Speedtronic

Mark V
Turbine Control System
HPEP,RC Puram
Gas Turbine
Rotating Blow Torch
Designed to Run at the
Ragged Edge of
Self Destruction
T
C
G
Control System for Gas Turbine
Gas turbine is controlled Speedtronic control system
Control loops includes
Start-up
Acceleration
Speed
Temperature
Shutdown and
Manual Control functions
Speedtronic Control loops
Major Control loops Secondary control loops
Start-up Acceleration
Speed and Manual FSR and
Temperature Shutdown
Output of these control loops is fed to a minimum value gate
circuit
Start Up
Shut Down
Manual
M
I
N
Display
Speed
To Turbine
Fuel
FSR
Display
Display
Acceleration
Rate
Temperature
Speedtronic Control loops
Fuel Stroke Reference (FSR)
Command signal for fuel flow

Controlling FSR
Lowest of the six control loops
Establishes the fuel input to turbine @ rate required by
system which is in control

Only ONE control loop will be in control at anytime.
The control loop which controls FSR is displayed in
operator friendly CRT.
Startup/Shutdown Sequence and Control
Startup control brings the gas turbine
Zero speed up to Operating speed.
Allows proper fuel to establish
Flame & Accelerate the turbine in such a manner as to
minimize the Low cycle Fatigue of the hot gas path parts
during the sequence
Software Sequencing involves
Command signals to Turbine Accessories, Starting device
and Fuel control system
Safe and successful start-up
depends on proper functioning of GT equipment.
Software Sequencing ensures safe operation of
Turbine
Startup/Shutdown Sequence and Control
Control logic circuitry is associated not only with
actuating control devices, but enables protective
circuits and obtains permissive conditions before
proceeding.
Control settings play a vital role in determining the
proper sequencing.
Actual site specific control settings are generated by
M/s GEICS,USA.
Speed detection - by magnetic pickups
L14HR Zero-Speed (Approx. 0% TNH)
L14HM Min Speed (Approx.. 16% TNH)
L14HA Accelerating Speed (Approx. 50% TNH)
L14HS Operating speed (Approx..95% TNH)
Startup/Shutdown Sequence and Control
Actual settings of speed relays are listed in Control
specification.
The control constants are programmed in <RST>
processors EEPROM.
Always ensure correct site specific, machine
specific control specification.
Consult your system designer for any queries.
Start-up Control - FSRSU
Open loop control
Uses preset levels of fuel command

Various Fuel levels
Zero, Fire, Warm-up, Accelerate and Max.

Typical values for Frame-6

Fire 15.62%
Warm-up 11.62%
Accelerate 19.82%
Maximum 100%
Open Loop Control
Start-up Control - FSRSU
Startup control FSR (FSRSU) signal operates
through the MIN value gate to ensure other control
functions can limit FSR as required.
FSRSU
FSRACC
FSRN
FSRT
FSRSYN
FSRMAN
MIN
FSR
FSR = FSRSU
Start-up Control - FSRSU
Speedtronic Control Start-up software
generates Fuel command signal (FSR).
Speedtronic Control Software also sets the
MAX and MIN limits for FSR for Manual
Control FSR
[ FSRMIN < FSRMAN < FSRMAX ]
When Turbine Breaks away (starts to rotate)
L14HR pick-up
Starting clutch solenoid 20CS de-energizes
Shuts down the hydraulic ratchet motor (88HR)
Acceleration Control - FSRACC
Acceleration control software
compares the present value of Speed signal with the
value at the last sample time.
Difference between these two numbers is a measure of
acceleration.
When actual acceleration is greater acceleration
reference, FSRACC is reduced, which reduces
FSR, thus reduction in fuel supply to turbine.
During startup-acceleration reference is a function
of turbine speed.
Acceleration control takes over after Warm-up
state.
Acceleration Control - FSRACC
Acceleration reference is a Control constant
programmed in <RST> EEPROMS
TNH
0.35 %/sec
100% 0%
0.10 %/sec
40% 50% 75% 95%
Typical
Acceleration Control - FSRACC
MIN
FSR
FSRSU
FSRACC
FSRN
FSRT
FSRSYN
FSRMAN
FSR = FSRACC
Speed Control - FSRN
Speed Control System software
controls the speed and load of the gas turbine
generator
in response to the actual turbine speed signal (TNH)
and the called-for speed reference(TNR)





