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g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ljefhg ljleGg cfwf/df ljleGg lsl;dn] ul/Psf]
kfOG5. w/ftnsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] e"efunfO{ pQ/b]lv blIf0f;Dd qmdzM
tLg a[xt\ k|b]zdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5.

-s_ lxdfnL k|b]z

g]kfnsf] pQ/L e]udf bfFtsf nx/h:t} kl\ta4 kdf cjl:yt lxpF /
rfgn] lgld{t lxdfnL If]qn] g]kfnsf] !% k|ltzt e"efu ;d]6]sf] 5.
sl/a @% b]lv %) lsnf]ld6/ pQ/blIf0f rf}8fOleq km}lnP/sf] lxdfnL
k|b]z ;d'Gb| ;txb]lv sl/a #,))) ld6/dflysf] prfOdf cjl:yt 5.
lxdfno g]kfnsf] pQ/kldfq geO{ pQ/L g]kfn ;/xbaf6 blIf0flt/
lxdfnL z[\vnf b]lvg] g]kfnsf w]/} e"efux 5g\. h:t} M cGgk"0f{ /
u\ufk"0f{ lxdfnsf] pQ/kl dgf, d':tf cflb g]kfnsf ef]6 If]q k5{g\.
wjnflu/L r'/]g lxdfnosf] pQ/df d':tf tyf 8f]Nkfsf e"efu k5{g\.
To; If]qaf6 lxdfno blIf0flt/ b]lvG5. ljZjsf pRrtd, ;'Gb/td
lxdfnL 6fs'/fx g]kfnsf] lxdfnov08df 5g\. s~rgh\3f, hgs,
pDas, dxfn\u'/, /f]Njfln, k'd/L, h'un, nf6f, u0f]z, ;]/f, s'6f,
dgl;/L, k]/f], n'u'nf, bfdf]b/, lgnlu/L, cGgk"0ff{, wjnflu/L, d':tf,
uf}td, kfnr' xduf, sflGh/f]jf, sflGt, uf]/vf, rf\unf, r08L, gfnfs\s/,
u'/fF; qmdzM k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf k|l;4 @* lxdz[\vnfx
x'g\. oL z[\vnfx clwst/ ef]6 -ltAat_ sf ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf /x]sf
5g\ .
lxdfnL If]qsf] cfly{s ultljlw ;Lldt 5. pAhgL Go"g x'g]x'Fbf s[lif guGo eP
klg ofs, e]8f, Rof\u|f, 3f]8f cflb kz'kfng / hl8a'6Ldf of] If]q ;DkGg 5.
pmgLsf un}Frf, /f8L, kfvL a'Gg] 3/]n' pBf]ux /x]sf] kfOG5. ko{6g pBf]u,
hl8a'6L / kof{j/0f ;Dkbf oxfFsf dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t x'g\.
2g]kfn

kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

of] If]q cNkfOg / cfif{l6s hnjfo'If]qcGtu{t k5{. prfO / kj{tsf]

cjl:yltcg';f/ hnjfo' km/s k5{. ;f]n'v'Da'sf] $,$)) ld6/ prfODff
/x]sf] r's' ufpFdf cfn' kmN5. @* ;o ld6/ prfOdf /x]sf] d':tfsf]
hf]d;f]ddf @ ;o ldlnld6/ jiff{ x'G5. o:tf pRr lxdfnsf v]tLof]Uo
hldg ;f]n'v'Da', dgf, d':tf / 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf kfOG5.
sl/a %,))) ld6/dfly ^ b]lv !@ dlxgf;Dd lxpF /xG5. nueu $,)))
ld6/ dflysf e"efudf 5f]6f] cjlwsf] jiff{ofddf klg t'iff/fkft x'G5.
$,)))%,))) ld6/;Dd xf]rf] emf emf8L -h8La'6L_ kfOG5. t/ d':tf
/ 8f]Nkfdf k|fs[lts jg:klt ljz]if sf/0fn] @,*)) ld6/ prfO;Dd klg
x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5. sl/a !@ k|ltzt pRr lxdfnL If]q dg;'gL r/gsf
nflu pko'Qm 5. c e"efu 7f8f] eL/, 9'\u] / 7G8f x'Fbf r/gsf] nflu
pko'Qm 5}g. 3fF; k'gM knfpg ;do nfUg] ePsfn] clws r/gaf6 hf]ufpg
r/g Joj:yfkg oxfFsf] d"n cfjZostf xf]. df6f] / hnjfo'sf b[li6n] Ps
k|ltzteGbf sd hdLg dfq} v]tLsf] nflu pko'Qm 5. oftfoftsf] cfjZos
Joj:yf cem;Dd klg x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f pTkfbgsf] ahf/Ls/0f ug{
sl7gfO x'g] u/]sf] 5.
g]kfnsf] nueu !(=& k|ltzt -@,*((,%)) x]S6/_ cf]u6\g] pRr kj{tsf]
blIf0fdf dWokj{t / pQ/df pRr lxdfn k5{. o; If]qsf ;a}h;f] d'Vo
pkTosf lxdfgLu|:t (Glaciated) 5g\. gbLn] lkFw s6fg a9L u/]sf] kmn:jk
gbL 9nfg (Gradient) n] uN5]8f / uN5L (Ganyons) ag]sf 5g\. 8fF8fsf]
6'Kkf] / pkTosfsf] km]b;Dd @,))) ld6/eGbf a9L prfO{sf] leGgtf 5.
o;}n] oxfFsf] Pp6} 9nf]df pi0f, pkf]i0f / Gofgf] ;dzLtf]i0f Pj+ lr;f]
zLtf]i0f af]6lajf kfOG5g\. of] If]qsf] %) k|ltzt efu s'g} klg v]tLsf
nflu sfd nfUb}g. afFsL %) k|ltzt e"efu dWo] #$ k|ltzt e"efudf
v]tLsf nflu ckof{Kt kftnf] df6f] 5eg] !^ k|ltzt e"efun] dfq v]tL
wfg]sf] 5. o:tf] @)),))) x]S6/ hdLgdf klg $) k|ltztdf dfq /fd|/L
v]tL ug]{ ul/G5.
lxdfnL If]qdf g]kfnsf k"j{b]lv qmdzM tfKn]h', ;+v'jf;ef, ;f]n'v'Da',
bf]nvf, l;Gw'kf~rf]s, /;'jf, dgf, d':tf, 8f]Nkf, d'u', x'Dnf, h'Dnf, sflnsf]6,
afh'/f, aemf / bfr'{nf u/L !^ lhNnf kb{5g\.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro3

lxdfnL k|b]znfO{ lgDg tLg a[xt If]qdf ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5M

d'Vo lxdfnL If]q

lxdfnocGtu{tsf pRrtd r'nLx s]lGb|t d'Vo lxdfnodf *,))) ld6/eGbf
cUnf r'nLx k5{g\. t6jtL{ lxdfnosf] blIf0f /x]sf a[xQ/ lxdfnL z[\vnfdf
^,))) ld6/eGbf cUnf !#!! r'nLx /x]sf 5g\. ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/

ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf

;u/dfyf / t];|f] pRr lxdlzv/ s~rgh\3fsf cltl/Qm Nxf]T;], dsfn', rf]

cf]o', wjnflu/L, dgf;n', cGgk"0f{;d]t ljZjsf b'O{ bh{g r'nLdWo] g]kfndf
sl/a 8]9 bh{g /x]sf 5g\. s~rgh\3f, v'Da', dxfn\u'/, /f]Njfln\ u0f]z,
uf]vf{, cGgk"0f{, wf}nflu/L, sf~hL/f]jf, ckL, z}kfn lxd>[\vnfcGt{ut ljZjsf
!) ;jf]{Rr lzv/xdWo] * j6f lxdlzv/x kb{5g\. o; If]qdf s~rgh+3f,
hgs, pDas, dxfn+u'/, /f]njfln\, k'd/L, h'un, nf6f, u0f]z, ;]/f, s'6f,
dgl;/L, k]/L, n'u'nf, bfdf]b/, lgnlu/L, cGgk"0f{, wjnflu/L, d':tf, uf}td,
kfnr' xduf, sflGh/f]jf, sflGt, uf]/vf, rfnf, r08L, gfnfs+s/, u'F/f; u/L
qmdzM k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf @* lxd>[\vnfx cjl:yt 5g\.

