DOC.

REF SOE/CE/LS018
EFF. DATE 1-SEP-2012
REVISION NO. 1
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FRICTION LOSS ALONG A PIPE
AIM:
The aims of the e!e"ime#ts a"e to $emo#st"ate the %ha#&e i# the 'a( of "esista#%e )the
"e'atio#shi! *et(ee# i a#$ +, a#$ to esta*'ish the %"iti%a' R.
APPARATUS:

1, Sto! -at%h.
2, Vo'+met"i% ./$"a+'i% 0e#%h.
1, F"i%tio# Loss a'o#& a !i!e.
INTRODUCTION:
The f"i%tio#a' "esista#%e to (hi%h f'+i$ is s+*2e%te$ as it f'o(s a'o#& a !i!e "es+'ts i# a
%o#ti#+o+s 'oss of e#e"&/ o" tota' hea$ of the f'+i$. Fi&+"e 1 i''+st"ates this i# a sim!'e %ase3
the $iffe"e#%e i# 'e4e's *et(ee# !ie5omete"s A a#$ 0 "e!"ese#ts the tota' hea$ 'oss h i# the
'e#&th of ' of !i!e. I# h/$"a+'i% e#&i#ee"i#& it is %+stoma"/ to "efe" to the "ate of 'oss of tota'
hea$ a'o#& the !i!e6 $h/$' 6 */ the te"m h/$"a+'i% &"a$ie#t6 $e#ote$ */ the s/m*o' i 6 so that7
i
dl
dh
=
)1,
Fi&+"e 17 Dia&"am i''+st"ati#& the h/$"a+'i% &"a$ie#t.
8
DOC. REF SOE/CE/LS018
EFF. DATE 1-SEP-2012
REVISION NO. 1
Os*o"#e Re/#o'$s6 i# 18816 "e%o"$e$ a #+m*e" of e!e"ime#ts to $ete"mi#e the 'a(s of
"esista#%e i# !i!es. 0/ i#t"o$+%i#& a fi'ame#t of $/e i#to the f'o( of (ate" a'o#& a &'ass !i!e
he sho(e$ the eiste#%e of t(o $iffe"e#t t/!es of motio#. At 'o( 4e'o%ities the fi'ame#t
a!!ea"e$ as a st"ai&ht 'i#e (hi%h !asse$ $o(# the (ho'e 'e#&th of the t+*e i#$i%ati#& 'ami#a"
f'o(. At hi&he" 4e'o%ities6 the fi'ame#t6 afte" !assi#& a 'itt'e (a/ a'o#& the t+*e6 s+$$e#'/
mie$ (ith the s+""o+#$i#& (ate"6 i#$i%ati#& that the motio# ha$ #o( *e%ome t+"*+'e#t.
E!e"ime#t (ith !i!es of $iffe"e#t $iamete"s a#$ (ith (ate" at $iffe"e#t tem!e"at+"e 'e$
Re/#o'$s to %o#%'+$e that the !a"amete" (hi%h $ete"mi#es (hethe" the f'o( sha'' *e 'ami#a"
o" t+"*+'e#t i# a#/ !a"ti%+'a" %ase is7