TNH
TNR
FSRN
Speed/Load Control
Speed/Load Reference:
Speed control software will change FSR in proportion to
the difference the actual turbine generator speed (TNH)
and the called-for reference (TNR)
Reference Speed (TNR) range
95% (min) to 107% (max) for a generator drive turbine
Start-up speed reference is 100.3%.
This is preset when START signal is initiated.
Turbine follows 100.3% TNH for synchronization
Speed/Load Control
Turbine Speed is held constant when Generator
Breaker is closed onto Power grid
Fuel flow in excess of the necessary to maintain
FSNL will result in increased power produced by the
generator.
Thereby Speed control becomes Load control loop
Speed Control:
Isochronous Speed control
Droop Speed Control
Isochronous Speed Control
TNH
TNR
FSRNI
MIN
FSR
FSRSU
FSRACC
FSRN (or FSRNI)
FSRT
FSRSYN
FSRMAN
FSR = FSRN
Droop Speed Control
Droop Control is a proportional control.
Any change in actual speed (grid frequency) will cause a
proportional change in unit load.
This proportionality is adjustable to the desired regulation or
Droop
104 %
100 %
Low Speed Stop
FSNL
R
a
t
e
d

F
S
R

F
u
l
l

S
p
e
e
d

N
o

L
o
a
d

F
S
R

FSR
95%
Min TNR
Speed/Load Control loop
SPEED
CONTROL
MANUAL
SETPOINT
LOG
SETPOIINT
Speed Target
Raise


Lower


Rate
Rate

Speed Ref.
Command


Preset
Power


Speed
Error
Speed


Load Setpoint
Mechanical
Os
Ememrgency Os
Primary Os
LOG
SET
POIINT
Load Raise


Load Lower



Load Rate
Rate

Load Ref.
Cmd


Preset
MANUAL
SET
POINT
Speed Control Schematic
SPEED CONTROL <RST>
FSNL
TNR
SPEED
REF.
ERROR

SIGNAL
+

-
+
+
FSRN
TNH
SPEED
DROOP
SPEED CHANGER LOAD SET POINT
TNR
SPEED
REF.
MAX. LIMIT
L83SD
RATE
L70R
RAISE
L70L
LOWER
L83PRES
PRESET LOGIC
PRESET
OPERATING
START-UP
or SHUT DOWN
L83TNROP
MIN. SELECT LOGIC
MIN.
MEDIAN
SELECT
<RST>
Synchronising - FSRSYN
Automatic synchronization software
Algorithms programmed into <RST> controller and <P>
software.
Bus and Generator voltage are input signals to
Protective core <P>.
Isolation transformers are built into <P> core
<RST> software drives the synch check and system
permissive relays.
Sequencing and algorithms are programmed into <RST>
EEPROM
<P> hardware and software sends voted command to
actual breaker closure.
Auto Synchronisation
Speed
Matching
Speed
System
Frequency
Raise Speed
Lower Speed
Voltage
Matching
Speed
System Volts
Raise Volts
Lower Volts
Generator Volts
Synchronising Scheme
<XYZ>
AUTO SYNCH

AND
Calculated Phase within Limits
Calculated slip within Limits
Calculated Acceleration
Calculated Breaker Lead Time
L25
Breaker
Close


REF
REF
Gen Volts
A
A>B
B
AND
L83AS
Auto Synch
Permissive
A
A>B
B
<RST>
AUTO SYNCH
PERMISSIVE
Line Volts
Temperature Control - FSRT
Temp.Control software/algorithms
limit fuel flow to the turbine to maintain internal operating
temperatures within design parameters of turbine hot gas
path parts.
Highest temperature is in the flame zone of
combustion chambers.
TTXM
TTREF
FSRT
Firing Temperature
Firing temperature - temperature of gas as it exits the
first stage nozzle.
Speedtronic limits this firing temperature.
Firing temperature is calculated by
thermodynamic relation ships
GT performance calculations, and
site conditions
as a function of Exhaust Temp(Tx) and CPD

fuel
T
C
air
Isothermal
Compressor Discharge Pressure (CPD)
E
x
h
a
u
s
t

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
T
x
)

Firing Temperature
Firing temperature can also be approximated as
a function of Tx and Fuel flow (FSR) and
as a function of Tx and Generator MW output
Line of constant firing temperature are used in control
software to limit the gas turbine operating temp
whereas the constant exhaust temperature limit protects the
exhaust system during start-up.