leqL lxdfnL If]q

d'Vo lxdfnoaf6 pQ/ / ltAat t6jtL{ If]qaf6 blIf0flt/ of] If]q /x]sf] 5.
gbL lgld{t pkTosfx pRr lxdfnL If]qdf lgs} /x]sf 5g\. oxfF k'/f\u,
4g]kfn

kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

x'Dnf, d'u', nfu', a"9L vf]6f, s], Gofgd, /f]\u;f/, v'Da', sdf{ cflb
lxdj]li6t pkTosfx 5g\. pQ/df cUnf lxdfno / blIf0fdf xf]rf kj{tsf
aLrdf /x]sf oL pkTosf @,$))%,))) ld6/;Ddsf prfOdf /x]sf
5g\. st}st} ulx/f] vf]Fr / a]F;L /x]sf 5g\. x'Dnf, h'Dnf, d'u', 8f]Nkf, d':tf
/ dgfdf j[li65Ffofdf kg]{ x'Fbf jiff{ Hofb} sd x'G5. o; e]sdf z'is
hnjfo' kfOG5.

x'Dnfsf] nfdf ;F:s[lt

of] kj{tLo If]qdf lr;f] zLtf]i0f sf]0fwf/L jg x'g]x'Fbf 8fn]3fF; k|foM kfOGg.
oxfFsf afl;Gbf vfBfGg, n'uf / cGo ;fdfgsf] 9'jfgL vRr/, 3f]8f, rpF/L
cflb hgfj/af6 ug]{ ub{5g\. hf}, ux' F, sf] bf] / cfn' #,))) ld6/ prfO;Dd
x' G5. lxpF bdf 7G8f x'g]x'Fbf dflg;xsf] a;f]af; of] If] qdf lgSs} kftnf] 5.

;LdfGt lxdfnL If]q

of] cGt/lxdfnL z[\vnf ltAatsf] ;dfgfGt/ lsgf/L If]q sl/a !#) lsnf]ld6/
pQ/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5. ;/b/ ^,))) ld6/ prfOb]lv sl/a &,))) ld6/;Dd
/x]sf] ltAatL k7f/sf] ;d:ynL If]q u\uf / ;f\u kf] -a|x\dk'q_ sf] kfgL
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro5

9nf] If]qsf kdf /x]sf] 5. pRr lxdz[\vnf l5rf]nL cfPsfn] of] If]qsf
gbL -sfnLu08sL cflb_ lxdfnoeGbf k"/fgf dflgG5g\. dgf, d':tfdf
a:tL 5g\ / ef]6 lg:sg] eGHofx lgs} k5{g\. j[li65fFofdf kg]{ ePsfn]
of] If]q d"ntM lxdfnL de"ldsf kdf /x]sf] 5.
tflnsf g+= !=!
g]kfnsf k|d'v lxdlzv/ / ltgsf] prfO
qm=;+= lxdlzv/ prfO -ld6/_
! ;u/dfyf *,*$*
@ s~rgh\3f *,%*^
# Nxf]T;]
*,%!^
$ dsfn' *,$^#
% rf] cf]o' *,@)!
^ wf}nflul/ *,!^&
& dgf:n' *,!^#
* cGgk"0f{ *,)(!
( g'K;]
&,*%%
!) zflGt lks &,%(!
!! 8f]d
&,$$@
!@ nf6f ln\ &,@#$
!# u0f]z lxdfn &,!^#
!$ k'df]/L
&,!$%
!% uf}/Lz+s/ &,!#$
!^ ckL
&,!#@
!& df5fk'R5] &,)%(
!* ;} kfn
&,)#^
!( sf~hL/f]jf ^,**#
6g]kfn

kl/ro

lxdz[ \vnf
v'Da' dxfn\u'/
s~rgh+3f
v'Da'dxfn\u'/
s'Des0f{
v'Da'dxfn\u'/
wf}nflul/
u0f]z
cGgk"0f{
v'Da'
v'Da'
s~rgh\ 3f
nf6f
u0f]z
v'Da'dxfn\u'/
/f]Njfln
u'/fF;
cGgk"0f{
clk ;}kfn
sfl~h/f]jf

c~rnlhNnf
;u/dfyf -;f]n'v'Da'_
d]rL -tfKn] h'\u_
;u/dfyf -;f]n'v'Da'_
sf]zL -;+v'jf;ef_
;u/dfyf -;f]n'v'Da'_
wf}nflul/ -DofUbL, d':tf_
u08sL -uf]/vf_
u08sL -sf:sL_
;u/dfyf -;f]n'v'Da'_
;u/yfkf -;f]n'v'Da'_
d]rL -tfKn]h'_
afudtL -/;'jf_
afudtL -uf]vf{, wflb_
;u/dfyf -;f]n'v'Da'_
hgsk'/ -bf]nvf_
dxfsfnLs0ff{nL
u08sL -sf:sL_
s0ff{nL, ;]tL -aemf_
s0ff{nL -d'u', h' Dnf_
;"rgf ljefu

@) cdfbAnd ^,*!@
@! h'un
-e}/j 6fs'/f_ ^,&((
@@ e[s'6L
^,##$

v'Da'dxfn\u'/

;u/dfyf -;f]n'v'Da'_

h'un
bfdf]b/

afudtL
wf}nflul/

-v_ kxf8L k|b]z

pQ/df lxdfn / blIf0fdf t/fO{aLr /x]sf] dWoefu k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd
prfFxf]rf kxf8x, km/flsnf;fFu'/f pkTosf, b"g, a]F;L tyf 6f/ / u/fo'Qm
kfvfxn] 3gLe"t 5. blIf0fdf sl/a #)) ld6/b]lv pQ/df #,)))
ld6/;Ddsf prf e"efux b]zsf] ^* k|ltzt w/ftn cf]u6]/ &^
lsnf]ld6/b]lv !@% lsnf]ld6/;Dd rf}8f eO{ lj:tfl/t ePsf 5g\. ;a}eGbf
a9L e"efu o; k|b]zn] cf]u6]sf] x'Fbf g]kfnnfO{ kxf8L d'n's klg elgG5.
o; If]qdf Onfd, kfFry/, t]x|y'd, wgs'6f, ef]hk'/, vf]6f, pbok'/, cf]vn9'\uf,
l;Gw'nL, /fd]5fk, sfe|], sf7df8f}F eQmk'/, nlntk'/, g'jfsf]6, wflb, dsjfgk'/,
tgx'F, ndh', sf:sL, uf]/vf, :of\hf, kj{t, kfNkf, u'NdL, c3f{vfFrL, DofUbL,
afUn', Ko"7fg, /f]Nkf, s'd, ;Nofg, hfh/sf]6, ;'v]{t, b}n]v, c5fd, 8f]6L,
88]nw'/f / a}t8L u/L #( j6f lhNnf kb{5g\.
kxf8L k|b]znfO{ lgDg tLg >]0fLdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M

r'/] kj{t >]0fL

g]kfnsf] blIf0fdf cjl:yt k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf] lxdfno kj{tdfnf
eGbf lgs}kl5 ljsl;t /x]sf] ;d'b|;txb]lv ^!) b]lv !*&@ ld6/sf] prfO;Dd
ePsf] kj{tdfnfnfO{ r'/] kj{t elgG5. of] klZrdb]lv sf]zL gbL;Dd
dxfef/t kj{tdfnfsf] ;dfgfGt/ kdf nlDaPsf] 5 eg] Tof]eGbf k"j{
vl08t x'Fb} l9:sf jf y'Dsf]sf] kdf /x]sf] 5. o;nfO{ ;fdfGotM r'l/of jf
r'/] kj{t elgG5.
afx\o lxdfno elgg] of] kj{t lzjflnssf] gfdn];d]t k|l;4 5. of] gjLgtd
kj{t xf]. g]kfnsf] klZrddf cUnf] / k"j{df xf]rf] x'Fb} lanfPsf] r'/] nueu
@,))) ld6/;Dd cUnf] 5. of] dxfsfnLb]lv sf]zL;Dd 5'} >]0fL eP/
km}lnPsf] 5. sf]zLk"j{ y'DsLsf] kdf df]/ / emfkfsf] pQ/df d}gfr'nL,
r'nfr'nL 5g\. r'/] kj{t >]0fLsf] w]/} efu h\unn] 9fs]sf] 5. bf, b]pv'/L,
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro7