uD
R =
)2,
i# (hi%h R $e#otes the Re/#o'$s N+m*e" of the motio#.
$e#otes the $e#sit/ of the f'+i$
+ $e#otes the 4e'o%it/ of f'o(
D $e#otes the $iamete" of the !i!e
$e#otes the %oeffi%ie#t of 4is%osit/ of the f'+i$
This motio# is 'ami#a" o" t+"*+'e#t a%%o"$i#& as the 4a'+e to R is 'ess tha# o" &"eate" tha# a
%e"tai# %"iti%a' 4a'+e. If e!e"ime#ts a"e ma$e (ith i#%"easi#& "ates of f'o(6 this 4a'+e of R
$e!e#$s o# the $e&"ee of %a"e (hi%h is ta9e# to e'imi#ate $ist+"*a#%es i# the s+!!'/ a#$
a'o#& the !i!e. O# the othe" ha#$6 if e!e"ime#ts a"e ma$e (ith $e%"easi#& f'o(6 t"a#sitio#
f"om t+"*+'e#t to 'ami#a" f'o( ta9es !'a%e at a 4a'+e of R (hi%h is 4e"/ m+%h 'ess $e!e#$e#t
o# i#itia' $ist+"*a#%es. This 4a'+e of R is a*o+t 20006 a#$ *e'o( this the f'o( *e%omes
'ami#a" s+ffi%ie#t'/ $o(#st"eam of a#/ $ist+"*a#%e6 #o matte" ho( se4e"e it is.
Diffe"e#t 'a(s of "esista#%e a!!'/ to 'ami#a" a#$ to t+"*+'e#t f'o(. Fo" a &i4e# f'+i$ f'o(i#&
a'o#& a &i4e# !i!e6 e!e"ime#ts sho( that7
fo" 'ami#a" motio# i + )1,
fo" t+"*+'e#t motio# i +
#
):,
# *ei#& a# i#$e (hi%h 'ies *et(ee# 1.; a#$ 2.0 )$e!e#$i#& o# the 4a'+e of R a#$ o# the
"o+&h#ess of the (a'' of the !i!e,. E<+atio# 1 is i# a%%o"$a#%e (ith Poise+i''e=s e<+atio#
(hi%h %a# *e ("itte# i# the fo"m7
2
12
gD
u
i