T
A
> T
B
> T
C
T
A
T
B
T
C
Isothermal
Fuel Stroke Reference (FSR)
E
x
h
a
u
s
t

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
T
x
)

Exhaust Temp control software
Series of application programs written to
perform critical exhaust temperature control and
monitoring.
Major function is
Exhaust temperature control.
Software is Programmed for
Temperature control command
Temperature control bias calculations
Temperature reference selection.
Temperature Control Schematic
TTXDR
SORT
HIGHEST
TO
LOWEST
TTXD2
<RST>
AVERAGE
REMAINING
REJECT
HIGH
AND
LOW
REJECT
LOW
TCs
TTXDS
TTXM
To Comb.
Monitor
TTXDT
QUANTITY
<RST>

If ONE Controller should fail, this
program ignore the readings from the
failed Controller. TTXM is based on
remaining controllers thermocouples.
Alarm will be generated
of TCs Used
ISOTHERMAL
CORNER
CORNER
SLOPE
SLOPE
MIN.
SELECT
-
+
-
+
-
+
+
-
FSRMIN
FSRMAX
TTRXB
TTXM
FSR
GAIN
+
-
+
+
MEDIAN
SELECT
Temperature Control <RST>
CPD
FSR
FSRT
Temp Control Ref
The temp-control-command program in <RST> compares the exhaust temp control setpoint
(calculated in the temp-control-bias program and stored in computer memory) TTRXB to the
TTXM value to determine temp error. The software program converts the temp error to a FSRT
Temperature Control Bias program
TTKn_C
TTKn_I
TTKn_K
Isothermal
CPD
FSR
Exhaust Temp Control Setpoints
DIGITAL
INPUT
DATA
COMPUTER
MEMORY
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
BIAS
PROGRAM
COMPUTER
MEMORY
CONSTANT
STORAGE
SELECTED
TEMPERATURE
REFERANCE
TABLE
Temperature Control Bias
Temp control Bias program calculates the Exhaust
temp control setpoint TTRXB based on CPD data
stored in computer memory and constants from the
selected temp-reference table.
This Program also calculates another setpoint based
on FSR and constants from another temperature-
reference table.
TTKn_C (CPD bias corner) and TTKn_S (CPD bias slope)
are used with the CPD data to determine the CPD
bias exhaust temperature setpoint.
TTKn_K (FSR bias corner) and TTKn_M (FSR bias slope)
are used with the FSR data to determine the FSR
bias exhaust temperature setpoint.
Program also selects isothermal setpoint

Final temp control Ref=MIN(FSR bias, CPD bias, Isothermal setpoint (TTKn_I)
Temperature Control Bias Program
This Program selects the minimum of the three set points, CPD bias, FSR
bias, or isothermal setpoint for the final exhaust temperature control
reference.
During normal operation with Gas or light Distillate fuels, this selection
results in a CPD bias control with an isothermal limit.
CPD bias setpoint is compared with the FSR bias setpoint by the
program and an alarm occurs when the CPD setpoint exceeds the
FSR bias setpoint.
During normal operation with Heavy fuels, FSR bias setpoint will be
selected to minimize the turbine nozzle plugging on firing temperature.
FSR bias setpoint is compared with CPD bias setpoint and an alarm
occurs when the FSR bias setpoint exceeds the CPD bias setpoint.
A ramp function is provided in the program to limit the rate of setpoint
change. Both Max (TTKRXR1) and Min (TTKRXR2) change in ramp rates
(slopes) are programmed.Typical rate change limit is 1.5deg F.
The output of this ramp function is the Exhaust temp.control setpoint
which is stored in the computer memory.

