AP WORLD HISTORY: CHAPTER 20/21

CHAPTER TWENTY: Africa in the Age of the Slave Trade

polygyny

Boer

Afrikaners

Creole slaves

obeah

candomble

factories

Fulani

Khoikhoi

triangular trade

Asante

Lesotho

Middle Passage

Great Trek

William
Wilberforce

Kongo kingdom

Nzinga Mvemba

Zulu

Dahomey

Shaka

Mfecane

Swazi

Cape Colony

diaspora

1. Trace the stages in the Portuguese exploration and penetration of

Africa.
2. Describe the demographic effect of the African slave trade on the
sub-Saharan region.
3. Define the Mfecane and its effects on southern Africa.
4. Summarize the social structure of American slave-based societies.
5. Describe how the slave trade came to an end.

AP WORLD HISTORY: CHAPTER 20/21

CHAPTER SUMMARY
Much of Africa followed its own lines of development between the beginning of the
15th and 19th centuries. The rise of the West and the Western-dominated economy,
however, was a powerful force in influencing the course of African history. The Atlantic
slave trade predominated in economic affairs after the middle of the 17th century. The
forced removal of Africans had a major effect in some African regions and was a
primary factor contributing to the nature of New World populations. African culture
became one of the important strands in the development of American civilizations.
Despite the rise of the West and the slave trade, nearly all of Africa remained politically
independent and culturally autonomous. Among the important trends, Islam
consolidated its position in sub-Saharan and east Africa, while in many parts of Africa,
independent states formed and expanded.

1. Most sources make no mention of Muslims in the Americas before the 20 th century.
Cite evidence from your textbook that to support the idea there were Muslims here.

2. Baquaquas changed his religion after being brought to the Americas. Based on your
text, why might he have done so?

3. Your text states there was a diaspora of millions of Africans to the Middle East,
Europe, and especially the Americas. Either based on the context or after looking up
the term, explain what diaspora means.

4. What was the most significant point of contact between Europeans and Africans after
1450?

5. How did Africa and Latin America differ politically and culturally?

THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE.

AP WORLD HISTORY: CHAPTER 20/21

6. What European country was most heavily involved in the slave trade in its early
years?

7. Why was it logical that this country would be the most involved in the slave trade?

8. What is a factory?

9. How did Portugal change the religious make-up of Kongo?

10. What agricultural crop was most influential on the demand for slaves?

TREND TOWARD EXPANSION.

11. What is the latest estimate of how many slaves were shipped to the New World
across the Atlantic via the Middle Passage? How many died on the way over?

12. Why did the demand for new slaves remain high? Cite two reasons.

13. What were the two most dangerous occupations for slaves?

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14. Why did the slave population grow in North America?

15. What area received the most slave imports?

16. How many did British North America receive

17. You text states that by 1860 most slaves in the Americas resided in the southern
United States. Explain that fact given your answers for 15 and 16.

18. Besides Europeans, what other group was trading in large numbers of slaves?

IN DEPTH: SLAVERY AND HUMAN SOCIETY.

19. Define the term chattel.

20. Your text states that its easier to enslave others. Provide three examples of groups
that enslaved others.

21. Opposition to slavery in the West grew out of what intellectual movement?

22. Cite evidence that slavery also existed in Africa in a large capacity.

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DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERNS.
23. How did the slave trade between the Muslim world and the Atlantic world differ?

24. Explain the rationale for this difference.

25. What New World crops were introduced in Africa and led to a resurgence in areas
depopulated by the slave trade?

ORGANIZATION OF THE TRADE.

26. Why did so many Europeans die in Africa or while crossing the Atlantic via the Middle
Passage?

27. What sort of profits were possible from the slave trade?

28. Your text describes the triangular trade somewhat different than the one you learned
in U.S. History. In 8th grade you learned this as: New England produced rum which
was sold to Africa for slaves which were taken to the Caribbean to work on sugar
plantations. In the Caribbean sugar and molasses was purchased for sale to New
England for the production of rum. Label the triangle below according to the
triangle your text describes. The points should be labeled with geographic
locations and the legs should have some of the goods that were traded from one
location to another.

AP WORLD HISTORY: CHAPTER 20/21

AFRICAN SOCIETIES, SLAVERY, AND THE SLAVE TRADE.

