Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 281 views

    Examples-Chapter2 (Compatibility Mode)

    Uploaded by

    darrenneoyoman
    The document discusses several calculations related to copper wires and conduction electrons: 1) It calculates the transmission coefficient for conduction electrons through a 5nm thick copper oxide layer, finding it to be approximately 7.4 × 10-39. For a 1nm thick layer, the transmission coefficient is approximately 6.2 × 10-8. 2) It calculates properties of the density of states for electrons in a material with a 10eV wide energy band, such as the density of states and number of states within a small energy range. 3) It calculates the density of states and number of states for electrons in copper, as well as the Fermi energy and average speed of copper's conduction electrons.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Examples-Chapter2 (Compatibility Mode)

    Uploaded by

    darrenneoyoman
    281 views7 pages
    The document discusses several calculations related to copper wires and conduction electrons: 1) It calculates the transmission coefficient for conduction electrons through a 5nm thick copper oxide layer, finding it to be approximately 7.4 × 10-39. For a 1nm thick layer, the transmission coefficient is approximately 6.2 × 10-8. 2) It calculates properties of the density of states for electrons in a material with a 10eV wide energy band, such as the density of states and number of states within a small energy range. 3) It calculates the density of states and number of states for electrons in copper, as well as the Fermi energy and average speed of copper's conduction electrons.

    Original Title

    Examples-chapter2 [Compatibility Mode]

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses several calculations related to copper wires and conduction electrons: 1) It calculates the transmission coefficient for conduction electrons through a 5nm thick copper oxide layer, finding it to be approximately 7.4 × 10-39. For a 1nm thick layer, the transmission coefficient is approximately 6.2 × 10-8. 2) It calculates properties of the density of states for electrons in a material with a 10eV wide energy band, such as the density of states and number of states within a small energy range. 3) It calculates the density of states and number of states for electrons in copper, as well as the Fermi energy and average speed of copper's conduction electrons.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    281 views7 pages

    Examples-Chapter2 (Compatibility Mode)

    Uploaded by

    darrenneoyoman
    The document discusses several calculations related to copper wires and conduction electrons: 1) It calculates the transmission coefficient for conduction electrons through a 5nm thick copper oxide layer, finding it to be approximately 7.4 × 10-39. For a 1nm thick layer, the transmission coefficient is approximately 6.2 × 10-8. 2) It calculates properties of the density of states for electrons in a material with a 10eV wide energy band, such as the density of states and number of states within a small energy range. 3) It calculates the density of states and number of states for electrons in copper, as well as the Fermi energy and average speed of copper's conduction electrons.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    Example

    Consider two copper wires separated by their surface oxide layer (CuO). Classically, 
    since the oxide layer is an insulator, no current should be possible through the two 
    copper wires. Suppose that for the conduction (free) electrons in copper, the 
    surface oxide layer looks like a square potential energy of height 10 eV. Consider an 
    oxide layer of thickness is 5 nm and evaluate the Transmission efficient for 
    conduction electrons in copper, which have kinetic energy of 7eV. What will be the 
    transmission coefficient if the oxide layer is 1nm?

    ⎡ 2m(V0 − E ) ⎤
    1/ 2

    α =⎢ ⎥
    ⎣ h2 ⎦

    =⎢
    ( ) (
    ⎡ 2 9.1×10 −31 kg (10eV − 7eV ) 1.6 ×10 −19 J / eV )⎤⎥
    ⎢⎣ ( −34
    1.05 ×10 J / s
    2
    ) ⎥⎦
    = 8.9 ×109 m -1

    1
    so that
    ( )(
    aα = 8.9 ×109 m -1 5 ×109 m = 44.50 >> 1 )
    16 E (V0 − E ) 16(7eV )(10eV − 7eV )
    T0 = = = 3.36
    V02
    (10eV )2

    T = T0 e - (2αa )
    = 3.36 × e[-2×(44.50 )] ≈ 7.4 × 10 −39

    When a = 1nm
    T = T0 e - ( 2 αa )
    = 3.36 × e [- 2×(8.9×10 9
    )(
    m -1 1×109 m )]
    ( −17.8 ) −8
    = 3.36 × e ≈ 6.2 × 10

    2
    Examples:

    Given that width of energy band is 10 eV, calculated the following, in 
    per cm3 and per eV unit:

    a. Density of the states at the center of the band.

