COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GSM & CDMA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With great pleasure I thank Prof. ARUN DUBE at S.K.Somaiya College of Art, Science and Commerce for being inspiration in the completion of this project. I thank him for the invaluable help provided during the completion of this project and for providing me guidance and numerous suggestions throughout the entire duration of the project. I would also like to thank my parents for their invaluable support and understanding. Finally I would like to thank S.K.Somaiya College of Art, Science and Commerce and Mumbai University that provided me to interact so closely.

CHAPTER NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

TOPICS
INTRODUCTION TO GSM HISTORY OFGSM ORIGIN OF GSM NETWORK IN INDIA ARCHITECTURE OF THE GSM NETWORK LIST OF MOBILE OPERATORS IN INDIA ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GSM CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEACCESS(CDMA) HISTORY OF CDMA CELLULAR NETWORK ORIGIN OF CDMA IN INDIA BENEFITS OF CDMA DIFFERENCE IN GSM AND CDMA COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GSM Vs CDMA GSM VS CDMA: WHICH IS BETTER? BIBLIOGRAPHY

PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO GSM

GSM is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute(ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks. Developed as a replacement for first generation(1G) analog cellular networks, the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. The standard was expanded over time to include first circuit switched data transport, then packet data transport via GPRS(General Packet Radio services). Packet data transmission speeds were later increased via EDGE(Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution). The GSM standard is more improved after the development of third generation (3G) UMTS standard developed by the 3GPP. GSM networks will evolve further as they begin to incorporate fourth generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards. "GSM" is a trademark owned by the GSM Association. The GSM Association estimates that technologies defined in the GSM standard serve 80% of the world's population, encompassing more than 6 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories, making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular networks.

CHAPTER 2: HISTORY OF GSM

Early European analogue cellular networks employed an uncoordinated mix of technologies and protocols that varied from country to country, preventing interoperability of subscriber equipment and increasing complexity for equipment manufacturers who had to contend with varying standards from a fragmented market. The work to develop a European standard for digital cellular voice telephony began in 1982 when the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) created the Groupe Spcial Mobile committee and provided a permanent group of technical support personnel, based in Paris. In 1987, 15 representatives from 13 European countries signed a memorandum of understanding to develop and deploy a common cellular telephone system across Europe. The foresight of deciding to develop a continental standard paid off, eventually resulting in a unified, open, standard-based network larger than that in the United States. France and Germany signed a joint development agreement in 1984 and were joined by Italy and the UK in 1986. In 1986 the European Commission proposed to reserve the 900 MHz spectrum band for GSM. By 1987, basic parameters of the GSM standard had been agreed upon and 15 representatives from 13 European nations signed a memorandum of understanding in Copenhagen, committing to deploy GSM. In 1989, the Groupe Spcial Mobile committee was transferred from CEPT to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute Phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. The historic world's first GSM call was made by the Finnish prime minister Harri Holkeri to Kaarina Suonio (mayor in city of Tampere) in July 1 1991. The first network was built by Telenokia and Siemens and operated by Radiolinja. 92, the first short messaging service (SMS or "text message") message was sent and Vodafone UK and Telecom Finland signed the first international roaming agreement. Work had begun in 1991 to expand the GSM standard to the 1800 MHz frequency band and the first 1800 MHz 5

network became operational in the UK in 1993. Also in 1993, Telecom Australia became the first network operator to deploy a GSM network outside of Europe and the first practical hand-held GSM mobile phone became available. In 1995, fax, data and SMS messaging services became commercially operational, the first 1900 MHz GSM network in the world became operational in the United States and GSM subscribers worldwide exceeded 10 million. In this same year, the GSM Association was formed. Pre-paid GSM SIM cards were launched in 1996 and worldwide GSM subscribers passed 100 million in 1998. In 2000, the first commercial GPRS services were launched and the first GPRS compatible handsets became available for sale. In 2001 the first UMTS (W-CDMA) network was launched and worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 500 million. In 2002 the first multimedia messaging services (MMS) were introduced and the first GSM network in the 800 MHz frequency band became operational. EDGE services first became operational in a network in 2003 and the number of worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 1 billion in 2004. By 2005, GSM networks accounted for more than 75% of the worldwide cellular network market, serving 1.5 billion subscribers. In 2005, the first HSDPA capable network also became operational. The first HSUPA network was launched in 2007 and worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded two billion in 2008. The GSM Association estimates that technologies defined in the GSM standard serve 80% of the global mobile market, encompassing more than 5 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories, making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular networks. Technical details GSM cell site antennas in the Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany GSM is a cellular network, which means that cell phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM networkmacro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen metres; they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business 6

environments and connect to the service providers network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells. Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred metres to several tens of kilometres. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometres (22 mi). There are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance. Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor picocell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system. These are typically deployed when a lot of call capacity is needed indoors; for example, in shopping centers or airports. However, this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of the radio signals from any nearby cell. The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent-channel interference). GSM carrier frequencies Main article: GSM frequency bands GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they were previously used for firstgeneration systems. Most 3G networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is divided into timeslots for individual phones to use. This allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency. These eight radio timeslots (or eight burst periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame. Half rate channels 7

use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms. The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900. Voice codecs GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into between 6.5 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data channel they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate (6.5 kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a system based upon linear predictive coding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with bitrates, these codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the air interface layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal. GSM was further enhanced in 1997[8] with the Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) codec, a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with the development of UMTS, EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec called AMR-Narrowband, which is high quality and robust against interference when used on full rate channels, and less robust but still relatively high quality when used in good radio conditions on half-rate channels. Network structure The structure of a GSM network The network is structured into a number of discrete sections: The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). the Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network. The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections). The Operations support system (OSS) for maintenance of the network. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Main article: Subscriber Identity Module One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, 8

commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking. Phone locking Main article: SIM lock Sometimes mobile network operators restrict handsets that they sell for use with their own network. This is called locking and is implemented by a software feature of the phone. Because the purchase price of the mobile phone to the consumer may be subsidized with revenue from subscriptions, operators must recoup this investment before a subscriber terminates service. A subscriber may usually contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee, utilize private services to remove the lock, or make use of free or fee-based software and websites to unlock the handset themselves. In some countries (e.g., Lebanon, Bangladesh, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore) all phones are sold unlocked. In others (e.g., Finland, Singapore) it is unlawful for operators to offer any form of subsidy on a phone's price. GSM service security UMTS security GSM was designed with a moderate level of service security. The system was designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no non-repudiation. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. Serious 9

weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time with a ciphertext-only attack, and in January 2007, The Hacker's Choice started the A5/1 cracking project with plans to use FPGAs that allow A5/1 to be broken with a rainbow table attack.The system supports multiple algorithms so operators may replace that cipher with a stronger one. On 28 December 2009 German computer engineer Karsten Nohl announced that he had cracked the A5/1 cipher.According to Nohl, he developed a number of rainbow tables (static values which reduce the time needed to carry out an attack) and have found new sources for known plaintext attacks. He also said that it is possible to build "a full GSM interceptor ... from open source components" but that they had not done so because of legal concerns.An update by Nancy Owano on Dec. 27, 2011 on PhysOrg.com quotes Nohl as a "security expert", and details these concerns: Nohl said that he was able to intercept voice and text conversations by impersonating another user to listen to their voice mails or make calls or send text messages. Even more troubling was that he was able to pull this off using a sevenyear-old Motorola cellphone and decryption software available free off the Internet. GSM was also mentioned in a Reuters story "Hackers say to publish emails stolen from Stratfor" on Yahoo! News. New attacks have been observed that take advantage of poor security implementations, architecture and development for smart phone applications. Some wiretapping and eavesdropping techniques hijack the audio input and output providing an opportunity for a 3rd party to listen in to the conversation. At present such attacks often come in the form of a Trojan, malware or a virus and might be detected by security software. [citation needed][original research?] GSM uses General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) for data transmissions like browsing the web. The most commonly deployed GPRS and EDGE ciphers were publicly broken in 2011, and the evidence indicates that they were once again intentionally left weak by the mobile industry designers. The researchers revealed flaws in the commonly used GEA/1 and GEA/2 ciphers and published the open source "gprsdecode" software for sniffing GPRS/EDGE networks. They also noted that some carriers don't encrypt the data at all (i.e. using GEA/0) in order to detect the use of traffic or protocols they don't like, e.g. Skype, leaving their customers unprotected. GEA/3 seems to remain relatively hard to break and is said to be in use on some more modern networks. If used with USIM to prevent connections to fake 10

base stations and downgrade attacks, users will be protected in the medium term, though migration to 128-bit GEA/4 is still recommended. But since GEA/0, GEA/1 and GEA/2 are widely deployed, applications should use SSL/TLS for sensitive data, as they would on wi-fi networks. Standards information The GSM systems and services are described in a set of standards governed by ETSI, where a full list is maintained. GSM open-source software Several open-source software projects exist that provide certain GSM features: gsmd daemon by OpenBTS develops a Base transceiver station The GSM Software Project aims to build a GSM analyzer for less than $1000 OsmocomBB developers intend to replace the proprietary baseband GSM stack with a free software implementation Issues with patents and open source Patents remain a problem for any open-source GSM implementation, because it is not possible for GNU or any other free software distributor to guarantee immunity from all lawsuits by the patent holders against the users. Furthermore new features are being added to the standard all the time which means they have patent protection for a number of years.[citation needed] The original GSM implementations from 1991 are now entirely free of patent encumbrances and it is expected that OpenBTS will be able to implement features of that initial specification without limit and that as patents subsequently expire, those features can be added into the open source version. As of 2011, there have been no law suits against users of OpenBTS over GSM use.