Temperature Reference Select Program
Exhaust temperature control function selects control set
points to allow GT operation at firing temperatures.
Temperature-control-select program determines the
operational level for control set points based on Digital input
information representing temperature control requirements.
Three digital input signals are decoded to select one set of
constants which defines the control set points necessary to
meet the demand.
Typical digital signals are
BASE SELECT,
PEAK SELECT and
HEAVY FUEL SELECT
When appropriate set of constants
are selected they are stored in the
selected-temperature-reference
memory.
Constant
Storage
Temperature
Reference
Select
Digital
Input Data
Selected
Temperature
Reference
Table
Temperature
Reference
Select Program
Fuel Control system
Turbine fuel control system will change fuel flow to the
combustors in response to the fuel stroke reference
signal(FSR).
FSR actually consists of two separate signals
added together.
FSR = FSR1 + FSR2
FSR1 = Called-for liquid fuel flow
FSR2 = Called-for gas fuel flow
Standard fuel systems are designed for operation
with Liquid fuel and/or gas fuel.
Servo Drive System
Servo drive System
The heart of Fuel Control System
3 coil Electro Hydraulic Servo Valve
Servo valve is the interface between the electrical and
mechanical systems
Servo valve controls the direction and rate of motion of
a hydraulic actuator based on the input current to the
servo.
Servo valve contains three electrically isolated coils on
the torque motor.
Each coil is connected to one of the three controllers
<RST>, thereby redundancy is ensured if one of the
controller fails.
A null-bias spring positions the servo so that actuator
goes to the fail safe position when ALL power and/or
control signal is lost.
Liquid Fuel System
Liquid Fuel system consists of
Fuel handling components
Primary fuel oil filter (low pressure)
Fuel oil stop valve - Fuel pump
Fuel bypass valve - Fuel oil pressure relief valve
Secondary fuel oil filter (High pressure)
Flow dividers - Combined Selector valve
False start drain valve - Fuel lines & fuel nozzles
Electrical Control components
Liquid fuel press sw (upstream) 63FL-2
Fuel oil stop valve limit sw 33FL
Fuel pump clutch solenoid 20CF
Liquid fuel pump bypass valve Servo valve 65FP
Flow divider magnetic pickups 77FD-1,2,3 and
Speedtronic Control cards TCQC and TCQA


Liquid Fuel System P&ID
<RST>
Conn.For Purge
When Required
Atomizing
Air
Typical
Fuel Nozzles
Combustion
Chamber
FQROUT
FQ1
TCQA
TCQC
63FL-2
OF
Fuel
Stop
Valve
OFV
Diff Press
Guage
FSR1
TNH
L4
L20FLX
<RST>
<RST>
TCQA
PR/A
To Drain
False Start
Drain Valve
Chamber OFD
AD
77FD-1
77FD-2
77FD-3
By-pass Valve Asm
Accessory
Gear
Drive
Main Fuel Pump
Flow
Divider
33FL
OLT-
Control
Oil
VR4
65FP
Fuel oil Control - Software
Control system checks the permissive L4 and L20FLX
to allow FSR1 for closing the Bypass valve
(closing bypass valve sends fuel to the combustors)
These signals control the opening and closing of the
fuel oil stop valve.
Fuel pump clutch solenoid (20CF) is energised to drive
the pump when the Stop valve opens.
Fuel splitter algorithm ensures requisite FSR when
FSR1 is active
FSR1 is multiplied by TNH - to make it a function of
speed (an important parameter of Turbine)
to ensure better resolution at the lower, more critical
speeds where air flow will be low.
Net result is FQROUT- a digital liquid fuel flow command
At Full speed, TNH does not change
Therefore FQROUT ~~ FSR
Fuel oil Control - Software
Analog signal is converted to digital counts and is
used in the controllers software to compare to
certain limits as well as for display in CRT.
The checks performed by software program
L60FFLH - Excessive fuel flow on start-up
L3LFLT - Loss of LVDT position feedback
L3LFBSQ - Bypass valve is not fully open when the stop
valve is closed
L3LFBSC - Servo Current is detected when stop valve is
closed
L3LFT - Loss of flow divider feedback
(L60FFLH persists for 2 sec and this fault initiates trip, L3LFT
also initiates trip during start-up)
Fuel Gas System
Fuel gas is controlled by
Gas Speed ratio/stop valve (SRV)
Gas Control Valve (GCV)
(Both are servo controlled by signals from Speedtronic control panel and
actuated by spring acting hydraulic cylinders moving against spring-
loaded valve plugs)
GCV controls the desired gas fuel flow in response to the
FSR command signal.
SRV is designed to maintain a predetermined pressure (P2)
at the inlet of the GCV as a function of turbine speed
SRV GCV
P1
P2
P3
Fuel Supply To Turbine
Fuel Gas System
Gas Fuel System consists of
Fuel handling components
Gas Strainer - Speed Ratio/Stop Vlv assembly
Control valve assembly - Dump valves
Three pressure gauges -
Gas manifold with pigtails to respective fuel nozzles
Electrical control components
Gas supply press sw 63FG - Fuel gas press xducer(s) 96FG
Gas fuel vent sol valve 20VG -LVDTs 96GC-1,2 & 96SR-1,2
Electro hydraulic servo vlv 90SR & 65GC
Speedtronic control cards TBQB and TCQC
Fuel Gas System P&ID
TCQC

