CNS-ST 1.2: TRANSMISSION LINES AND ANTENNAS 1.

The minimum value that a characteristic impedance of an air dielectric parallel-wire could have is 83 ohms.* Velocity factor of coaxial cables vary from 0.6 to 0.8* Typical value of the velocity factor of an open-wire transmission is 0.9* When the load absorbs all the power transmitted, it means that the load impedance is equal to Zo of the line.* When no power is applied to a transmission system, the VSWR is equal to zero.* The characteristic impedances commonly available are 75 ohms and 50 ohms.* The 50-ohm RG-58 coaxial cable is used in cheapernet or thin-wire Ethernet.* The 50-ohm double-shielded RG-11 coaxial cable is used in thicknet or thick-wire Ethernet.* A flat conductor separated from a ground plane by an insulating dielectric material Microstrip. A flat conductor sandwich between two ground planes. Stripline What connecting link is used to transfer energy from a radio transmitter to its antenna located on the mast of a ship? Transmission line. What term is used for the end of a transmission line that is connected to a transmitter? Input end, generator end, transmitter end, sending end and source. What term is used for the end of a transmission line that is connected to an antenna? Output end, receiving end, load end, and sink. Name two of the three uses of a twowire open line. Power lines, rural telephone lines, and telegraph lines. What are two primary disadvantages of a two-wire open line? High radiation losses and noise pickup.

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What type of transmission line is often used to connect a television set to its antenna? Twin-lead. What is the primary advantage of the shielded pair? The conductors are balanced to ground. What the two types of coaxial lines in use today? Air coaxial (rigid) and solid coaxial (flexible). What is the chief advantage of the air coaxial line? The ability to minimize radiation losses. List the two common type of waveguides in use today. Cylindrical and rectangular. What are the three types of line losses associated with transmission lines? Copper, dielectric and radiation. Losses caused by skin effect and I 2 R (power) loss are classified as what types of loss? Copper loss. What type of losses cause the dielectric material between the conductors to be heated? Dielectric loss. What is the range of characteristic impedance of lines used in actual practice? Between 50 and 600 ohms. Two types of waves are formed on a transmission line. What names are given to these waves? Incident waves from generator to load. Reflected waves from load to generator. On an open-ended transmission line, the voltage is always zero at what distance from each end of the line? One-fourth the distance from each end of the line. A non-resonant line is a line that has no standing waves of current and voltage on it and is considered to be flat. Why is this true? The load impedance of such a line is equal to Zo. At what point on an open-circuited rf line do voltage peaks occur? At wavelength from the end and at every wavelength along the line. What is the square of the voltage standing wave ratio called? Power standing-wave ratio (pswr) What does vswr measure? The existence of voltage variations on a line.

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38. 31. Determine the characteristic impedance for an air dielectric twowire parallel transmission line with a D/r ratio of 12.22? 300 ohms.

Determine the impedance of /4 line to match 600ohm feed to 75 ohm antenna. 212 ohm

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If a cable has a velocity factor of 0.8, what length of cable is required for a 90 degree phase shift at 100 meters? 0.6 meters

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Determine the characteristic impedance for an RG-59A coaxial cable with the following specifications: d=0.025 inches, D=0.15 inches, and dielectric constant of 2.23 72 ohms

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The scientist who profounded the theory of electromagnetic radiation James Maxwell* Antenna radiated power is ______ of the antenna current. proportional to the square (I^2) Antenna field strength is _____ to the antenna current. directly proportional (I) Antennas assuming having similar size, has largest gain. Parabolic* Antenna whose technical equivalent is /4 line is open circuited. Dipole* Marconi type of antenna is a grounded _____ vertical antenna. /4* Antenna used in mobile communications, mounted on vehicles. Marconi* Antenna used for radiating AM broadcast band. /2 vertical antenna.* Electrical length of a Marconi antenna needed for AM broadcasting can be increased by using series loading of capacitor.* The SI unit of magnetic field intensity. Ampere/meter* The radio wavelength known as ______ falls within the medium frequency range hectrometric waves* Antenna utilizing the ground as part of its resonant circuit. Marconi* Antenna that is complete in itself and capable of self-oscillation. Hertz* Radiation resistance is the ratio of radiated power to the square of current* Example of Marconi type antenna. Quarter wave vertical tower.*

41. 33. Determine the characteristic impedance for an RG-59A coaxial cable with the following specifications: L=0.118uH/ft and C=21pF/ft 75 ohms.