/fKtL, lrtjg cflb pkTosf b"g cjf]Ggt (Synclinal) k|s[ltsf efu 5g\.
oxfF u/d xfjfkfgL kfOG5. of] If]qn] !@=& k|ltzt -!,*&(,))) x]S6/_
9fS5. hnfwf/ If]qsf] prfO leGgtf &)) ld6/eGbf sd 5. oxfFsf] df6f]
jiff{sf] kfgL yfDg;Sg] vfnsf] 5}g. of] If]qdf x\jfQ af9L cfPh:tf] jiff{df
vf]nfx aU5g\. jftfj/0fLo b[li6n] r'/] kj{t >]0fL cToGt ;+j]bgzLn
dflgPsf] 5.
;txL 9'\ufn] lzjflns If]qsf] kj{tLo e"efunfO{ lgoGq0f u/]sf] 5. of]
z[\vnf sdhf]/ Pj+ cl:y/ 5. sl/a (# k|ltzteGbf a9L e"efu Hofb}
7f8f] / cK7]/f] ePsfn] v]tLsf nflu pko'Qm 5}g. lzjflns If]qdf v]tL
x'g;Sg] hldg sl/a @$ k|ltzt -%,@(,^)) x]S6/_ 5. b"g pi0f If]q eP
klg oxfFsf] df6f] t/fO{eGbf leGg 5. of] If]qdf kmnkm"n / t/sf/L sd}
x'G5. o; If]qdf hg cltqmd0fn] jggfz, e"Ifo / k|fs[lts jftfj/0f
vnalng k'u]sf] 5. lzjflns If]qsf] blIf0f Pp6f nfdf] k]6L k"j{b]lv
klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf] 5. of] If]q afn'jf, s\s8, 9'\uf / v's"nf v;|f
kbfy{n] ag]sf] 5. v's"nf] rfgn] ag]sf] efj/df ;fnsf] jgh\un kfOG5.
ulx/f] 3fF6Ldf gbLn] y'kf/]sf df6fsf] efun] ag]sf d}bfg u+uf d}bfgs}
c+zsf kdf /x]sf 5g\.

dxfef/t >]0fL
k"j{klZrd km}lnPsf] ;d'Gb| ;xtb]lv !@,))) lkm6;Dd prfOsf] of] kxf8L
efu g]kfnsf] dxTjk"0f{ efu xf]. of] efu ;]n, :ofG8:6f]g, nfOd:6f]g,
dfa{n, :n]6h:tf rfgo'Qm 5. 7"nf7"nf rf/ gbL xf8h:tf kxf8 5]8]/
au]sf 5g\. s0ff{nLn] lr;fkfgLdf, sfnLu08sLn] b]j3f6df, lqz"nLn] h'u/Ldf
/ sf]zLn] rt/fdf 5]8f] agfPsf] 5. 7fpF7fpFdf 6f/ -kfn'6f/, ;Nofg6f/,
Dhf6f/_ / pkTosf ag]sf 5g\. xf]rf] lxdfno (Lesser Himalaya) sf]
gfdn] klg of] kj{t lrlgg] u5{. oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL /d0fLo / :j:Yos/
x'g]x'Fbf dxfef/t kj{t >]0fLnfO{ g]kfnsf] Hill-Station klg elgG5. ;}n'+u,
6\ofDs], h}ys, km'nrf]sL, lzjk'/L, l5Ds]Zj/L, bfdg, :ju{f/L, ;flsg] 8fF8f,
vf]+r] cflb oxfFsf k|d'v lzv/ x'g\. k"jL{ g]kfnsf t'ngfdf klZrdsf] efu
a9L 7f8f] 5.
dWoe"ld >]0fL
g]kfnsf rd]lnof -;'b"/klZrd_, lqz"nL -dWo_, ;'gsf]zL / c0f tyf tdf]/
8g]kfn

kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

gbLf/f lgld{t 7"nf pkTosf Pj+ ;dy/ / pj{/If]q dWoe"ldcGtu{t k5{g\.

oxfF t' l Dn6f/ -;+ v ' j f;ef_, Dhf6f/ -cf] v n9' \ u f_, d\ u n6f/
-sfe|]knf~rf]s_, v'dn6f/ -nlntk'/_, af/ -g'jfsf]6_, ;Nofg6f/ -wflb_,
v}/]gL6f/ -tgx'F_, rf}/hxf/L6f/ -s'd_ h:tf 6f/ klg 5g\.
dWokj{tLo If]qn] g]kfnsf] @(=% k|ltzt -$,#%),#)) x]S6/_ hldg 9fs]sf]
5. oxfFsf] hnjfo' jif}{el/ s[lifsf] nflu pko'Qm 5. tfkqmd g a9L g 36L
dWod k|sf/sf] 5. hg;\Vof a[l4n] ubf{ e"lddfly a9L rfk k/]sf] 5. oxfF
*& k|ltzt v]tLof]Uo e"ld kj{tLo kfvfsf kdf 5g\. dWokxf8L e"ldsf]
u/fv]tL k|ljlw g} :yflkt k|ljlw xf]. s[lif, jg / afuafgLaf6 o;nfO{ ;3fp
x'g] u/]sf] 5.
dWokxf8df lk|SoflDa|og (Precambraian), kmfOnfO6 (Phyllites), Sjf6{hfO6
(Quartzites), ce|v, lzi6 / u|fgfO6h:tf ljljw rfg kfOG5g\. dWokxf8sf]
blIf0f lsgf/fdf k|foM dxfef/t n]sh:tf p7]sf (Uplifted) kj{t 5g\. of]
efu Ct'Ifo ePsf u|]gfO6, r'g9'\uf, 8f]nf]dfO6, ;]n, :ofG8:6f]g, :n]6 /
Sjf6{hfO6n] ag]sf] 5. lzjflns h:tf] e"Ifosf] k|efj 5}g. o; If]qsf s8f
rfg e"kfiff0f ePsf efu 7f8f] eL/ -#% l8u|L 9nf]eGbf a9L_ / kftnf] df6fn]
9fs]sf] x'gfn] v]tLsf nflu pko'Qm 5}g.
kxf8L k|b]zdf ls/fFt -/fO{, lnDa"_, tfdf, du/, u', afx'g, If]qL, g]jf/
cflb ljleGg hfltsf dflg;x a;f]af; u5{g\. kxf8 cfkm}Fdf ljleGgtfo'Qm
ePsfn] oxfFsf] 3/lgdf{0f, njfOvjfO, k];f cflbdf ljljwtf kfOG5. kmnkm"n
v]tL / h8La'6Lsf] nflu a9L pko'Qm jftfj/0f kfOG5. kxf8sf blIf0f
kfvfdf a:tL / v]tL w]/} e]l6G5g\. o; e]sdf Onfd, wgs'6f, r}gk'/,
ef]hk'/, cf]vn9'\uf, bf]nvf, ag]kf, sf7df8f}F, kf]v/f, h'Dnf, ;Nofg, 8f]6Lh:tf
;fgf7"nf a:tL 5g\. kxf8L If]qsf] s"n a:tLdWo] !,))) ld6/;Ddsf]
prfOdf !^=#& k|ltzt, !))!@,))) ld6/;Dddf %(=)( k|ltzt / o;eGbf
dfly #,))) ld6/;Dddf !(=(( k|ltzt a:tLx /x]sf] kfOG5. ;jf{lws
a:tLx !))!@))) ld6/;Dddf s]Gb|Lt 5g\. g]kfnsf kfFr} ljsf;
If]qsf If]qLo ;b/d'sfd wgs'6f, sf7df8f}F, kf]v/f, ;'v]{t, lbkfon oxL
kxf8L Onfsfdf cjl:yt 5g\.
cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf kxf8L If]q d"ntM kmnkm"n / vfBfGgsf nflu pko'Qm
If]q xf]. wfg, ds}, ux'F / u]8fu'8Ldf of] If]q ljljwtfo'Qm pTkfbgzLn If]q
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro9

eP klg pj{/e"ldsf] sdLn] ubf{ vfBfGg cefj x'g] ub{5.

dxfef/t kj{t >]0fL / lxdfno kj{t >]0fLxsf aLrdf /x]sf 7"nf7"nf
6f/, a]+;L / pkTosfxnfO{ dWoe"dL elgG5. o;cGtu{t sf7df8fF}, kf]v/f,
lqz'nL, kfFrvfn, df8L h:tf pkTosfx kb{5g\. To:t} h/fof]6f/, ;Nofg6f/,
r]k]6f/, s/fk'6f/, j]N6f/, ;'s]6f/, t'lDn6f/, Dhf6f/, v/fgL6f/, af/
h:tf pj{/ ;dy/ e"ld klg o;}cGtu{t kb{5g\.
tflnsf g+= !=@
kxf8L k|b]zdf cjl:yt d'Vo pkTosf tyf j]+;Lx
pkTosf
sf7df8f}F
lqz'nL
kf]v/f
kfFrvfn
ag]kf
kf6g
w'lga];L
bf
;'v]{t
pbok'/

prfO -ld=_
!##&
%&(
*!(
*&!
!%%$
!%#$
*%)
^^#
^^$
#^)

lhNnf
sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/ / eQmk'/
g'jfsf]6
sf:sL
sfe|]knf~rf]s
sfe|]knf~rf]s
a}t8L
wflb
bf
;'v]{t
pbok'/