29. List a minimum of 8 ways slaves were used in Africa by Africans.

SLAVING AND AFRICAN POLITICS.

30. What group or profession became more important in African societies due to the
slave trade?

31. Describe the gun and slave cycle and its effects.

ASANTE AND DAHOMEY.

32. What similarities were shared between Asante and Dahomey in the manner in which
they acquired power? What outside power was key to their success?

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EAST AFRICA AND THE SUDAN.
33. How did the spread of Islam (Islamization) change East Africa and the Sudan?

VISUALIZING THE PAST: SYMBOLS OF AFRICAN KINGSHIP.

34. The article mentions that symbols of authority can link the generations. Google the
following: what Bible did Barack Obama use to take the oath of office, USA Today
Ignore any nonsense about using a Koran. Note the original owner of the Bible and
then explain why Obama would choose that Bible, keeping in mind link the
generations,

WHITE SETTLERS AND AFRICANS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA.

35. What group of Africans migrated southward and later groups such as the Zulus were
their descendants?

36. What European group settled in South Africa and what name did they later go by?

37. What was the motivation behind the Great Trek?

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THE MFECANE AND THE ZULU RISE TO POWER.

38. What qualities made Shaka important/valuable to the Zulus?

39. What was the mfecane?

THE AFRICAN DIASPORA

40. What imports, other than guns, did Africa receive?

SLAVE LIVES.
41. What did Africans bring to the New World from Africa?

AFRICANS IN THE AMERICAS.

42. What group did Europeans first try to use as a labor force before African slaves?

DOCUMENT: AN AFRICANS DESCRIPTION OF THE MIDDLE PASSAGE.

43. Identify the bias/point of view Olaudah Equiano. His bias is MORE than just that he
was a slave. Read the introduction carefully.

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44. What is the most shocking or memorable thing that Equiano writes about?

AMERICAN SLAVE SOCIETIES

45. What is a saltwater slave?

46. What is a Creole slave?

47. What group was found in the middle of the social hierarchy in slave societies?

48. Why was slavery in North America less influenced by Africa?

THE PEOPLE AND GODS IN EXILE

49. Your text mentions the African religion vodun that is present to this day in Haiti.
What name do most Americans know that religion by? (Google if you must.)

THE END OF THE SLAVE TRADE AND THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY

50. What factors/changes played a role in ending the slave trade?

AP WORLD HISTORY: CHAPTER 20/21

51. What Enlightenment philosophers took a stand against slavery?

52. Examine and the backgrounds of John Wesley and William Wilberforce and describe a
possible influence for their anti-slavery views.

53. Why was Britain able to take a leading role in ending the slave trade?

AP WORLD HISTORY: CHAPTER 20/21

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: Muslim Empires
Aurangzeb

Jahangir

babur

Akbar

Battle of Lepanto

Abu Taleb

Taj Mahal

Nur Jahan

Suleyman the Magnificent

Isfahan

Shah Jahan

Marattas

Sikhs

purdah

Otomans

Mehmed II

Janissaries

padishah

Abbas II

Red Heads

Ismil

Chaldiran

Selim

Gunpowder
Empires

Shah Abbas the

Great

imams

mullahs

Sail al-Din

vizier

Safavid dynasty

Mughal dynasty

6. Compare the decline of all the Islamic early modern empires and
explain how their decline was related to the rise of the West.
7. Compare the decline of the Abbasid and Ottoman empires.
8. Evaluate the reasons for the failure of the Mughal dynasty.
9. Compare the weaknesses of all the Muslim empires.

AP WORLD HISTORY: CHAPTER 20/21

CHAPTER SUMMARY
The Mongol invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries destroyed theoretical Muslim
unity. The Abbasid and many regional dynasties were crushed. Three new Muslim
dynasties arose to bring a new flowering to Islamic civilization. The greatest, the
Ottoman Empire, reached its peak in the 17th century; to the east, the Safavids ruled
in Persia and Afghanistan, and the Mughals ruled much of India. Together the three
empires possessed great military and political power; they also produced an artistic
and cultural renaissance within Islam. They contributed to the spread of Islam to new
regions. All three dynasties originated from Turkic nomadic cultures; each possessed
religious fervor and zeal for conversion. They built empires through military conquest
based on the effective use of firearms. Each was ruled by an absolute monarch and
drew revenues from taxation of agrarian populations. There were differences. The
Mughals ruled mostly non-Muslim peoples, the Safavids mostly Muslims, and the
Ottomans a mixture of Muslims and Christians. The Safavids were Shia Muslims; the
others were Sunni.