11

CHAPTER 3: ORIGIN OF GSM NETWORK IN INDIA

[[GSM]] is an acronym for Global System for Mobile communication (derived from Groupe Spcial Mobile) which is the most widely accepted standard for digital cellular communications. Even though the idea of a cell based radio communication system originated at the Bell Labs in the early 1970s the idea was not implemented until mobile communication systems experienced a rapid growth in Europe, particularly in UK and Scandinavia. In the early 1980s when the initial growth of cellular phones was just starting in Europe, a need was felt to have a uniform standard for mobile phones that would equipment and technology being developed could be used in different regions. To overcome the problems posed by the rapid growth of mobile phones, the Groupe Spacial Mobile (GSM) was formed by the Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT). The GSM had to meet the following criteria: 1.Spectrum 2.Smooth international roaming 3.Cheaper mobile phones 4.Enhanced voice quality 5.Compatible with ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network) and other systems 6.Ability to provide new services CEPT passed the responsibility for the GSM specifications in 1989 to European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). GSMs main aim is to describe the functionality and the interface for each component of the system and to give guidance on the design of the system. Even though the phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990 the commercial use of GSM didnt start until 1991. The most important events in the development of the GSM system are presented in the following table.

Year 1982

1985

Events CEPT establishes a GSM group in order to develop the standards for a pan-European cellular mobile system Adoption of a list of recommendations to be generated by the group 12

1986

1987

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

1993

Field tests were performed in order to test the different radio techniques proposed for the air interface TDMA is chosen as access method (in fact, it will be used with FDMA) Initial Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed by telecommunication operators (representing 12 countries) Validation of the GSM system The responsibility of the GSM specifications is passed to the ETSI Appearance of the phase 1 of the GSM specifications Commercial launch of the GSM service Enlargement of the countries that signed the GSM- MoU> Coverage of larger cities/airports Coverage of main roads GSM services start outside Europe

1995

Phase 2 of the GSM specifications Coverage of rural areas

Today GSM is not just a European standard; GSM networks are operational in more than 80 countries around the world. The number of GSM subscribers is increasing at an exponential rate. GSM Milestones 1982 CEPT allocates 900 MHz spectrum for the use by a Pan-European mobile communication system and forms the "Groupe Spcial Mobil" (GSM), Chairman: Thomas Haug Agreement on strategic targets in GSM Agreement on principles for services, network architecture, radio and speech coding in GSM 13

19821984 19851987

1986

Trials of different digital radio transmission schemes and different speech codecs in several countries, comparative evaluation by GSM

1987(Februar CEPT GSM#13 meeting in Madeira: agreement on the basic parameters of the GSM y) system. Finalisation in May 87 in Bonn 1988(IQuarter Completion of first set of GSM specifications for infrastructure tendering purposes ) 1988 (October) 1989 Public presentation of the first set of GSM specifications at a conference in Hagen (Germany): 600 participants from Europe, USA and Japan, copies of specs on sale Standardisation work transferred from CEPT to ETSI. CEPT GSM becomes ETSI Technical Committee GSM (TC GSM) GSM Phase 1 Specifications frozen in ETSI TC GSM ETSI TC GSM put in charge of UMTS specification activities in addition to the GSM work and renamed " TC SMG" (=Special Mobile Group).

1990 1991 (October)

SMG Milestones 1991(October) ETSI TC GSM put in charge of UMTS specification activities in addition to the GSM work and renamed " TC SMG" (=Special Mobile Group). 1993 ETSI Technical Committee SMG agrees objectives and methodology for an open evolution of GSM beyond phase 2, to be implemented as phase 2+.

1995 (October) GSM Phase 2 standardisation frozen in ETSI Technical Committee SMG

1997(February GSM release 96, the first release of phase 2+, completed by ETSI TC SMG (CAMEL, ) EFR, SIM toolkit) 1997 (End) 1998 (End) GSM release 97 completed by ETSI TC SMG (GPRS) GSM release 98 completed by ETSI TC SMG (AMR, EDGE, MNP)

1998(Decembe Creation of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), transfer of the UMTS r) standardisation work to 3GPP 2000 (March) GSM/UMTS release 99 (LCS, UMTS Fundamentals, UTRAN) completed by 3GPP, ETSI TC SMG and ANSI T1P1 14

2000 (June)

Transfer of the remaining GSM specification work to 3GPP, closing of ETSI TC SMG creation of a new Technical Committee MSG (=Mobile Standards Group) responsible for European regulatory standards.

CHAPTER 4 : ARCHITECTURE OF THE GSM NETWORK Mobile Station A Mobile Station consists of two main elements: The mobile equipment or terminal. The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The Terminal There are different types of terminals distinguished principally by their power and application: The fixed terminals are the ones installed in cars. Their maximum allowed output power is 20 W. The GSM portable terminals can also be installed in vehicles. Their maximum allowed output power is 8W. The handheld terminals have experienced most success because they are light and small. These terminals emit up to 2 W. The SIM The SIM is a smart card that identifies the terminal. By inserting the SIM card into the terminal, the user can have access to all the subscribed services. Without the SIM card, the terminal is not operational. The SIM card is protected by a four-digit Personal Identification Number (PIN). In order to identify the subscriber to the system, the SIM card contains some parameters of the user such as its International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). Another advantage of the SIM card is the mobility of the users. In fact, the only element that personalizes a terminal is the SIM card. Therefore, the user can have access to its subscribed services in any terminal using its SIM card. The Base Station Subsystem The BSS connects the Mobile Station and the NSS. It is in charge of the transmission and reception. The BSS can be divided into two parts: The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) or Base Station. The Base Station Controller (BSC). The Base Transceiver Station The BTS corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the network. A BTS is usually placed in the center of a cell. Its transmitting 15

power defines the size of a cell. Each BTS has between one and sixteen transceivers depending on the density of users in the cell. The Base Station Controller The BSC controls a group of BTS and manages their radio resources. A BSC is principally in charge of handovers, frequency hopping, exchange functions and control of the radio frequency power levels of the BTSs. The Network and Switching Subsystem Its main role is to manage the communications between the mobile users and other users, such as mobile users, ISDN users, fixed telephony users, etc. It also includes data bases needed in order to store information about the subscribers and to manage their mobility. The different components of the NSS are described below. The Mobile services Switching Center (MSC) It is the central component of the NSS. The MSC performs the switching functions of the network. It also provides connection to other networks. The Gateway Mobile services Switching Center (GMSC) A gateway is a node interconnecting two networks. The GMSC is the interface between the mobile cellular network and the PSTN. It is in charge of routing calls from the fixed network towards a GSM user. The GMSC is often implemented in the same machines as the MSC. Home Location Register (HLR) The HLR is considered as a very important database that stores information of the subscribers belonging to the covering area of a MSC. It also stores the current location of these subscribers and the services to which they have access. The location of the subscriber corresponds to the SS7 address of the Visitor Location Register (VLR) associated to the terminal. Visitor Location Register (VLR) The VLR contains information from a subscribers HLR necessary in order to provide the subscribed services to visiting users. When a subscriber enters the covering area of a new MSC, the VLR associated to this MSC will request information about the new subscriber to its corresponding HLR. The VLR will then have enough information in order to assure the subscribed services without needing to ask the HLR each time a communication is established. The VLR is always implemented together with a MSC; so the area under control of the MSC is also the area under control of the VLR. The Authentication Center (AuC) The AuC register is used for security purposes. It provides the parameters 16

needed for authentication and encryption functions. These parameters help to verify the users identity. The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) The EIR is also used for security purposes. It is a register containing information about the mobile equipments. More particularly, it contains a list of all valid terminals. A terminal is identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The EIR allows then to forbid calls from stolen or unauthorized terminals (e.g., a terminal which does not respect the specifications concerning the output RF power).

The GSM Interworking Unit (GIWU) The GIWU corresponds to an interface to various networks for data communications. During these communications, the transmission of speech and data can be alternated. The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) The OSS is connected to the different components of the NSS and to the BSC, in order to control and monitor the GSM system. It is also in charge of controlling the traffic load of the BSS. However, the increasing number of base stations, due to the development of cellular radio networks, has forced that some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS. This transfer decreases considerably the costs of the maintenance of the system. The GSM functions In GSM, five main functions can be defined: 1.Transmission. 2.Radio Resources management (RR). 3.Mobility Management (MM). 4.Communication Management (CM). 5.Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM). Transmission The transmission function includes two sub-functions: The first one is related to the means needed for the transmission of user information. The second one is related to the means needed for the transmission of signaling information. Not all the components of the GSM network are strongly related with the transmission functions. The MS, the BTS and the BSC, among others, are deeply concerned with transmission. But other components, such as the registers HLR, VLR or EIR, are only concerned with the transmission for their signaling needs with other components of the GSM network. 17

Radio Resources management (RR) The role of the RR function is to establish, maintain and release communication links between mobile stations and the MSC. The elements that are mainly concerned with the RR function are the mobile station and the base station. However, as the RR function is also in charge of maintaining a connection even if the user moves from one cell to another, the MSC, in charge of handovers, is also concerned with the RR functions. The RR is also responsible for the management of the frequency spectrum and the reaction of the network to changing radio environment conditions. Some of the main RR procedures that assure its responsibilities are: Channel assignment, change and release. Handover. Frequency hopping. Power-level control. Discontinuous transmission and reception. Timing advance. Handover The user movements can produce the need to change the channel or cell, especially when the quality of the communication is decreasing. This procedure of changing the resources is called handover. Four different types of handovers can be distinguished: Handover of channels in the same cell. Handover of cells controlled by the same BSC. Handover of cells belonging to the same MSC but controlled by different BSCs. Handover of cells controlled by different MSCs. Handovers are mainly controlled by the MSC. However in order to avoid unnecessary signaling information, the first two types of handovers are managed by the concerned BSC (in this case, the MSC is only notified of the handover). The mobile station is the active participant in this procedure. In order to perform the handover, the mobile station controls continuously its own signal strength and the signal strength of the neighboring cells. The list of cells that must be monitored by the mobile station is given by the base station. The power measurements allow deciding which the best cell is in order to maintain the quality of the communication link. Frequency hopping The propagation conditions and therefore the multipath fading depend on the radio frequency. In order to avoid important differences in the quality of the channels, the slow frequency hopping is introduced. The slow frequency hopping changes the frequency with every TDMA frame. A fast frequency hopping changes the frequency many times per frame but it is not used in 18