-u_ t/fO{ k|b]z

kxf8L efub]lv blIf0ftkm{ ef/tsf] ;Ldf;Dd k"j{klZrd km}lnPsf] g]kfnsf]
;dtn e" efu t/fO{ k|b]z xf]. o;nfO{ dw]z klg elgG5. o; k|b]zsf]
rf}8fO @% lsnf]ld6/b]lv #) lsnf]ld6/;Dd 5. t/fO{sf] l;/fg efj/ /
r'/] xf]. pQ/af6 blIf0flt/ xf]rf] x'Fb} hfg' t/fO{sf] nIf0f xf]. of] If]q pi0f
If]q xf]. oxfFsf] hldg k|foM ;dyn 5. ;g\ !(^) ;Dd of] If]qdf yfxsf]
af]nafnf lyof]. cf}nf] pGd'ngkl5 b"g pkTosf kxf8nufot cGo If]qsf
hgtfsf] klg s]Gb|:yn eO{ of] If]q ax'hftLo If]q aGof]. ;d'Gb|;txaf6 ^)
b]lv ^)) ld6/sf] prfOdf kg]{ o; k|b]zn] g]kfnsf] s"n If]qkmnsf] !&
k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5. o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGge08f/ klg dflgG5. o;
10g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

If]qcGt{ut emfkf, df]/, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL,

/f}tx6, af/f, k;f{, lrtjg, gjnk/f;L, kGb]xL, slknj:t', bf, afFs],
alb{of, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/ u/L @) lhNnfx kb{5g\.
t/fO{ k|b]znfO{ lgDg tLg >]0fLdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5M
vf; t/fO{
b]zsf] blIf0fL efudf blIf0ftkm{ xf]lrFb} uPsf] e"efunfO{ vf; t/fO{ elgG5.
ldlxg kfFuf] df6f]n] ag]sf] of] If]q pj{/ /x]sf] 5. lrtjgsf] blIf0fdf
;f]d]Zj/ kj{tdfnf / b]pv'/Lsf] blIf0fdf 8'08'jf kj{tdfnfn] sf6]sf]n] vf;
t/fO{nfO{ tLg efu -k"jL{, dWo / klZrd_ df afF8\g] klg ul/Psf] 5. emfkf,
df]/, ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, /f}tx6, af/f, k;f{sf] blIf0f, gjnk/f;Lsf]
klZrd blIf0f, kGb]xL / slknj:t'sf] blIf0f / afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL /
s~rgk'/sf] blIf0fL If]qnfO{ g]kfnsf] vf; t/fO{ elgG5.

efj/ If]q
vf; t/fO{sf] pQ/ / r'/] kj{tdfnfsf] blIf0fdf #*) ld6/sf] prfO;Dd
km}lnPsf] ;fFu'/f] k]6LnfO{ efFj/ If]q elgG5. * b]lv !) dfOn;Dd rf}8fO
ePsf] efj/ k|b]zn] d'n'ssf] s"n If]qkmnsf] $=% k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5.
leqLdw]z
r'/] / dxfef/t kj{t >]0fLsf] aLrdf ^!) ld6/sf] prfO;Dd rf/}lt/
kxf8 kj{tn] 3]l/O{ km}lnPsf ljzfn kmfF6nfO{ leqL dw]z jf b"g If]q
elgG5. #@ b]lv ^$ ls=ld=;Dd nDafO / !^ ls=ld= ;Dd rf}8fO ePsf]
of] If]qn] d'n'ssf] s"n If]qkmnsf] *=% k|ltzt e"efu ;d]6]sf] 5.
leqLdw]znfO{ rf/ If]qdf afFl8Psf] 5. o;df pbok'/ / l;Gw'nL pkTosfnfO{
k"jL{ leqLdw]z dsjfgk'/, lrtjg / gjnk/f;LnfO{ dWoleqLdw]z bf
b]pv'/LnfO{ klZrdL leqLdw]z / ;'v]{t pkTosfnfO{ ;'b/" klZrd leqLdw]z
elgG5.
!=@=@ gbLsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg
-s_ sf]zL k|b]z
k"j{df s~rgh\3f lxdfnb]lv klZrddf nf6f lxdfn -uf];fO:yfg_ aLrsf]
If]qnfO{ sf]zL k|b]z elgG5. tdf]/, c0f, lnv", b"wsf]zL, tfdfsf]zL,
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro11

;'gsf]zL / OGb|fjtL ldn]/ ;Ktsf]zL gbL ag]sf] 5. of] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf

7"nf] gbL xf]. of] gbL &@) ls=ld= nfdf] 5 eg] hnk|jfx Ifdtf cf};t
!,%^$ So"ljs ld6/ k|lt ;]s]08 /x]sf] 5. o; gbLaf6 @@,))) d]3fjf6;Dd
ljB't\ lgsfNg ;lsg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5. sf]zL k|b]zsf] k|efj If]q em08}
^) xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5. ;Ktsf]zL gbLsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;xfos gbL
c0f xf] eg] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] gbL lnv" xf].
-v_ u08sL k|b]z
k"j{df nf6f lxdfnb]lv klZrddf wf}nflul/ lxdfn;Ddsf] u08sL gbL
k|efljt If]qnfO{ u08sL k|b]z elgG5. u08sL gbLsf ;ft k|d'v ;xfos
gbLx lqz'nL, a'9Lu08sL, b/f}bL, dfbL, d:of{\bL, ;]tL / sfnLu08sL x'g\.
uf08j Clifsf] gfdaf6 gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] dflgPsf] o; gbLnfO{ lrtjg
lhNnfdf cfPkl5 -b]j3f6eGbf tn_ gf/fo0fL gbLsf] gfdn] lrlgG5. of]
gbL dWog]kfndf axG5, h;sf] k|jfx If]q sl/a #*,))) ju{ ls=ld /x]sf]
5. sl/a ##* ls=ld= nfdf] o; gbLsf] ljB't\ Ifdtf @!,))) d]=jf= /x]sf]
dflgPsf] 5. o;sf ;xfos gbLxdWo] sflnu08sL ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / dfbL
;a}eGbf ;fgf] xf]. g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] of] gbLn] k|lt ;]s]08 cf}ift
!&!# So'=ld= kfgL k|jfx ub{5.
-u_ s0ff{nL k|b]z
k"j{df wf}nflul/ lxdfnb]lv klZrddf Aof; lxdfnaLr s0ff{nL gbL k|efljt
If]qnfO{ s0f{fnL k|b]z elgG5. s0ff{nL gbLsf ;ft k|d'v ;xfos gbLx
x'Dnf s0f{fnL, d'u' s0ff{nL, 7"nL e]/L, ;fgL e]/L, ltnf, a'9Lu\uf / ;]tL gbL
x'g\. o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL klg elgG5. of] gbL dWoklZrd
/ ;'b"/klZrd If]qdf axGf] gbL xf], h'g ef/tdf k'u]kl5 3f3F/f / sxLFsxLF
;/o" gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5. of] gbL sl/a $@,))) j=ls=ld= If]qkmn ;d]6]/
aUb5. sl/a %)& ls=ld= nfdf] o; gbLsf] ljB't\ pTkfbg Ifdtf #@,)))
d]=jf=/x]sf] dflgPsf] 5. of] gbLsf] cf}ift hnk|jfx Ifdtf k|lt;]s]08 !#!^
So'=ld= /x]sf] 5.
!=@=# xfjfkfgLsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg
g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLnfO{ ef}uf]lns agfj6 / prfOsf] cfwf/df kfFr k|sf/sf
xfjfkfgLdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5.
12 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