SPEED RATIO
VALVE CONTROL
TCQC

GAS
CONTROL
VALVE SERVO
TCQC

GAS CONTROL
VALVE POSITION
FEEDBACK
TBQB
Stop
Ratio
Valve
GAS
63FG-3
FPRG
POS2
FPG
POS1
FSR2
96FG-2A
96FG-2C
96FG-2B
VENT
Gas
Control
Valve
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
TRANSDUCERS
GAS
MANIFOLD
P2
20
VG
90SR SERVO
90GC SERVO
Hydraulic Supply
LVDTS
96GC-1.2
LVDTS
96SR-1.2 TRIP
Vh5-1 Dump Relay
Gas Control Valve
Gas Control Valve
GCV position is proportional to FSR2
(Actuation of spring-loaded GCV is by a hydraulic cylinder controlled by
an Electro-hydraulic servo valve)
GCV will open only when permissive L4, L20FGX and
L2TVX (purge complete) are true.
Stroke of the valve is proportional to FSR

FSR
Servo
Valve
GCV
GAS
P2
LVDTS
96GC -1,-2
Analog
I/O
HI
SEL
FSROUT
TBQC
<RST>
OFFSET
GAIN
FSR2

L4

L3GCV
<RST>
GCV Position Loop
Calibration
L
V
D
T

P
o
s
i
t
i
o
n


FSR2 goes through Fuel splitter algorithm.
TCQC converts FSROUT to an analog signal.
GCV stem position is sensed by LVDTs and
fed back to an op-amp on TCQC card to compare
with FSROUT input signal at summing junction.
Op-amp on TCQC converts error signal and sends
to servo valve to drive GCV accordingly.
Speed Ratio/Stop Valve
FPRG
<RST>
HI
SEL
POS2

D
A
OFFSET
GAIN

L4
L3GCV
<RST>
TNH
+
-
TBQB
Analog
I/O
Module
96FG-2B
96FG-2C
96SR-1,2
96FG-2A
Op Cyl
Posn
GAS
Dump
Relay
Trip Oil
SRV
LVDTs
Servo
Valve
Hydraulic
Oil
FPG
P2
TNH
SRV Pres Calibration
It is dual function valve
(It serves as a pressure regulating valve to hold a
desired fuel gas pressure ahead of GCV)
As a Stop Valve
- integral part of protection system
Speed Ratio/Stop Vlv has Two control loops
Position loop similar to GCV
Pressure control loop
Fuel gas pressure P2 at the inlet of GCV is
controlled by the pressure loop as a function of
turbine speed (in proportion to the turbine speed
TNH) to become Gas fuel press Ref FPRG
TCQC card converts FPRG to analog signalP2
(FPG) is compared to the FPRG and the error
signal is in turn compared with the 96SR LVDT
feedback to reposition the valve as in GCV loop
During a trip or no-run condition, a posive voltage
bias is placed on servo coils holding them in the
valve closed position
P2 = (FPKGNG x TNH) + FPKGNO
GCV & SRV schematic
GAS CONTROL VALVE
COMMAND
GAS
CONTROL
VALVE
OUTPUT
GAS FUEL REFERENCE
SERVO
OUTPUT
FQROUT
GAS CONTROL VALVE POSITION
GAS FUEL CONTROL VALVE
SPEED RATIO VALVE
COMMAND
GAS
CONTROL
VALVE`
OUTPUT
SPEED
SERVO
OUTPUT
REQUIRED PRESSURE
MIDVALVE GAS FUEL PRESSURE
SPEED RATIO VALVE POSITION
GAS RATIO VALVE CONTROL
Duel Fuel Control
Turbines designed to operate on both liquid and
gaseous fuel systems are equipped with Control
software accordingly.
Control software performs the following:
Transfer of one fuel to other on command
Allow time for filling lines with the type of fuel to which turbine
operation is being transferred.
Mixed fuel operation
Operation of liquid fuel nozzle purge when operating totally on
gas fuel.
Software programming involves:
Fuel splitter
Fuel transfer- Liquid to Gas
Liquid fuel purge
Fuel transfer-Gas to Liquid
Mixed fuel operation logics and algorithms