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44. 34. For a given length of RG 8A/U coaxial cable with a distributed capacitance of 96.6pF/m, a distributed inductance of 241.56 nH/m, and a relative dielectric constant of 2.3, determine the velocity of propagation and the velocity factor; 2.07x10^8m/s; 0.69

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47. 35. For a transmission line with an incident voltage of 5V and a reflected voltage of 3V, determine the reflection coefficient and the SWR. r=0.6, SWR=4

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50. 36. A pulse is transmitted down a cable that has a velocity of propagation of 0.8c. The reflected signal is received 1us later. How far down the cable is the impairment? 120m. Using TDR, a transmission line impairment is located 3000m from the source. For velocity of propagation of 0.9c, determine the time elapsed from the beginning of the pulse to the reception of the echo. 22.22us

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73. 55. The gain in the direction of one of the major lobes of the radiation pattern. Directivity gain* Form of unwanted radiation working against the main beam caused by feeding a parabolic reflector with an isotropic source. Backlobe radiation* Type of antenna capable of transmitting (receiving) a TEM wave polarized in any direction. Helical antenna* A region within the influence of the induction field of an antenna. Near field* An example of parasitic array. Yagi-uda* 78. 60. Structure made of plastic-like composite material used to enclose the complete antenna assembly for protection against the weather and to reduce wind or snow loading. Radome* The minimum antenna actual height: /4* Marconi antenna current maximum at the base* 80. 63. 64. 65. Antenna that is /10 long is called elementary doublet* FM uses what type of polarization? Horizontal polarization* In antenna, the area where the signal strength is very low. Null* Which frequency band omnihorizontally polarized antenna used? VHF and UHF* Discone antenna polarization is vertical* What is the advantage of Top loading? Improved radiation efficiency* What is propagation? Propagation means spreading out. How is a wave defined as it applies to wave propagation? A wave is a disturbance which moves through a medium. What is wave motion? A means of transferring energy from one place to another. What are some examples of wave motion? Sound waves, light waves, radio waves, heat waves, water waves. 84. 83. 81.

What type of wave motion is represented by the motion of water? Transverse waves. What are some examples of transverse waves? Radio waves, light waves, and heat waves. What example of a longitudinal wave was given in the text? A sound wave. What are the three requirements for a wave to be propagated? A source, medium and detector(receiver). What is the law of reflection? The law of reflection states: the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. When a wave is reflected from a surface, energy is transferred. When is the transfer of energy greatest? When the incident wave is nearly parallel with the surface. When is the transfer of energy minimum? When the incident wave is perpendicular to the surface. Also a dull (or black surface) reflects very little regardless of the angle. A refracted wave occurs when a wave passes from one medium into another medium, what determines the angle of refraction? The density of the two mediums, and the velocity of the waves. What do we call the field that is created between two rods when a voltage is applied to them? ELECTRIC FIELD. When current flows through a conductor, a field is created around the conductor. What do we call this field? MAGNETIC FIELD. An induction field is created around a conductor when current flows through it. What do we call the field that detaches itself from the conductor and travels through space. RADIATION FIELD. What are two basic qualifications of antennas? Half-wave(Hertz) and Quarter-wave (Marconi) What are the three parts of a complete antenna system? Coupling device, feeder, and antenna What three factors determine the type size and shape of antenna? Frequency of operation of the transmitter, amount of power to be radiated, and general direction of the receiving set.

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Vertical plane. 87. If a wave exactly the length of an antenna from one end to the other and back during the period of 1 cycle, what is the length of the antenna? One-half the wavelength. What is the term used to identify the points of high-current and high voltage on an antenna? Current and voltage loops. What is the term used to identify the points of minimum current and minimum voltage on an antenna? Current and voltage nodes. The direction of what field is used to designate the polarization of a wave? Electric Field. 105. 91. If a waves electric lines of force rotate through 360 degrees with every cycle of RF energy, what is the polarization of this wave? Circular polarization. What type of polarization should be used at medium and low frequencies? Vertical polarization What is an advantage of using horizontal polarization at high frequencies? Less interference is experienced by man-made noise sources. What type of polarization should be used if an antenna is mounted on a moving vehicle at frequencies below 50 megahertz? Vertical polarization What is the radiation resistance of a half-wave antenna in free space? 73 ohms. A radiating source that radiates energy stronger in one direction than another is what type of radiator? Anisotropic radiator A radiating source that radiates energy equally in all directions is known as what type of radiator? Isotropic radiator A flashlight is an example of what type of radiator? Anisotropic radiator What terms are often used to describe basic half-wave antennas? Dipole, doublet and hertz. If a basic halfwave antenna is mounted vertically, what type of radiation pattern will be produced? Non-directional in which plane will the half-wave antenna be operating if it is mounted horizontally? 106. 102. Since the radiation pattern of a dipole is similar to that of a doublet, what will happen to the pattern if the length of the doublet is increased? The pattern would flatten. What is the simplest method of feeding power to the half-wave antenna? To connect one end through a capacitor to the final output stage of the transmitter. What is the radiation pattern of a quarter-wave antenna? A circular radiation pattern in the horizontal plane, or same as a halfwave. Describe the physical arrangement of a ground screen? It is composed of a series of conductors arranged in a radial pattern and buried 1 to 2 feet below the ground. What is the difference in the amount of impedance between a three-wire dipole and a simple-center fed dipole? Nine times the feed-point impedance. Which has a wider frequency range, a simple dipole, or a folded dipole? Folded dipole What is the purpose of antenna stubs? To produce desired phase relationship between connected elements What is the primary difference between the major and minor lobes in a radiation pattern? Major lobes have the greatest amount of radiation. What is the maximum number of elements used in a collinear array? Four. Why is the number of elements in a collinear array limited? As more elements are added, an unbalanced condition in the system occurs which impairs efficiency. How can the frequency range of a collinear array be increased? By increasing the lengths of the elements of the array. How is directivity of a collinear array affected when the number of elements is increased? Directivity increases What is the primary cause of broadside arrays losing efficiency when not operating at their designed frequency? Lower radiation resistance