GSM. The frequency hopping also reduces the effects of co-channel interference. There are different types of frequency hopping algorithms. The algorithm selected is sent through the Broadcast Control Channels. Even if frequency hopping can be very useful for the system, a base station does not have to support it necessarily. On the other hand, a mobile station has to accept frequency hopping when a base station decides to use it. Power level control At the same time the base stations perform the timing measurements, they also perform measurements on the power level of the different mobile stations. These power levels are adjusted so that the power is nearly the same for each burst. A base station also controls its power level. The mobile station measures the strength and the quality of the signal between itself and the base station. If the mobile station does not receive correctly the signal, the base station changes its power level Discontinuous Transmission and Reception Discontinuous Transmission (DTX): The function of the DTX is to suspend the radio transmission during the silence periods. This is very significant if the fact that a person speaks less than 40 or 50 percent during a conversation is taken into consideration. The DTX helps then to reduce interference between different cells and to increase the capacity of the system. It also extends the life of a mobiles battery. The DTX function is performed thanks to two main features: The Voice Activity Detection (VAD), which has to determine whether the sound represents speech or noise, even if the background noise is very important. If the voice signal is considered as noise, the transmitter is turned off producing then, an unpleasant effect called clipping. The comfort noise. An inconvenient of the DTX function is that when the signal is considered as noise, the transmitter is turned off and therefore, a total silence is heard at the receiver. This can be very annoying to the user at the reception because it seems that the connection is dead. In order to overcome this problem, the receiver creates a minimum of background noise called comfort noise. The comfort noise eliminates the impression that the connection is dead. Discontinuous Reception It is a method used to conserve the mobile stations power. The paging channel is divided into sub channels corresponding to single mobile stations. Each mobile station will then only listen to its sub channel and will stay in the sleep mode during the other sub channels of the paging channel. 19

Mobility Management The MM function is in charge of all the aspects related with the mobility of the user, specially the location management and the authentication and security. Location management When a mobile station is powered on, it performs a location update procedure by indicating its IMSI to the network. The first location update procedure is called the IMSI attach procedure. The mobile station also performs location updating, in order to indicate its current location, when it moves to a new Location Area or a different PLMN. This location updating message is sent to the new MSC/VLR, which gives the location information to the subscribers HLR. If the mobile station is authorized in the new MSC/VLR, the subscribers HLR cancels the registration of the mobile station with the old MSC/VLR. A location updating is also performed periodically. If after the updating time period, the mobile station has not registered, it is then deregistered. When a mobile station is powered off, it performs an IMSI detach procedure in order to tell the network that it is no longer connected. Authentication and security The authentication procedure involves the SIM card and the Authentication Center. A secret key, stored in the SIM card and the AuC, and a ciphering algorithm called A3 are used in order to verify the authenticity of the user. The mobile station and the AuC compute a SRES using the secret key, the algorithm A3 and a random number generated by the AuC. If the two computed SRES are the same, the subscriber is authenticated. The different services to which the subscriber has access are also checked. Another security procedure is to check the equipment identity. If the IMEI number of the mobile is authorized in the EIR, the mobile station is allowed to connect the network. In order to assure user confidentiality, the user is registered with a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) after its first location update procedure. Enciphering is another option to guarantee a very strong security but this procedure is going to be described in section 5. Communication Management (CM) The CM function is responsible for: Call control. Supplementary Services management. Short Message Services management. Call Control (CC) 20

The CC is responsible for call establishing, maintaining and releasing as well as for selecting the type of service. One of the most important functions of the CC is the call routing. In order to reach a mobile subscriber, a user dials the Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN) number which includes: a country code a national destination code identifying the subscribers operator a code corresponding to the subscribers HLR The call is then passed to the GMSC (if the call is originated from a fixed network) which knows the HLR corresponding to a certain MISDN number. The GMSC asks the HLR for information helping to the call routing. The HLR requests this information from the subscribers current VLR. This VLR allocates temporarily a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) for the call. The MSRN number is the information returned by the HLR to the GMSC. Thanks to the MSRN number, the call is routed to subscribers current MSC/VLR. In the subscribers current LA, the mobile is paged. Supplementary Services management The mobile station and the HLR are the only components of the GSM network involved with this function. Short Message Services management In order to support these services, a GSM network is in contact with a Short Message Service Center through the two following interfaces: The SMS-GMSC for Mobile Terminating Short Messages (SMS-MT/PP). It has the same role as the GMSC. The SMS-IWMSC for Mobile Originating Short Messages (SMS-MO/PP). Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) The OAM function allows the operator to monitor and control the system as well as to modify the configuration of the elements of the system. Not only the OSS is part of the OAM, also the BSS and NSS participate in its functions as it is shown in the following examples: The components of the BSS and NSS provide the operator with all the information it needs. This information is then passed to the OSS which is in charge of analyzing it and control the network. The self test tasks, usually incorporated in the components of the BSS and NSS, also contribute to the OAM functions. The BSC, in charge of controlling several BTSs, is another example of an OAM function performed outside the OSS. Radio interface Most of the GSM networks operate at frequency of 900MHz and/or 1800MHz except in USA and Canada where the GSM networks operate at 850/1900 MHz. 21

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which manages the international allocation of radio spectrum, has allocated the bands 890-915 MHz for the uplink (mobile station to base station) and 935-960 MHz for the downlink (base station to mobile station) for mobile networks in Europe. Since this range was already being used in the early 1980s by the analog systems of the day, the CEPT had the foresight to reserve the top 10 MHz of each band for the GSM network that was still being developed. Eventually, GSM will be allocated the entire 225 MHz bandwidth. Multiple access and channel structure Since radio spectrum is a limited resource shared by all users, a method must be devised to divide up the bandwidth among as many users as possible. The method chosen by GSM is a combination of Time- and Frequency-Division Multiple Access (TDMA/FDMA). The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of the (maximum) 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart. One or more carrier frequencies are assigned to each base station. Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme. The fundamental unit of time in this TDMA scheme is called a burst period and it lasts 15/26 ms (or approx. 0.577 ms). Eight burst periods are grouped into a TDMA frame (120/26 ms, or approx. 4.615 ms), which forms the basic unit for the definition of logical channels. One physical channel is one burst period per TDMA frame. Channels are defined by the number and position of their corresponding burst periods. All these definitions are cyclic, and the entire pattern repeats approximately every 3 hours. Channels can be divided into dedicated channels, which are allocated to a mobile station, and common channels, which are used by mobile stations in idle mode. Traffic channels A traffic channel (TCH) is used to carry speech and data traffic. Traffic channels are defined using a 26-frame multiframe, or group of 26 TDMA frames. The length of a 26-frame multiframe is 120 ms, which is how the length of a burst period is defined (120 ms divided by 26 frames divided by 8 burst periods per frame). Out of the 26 frames, 24 are used for traffic, 1 is used for the Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) and 1 is currently unused. TCHs for the uplink and downlink are separated in time by 3 burst periods, so that the mobile station does not have to transmit and receive simultaneously, thus simplifying the electronics. In addition to these full-rate TCHs, there are also half-rate TCHs defined, although they are not yet implemented. Half-rate TCHs will effectively double the capacity of a system once half-rate speech coders are specified (i.e., speech coding at around 7 kbps, instead of 13 kbps). Eighthrate TCHs are also specified, and are used for signaling. In the 22

recommendations, they are called Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCH)

Organization of bursts, TDMA frames, and multiframes for speech and data Control channels Common channels can be accessed both by idle mode and dedicated mode mobiles. The common channels are used by idle mode mobiles to exchange the signaling information required to change to dedicated mode. Mobiles already in dedicated mode monitor the surrounding base stations for handover and other information. The common channels are defined within a 51-frame multiframe, so that dedicated mobiles using the 26-frame multiframe TCH structure can still monitor control channels. The common channels include: Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): Continually broadcasts, on the downlink, information including base station identity, frequency allocations, and frequency-hopping sequences. Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) and Synchronization Channel (SCH): Used to synchronize the mobile to the time slot structure of a cell by defining the boundaries of burst periods, and the time slot numbering. Every cell in a GSM network broadcasts exactly one FCCH and one SCH, which are by definition on time slot number 0 (within a TDMA frame). Random Access Channel (RACH): Slotted Aloha channel used by the mobile to request access to the network. Paging Channel (PCH): Used to alert the mobile station of an incoming call. Access Grant Channel (AGCH): Used to allocate an SDCCH to a mobile for signaling (in order to obtain a dedicated channel), following a request on the RACH. Burst structure There are four different types of bursts used for transmission in GSM. The normal burst is used to carry data and most signaling. It has a total length of 156.25 bits, made up of two 57 bit information bits, a 26 bit training sequence used for equalization, 1 stealing bit for each information block (used for FACCH), 3 tail bits at each end, and an 8.25 bit guard sequence, as shown in Figure 2. The 156.25 bits are transmitted in 0.577 ms, giving a gross bit rate of 270.833 kbps. The F burst, used on the FCCH, and the S burst, used on the SCH, have the same length as a normal burst, but a different internal structure, which differentiates them from normal bursts (thus allowing synchronization). The access burst is shorter than the normal burst, and is used only on the RACH. 23