Fuel splitter - software
FSR is splitter into two signals FSR1 & FSR2 to provide
dual fuel operation.
A=B
<RST>
FUEL SPLITTER
L84TG
Total Gas
L84TL
Total LIQ
MAX.LIMIT
MIN.LIMIT
MEDIAN
SELECT
RAMP
L83FG
Gas Select
L83FL
Liquid Select
L83FZ
Permissives
Rate
FSR
LIQ Ref
FSR1

FSR2
GAS Ref
A=B
FSR is multiplied by the liquid fuel
fraction FX1 to produce FSR1signal

FSR1 is then subtracted from the
FSR signal to generate FSR2 signal
FSR = FSR1 + FSR2
Fuel Transfer - Liquid to Gas, Gas to Liquid
Transfer from Full Gas to Full Liquid
Transfer from Full Liquid to Full Gas.
Transfer from Full Liquid to Mixture.
U
N
I
T
S

SELECT DISTILLATE
PURGE
FSR1
TIME
U
N
I
T
S

PURGE
FSR2
U
N
I
T
S

PURGE
FSR2
SELECT GAS
SELECT GAS
FSR1
FSR1
FSR2
TIME
TIME
SELECT MIX
Fuel transfer from Liquid to Gas
GT running on Liquid (FSR1) and GAS transfer
selected.
FSR1 will remain at its initial value,
FSR2 will step-up to slightly greater than
Zero value (0.5%). This opens the GCV
slightly to bleed down the inter valve volume.
The presence of a high pressure than that
required by the SRV would cause slow
response in initiating gas flow.
After delay of 30 sec to bleed down the P2
pressure and fill the gas supply line, the
software program ramps the fuel commands
FSR2 to increase and FSR1 to decrease at
a programmed rate through median select
gate. Fuel transfer completes in 30 sec.

Fuel Control System
Liquid fuel Purge
To prevent the coking of the liquid fuel nozzles
Mixed fuel Operation
Gas Turbine can be operated on both GAS & LIQ in any
proportion when operator choses to be on MIX mode.
Limits of fuel mixture are required to ensure proper
combustion, gas fuel distribution and gas nozzle flow
velocities.
% of gas flow must be increased as load is decreased to
maintain the minimum pressure ratio across the fuel
nozzle.
Modulated Inlet Guide Vane System
IGV system
Bang-Bang type (2 position)
Modulated
IGV modulates during
acceleration of turbine at rated speed.,
loading and unloading of the generator
deceleration of gas turbine
IGV modulation maintains
proper flows and pressures, and thus the stresses in the
compressor.
Maintains minimum pressure drop across fuel nozzles
in Combined cycle operations maintains high exhaust
temperatures at low loads.

Modulated Inlet Guide Vane Control
HYD.
SUPPLY
<RST>
VH3-1
ORIFICES (2)
OLT-1
TRIP OIL
C
A
C2
I
N
O
U
T
FH6
-1
2 1
OD
D
R P
HM 3-1
CLOSE
OPEN
90TV-1
CSRGV
<RST>
CSRGV
IGV
REF
D/A
CSRGVOUT
HIGH
SELECT
Analog
I/O
IGV Operation:

During start-up IGV is fully closed (34)
from 0% to 83% of corrected speed.

Turbine speed is corrected to reflect the air
conditions at 80F, this compensates
for changes in air density as ambient conditions
change.

At Amb.Temp >80F TNHCOR < TNH
At Amb.Temp <80F TNHCOR > TNH

Above 83% IGV open at 6.7 per % increase in
TNHCOR.

IGV open to minimum full speed angle 57 and
stop opening at 91% TNH
Inlet Guide Vane Operation
For Simple Cycle operation
IGV move to full open position at pre-
selected exhaust temperature,
usually 700F.
For Combined Cycle operation,
IGV begins to move to full open pos.
as exh.temp approaches Temp.
Control ref. temperature
(Normally IGVs begin open when Tx is within
30F of temp control Ref.)
Fuel Open Max. Angle
Simple Cycle
(CSKGVSSR)
Combined
Cycle
(TTRX)
MIN Full Speed Angle
Startup
Program
Region Of Negative
5th Stage Extraction
Pressure
Corrected Speed -%
(TNCHOR)
0
100
0
100
FSNL
BASE LOAD
EXHUAST TEMPERATURE
By not allowing the guide vanes to close to an angle less than than
the min full speed angle at 100%TNH, a min press drop is maintained
across the fuel nozzles, thereby lessening combustion system
resonance.
IGV Control Schematic
Inlet
Guide
Vane
Ref.