-s_ pi0f dg;'gL xfjfkfgL (Sub Tropical Monsoon Climate)

cw{pi0f / pkf]i0f xfjfkfgL elgg] o:tf] xfjfkfgL g]kfnsf] t/fO{, efFj/, b"g
/ r'/] If]qsf] !,@)) ld6/ -$,))) lkm6_ ;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOG5. u[idofddf
oxfFsf] tfkdfg #* b]lv $@ l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8;Dd k'Ub5 eg] zLtsfndf !%
b]lv % l8u|L;Dd cf]ln{G5. jiff{ Ct'df lxGb dxf;fu/sf] a+ufnsf] vf8Laf6
cfpg] dg;'gL xfjfn] jiff{ u/fpg] ub{5. jiff{ ;fdfGotf k"j{af6 klZrd
36\b} hfg] / pQ/af6 blIf0f a9\b} hfg] ePaf6 k"jL{ t/fO{eGbf klZrdL t/fO{
k|b]zdf clws udL{ x'G5. ljif]zt e}/xjf, g]kfnu~h tyf s}nfnLnufotsf
t/fO{ If]qdf clws udL{ x'G5. o;}u/L bf, ;'v]{th:tf leqL dw]zdf klg
udL{ w]/} g} x'G5.
-v_ Gofgf] ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL (Warm Temperate Climate)
r'/] kxf8 / dxfef/t kj{tsf] !,@)) b]lv @,!)) ld6/ -$,)))&,)))
lkm6_ ;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOg] o; k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgLdf u|Lid ofddf Gofgf]
x'G5 eg] lzlz/df a9L 708f x'G5. u[id Ct'df tfkqmd @$ b]lv #) l8u|L
;]lG6u|]8;Dd k'U5 eg] lxpbFdf ) l8u|L ;]= ;Dd cf]ln{G5. g]kfndf kfgL kfg]{
dg;'gL xfjf blIf0fL efuaf6 aUg] x'bfF blIf0fsf] le/fnf] 7fFpdf @%)
;]lG6ld6/;Dd jiff{ x'G5 eg] pQ/tkm{sf] le/fnf] kfvfdf !)) ;]lG6ld6/;Dd
jiff{ x'G5.
-u_ 708f ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL (Cool Temperate Climate)
dxfef/t kj{t z[\vnfsf] @,!)) b]lv #,#%) ld6/ -&,)))!!,))) lkm6_
;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOg] o:tf] xfjfkfgLdf u|Lid Ct'df Gofgf] x'G5 eg]
lxpFbdf lgs} hf8f] x'G5. oxfFsf] tfkqmd u[iddf !%) b]lv @)) ;]lG6u|]8;Dd
k'Ub5 eg] lxpFbdf )) ;]lG6u|]8;Dd cf]ln{G5. oxfF jif{df !) ;]lG6ld6/;Dd
kfgL kb{5 eg] lxpFbdf lxFp jlif{G5. Go"g tfkqmd / Go"g jiff{sf] sf/0fn]
oxfF v]tLkftL cToGt} sd x'G5. oxfFsf] hghLjg si6s/ ePklg :jf:Yosf]
b[li6n] o:tf] xfjfkfgL pko'Qm dflgG5.
-3_ n]sfnL xfjfkfgL (Alpine Climate)
g]kfndf ;d'Gb|;txb]lv #,#%) b]lv %,))) ld6/ -!!,)))!^,))) lkm6_
prfO;Ddsf] lxdfnL If]qsf] 708f xfjfkfgLnfO{ n]sfnL xfjfkfgL elgG5.
oxfFsf] tfkqmd r}t, j}zfv, h]7df !)) ;]lG6u|]8;Dd k'Ub5 eg] c ;dodf
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro13

-( dlxgfhlt_ ) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8eGbf tn g} /xG5. oxfF jiff{df #)

ldlnld6/;Dd jiff{ x'G5. oxfF v]ltkftL x'b}g t/ oxfFsf 7"nf lxdfnL
kmfF6xdf kz'r/g u/fOg] x'Fbf of] 7fpF kz'kfng / ko{6sLo ultljlw
;~rfngsf nflu pko'Qm 5.
-_ w|'jLo jf lxdfnL xfjfkfgL (Tundra Climate)
lxdfnL If]qsf] cToGt} lr;f] / z'is xfjfkfgLnfO{ lxdfnL, w|'jLo jf 6'08f
xfjfkfgL elgG5. oxfF ;Fw}h;f] lxdkft eO/xG5 eg] jiff{sf kdf lxpF g}
kb{5. %,))) xhf/ ld=-!^)))lkm6_ eGbf dflysf] e"efusf] tfkqmd z"Go
l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8eGbf sd x'g]x'bfF oxfF dWofGxkl5 lxpFsf] eLif0f x'/L rNb5.
oxfFsf] xfjfkfgLnfO{ lxdfnL de"ld hnjfo' klg eGg] ul/G5.

!=# g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts >f]t / ;fwgx

!=#=! e"ld
g]kfnsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgxdWo] e"ld Ps dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t xf]. g]kfnsf]
w/ftn / jg:kltdf leGgtf ePem}F oxfFsf] df6f]sf] cj:yf / u'0fdf klg w]/}
leGgtf 5. Land Resource Mapping Project -!(&* &(_ sf cg';f/
g]kfndf v]tLof]Uo e"efu !* k|ltzt /x]sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5.
g]kfndf cEof; ul/Psf s]xL e"ld Joj:yf
/}s/ e"ld
/}s/ zAbsf] pTklQ b'O{ cy{af6 ePsf] xf]. /} eGg] zAbn] /fHo / s/
eg]sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ltg'{kg]{ clgjfo{ e'QmfgL xf]. To;}n] /}s/ e"ld jf hUuf
eGgfn] ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf] e"ldnfO{ ef]urng ug]{ JolQmn] dfnkf]t
ltg'{kg]{ hUufnfO{ hgfpFb5. o:tf] hUuf cfgf] cwLgdf /fv]/ k|of]u ug]{
JolQmn] ;/sf/L /fh:jsf kdf dfnkf]t ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg'kb{5.

ljtf{ e"ld
s'g} ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] axfb'/Lk"j{s sfd u/]df jf s'g} JolQm d'n'sL
zf;gsf] b[li6df /fd|f] ;fljt ePdf p;nfO{ a[lQ :jk k|bfg ul/g]
hUufnfO{ ljtf{ hUuf elgG5. g]kfndf ljz]ifu/L /f0ffzf;g sfndf o:tf]
hUuf afF8\g] rng lyof]. a|fXd0fnfO{ bfg :jk k|bfg ul/g] hUufnfO{ s'z
ljtf{, s'g} ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ /fd|f] sfo{ u/]afkt k|bfg ul/g] hUufnfO{
lkmsb/ ljtf{, o'4 ubf{ub}{ d/]sf] ;}lgssf kl/jf/nfO{ lbg] hUufnfO{ d/j6
14 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

ljtf{ elgGYof]. /f0ffsfndf pgLxsf] cg'ofoL h'g;'s} JolQmnfO{ klg

ljtf{sf kdf hUuf lbg] k|rng lyof]. o;n] ubf{ sl/a #% k|ltzt
s[lifof]Uo e"ld ljtf{sf kdf ljt/0f ePsf] lyof]. lj=;= @)!^ ;fndf ljtf{
pGd"ng P]g hf/L u/L ;Dk"0f{ ljtf{ hUufxnfO{ /}s/df kl/0ft ul/of].

u'7L e"ld
s'g} ljif]z ;fj{hlgs jf ;fd'lxs p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu s'g} 6i6sf kdf k|of]u
ePsf] ;+:yfut hUufnfO{ u'7L hUuf elgG5. u'7L zAbsf] pTklQ ;+:s[t
zAbsf] uf]i7L af6 ePsf] xf]. o;sf] cy{ kl/ifb\ eGg] hgfpFb5. g]kfndf
d7 dlGb/ jf b]jfnodf k"hfcfhf ug{sf nflu tyf wfld{s w/f]x/xnfO{
;+/If0f ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;|f]tsf kdf pknAw u/fOPsf] hUuf u'7Lsf]
kdf /x]sf 5g\. g]kfndf ljz]if u/L kz'kltgfy, hoafu]Zj/L, /fdhfgsL
dlGb/ h:tf w]/} d7dlGb/xsf u'7L hUufx 5g\. o:tf hUufaf6 lgoldt
kdf cfDbfgL k|fKt eO/xg] ePsfn] wfld{s lqmofsnfkx ;~rfng ug{
tyf d7 dlGb/ agfpg Pj+ lh0ff]{f/ ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5. o:tf u'7Ldf vf;u/]/
/fhu'7L, b'lgofF u'7L, lkns/fgf u'7L, as; u'7L cflb a9L dfqfdf kfOG5g\.
g]kfndf e"ld;'wf/ P]g, @)@! cg';f/ ;a} lsl;dsf u'7LnfO{ lgoGq0f tyf
lgb]{zg ug{sf nflu u'7L ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5.
lsk6 e"ld
g]kfnsf] k"jL{kxf8L efudf o:tf] e"ld k|yf k|rlnt lyof]. o:tf hUufdf
k|of]ustf{n] s/ ltg'{kb}{g. k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] k"j{sf /fO{ tyf lnDa" hfltxnfO{
lsk6 hUuf k|bfg u/]sf lyP. o;/L lsk6 hUuf k|fKt u/]sf tL If]qsf
hgtfn] cfjZos k/]sf] avt ;/sf/nfO{ jf /fhfnfO{ ;xof]u k|bfg
ug'{kb{Yof]. o:tf] hUuf cGo JolQmnfO{ a]Rg dgfxL ul/Psf] lyof]. t/ lj=;=
@)@! df e"ld;'wf/ nfu" ePkl5 o:tf] hUuf /}s/ hUuf ;/x lsga]r ug{
kfpg] Joj:yf ul/of].
g]kfndf pknAw df6f]sf k|sf/
-s_ kfuf] df6f]
t/fO{ k|b]z / a];Ldf kfFuf] df6f] kfOG5. gbLn] y'kf/]sf] df6f] / afn'jfdf
s'lxPsf] emf/kft;d]t ldnL aGg] of] df6f]df afn'jf / lrD6] df6f]sf] dfqf
sl/a a/fa/ x'G5. o; lsl;dsf] df6f]df r'g, km:kmf]/; / kf]6f; cflb
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro15