=
)>,
The"e is #o simi'a" sim!'e "es+'t fo" t+"*+'e#t f'o(7 i# e#&i#ee"i#& !"a%ti%e it is %+stoma"/ to
+se Da"%/=s e<+atio#7
g D
fu
i
2
:
2
=
)8,
i# (hi%h f $e#otes a# e!e"ime#ta''/ $ete"mi#e$ fa%to" (hi%h 4a"ies (ith R a#$ !i!e
"o+&h#ess.
;
DOC. REF SOE/CE/LS018
EFF. DATE 1-SEP-2012
REVISION NO. 1
?eas+"eme#ts of i i# the 'ami#a" "e&io# is +se$ to fi#$ the %oeffi%ie#t of 4is%osit/ a#$
meas+"eme#ts i# the t+"*+'e#t "e&io# is +se$ to fi#$ the f"i%tio# fa%to" f. Com!a"e the
f"i%tio# fa%to" o*tai#e$ f"om the e!e"ime#t (ith the 0'asi+s=s e<+atio#.
DESCRIPTION:
Fi&+"e 27 Dia&"ammati% A""a#&eme#t of A!!a"at+s fo" ?eas+"i#& F"i%tio# Loss
A'o#& a Pi!e.
Fi&+"e 2 sho(s the a""a#&eme#t i# (hi%h (ate" f"om a s+!!'/ ta#9 is 'e$ th"o+&h a f'ei*'e
hose to the *e''-mo+the$ e#t"a#%e to a st"ai&ht t+*e a'o#& (hi%h the f"i%tio#a' 'oss is
meas+"e$. Pie5omete" ta!!i#& a"e ma$e at a# +!st"eam se%tio# (hi%h 'ies a!!"oimate'/ :>
t+*e $iamete"s a(a/ f"om the !i!e e#t"a#%e6 a#$ at a $o(#st"eam se%tio# (hi%h 'ies
a!!"oimate'/ :0 t+*e $iamete"s a(a/ f"om the !i!e eit. These %'ea" 'e#&ths +!st"eam a#$
$o(#st"eam of the test se%tio# a"e "e<+i"e$ to !"e4e#t the "es+'ts fo"m *ei#& affe%te$ */
$ist+"*a#%es #ea" the e#t"a#%e a#$ eit of the !i!e. The !ie5omete" ta!!i#& a"e %o##e%te$ to
a# i#4e"te$ @-t+*e ma#omete"6 (hi%h "ea$s the $iffe"e#tia' !"ess+"e $i"e%t'/ i# mm of (ate"6
o" a @-t+*e (hi%h "ea$s i# mm of me"%+"/.
The "ate of f'o( a'o#& the !i!e is %o#t"o''e$ */ a #ee$'e 4a'4e at the !i!e eit6 a#$ is
meas+"e$ */ timi#& the %o''e%tio# of (ate" i# a meas+"i#& %/'i#$e" )the $is%ha"&e *ei#& so
sma'' as to ma9e the +se of the ./$"a+'i% 0e#%h (ei&hi#& ta#9 im!"a%ti%a*'e,.
8
DOC. REF SOE/CE/LS018
EFF. DATE 1-SEP-2012
REVISION NO. 1
BACKGROUND:
Derivation of Poiseuille's Equation.
Fi&+"e 17 De"i4atio# of Poise+i''e=s E<+atio#.
To $e"i4e Poise+i''e=s e<+atio# (hi%h a!!'ie$ to 'ami#a" f'o( a'o#& a t+*e6 %o#si$e" the
motio# i#$i%ate$ o# Fi&+"e 1. O4e" ea%h %"oss-se%tio# of the t+*e the !ie5omet"i% !"ess+"e is
%o#sta#t6 a#$ this !"ess+"e fa''s %o#ti#+o+s'/ a'o#& the t+*e. S+!!ose that *et(ee# %"oss-
se%tio# A a#$ 0 se!a"ate$ */ 'e#&th ' of the t+*e6 the fa'' i# !"ess+"e is !. The# the fo"%e
ee"te$ */ this !"ess+"e $iffe"e#%e o# the e#$s of a %/'i#$e" ha4i#& "a$i+s "6 a#$ its ais o#
the %e#t"e 'i#e of the t+*e6 is !"
2
. O4e" a#/ %"oss-se%tio# of the t+*e6 the 4e'o%it/ 4a"ies (ith
"a$i+s6 ha4i#& a maim+m 4a'+e of +
o
at the %e#t"e a#$ fa''i#& to 5e"o at the (a''3 'et the
4e'o%it/ at "a$i+s " i# a#/ %"oss-se%tio# *e $e#ote$ */ +
"
. The# the shea" st"ess 6 i# the
$i"e%tio# sho(# o# Fi&+"e 16 $+e to 4is%o+s a%tio# o# the %+"4e$ s+"fa%e of the %/'i#$e"6 is
&i4e# */7
dr
du
r
= );,
)Note that
dr
du
r
is #e&ati4e so that the st"ess a%ts i# the $i"e%tio# sho(# i# Fi&+"e 1,. The
fo"%e o# the %/'i#$e" $+e to this st"ess is rl
dr
du
r

2 . . Si#%e the f'+i$ is i# stea$/ motio#

+#$e" the a%tio# of the s+m of !"ess+"e a#$ 4is%o+s fo"%es3
0 2 .
2
= + rl
dr
du
r p
r

The"efo"e7
l
pr
dr
du
r
2
=
)8,
+
"
A 0 (he# " A a
( )
2 2
:
r a
l
p
u
r
=

)B,
This "es+'t sho(s that the 4e'o%it/ $ist"i*+tio# a%"oss a se%tio# is !a"a*o'i%6 as i#$i%ate$ o#
Fi&+"e 16 a#$ that the 4e'o%it/ o# the %e#t"e 'i#e6 &i4e# */ !+tti#& " A 0 i# E<+atio# B is
B
DOC. REF SOE/CE/LS018
EFF. DATE 1-SEP-2012
REVISION NO. 1
l
pa
u
o
:
2
=
)10,
The $is%ha"&e "ate C ma/ #o( *e %a'%+'ate$. The f'o( "ate C th"o+&h a# a##+'+s of "a$i+s "
a#$ (i$th " is
r r u Q
r
2 =
I#se"ti#& +
"
f"om E<+atio# B a#$ i#te&"ati#&
( )dr r r a
l
p
Q
a