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When more that two elements are used in a broadside array, how are the elements arranged? Parallel and in the same plane. As the spacing between elements in a broadside array increases, what is the effect on the major lobes? They sharpen What are some disadvantages of the end-fire array? Extremely low radiation resistance, confined to one frequency, and affected by atmospheric conditions Where does the major lobe in the end-fire array occur? Along the major axis To maintain the required balance of phase relationships and critical feeding, how must the end-fire array be constructed? Symmetrically What two factors determine the directivity pattern of the parasitic array? Length of the parasitic element (tuning) and spacing between the parasitic and driven elements. What two main advantages of a parasitic array can be obtained by combining a reflector and a director with the driven element? Increased gain and directivity. The parasitic array can be rotated to receive or transmit in different directions. What is the name given to such an antenna? Rotary array. What are the disadvantages of the parasitic array? Their adjustment is critical and they do not operate over a wide frequency range. What is the advantage of adding parasitic elements to a Yagi array? Increased gain. The Yagi antenna is an example of what type of array? Multielement parasitic array

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What is the primary reason for the development of the turnstile antenna? For omnidirectional vhf communications Microwave antennas and low-frequency antennas are similar in what ways? Operating principles and electrical characteristics What term is used to express the efficiency of an antenna? Power gain or power ratio. What term is used to express the measurement of the degree of mismatch between a line and its load? Standing-wave ratio (swr) What type of antenna radiates in and receives energy from all directions at once? Omnidirectional What is the term that is used to describe narrowness in the radiated beam of an antenna? Antenna directivity What characteristic allows the same antenna to both transmit and receive? Reciprocity. What type of reflector is most often used in directive antennas? Parabolic. Microwaves can be reflected and focused in the same way as what other type of waves? Light waves. How many major lobes are radiated by a parabolic reflector? One A horizontally truncated paraboloic antenna is used for what purpose? Determine elevation The beam from a horizontally positioned cylindrical paraboloid is narrow in what plane? Vertical. What is a purpose of a collimating lens? Forces the radial segments of a wavefront into parallel paths What type of lens decelerates a portion of a spherical wavefront? Delay lens What is a set of antenna elements called? Antenna array What type of antenna has all elements connected to the same energy source? Driven array

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142. 126. To radiate power efficiently, a long-wire antenna must have what minimum overall length? One-half wavelength. 143. 127. What is another name for the Beverage antenna? Wave antenna 144. 128. What is the polarity of the currents that feed the V antenna? Opposite 145. 129. What is the main disadvantage of the rhombic antenna? It requires a large antenna site.

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What determines the beam elevation angle of an antenna that is electronically scanned in elevation? Frequency or phase of radiated energy What is the polarization of the energy radiated by a vertical slot? Horizontal Calculate the length of a half-wave dipole for an operating frequency of 20MHz.

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Find the electrical field strength for a signal power of 100W at a distance of 10 km away. 5.48mV/m

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A 5kW power, produces a field intensity of 50 uV/m at the receiver, what field intensity will be received if the power is raised to 20 kW? 100uV/m A transmitter has a power output of 150W at a carrier frequency of 325MHz. It is connected to an antenna with a gain of 12 dBi. The receiving antenna is 10km away and has a gain of 5 dBi. Calculate the power delivered to the receiver, assuming free-space propagation. Assume also that there are no losses or mismatches in the system. 404nW

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A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance of 67 ohms and a loss resistance of 5 ohms measured at the feedpoint. Calculate the efficiency. 93%

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Determine the efficiency with the following: Pin=1000w, I=10A, R=8ohm. 80% A dipole antenna has an efficiency of 85%. Calculate the gain in decibels. 1.43 dBi