 Speech coding GSM is a digital system, so speech signals, inherently analog, have to be digitized. The method employed by ISDN, and by current telephone systems for multiplexing voice lines over high speed trunks and optical fiber lines, is Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM). The output stream from PCM is 64 kbps, too high a rate to be feasible over a radio link. The 64 kbps signal contains much redundancy, although it is simple to implement. The GSM group studied several voice coding algorithms on the basis of subjective speech quality and complexity (which is related to cost, processing delay, and power consumption once implemented) before arriving at the choice of a Regular Pulse Excited Linear Predictive Coder (RPELPC) with a Long Term Predictor loop. Basically, information from previous samples, which does not change very quickly, is used to predict the current sample. The coefficients of the linear combination of the previous samples, plus an encoded form of the residual, the difference between the predicted and actual sample, represent the signal. Speech is divided into 20 millisecond samples, each of which is encoded as 260 bits, giving a total bit rate of 13 kbps. GSM services It is important to note that all the GSM services were not introduced since the appearance of GSM but they have been introduced in a regular way. The GSM Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) defined four classes for the introduction of the different GSM services: E1: introduced at the start of the service. E2: introduced at the end of 1991. Eh: introduced on availability of half-rate channels. A: these services are optional. Three categories of services can be distinguished: Teleservices. Bearer services. Supplementary Services. Teleservices Telephony (E1 Eh). Facsimile group 3 (E1). Emergency calls (E1 Eh). Tele-text Short Message Services (E1, E2, A). Using these services, a message of a maximum of 160 alphanumeric characters can be sent to or from a mobile 24

station. If the mobile is powered off, the message is stored. With the SMS Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB), a message of a maximum of 93 characters can be broadcast to all mobiles in a certain geographical area. Fax mail. Thanks to this service, the subscriber can receive fax messages at any fax machine. Voice mail. This service corresponds to an answering machine. Bearer services A bearer service is used for transporting user data. Some of the bearer services are listed below: Asynchronous and synchronous data, 300-9600 bps (E1). Alternate speech and data, 300-9600 bps (E1). Asynchronous PAD (packet-switched, packet assembler/disassembler) access, 300-9600 ps (E1). Synchronous dedicated packet data access, 2400-9600 bps (E2). Supplementary Services Call Forwarding (E1). The subscriber can forward incoming calls to another number if the called mobile is busy (CFB), unreachable (CFNRc) or if there is no reply (CFNRy). Call forwarding can also be applied unconditionally (CFU). Barring of All Outgoing Calls, BAOC (E1). Barring of Outgoing International Calls, BOIC (E1). Barring of Outgoing International Calls except those directed toward the Home PLMN Country, BOIC-exHC (E1). Barring of All Incoming Calls, BAIC (E1) Barring of incoming calls when roaming (A). Call hold (E2): Puts an active call on hold. Call Waiting, CW (E2): Informs the user, during a conversation, about another incoming call. The user can answer, reject or ignore this incoming call. Advice of Charge, AoC (E2): Provides the user with online charge information. Multiparty service (E2): Possibility of establishing a multiparty conversation. Closed User Group, CUG (A): It corresponds to a group of users with limited possibilities of calling (only the people of the group and certain numbers). Calling Line Identification Presentation, CLIP (A): It supplies the called user with the ISDN of the calling user. Calling Line Identification Restriction, CLIR (A): It enables the calling user to restrict the presentation. 25

Connected Line identification Presentation, CoLP (A): It supplies the calling user with the directory number he gets if his call is forwarded. Connected Line identification Restriction, CoLR (A): It enables the called user to restrict the presentation. Operator determined barring (A): Restriction of different services and call types by the operator.

Conclusion The GSM community undertook a big task to provide a uniform standard so that interoperability exists among different users and manufactures resulting in reduced cost and increased quality. The GSM committee has been able to achieve this with success. In today's world people carry just one communication device for all their purpose irrespective of the national boundaries they are traveling through. The GSM system operating at 1.8 GHz and 1.9 GHz are a first approach at a true personal communication system. GSM is being used as a basis for the next generation of mobile communication technology in Europe, the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS).

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CHAPTER 5: LIST OF MOBILE OPERATORS IN INDIA:

1) Bharati Airtel: Airtel is the fifth largest network in the world.airtel crossed 200 million subscribers across south Africa,south Asia and channel islands.It operates Gsm network at all countries including 2G and 3G.

2) Reliance Communications: Reliance Communications is formerly named as Reliance Infocomm.

3) BSNL: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL) is the one of the largest Indian cellular providers, 81 million subscribers as of December 2010.

4) Vodafone Essar : Vodafone Essar is named simply as Vodafone.It was formerly as Hutchison Essar.It covers 23 telecom circles and it is based in Mumbai.

5) Tata Tele services: Tata Tele services is subsidiaryof tata group.It operates under Tata indicom 27

and tata docomo.Docomo is the japan company calibrated with tata. Tata tele services provide Tata indicom,docomo,virgin and virgin cdma.

6) Idea Cellular Network: When Birla-AT&T brought Maharashtra Gujarati to table, the merger was two entities for reality. Thus Birla -Tata-AT&T ,popularly known as IDEA. 72.4 million member up to october 2010.

7)Aircel Services: Aircel is mobile service provider in India. It is located in 23 circles in india. It has joint ventures between Maxis communications from Malaysia.

8 ) Uninor : Uninor is Indias Eighth national wide mobile operator, It is subsidary of Uninor Group.

9)MTNL: Mahanagar Telephone Nigham Limited(MTNL) is tele communication service provider in Mumbai and New Delhi. Maha = Big or Great, Nagar= City or Town, Mahanagar= Metropolis or Mega city, Nigham= Venture or enterprise. Indias first 3g mobile service started in MTNL, Indias first Blackberry service by MTNL,.

10) MTS India: MTS India formerly named as Systema Shyam Tele services Limited. It is an Indias service provider and it mainly in Rajasthan. With inshort term the company started as 15 circles around in India. 28

MTS got National Telecom Award.

11) LOOP Mobile: Loop mobile formerly known as BPL mobile. It have both prepaid and post paid services. It covers 9 circles in India

12) Videocon Mobile services: Videocon mobile service provider launched in India. The service started at March,2010.

As of July 2011[update], India has 858.37 million subscribers in total or 71.59% penetration rate.[40] The country's telcom regulator is the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI).

Rank Operator
1 Bharti Airtel

Technology
GSM, , , EVDO GSM, HSPA+ WiMAX GSM, EDGE, HSPA GSM, EDGE, HSPA GSM, EDGE UMTS, HSDPA CdmaOne, EVDO WiMAX WiFi

Ownership
Bharti Enterprises (64.76%) Singapore Telecommunications (32%) Vodafone (4.4%) Reliance (67%) & Public (26%) Vodafone (100%) Aditya Birla Group Axiata Group Berhad (19.1%)

2 3 4

Reliance Communications Vodafone India Idea Cellular

BSNL

State-owned)

29

6 7

Tata Teleservices Aircel

GSM, HSPA+, , EVDO WiMAX GSM, EDGE, HSPA

Tata Group Maxis Communications (74%) Apollo Hospital (26%) Telenor (67.25%) Unitech Group (32.75%) Sistema (73.71%) & Shyam Group (23.79%) Videocon State-owned Siva Group (51%) Batelco (49%)

Uninor

GSM, EDGE

9 10 11 12

MTS India Videocon MTNL S Tel

CDMA EVDO GSM, GPRS, EDGE GSM HSDPA GSM, GPRS, HSDPA

Purpose Base Station

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) uses a series of radio transmitters called Base Stations (BS) to connect you and your cellphone to your cellular network. Each BS is also termed a cell, so named because it covers a certain range within a discrete area (cell).

Base Stations are all interconnected, which is why you can move from one cell to another - a process called "hand-over" - without (hopefully) losing your connection. Base Station Controller MSC A set of Base Stations is connected to a particular Base Station Controller.

The combination of a cellphone and the SIM card creates a special digital "signature" - that includes your subscriber number - which is sent from your cellphone to the nearest BS asking that you as a subscriber of a particular network be allowed to use the network. The request is passed on along the network of BSs to the multifaceted heart of a cellular network the Mobile Switching Center (MSC). The MSC also routes all your incoming and outgoing calls to and from the fixed-line networks or other cellular networks.

HLR

The MSC also contains a critical component called the Home Location Register (HLR) which provides the administrative information required to 30

authenticate, register and locate you as a that network's subscriber. Once it received your log-on request, the HLR immediately checks the special "signature" contained in the request against its special subscriber database

If your subscription is current, the MSC sends a message back to the phone via the network of BSs that indicates that youre allowed to access the network. The name or code of that network will appear on the LCD screen of the cellphone.

Once this network "name" message appears on your phones LCD screen, i means youre connected to the network and able to make and receive calls. The entire log-on process usually takes only a couple of seconds. Polling At the same time, the HLR also registers which BS your cellphone is currently connected to, so that when the networks MSC needs to route an incoming call to your cellphone number, it will first check the HLR to see where you are. Every now and gain, the cellphone will send a message to the network indicating where it is, a process called Polling. Each BS uses digital techniques to enable a number of phones to be simultaneously connected to it, as well as simultaneously allowing a number of subscribers to make and receive calls. This sophisticated digital call-juggling ability is called Multiplexing.

Multiplexing

However, the combination of the tracking function and your unique digital signature allows the MSC to route that call to the precise BS your cellphon happens to be connected to, and then exclusively to your cellphone - even i a number of other subscribers are simultaneously connected to that BS. Hand Over

When you "hand-over" to another cell whilst driving, the HLR is automatically updated, and continues to monitor where exactly it should route your calls should you then move within range of to another Vodacom BS. This sophisticated routing procedure means that out of hundreds of thousands of subscribers, only the correct cellphone will ring when necessary.

