits

Number of Subnets Created

32

Number of Host Bits per Subnet

Number of Hosts per Subnet

Network Address of this Subnet

192.135.250.176

IPv4 Address of First Host on this Subnet

192.135.250.177

IPv4 Address of Last Host on this Subnet

192.135.250.190

IPv4 Broadcast Address on this Subnet

192.135.250.191

Reflection
Why is the subnet mask so important when analyzing an IPv4 address?

subnet mask arata portiunea din adresa IP ce va fi folosita pentru subnetwoorks

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