Servo
Output
IGV
Part
Speed
Ref.
Temp. Control
Feedback
Temp. Control
Reference
Manual
Command
IGV Part Speed Ref.
Compressor
Inlet Temp.
Speed
IGV Position
IGV Reference
IGV
Command
Wet Low NOx Control
Select
+

_
Injection
Flow
Steam
Flow
Injection
Flow
Gas
Flow
Dead band
Controller
Gas dP
Gas Press
Gas Temp
Gas Fuel Flow
Liq Fuel Flow
Humidity
Power Augmentation
Flow
Basic
Injection Flow
Lower
Injection Flow
Required
Injection
Flow
Steam
Water Flow
Steam Press
Steam Temp
Protection Systems
Turbine protection system consists of number of sub-
systems
which operate during each normal start-up and shutdown
Few operate strictly during emergency and abnormal
operating conditions.
Protection systems are set up to
Detect and alarm the failure.
If the failure is of serious nature, protection system will trip
the turbine.
Protection system responds to:
Simple trip signals like
low lube oil press switch
high gas compressor discharge pressure etc.
Protection Systems
More Complex parameters like
Over speed
Over temperature
High Vibration,
Combustion monitor
Loss of flame etc..
To ensure the safety and safe operation of turbine
Speedtronic system is equipped with master
control and protection circuit

Protection Systems
Turbine Protection systems includes:
Trip Oil
Inlet orifice, Check Valves & Orifice network
Pressure switches
Dump valves
Over speed Protection
Electronic Over speed trip
Mechanical Over speed bolt
Over temperature Protection
Over temperature alarm (L30TXA)
Over temperature Trip (L86TXT)
Flame Detection and Protection System

Protection Systems
Vibration Protection
High Vibration Alarm & Trip
Vibration transducer fault
Alarm
Combustion monitoring
Spread calculations
Exhaust Thermocouple
Trouble Alarm
Combustion Trouble Alarm
High Exhaust Temperature
Spread Trip
Spread monitor enable
Master
Prot.
Circuit
<RST>
GCV
SRV
Relay
Voting
Module
20
FG
FUEL
PUMP
Primary
OS
Over
temp
Vibra
tion
Comb
Monitor
Sec
OS
Loss
Of
Flame
Master
Prot.
Circuit
<XYZ>
Bypass
Valve
Servo
valve
Relay
Voting
Module
20
FL
Gas Fuel
Control
Valve
Gas Fuel
Speed Ratio/
Stop Valve
Liquid
Fuel Stop
Valve
Trip Oil System
It is a primary protection interface between the turbine control and
protection system and the components of the turbine which admit
or shut-off, fuel.
System devices are electrically operated by Speedtronic control
system as well as some totally mechanical devices.
Master
Protection
L4
Circuits
20
FG
20
FL
63HL
Gas Fuel
Speed Ratio/
Stop Value
OH
Gas Fuel
Dump Relay
Valve
63HG
Orifice And
Check Valve
Network
Protective
Signals
RESET
Manual
Trip
OVERSPEED
TRIP
INLET ORIFICE
Manual Trip
(When Provided)
12HA
Liquid Fuel
Stop Valve
Gas fuel
Liquid
Fuel
Over Speed Protection
Electronic Over speed function is
performed in <RST> and <XYZ>.
TNH is compared with TNKHOS.
When TNH>TNKHOS, turbine is
tripped and latched till Reset.
ELECTRICAL OVERSPEED TRIP
is displayed in CRT.
TNKHOST
TNH
High Pressure Over Speed Trip
<RST> <XYZ>
HP Speed
Trip Setpoint
Test
Test
Premissive
TNKHOS
LK3HOST
L86MR1
Master Reset
Reset
Set
And
Latch
L12H To
Master
Prot
And
Alarm
Msg
A
A>B
B
Manual
Reset
Manual
Trip
12HP
OD
Overspeed Bolt
OLT
Mechanical Over speed system
Consists of
Over speed bolt assembly in
accessory gear box.
Over speed trip mechanism in the
assessory gear.
Position limit switch 12 HA.
Acts as a back-up control
Trip setting > Electronic Setting
Over Temperature Protection
Protects GT against
possible damages
against Over firing.