    ⎛ 16π ⎞⎛ me ⎞
    3/ 2

    g (E) = ⎜ ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟ (E )1/ 2 , Unit is per cubic meter per Joule of energy


    ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ h ⎠

    substitute E = 5 eV
    3/ 2
    ⎛ 16π ⎞⎛⎜ 9.1×10 −31 ⎞
    g (E) = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ (5 ×1.6 ×10 )
    −19 1 / 2

    (
    ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 6.626 ×10 −34 )2 ⎟
    ⎠
    = 9.50 × 10 46 m -3 J -1
    = 1.52 ×10 22 cm -3eV -1

    3
    b. The number of states per unit volume within a small energy range kT
    about center.

    If δE is small energy range, then by definition, g(E) δE is the number of states per 
    unite volume in δE.
    So the number of states per unit volume within kT at the center of the band is 

    (
    N = 1.52 ×10 cm eV 22 -33 -11
    )× (0.026eV )
    = 3.9 ×10
    0 ccm 20 -3

    This is not small number

    4
    c. The density of states at kT above the bottom of the band (T=300K)

    kT=0.026eV

    ⎛ 16π ⎞⎛ me ⎞
    3/ 2

    g (E) = ⎜ ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟ (E ) , Unit is per cubic meter per Joule of energy


    1/ 2

    ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ h ⎠
    substitute E = 0.026 eV
    3/ 2
    ⎛ 16π ⎞⎛⎜ 9.1×10 −31 ⎞
    g (E) = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ (0.026 ×1.6 ×10 )
    −19 1 / 2

    ⎝ 2 (
    ⎠⎝ 6.626 ×10 −34 )
    2 ⎟
    ⎠
    = 6.84 ×10 45 m -3 J -1
    = 1.10 × 10 21 cm -3eV -1

    This is very close to the bottom of the band and is still very large

    5
    d. The number of state for energy below 5 eV

    ⎛ 16π
    3/ 2
    ⎞⎛ me ⎞
    g (E) = ⎜ ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟ (E )1/ 2 , Unit is per cubic meter per Joule of energy
    ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ h ⎠
    ⎛ 32π ⎞⎛ me ⎞
    3/ 2

    (E )3 / 2 ; substitute E = 5eV
    E
    S=∫ g ( E )dE = ⎜ ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟
    0
    ⎝ 3 2 ⎠⎝ h ⎠
    3/ 2
    ⎛ 32π ⎞⎜⎛ 9.1×10 kg −31 ⎞
    g (E) = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ (5eV ×1.6 ×10 −19
    J / eV )
    3/ 2

    (
    ⎝ 3 2 ⎠⎝ 6.626 ×10 −34 Js ) 2 ⎟
    ⎠
    = 5.08 ×10 28 m -3
    = 5.08 ×10 22 cm -3

    6
    Example
    Calculate the Fermi energy E
    C l l t th F i EFO at 0K for copper and estimate the average speed of 
    t 0K f d ti t th d f
    the conduction electrons in Cu. The density of Cu is 8.96 g/cm‐3 and the atomic 
    mass is 63.5 g/mol.

    ⎛ h2 ⎞⎛ 3n ⎞
    2/3

    E FO = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟
    ⎝ 8me ⎠⎝ π ⎠

    me is effective  dN A 8.96 × 6.02 × 10 23


    n= =
    mass of  M at 63.5
    electron in Cu = 8.5 × 10 22 cm -3 or 8.5 ×10 28 m -3

    E av (0 ) =
    3 1
    E FO = m e v F2
    EFO = 1.1×10 −18 J or 7 eV 5 2
    6 E FO
    vF = = 1 . 2 × 10 6 m s -1
    5me

    You might also like