VLR

When you want to make an outgoing call, another section of the MSC called the Visitor Location Register (VLR) checks whether you are actually allowed to make that call. For example, if you are barred for international dialing, a message to that effect will be generated by the VLR, sent along the network, and almost instantly back to your cellphone.

MailBox

If youre unavailable for some reason and your Mailbox has been activated any incoming voice calls will be transferred to the Mail system.

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special facility that handles Short Messages. The SMSC generates the special SMS message that notifies you that you have mail waiting in your Mailbox.

SMS messages can be received on your SMS-capable cellphone even while youre on a voice call. Thats because they are sent on a different radio frequency - the GSM data channel - than voice calls, so that the two never interfere. These sophisticated digital facilities are the reason why GSM is now considered the de facto global cellular standard.

CHAPTER 6: BENEFITS, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GSM

BENEFITS: The Global System for Mobile Communications, or GSM---is the standard by which the majority of mobile phones operate across the globe. As of 2010, there are over 3 billion people in 212 countries operating on the GSM standard. Understanding the performance benefits of GSM helps to understand why over 80 percent of mobile phones across the world operate on the GSM. Coordination Since the GSM is used so commonly by phone carriers across the globe, it allows for people to roam across other networks---which is especially useful when traveling to different regions in the world. Technology Nearly all major carriers across the world have seen tremendous advances in technology over the first decade of the new millennium. Since GSM is completely digital in its signaling and speech channels and is the dominant mobile 32

phone carrier operating system, the technology advances very rapidly. Its predecessors were not completely digital and did not have the same technological capabilities that GSM systems have. Many of the existing technologies that are not based on the GSM, don't have the capabilities for many modern functions of cell phones, such as Internet and data transfer. Data GSM technology makes data sending and receiving extremely efficient and reliable. "Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution" is a system incorporated into the GSM that allows people to send and receive data such as Internet, text and pictures from almost anywhere in the world. Carrier Advantage A nice advantage for carriers is the ability to purchase equipment from different GSM providers; since they are so prevalent, there is no shortage of competition, and the technology grows at a faster pace, providing high quality and reliable service. Emergency Since GSM's prevalence is so vast across the globe, it allows for universal emergency systems to be set into place. The universal '112' emergency feature helps those that are in potentially dangerous situations no matter where they might be located.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GSM: GSM and IS-95 (aka cdmaOne) are the two most prevalent mobile communication technologies. Both technologies have to solve the same problem: to divide the finite RF spectrum among multiple users.

33

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access - underlying technology used in GSM's 2G) does it by chopping up the channel into sequential time slices. Each user of the channel takes turns to transmit and receive signals. In reality, only one person is actually using the channel at a specific moment. This is analogous to timesharing on a large computer server. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access - underlying technology used in GSM's 3G and IS-95's 2G) on the other hand, uses a special type of digital modulation called spread spectrum which spreads the voice data over a very wide channel in pseudorandom fashion. The receiver undoes the randomization to collect the bits together and produce the sound. As a trivial comparison imagine a cocktail party, where couples are talking to each other in a single room. The room represents the available bandwidth. In GSM, a speaker takes turns talking to a listener. The speaker talks for a short time and then stops to let another pair talk. There is never more than one speaker talking in the room, no one has to worry about two conversations mixing. In CDMA, any speaker can talk at any time; however each uses a different language. Each listener can only understand the language of their partner. As more and more couples talk, the background noise (representing the noise floor) gets louder, but because of the difference in languages, conversations do not mix. Advantages of 2G GSM * GSM is mature; this maturity means a more stable network with robust features. * Less signal deterioration inside buildings.
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* Ability to use repeaters. * Talktime is generally higher in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of transmission. * The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets at will. * GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem. Disadvantages of 2G GSM * Pulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with some electronics, especially certain audio amplifiers. 3G uses WCDMA now. * Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industry participants, creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limiting competition among phone manufacturers. * GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of 35 km, which is imposed by technical limitations. [1] Advantages of IS-95 * Capacity is IS-95's biggest asset. It can accommodate more users per MHz of bandwidth than any other technology. * IS-95 has no built-in limit to the number of concurrent users. * IS-95 uses precise clocks that do not limit the distance a tower can cover. [2] * IS-95 consumes less power and covers large areas so cell size in IS-95 is larger. * IS-95 is able to produce a reasonable call with lower signal (cell phone reception) levels. * IS-95 uses soft handoff, reducing the likelihood of dropped calls.
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* IS-95's variable rate voice coders reduce the rate being transmitted when speaker is not talking, which allows the channel to be packed more efficiently. * Has a well-defined path to higher data rates. Disadvantages of IS-95 * Most technologies are patented and must be licensed from Qualcomm. * Breathing of base stations, where coverage area shrinks under load. As the number of subscribers using a particular site goes up, the range of that site goes down. * Because IS-95 towers interfere with themselves, they are normally installed on much shorter towers. Because of this, IS-95 may not perform well in hilly terrain. * IS-95 covers a smaller portion of the world, and IS-95 phones are generally unable to roam internationally. * Manufacturers are often hesitant to release IS-95 devices due to the smaller market, so features are sometimes late in coming to IS95 devices.

CHAPTER 7:CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEACCESS(CDMA): Code division multiple access(CDMA) is achannel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It should not be
36

confused with the mobile phone standards called cdma One,CDMA2000(the3G evolution of cdma One) andWCDMA (the 3G standard used by GSMcarriers), which are often referred to as simply CDMA, and use CDMA as an underlying channel access method. One of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies. This concept is called multiple access. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequencydivision multiple access (FDMA) divides it byfrequency. CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated. An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages (code division). CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but other languages are perceived as noise and rejected. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can communicate. The technology of code division multiple access channels has long been known. In the USSR, the first work devoted to this subject was published in 1935 by professor D.V. Ageev. It was shown that through the use of linear methods, there are three types of signal separation: frequency, time and compensatory. The technology of CDMA was used in 1957, when the young military radio engineer
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Leonid Kupriyanovich in Moscow, made an experimental model of a wearable automatic mobile phone, called LK-1 by him, with a base station. LK-1 has a weight of 3 kg, 20-30 km operating distance, and 20-30 hours of battery life.The base station, as described by the author, could serve several customers. In 1958, Kupriyanovich made the new experimental "pocket" model of mobile phone. This phone weighed 0.5 kg. To serve more customers, Kupriyanovich proposed the device, named by him as correllator. In 1958, the USSR also started the development of the "Altay" national civil mobile phone service for cars, based on the Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The main developers of the Altay system were VNIIS (Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications) and GSPI (State Specialized Project Institute). In 1963 this service started in Moscow and in 1970 Altay service was used in 30 USSR cities.

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CHAPTER 8: HISTORY OF CDMA In July 1985, seven industry veterans came together in the den of Dr. Irwin Jacobs San Diego home to discuss an idea. Those visionariesFranklin Antonio, Adelia Coffman, Andrew Cohen, Klein Gilhousen, Irwin Jacobs, Andrew Viterbi and Harvey White decided they wanted to build Quality Communications and outlined a plan that has evolved into one of the telecommunications industrys greatest start-up success stories: Qualcomm Incorporated. Qualcomm started out providing contract research and development services, with limited product manufacturing, for the wireless telecommunications market. One of the teams first goals was to develop a commercial product. This effort resulted in OmniTRACS. Since its introduction in 1988, OmniTRACS has grown into the largest satellite-based commercial mobile system for the transportation industry today. This early success led the company to take a daring departure from conventional wireless wisdom. In 1989, the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) endorsed a digital technology called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA ). Just three months later, Qualcomm introduced Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), a superior technology for wireless and data products that changed the global face of wireless communications forever. Today, Qualcomm plays a central role in the rapid adoption and growth of 3G and next-generation wireless around the world. Qualcomm has an extensive portfolio of United States and foreign
39