54. What technological advancement did Babur the Tiger make use of that helped him
overcome the numerical advantage possessed by his opponents?

55. What part of Asia did the Muslim emperor Babur take control of?

56. Baburs dynasty, the Mughal, was one of three major Muslim dynasties during the
Early Modern period. List the other two.

57. What power had to collapse before those three could dominate?

58. What three similarities did the Mughal dynasty share with other two Muslim powers
regarding technology, treatment of non-Muslims, and attitude toward different sects
of Islam?

AP WORLD HISTORY: CHAPTER 20/21

59. What was the key difference between the Mughal dynasty and the other two
regarding the impetus which led to their creation?

60. Your text states that most Muslims believed that the Islamic world had more to offer
the rest of the world than it could receive from non-Muslim societies. What other
dynamic society had a similar outlook during this period?

61. How did Islamic art change during this period?

THE OTTOMANS: FROM FRONTIER WARRIORS TO EMPIRE BUILDERS.

62. In what three areas did the Ottomans excel, advancing Islamic civilization?
63. The Turks were from central Asia yet the end up in far western Asia. Give two reasons
why they ended up settling there?

64. What famous Roman/Byzantine city did the Ottomans take in 1453 and what was key
to their victory?

65. Read the caption to the picture on page 461. How did the capture of that famous city
and the expansion of Muslim power into Eastern Europe influence Spain and
Portugals colonization efforts?

66. How many years were the Ottomans an important threat to European/Christian
countries? (Start from the date of that citys capture and round to the nearest
hundred.)

AP WORLD HISTORY: CHAPTER 20/21

A STATE GEARED TO WARFARE.

67. How was the economy of the Ottoman Empire similar to the Roman Empires?

68. Your text states that the Turkic cavalry (soldiers on horseback) developed into an
aristocracy. Read that section carefully and compare it to Western Europe during the
Middle Ages. What Western European political system does this closely resemble?

69. What name did the infantry troops (soldiers who fight on foot) go by and why did they
become more important than the cavalry (a major change in warfare)?

70. That infantry group become so powerful that they resembled another aspect of Rome
as it began to decline. What was it? (see p. 107 for a hint)

THE SULTANS AND THEIR COURT.

71. Why did the vizier sometimes have more power than the sultan (the Ottoman
emperor).

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72. The cause of the split between Sunni and Shia is similar to a weakness of Ottoman
political system. What was this weakness?

CONSTANTINOPLE RESTORED AND THE FLOWERING OF OTTOMAN CULTURE.

73. What did the Hagia Sophia become under Mehmed II?

74. What sort of structure was most commonly built by sultans to beautify
Constantinople?

75. Although Constantinople changed politically and religiously following the Ottoman
takeover, what economic continuity existed from Byzantine to Ottoman domination?

76. How were artisans in the Ottoman Empire organized similarly to those in Europe?

THE PROBLEM OF OTTOMAN DECLINE.

77. A geographical and technological problem that led to Romes fall was shared by the
Ottomans. What was it?

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78. How did the education of potential Ottoman sultans change over time?

79. How were later Ottoman sultans similar to Japanese emperors following the Gempei
Wars?)

80. How were the later Ottoman sultans similar to the later Umayyad caliphs? (see page
141142)

DOCUMENT: AN ISLAMIC TRAVLER LAMENTS THE MUSLIMS INDIFFERENCE TO

EUROPE.
81. Reread what your text has to say about Marco Polos influence on Europeans on
pages 317-318. Contrast that impact to what Abu Taleb believes the influence his
works had on his fellow Muslims.
MILITARY REVERSES AND THE OTTOMAN RETREAT.
82. Although the Ottomans initially made huge gains due to their use of artillery, what
change did the Europeans introduce to artillery that gave them the advantage?

83. What European power replaced the Ottomans and other Muslim powers in the Indian
Ocean?

84. How did European control of trade with Asia via the Indian Ocean impact the Ottoman
Empire and the old Silk Road?

AP WORLD HISTORY: CHAPTER 20/21

85. What was the most important factor in the Ottoman Empires decline? (Hint: Ming
China)

THE SHIA CHALLENGE OF THE SAFAVIDS.