=
0
1 2
2
:

The"efo"e
l
ppa
Q
8
:
=
)11,
No( the mea# 4e'o%it/ + o4e" the %"oss se%tio# is6 */ $efi#itio#6 &i4e# */7
2
. a u Q = )12,
a#$ e'imi#ati#& C *et(ee# e<+atio# 11 a#$ 12 &i4es7
l
pD
l
pa
u
12 8
2 2
= =
)11,
(hi%h ma/ *e ("itte# i# the fo"m7
2
12
gD
u
i

=
)>,
*/ +se of the s+*stit+tio#s7 &h A !
a#$
i
l
h
=
Derivation of Darcy's Equation
If the f'o( is t+"*+'e#t6 the a#a'/sis &i4e# a*o4e is i#4a'i$ate$ */ the %o#ti#+o+s mii#&
!"o%ess (hi%h ta9es !'a%e. A%"oss the %+"4e$ s+"fa%e of the %/'i#$e" ha4i#& "a$i+s " i# Fi&+"e
16 this mii#& is ma#ifest as a %o#ti#+o+s +#stea$/ a#$ "a#$om f'o( i#to a#$ o+t of the
%/'i#$e"6 so that the a!!a"e#t shea" st"ess o# this s+"fa%e is &"eate" tha# the 4a'+e &i4e# i#
E<+atio# ;. 0e%a+se of the mii#& the $ist"i*+tio# of 4e'o%it/ o4e" a %"oss se%tio# is mo"e
+#ifo"m tha# the !a"a*o'i% sha!e $e$+%e$ fo" 'ami#a" f'o(6 as i#$i%ate$ o# Fi&+"e :.
10
DOC. REF SOE/CE/LS018
EFF. DATE 1-SEP-2012
REVISION NO. 1
Fi&+"e :7 De"i4atio# of Da"%/=s E<+atio#.
A'tho+&h it is #ot !ossi*'e to !e"fo"m a %om!'ete a#a'/sis fo" t+"*+'e#t f'o(6 a +sef+' "es+'t
ma/ *e o*tai#e$ */ %o#si$e"i#& the (ho'e %"oss se%tio# as sho(# i# Fi&+"e :. It is "easo#a*'e
to s+!!ose that the shea" st"ess
o

o# the (a'' of the t+*e (i'' $e!e#$ o# the mea# 4e'o%it/

+3 'et +s ass+me fo" the !"ese#t that7
2
2 / 1 . u f
o
=
)1:,
i# (hi%h 1/2+
2
$e#otes the $/#ami% !"ess+"e %o""es!o#$i#& to the mea# 4e'o%it/ +6 a#$ f
is a f"i%tio# fa%to" )#ot #e%essa"i'/ %o#sta#t,. Si#%e
o
a#$ 1/2+
2
ea%h ha4e $ime#sio#s of
fo"%e !e" +#it a"ea6 f is $ime#sio#'ess. The fo"%e o# a %/'i#$e" of 'e#&th l $+e to this st"ess
is
al u f 2 . 2 / 1 .
2
a#$ the fo"%e $+e to the fa'' i# !"ess+"e is !.a
2
6 so that7
al u f a p 2 . 2 / 1 . .
2 2
=
S+*stit+ti#&7
p gh =
i l h =
a#$
2
D
a =