patents, and we continue to pursue patent applications around the world. Our patent portfolio is the most widely and extensively licensed portfolio in the industry with over 195 licensees. Milestones of CDMA : November 1988 CDMA cellular concept November 1989 QUALCOMM proposes CDMA as a more efficient, higher-quality wireless technology CDMA open demonstration conducted in San Diego February 1990 NYNEX and QUALCOMM successfully demonstrate CDMA in New York City 1991 QUALCOMM successfully performs large-scale capacity tests in San Diego 1992 US West orders the first CDMA network equipment CDMA soft handoff patent granted 1993 CDMA IS-95A standard complete CDMA is adopted by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) as a North American digital cellular standard First commercial CDMA market trial South Korea adopts CDMA 1994 Sprint PCS adopts CDMA
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1995 CDMA standardized for U.S. PCS First commercial launch of cdmaOne (Hutchison Telecom, Hong Kong) QUALCOMM launches first commercial cdmaOne handset 1996 cdmaOne is commercially launched in South Korea PrimeCo launches cdmaOne in 14 U.S. cities (now Verizon Wireless) CDMA Development Group (CDG) announces more than one million cdmaOne subscribers 1997 IS-95B standard completed (including 64 kbps data transmission capability) Commercial service available in 100 U.S. cities CDMA chosen in Japan 1998 TIA endorses CDMA2000 to be 3G solution for International Telecommunication Union (ITU) LG Telecom launches first CDMA data services CDMA2000 submitted to ITU as part of the IMT-2000 process for global 3G standards More than 12.5 million cdmaOne subscribers in 30 countries First 1xEV-DO demonstration 1999 China Unicom joins CDG and announces plans for commercial services 83 CDMA operators in 35 countries CDG announces CDMA is fastest growing mobile technology with nearly 42 million subscribers
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CDMA2000 1X and WCDMA are selected as standards for 3G wireless by ITU 2000 Japan's IDO and DDI start nationwide 64 kbps CDMA packet data service DDI announces they will use CDMA2000 for 3G wireless service IUSACELL becomes first Latin American operator to offer wireless Internet services QUALCOMM, Samsung and Sprint PCS make first 3G CDMA2000 voice call Lucent and QUALCOMM complete the first 153 kbps 3G CDMA2000 data call QUALCOMM and Sprint commence U.S. trials for 3G CDMA2000 solution SK Telecom launches world's first 3G CDMA2000 commercial service 2001 More than 100 million CDMA subscribers globally More than 22 million cdmaOne Internet and data users CDMA2000 surpasses three million subscribers QCT and Nortel Networks conduct industry's first mobile IP call QCT, SchlumbergerSema and Samsung demonstrate CDMA/GSM roaming using R-UIM-enabled CDMA handsets KDDI announces successful completion of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO trial with QUALCOMM, Hitachi, Sony and Kyocera Telesp Cellular in Brazil is first Latin American operator to deploy 3G CDMA2000 Romania launches world's first CDMA2000 network at 450 MHz (CDMA450) CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is recognized as a 3G standard by the ITU
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2002 3G CDMA subscribers surpass 27 million China Unicom launches nationwide cdmaOne network in China SK Telecom launches CDMA2000 1xEV-DO in South Korea 14 countries launch commercial CDMA2000 services (Australia, Canada, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, India, Israel, Japan, Moldova, New Zealand, Panama, Russia, United States and Venezuela) First chipset is shipped enabling use of CDMA and GSM networks during travel 2003 3G CDMA subscribers surpass 73 million Cumulative shipment of CDMA chips surpass the one billion mark Reliance begins deployment of a nationwide CDMA2000 network in India China Unicom launches its nationwide CDMA2000 network 18 countries launch commercial CDMA2000 services (Argentina, Belarus, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Peru, Puerto Rico, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam) Verizon Wireless begins nationwide CDMA2000 1xEV-DO deployment in the United States KDDI launches CDMA2000 1xEV-DO in Japan 2004 240.2 million CDMA subscribers worldwide 146.8 million CDMA2000 subscribers CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Revision A approved by Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) Eurotel Praha (Czech Republic) launches world's first CDMA2000 1xEV-DO network at 450 MHz (CDMA450)

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CHAPTER 9:CELLULAR NETWORK A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver known as a cell site or base station. When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, pagers, etc.) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission. Cellular networks offer a number of advantages over alternative solutions: increased capacity
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 reduced power use larger coverage area reduced interference from other signals An example of a simple non-telephone cellular system is an old taxi driver's radio system where the taxi company has several transmitters based around a city that can communicate directly with each taxi. In a cellular radio system, a land area to be supplied with radio service is divided into regular shaped cells, which can be hexagonal, square, circular or some other irregular shapes, although hexagonal cells are conventional. Each of these cells is assigned multiple frequencies (f1 - f6) which have corresponding radio base stations. The group of frequencies can be reused in other cells, provided that the same frequencies are not reused in adjacent neighboring cells as that would cause co-channel interference. The increased capacity in a cellular network, compared with a network with a single transmitter, comes from the fact that the same radio frequency can be reused in a different area for a completely different transmission. If there is a single plain transmitter, only one transmission can be used on any given frequency. Unfortunately, there is inevitably some level of interference from the signal from the other cells which use the same frequency. This means that, in a standard FDMA system, there must be at least a one cell gap between cells which reuse the same frequency. In the simple case of the taxi company, each radio had a manually operated channel selector knob to tune to different frequencies. As the drivers moved around, they would change from channel to channel. The drivers knew which frequency covered approximately what area. When they did not receive a signal from the transmitter, they would try other channels until they found one that worked.
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The taxi drivers would only speak one at a time, when invited by the base station operator (in a sense TDMA).

CHAPTER 10: ORIGIN OF CDMA IN INDIA When the mobile communications industry began its transition from first-generation analog technology to second-generation (2G) digital architecture, manufacturers and operators chose
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sides: in Europe, frequency-hopping GSM architecture became almost universal, while in the U.S., parts of Asia, and elsewhere, spread-spectrum CDMA technology took a large share of the market. Because spread spectrum uses wide band, noise-like signals, they are hard to detect. They are also difficult to intercept or demodulate. Further, spread spectrum signals are harder to jam (interfere with) than narrowband signals. These Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) and antijam (AJ) features are why the military has used spread spectrum for so many years. Both network implementations, GSM and CDMA, have advanced to keep pace with subscribers demands for more bandwidth, features and reliability at lower cost. cdmaOne Helps 2G Mobile Communications Take Off The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA/EIA) IS-95 CDMA standard published in July 1993 established the ground rules for a complete end-to-end digital wireless communications system. The commercial network system architecture based on this standard is known as cdmaOne. TIA/EIA IS-95 and the subsequent IS-95A revision (published in May 1995) form the basis for most of the commercial 2G CDMA-based networks deployed around the world. From the standpoint of voice services, cdmaOne technology offers important features for mobile
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network operators: An 8X to 10X increase in voice capacity increase compared to analog AMPS systems Simplified network planning, with the same frequency used in every sector of every cell The early 2G CDMA infrastructure proved its effectiveness in delivering high-quality, low-loss voice traffic to subscribers. But it didnt take long for mobile users to begin asking for basic data services, such as Internet and Intranet services, multimedia applications or high-speed business transactions, to supplement the voice services on their handsets. The TIA/EIA IS-95A standard answered this demand with its definition of the wideband 1.25 MHz CDMA channels, power 2 control, call processing, hand-offs and registration techniques for system operation. TIA/EIA IS95A brought true circuit-switched data services to CDMA subscribers; however, these were limited to a maximum speed of 14.4 Kbps per user. A second round of revisions to the original specification produced the TIA/EIA IS-95B standard. This new development gave subscribers packet-switched data services at speeds up to 64 Kbps per subscriber in addition to the existing voice services. With this increased data rate, TIA/EIA IS95B-compliant networks qualify as 2.5G CDMA technology.
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cdma2000 Takes the Next Step The transition to 3G networks, still underway, began with a profusion of newly proposed standards. Some were designed to build on GSM infrastructures and others emerged directly from CDMA technology. Ultimately the ITU took a position on the matter, defining an IMT-2000 standard that encompassed five different radio interfaces including cdma2000. Note that all of the IMT-2000 protocols use spread-spectrum techniques, which has implications about network installation, operation and maintenance. The ITU defines a 3G network as one that delivers, among other capabilities, improved system capacity and spectrum efficiency versus 2G systems. It supports data services at transmission rates of at least 144 Kbps in mobile (moving) environments and at least 2 Mbps in fixed (indoor) environments. The cdma2000 architecture meets these objectives and includes several implementations that an operator can select to best serve a transition strategy based on competitive concerns, existing infrastructures, cost, and other variables. Among these implementations are cdma2000 1X and cdma2000 1xEV: cdma2000 1X doubles the voice capacity of cdmaOne networks,
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delivering peak data rates of 307 Kbps per subscriber in a mobile environment. cdma2000 1xEV includes two variants, both backward compatible with cdma2000 1X and cdmaOne technologies. o cdma2000 1xEV-DO (Data Only), capable of delivering data multimedia services such as MP3 transfers and video-conferencing at peak data rates of 2.4 Mbps per subscriber in a mobile environment; o cdma2000 1xEV-DV (Data Voice), capable of delivering integrated voice and simultaneous data multimedia services at peak data rates of 3.09 Mbps per subscribe

CHAPTER 11: BENEFITS OF CDMA:

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There are many reasons CDMA is the technology of choice for next generation digital wireless communications products and services: Outstanding Voice and Call Quality CDMA filters out background noise, cross-talk, and interference so you can enjoy crystal-clear voice quality, greater privacy, and enhanced call quality. QUALCOMM's CDMA variable rate vocoder translates voice into digital transmissions, zeroes and ones, at the highest translation rates possible (8kbps or 13kbps). This allows for crystal clear voice and also maximizes your system capacity. Greatest Coverage for Lower Cost CDMA's spread spectrum signal provides the greatest coverage in the wireless industry, allowing networks to be built with far fewer cell sites than is possible with other wireless technologies. Fewer cell sites translates to reduced operating expenses, which results in savings to both operators and consumers. Packet Data CDMA networks are built with standard IP packet data protocols. Other networks require costly upgrades to add new data equipment in the network and will require new data phones. Standard cdmaOne phones already have TCP/IP and PPP protocols built into them. Longer Talk Time, Longer Battery Life and Smaller Phones You can leave your phone on with CDMA. CDMA uses power control to monitor the amount of power your system and handset need at any time. CDMA handsets typically transmit at the lowest power levels in the industry, allowing for longer battery life which results in longer talk time and
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standby time. CDMA handsets can also incorporate smaller batteries, resulting in smaller, lighter-weight phones. Easier to carry. Easier to use. Fewer Dropped Calls CDMA's patented "soft handoff," method of passing calls between cells sharply reduces the risk of disruption or dropped calls during a handoff. The process of soft handoff leads to fewer dropped calls as 2 or 3 cells are monitoring your call at any given time. Improved Security and Privacy CDMA's digitally encoded, spread spectrum transmissions resist eaves dropping. Designed with about 4.4 trillion codes, CDMA virtually eliminates cloning and other types of fraud. Greater Capacity CDMA allows the largest number of subscribers to share the same radio frequencies, helping service providers increase their profitability. CDMA uses spread spectrum technology which can provide up to 10-20 times the capacity of analog equipment and more than three times the capacity of other digital platforms. With dual-mode phones, CDMA is compatible with other technologies for seamless widespread roaming coverage. Reduced Background Noise and Interference CDMA combines multiple signals and improves signal strength. This leads to the near elimination of interference and fading. Both electrical background noise (computer noise) and acoustic background noise (background conversations) are filtered out by using narrow bandwidth which corresponds to the frequency of the human voice. This keeps background noise out of your conversations.
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 Rapid Deployment CDMA systems can be deployed and expanded faster and more cost effectively than most wireline networks. And because they require fewer cell sites, CDMA networks can be deployed faster than other types of wireless networks. Wide Product Selection QUALCOMM has licensed CDMA technology to over 65 leading communications manufacturers worldwide, enabling service providers and customers to choose from a wide range of highly advanced, cost-competitive, CDMA-based products. Continuing Advances CDMA technology enables users to access a wide range of new services, including caller identification, short messaging services and Internet connections. Simultaneous voice and data calls are also possible using CDMA technology.