vlgh tTjsf] ld>0f x'G5. o;}n] of] df6f] s[lif sfo{sf] nflu pQd dflgG5.
wfg, ;gkf6, pv', ;'tL{, t]nxg cflb of] df6f]df Hofb} ;lk|G5.
-v_ anf}6] kTyl/nf] df6f]
efFj/ k|b]z, leqL dw]z / r'/] kxf8df o; lsl;dsf] df6f] kfOG5. of] df6f]
gbLf/f hDdf ePsf afn'jf, sGs8, kTy/h:tf v's"nf v;|f kbfy{ ldnL
ag]sf] x'G5. dlnnf] df6f]sf] cg'kft / h}ljs kbfy{ sd x'g] of] df6f]df kfgL
c8\b}g / df6f]sf] pj{/f zlQm klg clt sd x'G5. o:tf] df6f]df l;FrfO ug{
sl7g x'G5. of] s[lif sfo{sf nflu tNnf] :t/sf] df6f] xf], t/ ;fn, l;;f} cflb
cfly{s b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ vx o:tf] df6f]df Hofb} ;lk|g] x'Fbf o:tf] df6f]sf]
clwsf+z efu h\unn] 9flsPsf] 5.
-u_ /ftf] km';|f] df6f]
dxfef/tsf 7f8f eL/xdf 6'lqmPsf rfgdf ;8]sf emf/kft ldn]/ ag]sf]
df6f]nfO{ /ftf] km';|f] df6f] elgG5. lsgsL o; df6f]sf] h}ljs kbfy{ /
cf]hgLs[t kmnfdsf] dfqf sd x'g] x'Fbf o; If]qsf] df6f]sf] / /ftf] km';|f] jf
kx]Fnf] x'G5. r"g, gfO6f]hg / kmf]:kmf]/;h:tf vlgh tTj sd x'g] / df6f]sf]
ulx/fO klg sd x'g]x'Fbf o; lsl;dsf] df6f]df wfg, pv', ;gkf6, ;"tL{ cflb
v]tL k|foM ul/Fb}g. t/ o:tf] df6f]df cDn, kmnfdh:tf vlgh tTj x'g] x'Fbf
kmnkm"n, lrof, cfn', ds}, sf]bf]sf] v]tL ug{ of] pkof]uL x'G5.
-3_ tn}of df6f]
pkTosfsf tfn ;'s]/ ag]sf] df6f]nfO{ tn}of df6f] elgG5. o; lsl;dsf]
df6f]df k|z:t ;8]sf emf/kft ldn]sf] x'Fbf df6f]sf] / sfnf] x'G5. df6f]sf]
ulx/fO a9L x'gsf ;fy} h}ljs kbfy{ klg k|z:t x'g] x'bfF tn}of df6f] s[lifsf
nflu ;jf]{Qd dflgG5. vf;u/L of] df6f]df wfg, ux'F, ;fukft /fd|/L
;lk|G5g\. o; lsl;dsf] df6f]df sd jiff{df klg v]tL ug{ ;lsG5. sf7df8f}F
pkTosfdf o:t} df6f] kfOG5.
-_ lxdfnL df6f]
lxdgbLn] y'kf/]sf] df6f], afn'jf, s8, kTy/ cflb ldn]/ lxdfnL df6f]
aGb5. vf;u/L g]kfnsf] leqL / pRr lxdfnL If]qsf] km]bLdf o; lsl;dsf]
df6f] kfOG5. xfjfkfgL 708f / z'is x'g] tyf df6f]sf] ulx/fO Pj+ h}ljs
kbfy{ sd x'g] x'bfF o;sf] pj{/f zlQm Go"g x'G5. of] df6f]df ds}, hf}, cfn',
kmfk/h:tf afnL dfq nufOG5.
16g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

!=#=@ jg
s'g} 7fFpsf] e"w/ftn, xfjfkfgL, df6f] cflbn] To; :yfgsf] jg:kltnfO{
k|efljt ub{5g\. xfjfkfgLn] jg:kltnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ x'bfF oL b'O{aLr
cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f / ;Gt'ngdf
jg ;Dkbfsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg 5. oBlk ljut s]xL bzsotf jg ;Dkbfdf
Jofks x|f; cfPsf] 5. ;g\ !(%$ sf] tYof\scg';f/ b]zsf] $% k|ltzteGbf
a9L e"efu jg h\unn] 9fs]sf] lyof] t/ ;g\ !(&( lt/ $# k|ltzt, ;g\
!(*^ df #&=$ k|ltzt / ;g\ !((* df ul/Psf] Ps ;j]{If0fn] jg If]q
s]jn #(=^ k|ltzt /xg uPsf] tYo v'nf;f u/]sf] 5. oxL cWoogn]
g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qsf] jg k|lt jif{ !=# k|ltztn] ljgf; x'Fb} uPsf] b]vfPsf]
5. ljutsf bzsxdf cfjf; tyf k'gjf{;sf nflu w]/} 7fFpxdf jg
km8fgL ul/of] eg] sltko If]qxdf jgsf] cltqmd0f eof].
g]kfnsf] e"w/ftn tyf jgh\unsf] ljljwtfsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] jg:klt
hutnfO{ lgDg % ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5M
-s_ pi0fk|b]zLo ;bfaxf/ h\un (Sub Tropical Evergreen Forest)
t/fO{, efj/, b'g, r'/] kj{tsf] !,@)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOg] pi0f
k|b]zLo ;bfaxf/ h\undf udL{ / jiff{ oy]i6 dfqfdf x'g]x'Fbf oxfFsf
vx cUnf, df]6f, alnof / ;Fw} xl/ofel/of x'G5g\. k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd
;dfgfGt/ kdf /x]sf] of] h\un klxn] rf/ sf]z;Dd km}lnPsf]n] o;nfO{
rf/sf]z] emf8L klg elgG5. oxfF ;fn, l;;f}F, vo/, l;dn cflb k|d'v
jg:kltsf ;fy} ;fFj], 98\8L, ufFh klg kfOG5g\. o; h\undf xfQL, u}8f,
af3, efn', d[u cflb jGohGt' kfOg] x'bFf of] If]q cfly{s tyf h}ljs b[li6n]
lgs} dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5.
-v_ ;dlztf]i0f ktem/ h\un (Temperate Deciduous Forest)
g]kfndf !,@)) ld6/b]lv @,!)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO;Dd r'/] kxf8sf]
dflyNnf] efu, dWoefu / dxfef/t kj{tsf] tNnf] efudf kfOg] ;dlztf]i0f
ktem/ h\undf kfOg] v cUnf / df]6f x'G5g\. tNnf] efu ;3g 5fofFbf/
eP klg dflyNnf] efu lr;f] x'g'sf ;fy} t';f/f] kg]{ ePsfn] clwsf+z
kftklt/ emg]{ x'Fbf of] jg z[\vnfnfO{ ktem/ elgPsf] xf]. pRr efudf
s]xL dfqfdf ktem/ / sf]0fwf/L vxsf] ldl>t h\un kfOG5. oxfF
kfOg] s8f / g/d hftsf ;bfaxf/, ktem/ / sf]0fwf/L vdWo] ;fn,
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro17

