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10143228 502 0811 DWDM.PO.FOP.TM.AE
Understanding DWDM and ROADM Networks
Crosstalk (XT)
Four Wave Mixing (FWM)
Crosstalk occurs in devices that flter and separate wavelengths. A pro-
portion of optical power intended for a specifc channel is found in an
adjacent or diferent channel.
Efects: generation of additional
noise afecting optical signal to
noise ratios (OSNR), leading to
bit errors.
Solutions: use appropriate
optical channel spacing, for
example 0.4 nm 10 Gbps.
This interference phenomenon produces unwanted signals from three
frequencies (fxyz = fx + fy fz) known as ghost channels. As three channels
automatically induce a fourth, the term four wave mixing is used. FWM
is problematic in systems using dispersion-shifted fbers (DSF). Wave-
lengths traveling at the same speed at a constant phase over long
periods increase the efect of FWM.
Efects: power transfer to new
signal frequencies (harmonics),
channel crosstalk, and bit errors.
Solutions: use of fbers
with CD and irregular channel
spacing.
Chromatic Dispersion (CD)
CD refers to the phenomenon when diferent wavelengths of an optical
pulse travel at diferent velocities along a fber and arrive at diferent
times in the receiver.
Efects: decrease of peak power,
pulse broadening, and bit errors.
Solutions: use of fbers or
modules with reverse CD
values (DCF/DCM).
Positive chromatic dispersion
X
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
PMD refers to the efect when diferent polarization modes (fast axis and
slow axis) of a signal statistically travel at diferent velocities due to fber
imperfections. The time diference is called Diferential Group Delay (DGD).
Efects: decrease of peak power,
distortion of pulse shape, and
bit errors.
Solutions: lay fber carefully
(no stress), use new fber with
low PMD values, exact fber
geometry.
DWDMsignal
Crosstalk
1-3

1
2
3
D
E
M
U
X

Original channels
Interference products
f1
1
3
f1
3
2
f2
2
3
f2
3
1
f3
1
2
f2
2
1
f2
2
3
f1
1
2
f3
2
1
f3
3
1
f2
3
1
f3
3
2
f
DGD
Slow
Fast
Optical Bands
40GModulation Techniques
SSMF standard single-mode fber AWF all wave fber
O original band C conventional band
E extended band L long band
S short band U ultra long band
A
tte
n
u
atio
n
(d
B
/k
m
)
AWF
SSMF
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Wavelength (nm)
1260
1360
1460
1530
1565
1625
1675
O E S L U C
C-band 22 45 90 180 360
L-band 35 70 140 280 560
MaximumNumber of Channels
Channel Spacing [GHz] 200 100 50 25 12.5
nm 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1
MaximumNumber of Channels (at 1550 nm)
GHz 200 100 50 25 12.5
= {c/
2
}
NRZ Eye pattern
O
p
tical sp
ectru
m
High CD Low CD
High PMD Low PMD
CD
PMD
C
o
m
p
le
x
ity
/c
o
st
D
ista
n
c
e
NRZ-DPSK RZ-DPSK
NRZ-DQPSK RZ-DQPSK
NRZ-DB
NRZ
NRZ
New modulation techniques are used in high-
speed 40G networks to shift dispersion limitations.
NRZ formats are used to overcome large CD.
RZ formats are used to handle high PMD.
Phase modulation is used to increase
transmission distances that afect the complexity and cost of the system.
Modulation techniques directly impact the optical spectrumand the eye pattern.
NRZ non-return-to-zero
RZ return-to-zero
DB duo-binary

DPSK diferential phase shift keying
DQPSK diferential quadrature phase
shift keying
Understanding DWDM and ROADM Networks
Optical Transport Networks
Span Loss and
Dispersion Management of a Link
Tx
Power
DGD
OSNR
0
OAM OAM OAM Raman
Amplifer
Rx
Managing CD can reduce FWMcrosstalk in long-distance
high-speed networks. Optical amplifers with integrated
dispersion compensators (OAM) are distributed along the
link to recover the optical power and to overcome the
positive dispersion of the fber. Each amplifer will reduce
the OSNR due to the ASE noise.
OSNR =
Optical signal power
Optical noise power
Glossary
ASE amplifed spontaneous emission (noise) in an optical amplifer
CD chromatic dispersion
CWDM coarse wavelength division multiplexing
DCF dispersion compensation fber
DCM dispersion compensation module
Demux optical demultiplexer
DFB distributed feedback laser
DGD diferential group delay
DWDM dense wavelength division multiplexing
EDFA erbium-doped fber amplifer
FBG fber Bragg grating
FWM four wave mixing
MUX optical multiplexer
OAM optical amplifer module (incl. dispersion compensation)
OSNR optical signal-to-noise ratio
PLC planar lightwave circuit
PMD polarization mode dispersion
ROADM reconfgurable optical add-drop multiplexer
WB wavelength blocker
WSS wavelength selective switch
WXC wavelength cross-connect
XT crosstalk
ROADM Types
Wavelength Blocker (WB) Small Switch Array (PLC) Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS) Wavelength Cross Connect (WXC)
Block Diagram
Ports
Network Function
Application
In Out Wavelength
Blocker
Combiner Splitter
In Out
Drop Add
D
EM
U
X
M
U
X
Add/Drop
In Out
D
EM
U
X
M
U
X
1 n
In/
Add
Out/
Drop
2 DWDMports
(1 In, 1 Out)
Dynamic channel equalizer
+ wavelength blocking
Long-haul, ultra long-haul
Point to point
2 degree ROADM
Metro/Edge
Lowest cost
2 degree ROADM
Metro/Edge
Ring structure
2 degree ROADM
Not colorless
Dynamic Thru and Add channel balancing
Colorless
switches s from In to Out/Drop and Add to Out
Colorless
switches s from In or Add to Out or Drop
Ring interconnection
Mesh cross-connect
3 degree ROADM
2 DWDMports + N single ports
(1 In + 1 Out + N Add + N Drop)
N+1 DWDMports
(1 In + 1 Out + N-1 Add/Drop)
2N DWDMports
(N-1 In + N-1 Out + 1 Add + 1 Drop)
Tx
Tx
Tx
Tx
1
2
3
n
M
U
X
EDFA
ROADM
WXC
Power spectrumof DFB-Tx
ROADM
ROADM ROADM
WSS
WSS
WSS
OAMModule
ROADM
FBG EDFA
Efect of ch Add/Drop with ROADM
needs in-band OSNR testing
Raman Amplifer
D
E
M
U
X
1
2
3
n
Rx
Rx
Rx
Rx
Pump
Drop Add
PLC
Efect of CD comp. with FBGflters
Power spectrumof 27 ch system
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Fiber Optic Testing
Volume 2