86. What modern Middle East country was the center of the Safavid dynasty?

87. What ethnic heritage to the Ottomans, a Sunni group, share with the Safavids, a Shia
group?

88. What was the Safavid word for emperor?

89. Why did the Ottomans win the battle of Chaldiran?

90. Much of the conflict in modern Iraq today is due to the minority Sunnis long control
over the political system (thanks to Saddam Hussein) and subjugation of the majority
Shias. How might things be different if Ismail had gotten his artillery to the area in
time for the battle at Chaldiran?

IN DEPTH: THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES AND THE SHIFTING BALANCE OF GLOBAL

POWER.

AP WORLD HISTORY: CHAPTER 20/21

91. What change did Europeans introduce to naval warfare, once dominated by the tactic
of ramming ships into each other?

92. Why did European nobles stop building castles and wearing suits of armor?
93. Why did China, the inventor of gunpowder, fail to develop and make advances in
artillery?

94. How did Japans shoguns address the invention of firearms? Why?

95. Spain, France, and England were often at war with each other. How did this lead to
their later domination of the world?

POLITICS AND WAR UNDER THE SAFAVID SHAHS.

96. Contrast the Safavid behavior towards outsiders, esp. Europeans, with that of the
Ottomans.

STATE AND RELIGION.

97. Why would Safavid shahs claim they were descended from the successors of Ali?

98. Why were religious leaders required to curse the first three caliphs? (Hint: Sunni vs.
Shia)

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99. What happened to Sunnis, Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians in Persia/Iran?

ELITE AFFLUENCE AND ARTISTIC SPLENDOR.

100.

How did Abbas I try to improve and strengthen his empires economy?

SOCIETY AND GENDER ROLES: OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID COMPARISONS

101.
How did geography benefit the Ottoman economy more than the Safavid?
(Hint: Europe)

102.

Describe the life of most women in Safavid society.

THE RAPID DEMISE OF THE SAFAVID EMPIRE.

103.

What did Abbas I do to his sons and why?

THE MUGHALS AND THE APEX OF MUSLIM CIVILIZATION IN INDIA.

104.

Where did Babur locate his capital?

AP WORLD HISTORY: CHAPTER 20/21

AKBAR AND THE BASIS FOR A LASTING EMPIRE.
105.
Identify the most impressive aspect/deed of Akbar and explain why it
impresses you.

SOCIAL REFORM AND SOCIAL CHANGE

106.
Identify three ways in which Akbar tried to improve the lives of women in
Mughal society.

VISUALIZING THE PAST: THE BASIS OF IMPERIAL POWER IN THE RIVAL MUSLIM
EMPIRES
107.
Examine the table and identify which of the three Gunpowder Empires is the
weakest. Give two reasons why you consider it to be the weakest.

108.
Which do you believe is the strongest? Give two reasons to support your
opinion.

MUGHAL SPLENDOR AND EARLY EUROPEAN CONTACTS

109.

Identify three specific problems Bernier saw in Mughal society.

AP WORLD HISTORY: CHAPTER 20/21

110.
in?

What Indian industry did Europeans, esp. the British, show the most interest

ARTISTIC ACHIEVEMENT IN THE MUGHAL ERA

111.
After reading this section, examine the picture of the Taj Mahal on page 478.
Identify the Persian influence and Hindu aspects of its architecture.
1. Persian
2. Hindu

COURT POLITICS AND THE POSITION OF ELITE AND ORDINARY WOMEN

112.
How did the position of women decline in Indian society during this time?
Identify four negative aspects.

THE BEGINNINGS OF IMPERIAL DECLINE

113.
What did Aurangzeb have in common with is grandfather, Akbar in his role as
leader?

114.

What was the biggest contrast between Aurangzeb and Akbar?

115.

How were the Sikhs originally similar to something Akbar wanted?

AP WORLD HISTORY: CHAPTER 20/21

116.

Why did they become anti-Muslim?

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: GUNPOWDER EMPIRES AND THE RESTORATION OF THE

ISLAMIC BRIDGE BETWEEN CIVILIZATIONS.
117. What did the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal dynasties have in common with nationstates of western Europe such as England, France, and Spain?

118.
How did those three dynasties contrast with Russia and China regarding
nomads?