;Nnf, b]jbf, rfFk, s6';, cf]v/, u'/fF;, lkkn, lrnfpg], j/, afF;, l;dn,
plQ;, knfF;, nfFs'/L, rfFk k|d'v 5g\. o:tf] jg pi0fk|b]zLo ;bfaxf/
h\uneGbf sd u'0f:t/sf] dflgG5.
-Uf_ ;dzLtf]i0f ;bfaxf/ sf]0fwf/L h\un (Coniferous Forest)
dxfef/t kj{ tsf] dflyNnf] efu tyf lxdfn kj{ tsf] tNnf] efudf @,!)! ld6/b] lv
#,#%) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf sf]0fwf/L h\un kfOG5. oxfF jif{ }el/ lr;f] x'g] /
lxdkft e}/xg] x'F bf v / vsf kftx sf]0h
f :t} r'Rrf] k/]sf x'G5g\. oFxfsf]
df6f] ;]]lknf] x'g]x'Fbf ;bfaxf/ h\un x'G5. oxfF demf}nf g/d hftsf v
kfOg] / o;df klg rfFk, ;Nnf, b]jbf, s6';, w'kL, ;Ldn, lrnfpg], j]tafF;,
plQ;, afF;, u'F/f;, ef]hkq cflb pNn]Vo dfqfdf /x]sf 5g\.

u'/fF;

-3_ n]sfnL jg:klt jf 3f;] d}bfg (Alpine Forest)

g]kfndf #,#%! ld6/b]lv %,))) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf sd tfkqmd / sd
jiff{ x'g] kxf8L tyf tNnf] lxdfnL If]qdf kfOg] jg:kltnfO{ n]sfnL jg:klt
elgG5. of] prfOdf lr;f] / z'is hnjfo' kfOg] x'bfF oxfF cUnf, df]6f /
s8f hftsf vx ;lk|g ;Sb}gg\. n]sfnL jg:kltdWo] sd prfOsf
u'/fF;, lgufn] / s]xL emf8Lh:tf vx #,^)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf
kfOG5g\ eg] Tof]eGbfdfly 3fF;sf 7'nf 7'nf kmfF6x kfOG5g\. dflyNnf]
18 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

efudf /\ulj/\usf a'sL km"n, hl8a'6Lx kfOG5g\.

-_ zLt de"ldsf] jg:klt (Tundra Vegetaion)
g]kfndf %))) ld6/sf] prfOeGbfdfly lxFp kg]{x'Fbf oxfF jg:kltx pld|g
g;Sg] ePsfn] lxpF gc8\g] le/fnf] 7fFpdf sfO{ / n]p dfq kfOG5g\. pld|g
/ x's{g g;Sg] o:tf] 7fFpdf pd|]sf n]p / em\ofpnfO{ 6'08f jg:klt jf zLt
de"ldsf] jg:klt elgG5.
!=#=# vlgh
vlgh ;Dkbf k|fs[lts ;|f]tdWo] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t xf]. k[YjLleq /x]sf
tfdf, sf]Onf, r'g9'\uf, k]6f]lnod kbfy{, UofF;, v/L, u], lzzf, DofUg];fO6,
:n]6 cflbnfO{ vlgh elgG5. g]kfn k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgn] ;DkGg d'n's
xf]. cfly{s jif{ @)^%@)^^ df o; If]qsf] s"n u|fx:y pTkfbgdf )=%$
k|ltzt of]ubfg /x]sf] 5. g]kfndf vlghsf] pTvggsf nflu ul/Psf]
k|of;sf] Oltxf; Tolt nfdf] 5}g. vlgh kbfy{sf] pTvggnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L
agfpgsf nflu lj=;= @)@$ df ef}ule{s ljefusf] :yfkgf ul/of]. oBlk,
b]zsf] e"ue{df /x]sf vlgh kbfy{nfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g.
tflnsf g+= !=#
g]kfndf vlgh ;fwgsf ;DefJo If]q
qm=;+= pknAw vlgh kfOg] :yfgx
vlgh
!
kmnfd
km"nrf]sL, 7f];], lrtjg, s"n]vfgL, e}F;], Ko'7fg, aemf,
8f]6L, hGt/, nAwL, kmlk{
@
tfdf
tfdfvfgL, ;LdfvfgL, s"n]vfgL, a'4vf] nf, jfK;f, afx| la;],
dfkmf{, aGbLk'/, cf]vn9'\uf, Onfd8fF8f, DofUbL.
#
ce|s
ef]hk'/, 8f]6L, r}gk'/, l;Gw'nLu9L, Hofld/], lga'jf
ufFp, /;'jf, aemf, ndh', uf];fO{s'08, ;'Gb/Lhn
$
r'g9'\uf rf]ef/, e}+;], wgs'6f, df]/, lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, kfNkf,
uf]bfj/L, ;'v]{t
% ;L;f
u0f]zlxdfn, km"nrf]sL, dsjfgk'/, afUn', dfkm'{,
uNsf]6, ltKnL, j}t8L
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro19

^
&
*
(
!)
!!
!@
!#

h:tf
uGws
v/L
:n]6
dfj{n
u]
sf]Onf
k]6f]lnod

!$ UofF;
!% ;'g
!^
!&
!*
!(

rfFbL
sf]jfN6
;f]8f
l;w]g"g,
jL/] g"g
@) lgcf]j]/;
-b' n{e wft' _
@! lgs]n
@@ DofUg] ;fO6
!=#=$ hn>f]t

u0f]zlxdfn, km'nrf]sL, dfh]/ vf]nf, gfDkf

lr;fkfgL u9L, uf];fOs'08, a/fxIf]q
l;Gw'kfNrf]s, vf]6f, ef]hk'/
aGbLk'/, afUdtL, n'lDagL, u08sL, hgsk'/
uf]bfjf/L, dxfef/t kj{t z[\vnf
l;Gw'kfNrf]s, rf}tf/f
bf, ;Nofg, rf} tf/f, lrtjg, dsjfgk' /, sf7df8fF} pkTosf
sf]Onfaf;, g]kfnu~h, wgu9L, d'lQmgfy, b}n]v, Ko'7fg,
bf / t/fO{, r'/] kxf8, dxfef/tsf] lj:t[t If]qkmndf
kfOg] ;Defjgf lgs} /x]sf].
t/fO{sf] lj:t[t e" efu, d':tf If]q / sf7df8f}F pkTosf
;'gsf]zL, a'9Lu08sL, l/p vf]nf, sfnLu08sLsf] au/,
a]l/, sf]zL gbLdf Kn];/ ;'g kfOPsf] 5.
lr;fkfgL u9L, afUn', km'nrf]sL
kfNkf, u'NdL, c3f{vfrL, wgs'6f
;Nofg, 8f]6L
/;'jf, :ofk|'j];L
uf]/vf, 88]Nw'/f, hfh/sf]6
vf]sln, gfDkf, 6'yf, ef]n]{
bf]nvfsf] vl/9'f, pbok'/sf] sDo'3f6, d':tfsf] g"gvfgL

g]kfn ;d'b|L ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt eP klg hn;Dkbfsf] b[li6n] a|flhnkl5

ljZjsf] bf]>f] ;a}eGbf ;+j[4 / Pl;ofsf] klxnf] /fi6 dflgG5. g]kfndf ^
xhf/eGbf a9L gbLgfnf 5g\. g]kfnsf tLg 7"nf gbLx sf]zL, u08sL /
20g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

s0ff{nLsf] hne08f/ Ifdtf ! nfv $* xhf/ So'ljs ld6/ cyf{t s"n

hne08f/ Ifdtfsf] &$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5. s"n hnljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf *#
xhf/ d]ufjf6 /x]sf] 5. g]kfnsf ;fgf 7'nf gbLxsf] k|jfx, hne08f/ /
pkof]lutfsf b[li6n] gbLxnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ # >]0fLdf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5.
-s_ klxnf]:t/sf gbL
lxdfnsf] lxpF kUn]/ jf lxdfnoaf6 pTklQ eO{ lg/Gt/ kdf 7"nf hn/flzsf
;fy k|jflxt x'g] ;Ktsf]zL, ;Ktu08sL / s0ff{nLh:tf 7"nf gbLx klxnf]
:t/sf gbL x'g\. o:tf gbL 7"nf hnljB't\ / l;FrfO cfof]hgfxsf nflu
pkof]uL dflgG5g\.
-v_ bf]>f]:t/sf gbL
lxdfno kj{teGbf tnsf] dxfef/t kj{t >]0fLaf6 pTklQ eO{ slxNo} g;'Sg]
lg/Gt/ kdf hnk|jflxt x'g] ePtf klg jiff{tdf a9L kfgL x'g] t/ lxpFbdf
kfgLsf] dfqf lgSs} 36\g] d]rL, sgsfO{, lqh'uf, sdnf, afUdtL, jf0fu\uf,
ltgfpm, /fKtL, aaO{, df]xgf cflb bf]>f] :t/sf gbLx x'g\.
-u_ t]>f]:t/sf gbL
dxfef/t kj{t z[\vnfeGbf tnsf] lzjflns kj{tdfnf r'/]kxf8af6 pTklQ
eO{ dg;'gdf lgs} 7"nf] k lnP klg lxpFbdf lgs} sd kfgL x'g] jf ;'Sg]
c:yfoL k|s[ltsf gbLx t]>f] :t/sf gbL x'g\. o:tf gbLxdf l;l;{of,
ltjfn], hd'gL, xlb{gfy, 8'08'jf, ;'g;/L, ch'g{ vf]nf cflb kb{5g\. o:tf
gbLx jif]{ v]tLsf nflu l;FrfO ug{ pkof]uL x'G5g\.
!=#=% tfn, s'08 / kf]v/Lx