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CHAPTER 12: DIFFERENCE IN GSM AND CDMA 1.) The Difference in GSM & CDMA: Two wireless communication standards dominate the cell phone market: GSM, which is an acronym for "Global Systems for Mobile Communications," and CDMA, which stands for "Code Division Multiple Access." These two standards act as a set of rules for wireless devices; these rules dictate how information is sent and over which radio frequencies. Fundamentally different on many technical levels, GSM and CDMA accomplish the same goals, so the differences between the two are not immediately apparent. There are differences, however -- what each type of device is capable of and where you can use them. Devices: GSM GSM phones use small, removable chips called Subscriber Identity Modules (or "SIM cards") to communicate with their assigned cell network. This chip stores a unique identification number (your "International Mobile Subscriber Identity," or "IMSI") and is what identifies you to your mobile carrier. Since SIM cards can be removed from one phone and placed into another, GSM allows you to change phones at will, without an interruption in service. GSM devices can interfere with some electronic and audio equipment while transferring information; this often manifests itself as a series of clicking sounds. While not permanently harmful, car stereos,
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microphones and computer speakers are especially susceptible to this phenomenon. Devices: CDMA CDMA phones do not have SIM cards. Instead, each device has a unique Electronic Serial Number (or "ESN") that identifies it to its network. This removes your ability to switch handsets at will. However, CDMA devices do not interfere with audio equipment while sending or receiving information, and they can often transmit data at lower reception levels than GSM devices. CDMA devices also drop fewer calls than GSM devices, thanks to a technique called a "soft handoff." When moving from one cell tower to another, your CDMA phone connects to the new cell tower before disconnecting from the original. GSM devices disconnect from the original before connecting to the new tower, which can lead to lost data and dropped calls. Coverage: GSM As its name would indicate, the GSM standard is used the world over. If your carrier offers an international roaming plan, you can use your phone in any of the 212 countries that also use GSM, without having to purchase a new handset. The GSM standard also allows for the use of a device called a repeater, which improves local cell phone reception without the prohibitive size and expense of an actual cell tower. Coverage: CDMA The CDMA standard covers a much smaller portion of the world than GSM, and since the ESN standard is not an internationally recognized identification method like the SIM card, CDMA devices do not generally function outside their country of origin. Additionally, CDMA cell towers can cause interference for other
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CDMA towers in the area, so cells must be placed lower to ground level than GSM cells on GSM towers. This causes CDMA coverage to be weaker than GSM in hilly or mountainous regions. 2.) The Difference in GSM & CDMA: Difference Between Gsm And Cdma Technologies: The birth of mobiles created gateways for many networking companies to set their foot in the field of mobile technology. Today there are two most appreciated mobile network technology that are ruling the market. All the mobile network service providers nowadays are heavily depending on either GSM or CDMA. Both these technologies are accelerating the demand of mobiles. Generally, speaking GSM and CDMA are both used for mobile communication process, but still there are some differences between them that allow them to remain intact with their individuality. Companies like T-mobile, Verizon and many other are today using any one of the technology. Talking about GSM, the entire concept came into existence in the year 1987 and since then they are developing and nurturing the entire process of wireless technology. On the other hand the CDMA is a baby of U.S based organization that dominates in the entire Northern region of U.S and Asia, is slowly making its way in the other parts of the world as well. The architecture of both the network is supported by arguments from their voters, each trying to prove the speciality and efficiency of the network, however, the argument is still on. Explaining the facts and difference between both the networks to the end user will

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certainly play a different impact. The differences are stated considering the following factors; Network Coverage: For the user, it is important to check the type of network available in the region where the mobile will be used. This will guide them with the details about the competitors and their services. It might also happen that either of the network is available, which certainly leaves them with no option. Speed for Data Transition: As nowadays mobiles are much more than just a calling device, their multitasking has surely made them like a little genie, which are competent of handling more than what can be said. To perform these tasks the mobile seeks for a network that can empower its abilities and can make them perform at a higher speed. Both CDMA and GSM are 3G technologies, but still they have different set of performance factor. The GSM technology is said to accelerate performance by 384 kbps, along with EDGE technology, however, in the real world the speed lies around 275 to 380 kbps. Power of SIM Cards: Generally the mobile phone comes to life when the SIM card is inserted. GSM phone duly support this technology. Here the SIM is actually already connected with the network, so when one inserts this card in their mobile, automatically after switching on the mobile get on to the same network, on the other hand the neither CDMA phones are not card based phones. Here the sets are proprietary based, therefore in case of switching phone; the carrier needs to deactivate the old phone and then activate the new phone, and this discards the early sets. National and International Roaming: GSM have a wider coverage as it has contracts with other GSM carriers. This often are very good for the users as the roaming charges in such a case are waved off and user enjoy full service with no extra cost. On the other hand
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the CDMA user does not enjoy the wider coverage. Mainly the rural areas are left untouched. Apart from that they also have to shell extra money as for enjoying services while they are on move to locations beyond their prime location.

When it comes to international roaming, the GSM cards allow the user to make calls to any part of the world due to their dominance in the market. On the other hand if the user is travelling to international locations then to save money they can use a local SIM and can enjoy calling other places at fairly reasonable rate. However, the CDMA phones are not of much help in case of international roaming, because they are not card based phone. Though there are many countries that have CDMA networks but then the user need to discuss things with their network provider. These differences do state that the numbers of users of GSM are fairly high in comparison with the CDMA. Once CDMA incorporates some flexibility in their system there are great
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opportunities for it to attract more users, as things will be more clear and transparent.

3.)GSM and CDMA have following differences1. The GSM stands for global system for mobile communication and CDMA for code division multiple accesses. 2. GSM is a form of multiplexing, which divides the available bandwidth among the different channels. Most of the times the multiplexing used is either TDM (Time division multiplexing) or FDM (Frquency division multiplexing). On the other hand CDMA is a type of multiple access sceheme( which means allotting the given bandwidth to multiple users) and makes use of spread spectrum technique which is essentially increasing the size of spectrum. 3. In CDMA each user is provided a unique code and all the conversation between 2 users are coded. This provides a greater level of security to CDMA users than the GSM ones. You can understand the basic difference between CDMA and GSM with the following example. Suppose there is a big room in which there are 10 couples who wish to talk but in way that they are not disturbed. There are 3 ways of doing this1. Only one couple stay in the roo and rest 9 leave it for a while, say 5 minutes. For those 5 minutes that couple can talk with each
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other and at the end of that it will go out and the next couple will come. At the end of the time slot of 10th couple, the 1st couple will come back to continue its conversation and the cycle would continue. This is analogous to TDMA (Time division Multiple acess) a technique derived from TDM. 2. Another way is to divide the area of the room in 10 equal parts and then ask these couples to stay within their respective areas and talk. This is analogous to FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), a technique derived from FDM. 3. Finally the couples can be allowed to stand anywhere in the room and converse. They need not wait to get their time slot or be confined in a particular place. The only condition now is that all of them must speak in different languages. This is analogous to CDMA technique.

CHAPTER 13: COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GSM Vs CDMA

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1.) COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GSM Vs CDMA History of GSM During the early 1980s, there was rapid growth in the number of analog cellular telephone systems10 in most European countries, particularly in the United Kingdom, France, Germany and the Scandinavian countries... GSM Architecture A GSM based PLMN 16 (Public Land Mobile Network) can be broadly divided into 3 parts: TheMobileStation TheBaseStationSubsystem, and The Network Subsystem... Setting Up a Call in a GSM Network When a mobile unit is switched on, it tries to contact a BTS that is within range to log onto the network. The BTS also transmits the frequencies of neighbouring BTSs to the mobile unit so that the unit can determine which BTS it is getting better reception from... The GSM Family The GSM family of wireless communication provides several voice and data enabling services. It also provides several enriching features to meet the ever-growing needs of customers world-wide...

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Services Provided GSM technology allows users to send and receive data at rates up to 9600 bytes per second (bps). Since GSM is a digital network, a modem is not required between the user and the network... Working of GSM GSM uses a technique called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). Using this technique, it divides the frequency band or a part of the electromagnetic spectrum available with a particular phone company into tiny slots and allots each slot to a particular caller... History of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) CDMA became commercially available only in the mid-1990s. However, the origin of CDMA can be traced back to 1940. In that year, Hollywood actress turned inventor, Hedy Lamarr, and coinventor George Antheil, co-patented a way to control torpedoes by sending signals over multiple radio frequencies using random patterns... Commercial Development Qualcomm realized that CDMA technology could be used for commercial cellular communications more efficiently than other technologies as it could make use of the available radio spectrum better than the older analog and digital technologies...