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The ERP of a transmitting station is 17W in a given direction. Express this as an ERP in dBm so that it can be used with the path loss equation. Also find EIRP. ERP=42.3 dBm; EIRP=44.44dBm

A taxi company uses a central dispatcher, with an antenna at the top of a 15m tower, to communicate with taxi cabs. The taxi antennas are on the roofs of the cars, approximately 1.5m above the ground. Calculate the maximum communication distance: (a) between the dispatcher and a taxi (b) between taxis (a) 21km (b) 10.1km

160. 153. A helical antenna with eight turns is to be constructed for a frequency of 1.2GHz (a) calculate the optimum diameter and spacing for the antenna and find the total length of the antenna. (b) calculate the antenna gain in dBi (c) calculate the bandwidth. (a)62.5mm; (b)14.8 dBi; (c)36.6 degrees

In the right-hand rule for propagation, the thumb points in the direction of the E field and the forefinger points in the direction of the H field. In what direction does the middle finger point? Direction of wave propagation. Which two composite fields (composed of E and H fields) are associated with every antenna? Induction field and radiation field What composite field (composed of E and H fields) is found stored in the antenna? Induction field. What composite field (composed of E and H fields) is propagated into free space? Radiation field If a transmitting antenna is placed close to the ground, how should the antenna be polarized to give the greatest signal strength? Vertically polarized.

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A parabolic antenna has a diameter of 3 m, an efficiency of 60%, and operates at a frequency of 4GHz. Calculate the gain and beamwidth. G=39.8 dBi; beamwidth=1.78 degrees.

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164. 155. A power of 100W is supplied to an isotropic radiator. What is the power density at a point 10km away? 79.6nW/square meter

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What is one of the major reasons for the fading of radio waves which have been reflected from a surface? Shifting in the phase relationships of the wave. What are the three layers of the atmosphere? Troposphere, stratosphere and ionosphere Which layer of the atmosphere has relatively little effect on radio waves? Stratosphere What is the determining factor in classifying whether a radio wave is a ground wave or a space wave? Whether the component of the wave is travelling along the surface or over the surface of the earth. What is the best type of surface or terrain to use for radio wave transmission? Radio horizon is about 1/3 farther. What is the primary difference between the radio horizon and the natural horizon? Seawater. What three factors must be considered in the transmission of a surface wave to reduce attenuation? (a) electrical properties of the terrain (b) frequency (c) polarization of the antenna What causes ionization to occur in the ionosphere? High energy ultraviolet waves from the sun. How are the four layers of the ionosphere designated? D,E,F1,F2 layers. What is the height of the individual layers of the ionosphere? D layer is 30-55 miles, E layer is 55 to 90 miles, F layers are 90 to 240 miles.

A zone of silence between the ground wave and sky wave where there is no reception. 179. Where does the greatest amount of ionospheric absorption occur in the ionosphere? Where ionization density is greatest What is meant by the term multipath? A term used to describe the multiple pattern a radio wave may follow. When a wide band of frequencies is transmitted simultaneously, each frequency will vary in the amount of fading. What is this variable fading called? Selective fading What are two main sources of emi with which radio waves must compete? Natural and man-made interference Thunderstorms, snow storms, cosmic sources, the sun, etc., are a few examples of emi sources. What type of emi comes from these sources? Natural Motors, switches, voltageregulators, generators, etc., are a few examples of emi sources, what type of emi comes from these sources? Man-made What are the two general types of variations in the ionosphere? Regular and irregular variations. What is the main difference between these two types of variations? Regular variations can be predicted but irregular variations are Unpredictable What are the four main classes of regular variation which affect the extent of ionization in the ionosphere? Daily, seasonal, 11-year, and 27days variation. What are the three more common types of irregular variations in the ionosphere? Sporadic E, sudden disturbances, and ionospheric storms. How do raindrops affect radio waves? They can cause attenuation by scattering. How does fog affect radio waves at frequencies above 2 Gigahertz? It can cause attenuation by absorption How is the term temperature inversion used when referring to radio waves? It is a condition where layers of warm air are formed above layers of cool air.

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188. 175. What factor determines whether a radio wave is reflected or refracted by the ionosphere? Thickness of ionized layer There is a maximum frequency at which vertically transmitted radio waves can be refracted back to earth. What is this maximum frequency called? Critical Frequency. What three main factors determine the amount of refraction in the ionosphere? (a) density of ionization of the layer (b) frequency (c) angle at which it enters the layer What is the skip zone of a radio wave? 189.

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How does temperature inversion affect radio transmission? It can cause vhf and uhf transmission to be propagated far beyond normal line-of-sight distances. In what layer of the atmosphere does virtually all weather phenomena occur? Troposphere Which radio frequency bands use the tropospheric scattering principle for propagation of radio waves? VHF and above.

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