'ea$s to the "es+'t
g
u
D
f
i
2
.
:
2
=
)8,
(hi%h is a fo"m of Da"%/=s e<+atio#.
The f"i%tio# fa%to" f (hi%h o%%+"s i# this e<+atio# (as $efi#e$ */ e<+atio# 1: a#$ is #ot
#e%essa"i'/ %o#sta#t. The "es+'ts of ma#/ e!e"ime#ts sho( that f $oes6 i# fa%t6 $e!e#$ o#
*oth R6 the Re/#o'$s N+m*e"6 a#$ o# the "o+&h#ess of the !i!e (a''. At a &i4e# 4a'+e of R6 f
i#%"ease (ith i#%"easi#& s+"fa%e "o+&h#ess. Fo" a &i4e# s+"fa%e "o+&h#ess6 f &e#e"a''/
$e%"eases s'o('/ (ith i#%"easi#& R. This mea#s that if R is i#%"ease$ */ i#%"easi#& + a'o#& a
&i4e# !i!e6 f (i'' $e%"ease s'o('/ (ith i#%"easi#& +6 so that the !"o$+%t f+
2
o# (hi%h i
11
DOC. REF SOE/CE/LS018
EFF. DATE 1-SEP-2012
REVISION NO. 1
$e!e#$ i# e<+atio# (i'' i#%"ease some(hat 'ess tha# +
2
. I# fa%t6 o4e" a fai"'/ (i$e "a#&e6 it is
ofte# !ossi*'e to "e!"ese#t the 4a"iatio# of i (ith + */ the a!!"oimatio#7
n
ku i =
(he"e 9 a#$ # a"e %o#sta#t fo" a &i4e# f'+i$ f'o(i#& a'o#& a &i4e# !i!e6 # ha4i#& a 4a'+e
*et(ee# 1.; a#$ 2.0.
The f"i%tio# fa%to" e<+atio# (hi%h (as !"o!ose$ */ 0'asi+s fo" t+"*+'e#t f'o( i# smooth !i!e
is e!"esse$ as7
2> . 0
0;B . 0

= R f
PROCEDURES:
Notes7 1, The hei&ht of the (ate" 'e4e' i# the ma#omete" ma/ *e "aise$ to a s+ita*'e 4a'+e */
a''o(i#& ai" to es%a!e th"o+&h the ai" 4a'4e at the to!6 o" */ !+m!i#& ai" th"o+&h the
4a'4e.
2, D+e to the 'a"&e "a#&e of hea$ $iffe"e#%es6 the "ea$i#&s sho+'$ *e "e%o"$e$ i# t(o
sets. Those fo" 'o(e" 4e'o%it/ f'o( "ates6 (ith the (ate" ma#omete"6 a#$ those fo"
hi&h 4e'o%it/ (ith the me"%+"/ ma#omete".
Desi&# a#$ !e"fo"m a# e!e"ime#t to %ate" fo" the aims of the e!e"ime#t. It sho+'$ *e #ote$
that t(o t/!es of f'o( "e&imes (i'' *e a!!a"e#t a#$ as s+%h6 "ea$i#&s sho+'$ %omfo"ta*'/
%o4e" the (ho'e of the 'ami#a" "e&io# a#$ the t"a#sitio# to t+"*+'e#t f'o(. P"ese#t the "es+'ts
o*tai#e$ i# a# a!!"o!"iate fo"mat a%%o+#ti#& fo" a#/ e""o"s )if s+ita*'e,.
@sef+' Data
Le#&th of !i!e *et(ee# !ie5omete" ta!!i#&6 I A >2: mm
Nomi#a' $iamete" of !i!e6 D A 1 mm
C"oss-se%tio# a"ea of !i!e A ;.08 mm
2
REFERENCES:
1. ?e%ha#i%s of F'+i$s. ?asse/6 0S6 Va# Nost"a#$ Rei#ho'$6 1B8B
2. F'+i$ ?e%ha#i%s6 -hite F ?6 ?%D"a(-.i''6 1
"$
E$. 1BB:
1. A# A'*+m of F'+i$ ?otio#6 Va# D/9e ?. Pa"a*o'i% P"ess6 1B82.
:. Chemi%a' E#&i#ee"i#& Vo'+me 16 Co+'so# E Ri%ha"$so#6 0+tte"(o"th-.ei#ema##
12