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Working of CDMA CDMA works by converting speech signals into digital signals, which are then transmitted over wireless network and then decoded at the receiver's end. The receiver's equipment, is tuned to identify the particular code... GSM Vs CDMA CDMA uses a technology called Wireless in Local Loop (WLL) (Refer Exhibit-II). The limited mobility offered by CDMA is best suited for users who want cheaper services... Comparison of Handsets CDMA poses a threat to GSM. It makes full use of the limited bandwidth by squeezing in several calls. So handsets that use CDMA technology are smaller and slicker, have better voice and data quality... Conclusion The wireless world is divided into two camps, GSM (used in a large part of Western Europe) and CDMA (used in North America and parts of Asia). Just two years before CDMA was introduced in Hong Kong in1995, European manufacturers chose to support the earlier technology, GSM's TDMA... 2.)COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GSM Vs CDMA: The ultimate outcome of the battle for dominance between these two competing cellular data transmission technologies may lie more in their history than their respective merits. To understand the
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current prevalence of GSM, one needs a foundation in the forces that converged to push one technology ahead of the other. One of the most contentious battles being waged in the wireless infrastructure industry is the debate over the efficient use and allocation of finite airwaves. For several years, the world's two main methods -- Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) -- have divided the wireless world into opposing camps. Ultimately, the emergence of a victorious technology may owe more to historical forces than the latest wireless innovation, or the merits of one standard over the other. CDMA's World War II Foundations CDMA, put into an historical context, is a recently patented technology that only became commercially available in the mid1990s, but had its roots in pre-World War II America. In 1940, hollywood actress turned inventor, Hedy Lamarr, and coinventor George Antheil, with World War II looming, co-patented a way for torpedoes to be controlled by sending signals over multiple radio frequencies using random patterns. Despite arduous efforts by the inventors to advance the technology from experiment to implementation, the U.S. Navy discarded their work as architecturally unfeasible. The idea, which was known as frequency-hopping, and later as frequency-hopping spreadspectrum technology (FHSS), remained dormant until 1957 when engineers at the Sylvania Electronic Systems Division, in Buffalo, New York took up the idea, and after the Lamarr-Antheil patent expired, used it to secure communications for the U.S. during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. After becoming an integral part of government security technology, the U.S. military, in the mid-80s, declassified what has now become CDMA technology, a technique based on spread-spectrum technology.
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What interested the military soon caught the eye of a nascent wireless industry. CDMA, incorporating spread-spectrum, works by digitizing multiple conversations, attaching a code known only to the sender and receiver, and then dicing the signals into bits and reassembling them. The military loved CDMA because coded signals with trillions of possible combinations resulted in extremely secure transmissions. Qualcomm, which patented CDMA, and other telecommunications companies, were attracted to the technology because it enabled many simultaneous conversations, rather than the limited stop-andgo transmissions of analog and the previous digital option. CDMA was not field tested for commercial use until 1991, and was launched commercially in Hong Kong in 1995. CDMA technology is currently used by major cellular carriers in the United States and is the backbone of Sprint's Personal Communications System (PCS). Along with Sprint, major users of CDMA technology are Verizon and GTE. Advantages of CDMA include: Increased cellular communications security. Simultaneous conversations. Increased efficiency, meaning that the carrier can serve more subscribers. Smaller phones. Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination needed by operators. Extended reach - beneficial to rural users situated far from cells. Disadvantages of CDMA include:
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 Due to its proprietary nature, all of CDMA's flaws are not known to the engineering community. CDMA is relatively new, and the network is not as mature as GSM. CDMA cannot offer international roaming, a large GSM advantage. The Euro-Asian Alternative: GSM Analysts consider Qualcomm's major competitive disadvantage to be its lack of access to the European market now controlled by Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). The wireless world is now divided into GSM (much of Western Europe) and CDMA (North America and parts of Asia). Bad timing may have prevented the evolution of one, single global wireless standard. Just two years before CDMA's 1995 introduction in Hong Kong, European carriers and manufacturers chose to support the first available digital technology - Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). GSM uses TDMA as its core technology. Therefore, since the majority of wireless users are in Europe and Asia, GSM has taken the worldwide lead as the technology of choice. Mobile Handset manufacturers ultimately split into two camps, as Motorola, Lucent, and Nextel chose CDMA, and Nokia and Ericsson eventually pushed these companies out and became the dominant GSM players. Advantages of GSM: GSM is already used worldwide with over 450 million subscribers.
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 International roaming permits subscribers to use one phone throughout Western Europe. CDMA will work in Asia, but not France, Germany, the U.K. and other popular European destinations. GSM is mature, having started in the mid-80s. This maturity means a more stable network with robust features. CDMA is still building its network. GSM's maturity means engineers cut their teeth on the technology, creating an unconscious preference. The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules, which are smart cards that provide secure data encryption give GSM mcommerce advantages. In brief, GSM is a "more elegant way to upgrade to 3G," says Strategis Group senior wireless analyst Adam Guy.

Disadvantages of GSM: Lack of access to burgeoning American market. Conclusion Today, the battle between CDMA and GSM is muddled. Where at one point Europe clearly favored GSM and North America, CDMA, the distinct advantage of one over the other has blurred as major carriers like AT&T Wireless begin to support GSM, and recent trials even showed compatibility between the two technologies.

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GSM still holds the upper hand however. There's the numerical advantage for one thing: 456 million GSM users versus CDMA's 82 million. Other factors potentially tipping the scales in the GSM direction include : AT&T Wireless' move to overlay GSM atop its TDMA network means the European technology (GSM) gains instant access to North America's number two network. Qualcomm's recently announced that Wideband-CDMA (WCDMA) won't be ready in Europe until 2005. This comes amidst reports that GSM's successor, General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) remains on target for deployment in 2001-2002. For all of the historical and technological reasons outlined above, it appears that GSM, or some combination of GSM and CDMA, will become the long sought after grail for a global wireless standard. A universalization of wireless technologies can only stand to benefit the compatibility and development costs and demands on all wireless commerce participants.

3.)COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GSM Vs CDMA: GSM is an acronym for Groupe Special Mobile, which has now been changed to Global System for Mobile Communication. CDMA refers to Code Division Multiple Access. The working of GSM and CDMA is very different. But the end result, after the implementation of the two technologies, is highly similar and
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matching in many ways. This article will highlight the subtle differences between the two technologies. GSM vs CDMA Technology GSM is a very straightforward standard, whereas CDMA is somewhat complicated. The key difference between the two is that GSM is a standard and CDMA is a technology, but GSM has attained some technology status over the years. So, what is the difference between GSM and CDMA? Read ahead to find out just that.

GSM Explained GSM is a 'cellular' technology, that is, the entire coverage area is divided into various hexagonal shaped cells (hence the popular name 'cell phones'). Every cell has a corresponding network tower, which serves the mobile phones in that cellular area. For example: Imagine a honeycomb on a tree in a hexagonal-shaped garden. The garden has many flowers. The honeybees collect the nectar from the flowers and deposit it in the honeycomb. Your mobile phones are like the flowers, the network tower is like a honeycomb, and the bees are the signals. CDMA Explained As the name suggests (Code Division Multiple Access), there are many devices which use the same spread spectrum (hence multiple access). There is one physical channel and a special code for every device in the coverage network. Using this code, the signal of the device is multiplexed, and the same physical channel is used to send the signal (the codes may or may not change). For example: There is a street on which many buses ply. Obviously, the bus will
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have many commuters, and they will have to buy the tickets to travel on the bus. In CDMA, the commuter is like your mobile phone, the tickets are your codes, the bus is a multiplexed carrier signal, and the street is the spread spectrum. GSM vs CDMA Comparison Call Quality: This is an area where CDMA scores substantially over GSM. Statistics are hugely in favor of CDMA. Various factors such as echoes, call dropping, or voice distortion are almost non-existent in CDMA, whereas in GSM, there is a high probability of errors. To give you an analogy, the bus on the street will continue to ply even when it's full, but if the honeycomb has reached full capacity, the honey cannot be deposited. GSM vs CDMA Call Quality Score: CDMA scores. Goal count 0-1. Carriers: GSM is one up on CDMA as far as carriers are concerned. The law requires CDMA carriers to provide handsets to users, for which the users cannot change their carriers. Whereas, GSM users can change their carriers whenever they want. GSM vs CDMA Carriers Score: GSM scores. Goal count 1-1. Network: It's an ongoing battle between the two. Both the technologies are continuously improving the qualities of their network and adding various aspects to it as well. GSM vs CDMA Network Score: Both score. Goal count 2-2. Worldwide: There is a special number that every GSM compatible
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device in the world can call in case of an emergency. That number is 112. But in CDMA, this cannot be implemented because of certain technological limitations. GSM vs CDMA Worldwide Score: GSM scores. Goal count 3-2 Battery Life: GSM, being a relatively simpler technology, uses less amount of cell phone battery than CDMA. GSM vs CDMA Battery Life Score: GSM scores. Goal count 4-2 Coverage: GSM and CDMA, both have similar network coverage areas. They are present almost everywhere. The service providers of both technologies are striving hard to cover whatever areas are left. GSM vs CDMA Coverage Score: Both score. Goal count 5-3 Speed: Both GSM and CDMA are rapidly improving their capabilities in this regard. Both have introduced 3G mobile phones in their fold. Both are competing to gain space in this area. GSM vs CDMA Speed Score: Both score. Goal count 6-4 Building Penetration: Again, during the initial days, both technologies couldn't find building penetration, but after research in signaling systems, and through experience, service providers of both technologies have been able to give decent service to the mobile phones in buildings.

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CHAPTER14: GSM VS CDMA: WHICH IS BETTER? Both have their good qualities and bad qualities. GSM has some limitations where call quality is concerned, but GSM can be easily implemented and easily integrated into existing technology. Whereas, CDMA is little difficult to implement. By my estimation, GSM has an upper hand. So, the answer to the question, "GSM vs CDMA which is better?" is GSM. Mobile communication has had a huge impact on modern-day industry. GSM and CDMA technologies have unleashed mobile communication worldwide, and the technological competition between GSM vs CDMA has resulted in the improvement of services for the user.

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CHAPTER 15: BIBLIOGRAPHY: Google vikipidia

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