TTXOT3
TTXOT1
TTXOT2
TTXM
OVER-TEMP. TRIP & ALARM.
TTRXB
L86MR1
L30TXA
ALARM
To Alarm
Message
And
Speed
Setpoint
Lower
To
Master
Prot.
And
Alarm
Msg
TRIP
Isothermal
ALARM
A
A>B
B
A
A>B
B
A
A>B
B
Set
And
Latch

Reset
O
R
TTREF
CPD
CONTROL
25F
40F
ALARM
TRIP
ISO TRIP
1090 F
1030F
It is a backup protection system,
operates only after the failure of
temperature control system.

Flame Detection & Protection
Speedtronic Mark-V flame detectors perform two
functions
One in the Sequencing system
other in Protective system
Flame detected by UV radiation.
Speedtronic control furnish +350VDC to drive the UV
detector tube. In the presence of UV radiation, the gas
in the detector tube ionizes and conducts current.
Speedtronic counts the no.of current pulses/sec through
UV sensor.
Typically 300 pulses/sec when strong UV signal is
present.
Flame Detection & Protection
TUEBINE
PROTECTION
LOGIC
TURBINE
CONTROL
LOGIC
FLAME
DETECTION
LOGIC
ANALOG
I/O
(Flame
Detection
Channes)
28FD
UV SCANNER
28FD
UV SCANNER
28FD
UV SCANNER
28FD
UV SCANNER
CRT
DISPLAY
Speedtronic MK-V Flame Detection
NOTE: Excitation for the sensor and signal processing is
performed by SPEEDTRONIC Mk V circuits
<P>
Vibration Protection
Gas Turbine unit comprises
Several independent vibration
channels
Each channel detects
excessive vibration by a
seismic pickup
Each channel includes one
vibration pickup (velocity type)
and a Speedtronic Mark-V
amplifier circuit.
Vibration detectors generate a
relatively low voltage by the
relative motion of a permanent
magnet suspended in a coil
and therefore no excitation is
required.
Vibration protection system
trips the turbine when vibration
level exceeds predetermined
level.
A
A>B
B
A
A<B
B
L30TEST
A
A>B
B
OR
AND
RESET
SET
AND
LATCH
30V
FAULT
ALARM
TRIP
<RST>
VF
VA
VT
Auto Or Manual Reset
TRIP
L39VT
ALARM
L39VA
FAULT
L39VF
Speedtronic control generates
High Vibration Trip
Vibration Transducer Fault
Combustion Monitoring
Primary function
to reduce the likelihood of
extensive damage to the gas
turbine if the combustion
system deteriorates.
Continuously examines the
exhaust temperature and
compressor discharge
temperature thermocouples
Reliability of combustion
monitor depends on condition
of exhaust thermocouples.
Several software programs are
written to achieve this
<RST>
Median
Select
Calculate
Allowable
Spread
Calculate
Actual
Spreads
A
A>B
B

A
A>B
B

A
A>B
B

A
A>B
B

TTXSPL
L60SP2
L60SP3
L60SP4
CTDA
Median
Select
TTKSPL1
TTKSPL2
TTKSPL5
TTKSPL7
Constants
TTXC
TTXD2
Combustion Monitor Algorithm
L60SP1
ALARM - TTXSP1 => TTXSPL
TRIP - TTXSP1 > TTXSPL and TTXSP2 > 80% of
TTXSPL and Low TC is physically next to the
second to low TC
TRIP - TTXSP2 > 80% of TTXSPL and one TC is
failed and 2nd lowest TC next to 3rd to lowest
TC (a failed TC is defined as TTXSP1 > 5 x
TTXSPL)
TRIP - TTXSP3 > 80% of TTXSPL
Combustion Monitoring
1 18
High Low
Actual Spreads
TTXSP1 = High - Low TTXSP2 = High - 2nd Low
TTXSP3 = High - 3rd Low
Allowable Spread (Spread Limit)
TTXSPL = Based on CTD & TTXM
Trip Functions
OR
Primary Over speed Detected
Emergency Over speed Detected
Loss Of Speed Signal
Vibration Trip
Differential Expansion Trip
Low Lube Oil Level Trip
Low Lube Oil Pressure Trip
Low Servo Pressure Trip
Axial Position Trip
Generator Differential Fault
Manual Trip

Customer Trip
Exhaust Over temp Trip
TRIP
TURBINE