ltlnrf] tfn
ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] :yfgdf cjl:yt ltlnrf] tfn $(!( ld6/sf]
prfOdf kmfSr] lxdfnsf] sfvdf /x]sf] 5. of] dgf]/d tfn d':tfsf]
;fF3df cGgk"0f{ lxdfnsf] pQ/L e]s dgf lhNnfdf kb{5. of] tfnsf]
nDafO sl/a $ ls=ld= tyf rf}8fO !=@ ls=ld= 5. of] tfnsf] ulx/fO sl/a
@)) ld6/ hlt /x]sf] 5. o; tfnnfO{ ltl/rf] jf ltlnhf] klg elgG5. o;
tfnsf] pQ/lt/ lgnlu/L / blIf0ftkm{ cGgk"0f{ lxdfno kb{5. lxpF, hn tyf
9'\ufsf] ;f}Gbo{df v'n]sf] x'gfn] of] tfn clt g} dgdf]xs 5.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro21

/f/f tfn
d'u' lhNnfdf cjl:yt of] tfn g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfnsf] kdf k|l;4
5. o;sf] nDafO %=@ ls=ld=, rf}8fO @=$ ls=ld= / ulx/fO !^& ld6/ 5.
of] ;d'Gb| ;txb]lv #@)) ld6/ prfOdf /x]sf] 5 / o;nfO{ dx]Gb|tfn klg
elgG5. of] tfn clt /d0fLo 5.

/f/f tfn

kmf]S;'08f] tfn
kmf]S;'08f] tfn s0ff{nL c~rnsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf cjl:yt 5. sflGh/f]jf
lxdfnsf] blIf0f km]b tyf e]/Lsf] d'Vo zfvf hub"Nnf vf]nfsf] lz/fg
sfudf/f n]ssf] sfvdf cjl:yt kmf]S;'08f] tfn ;d'b| ;xtb]lv sl/a
#^!# ld6/sf] prfODff cjl:yt 5. of] tfn pQ/ blIf0ftkm{ nfdf] Pj+
k"j{klZrdtkm{ rf}8f b]lvG5. of] tfnsf] nDafO sl/a $=*@ ls=ld= tyf
rf}8fO !=^! ls=ld= /x]sf] 5. o; tfnsf] :yfgLo gfd l/Udf] xf]. of] tfn
tLgs'g] nfDrf] cfsf/sf] 5. of] tfn /f/f tfn kl5sf] bf];|f] 7"nf] / d'n'ssf]
;a}eGbf ulx/f] tfn xf] h;sf] ulx/fO s/La ^%) ld6/ /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf]
5. of] tfnsf] kfgL cToGt} lr;f] ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ o; tfndf s'g}
lsl;dsf hLjfTdf kfOFb}gg\. o; tfnsf] lgsf;sf] kdf /x]sf] ;'nLu8
vf]nfdf sl/a !&^ ld6/sf] em/gf klg agfPsf] 5.
22 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

km]jf tfn
sf:sL lhNnfsf] kf]]v/fdf /x]sf] km]jftfnsf] nDafO $=* ls=ld=,rf}8fO !=%
ls=ld=/ ulx/fO @$ ld= /x]sf] 5. of] tfndf df5fk'R5]sf] 5fofF b]lvg] x'gfn]
a8f] dgdf]xs x'gfsf] ;fy} ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ 5.

km]jf tfn

R5f] /f]Nkf tfn

of] tfn bf]nvf lhNnfdf kb{5. of] ;d'Gb| ;txb]lv $,%*) ld6/sf] prfOdf
cjl:yt 5. o; tfnsf] nDafO # ls=ld=, rf}8fO )=% ls=ld=/ ulx/fO{ !))
ld6/ /x]sf] 5. of] tfndf sl/j * s/f]8 3gld6/ kfgL /x]sf] cg'dfg 5.
lj:kmf]6g x'g] vt/fdf /x]sf] o; tfnnfO{ lj:kmf]6gaf6 arfpg kfgL aflx/
lgsfNg ;fOkmg h8fg ul/Psf] 5.
/fgL kf]v/L
/fhf k|tfk dNnn] k'q zf]sn] kLl8t cfgL /fgL cgGtlk|ofnfO{ ;fGTjgf
lbnfpgsf nflu /fgL kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP. of] kf]v/Lsf] nDafO
!*) ld6/, rf}8fO !$) ld6/ / If]qkmn em08} #@ /f]kgL 5. o; kf]v/Lsf]
pQ/k"j{ / pQ/klZrd s'gfdf e}/j, blIf0fk"j{ s'gfdf dxfnIdL / blIf0fklZrd
s'gfdf ;f]x xft] u0f]z :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro23

a]ugf; tfn
kftfn;Fu} kre}of 8fF8fsf] csf]{ kfvfdf a]ugf; tfn /x]sf] 5. ;d'b|L
;txaf6 ^&& ld6/ prfOdf cjl:yt &=% ld= ulx/f] of] tfn @@% x]S6/df
km}lnPsf] 5.

a]ugf; tfn

6f}bx
sf7df8f}F pkTosf hndo ePsf] cj:yfdf dGh'>Ln] v8\un] sf6]/ jf eujfg
>Ls[i0fn] rqm k|xf/ u/L rf]ef/sf] uN5L sf6]/ kfgL aflx/ k7fP kl5 oxfFsf
gfux klg aflx/ hfg'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf]n] rf]ef/ e"tv]n eGg] 7fpFdf
kf]v/L agfO{ ;f]xL 7fpFdf gfuxsf /fhf ssf]{6snfO{ a:g] 7fpF lbOPsf]n]
6f}bxnfO{ ssf]{6s gfusf] jf:f:yfg klg elgG5. of] *$ /f]kgL hn If]q;lxt
(^ /f]kgL hUufdf km}lnPsf] 5. bh{gf}F k|sf/sf kIfLx oxfF kfOg] x'bfF
r/fxsf] cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf nflu of] 7fpF cfs{ifs 5.
3f]8f3f]8L tfn
s}nfnL lhNnfcGt{ut dx]Gb| /fhdfu{sf] pQ/tkm{ xTs]nfsf] cfsf/df !=%
x]S6/ If]qkmndf 3f]8f3f]8L tfn /x]sf] 5. o; tfnsf] aLraLrdf rf/kfFrj6f
y'Dsf y'DsLx ag]sf 5g\. of] tfnsf] 5]pdf 3f]8f3f]8L dlGb/ /x]sf]n] ;f]xL
24 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

dlGb/sf] cfwf/df tfnsf] gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf]. of] tfnsf] 5]psf] h\undf
b'n{e kIfL wg]zsf cltl/Qm cg]sfF} kz'kIfLx kfOG5g\. tfnleq df5f,
uf]xL, s5'jf cflb kz'k+IfLx kfOG5g\.

uf];fO{s'08
hg}k"l0f{dfsf] lbg d]nf eg{ xhf/f}F wdf{jnDagLx cfpg] ;fy} wfld{s
tLy{:ynsf] kdf ;d]t kl/lrt /x]sf] uf];fO{s'08 afudtL c~rnsf] /;'jf
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g]kfn kl/ro31

qm=;+=

hg;\Vof

lhNnf

60

61
62

63

jflif{s
hg;\Vof
j[l4b/

hg3gTj

247058

2.42

210

205080

221496

1.09

18238

18462

2.17

hDdf

k'?if

dlxnf

afFs]

49131 3

24425 5

alb{of

426576

8f]N kf

36700

;fIf/ hg;\Vof k|ltzt

ckf\u tf
ePsf]
hg;\V of

hDdf

k'?if

dlxnf

62.39

69.96

54.9 5

7468

211

65.39

73.54

57.9 5

8197

54.15

67.86

40.62

1602

x'Dnf

50858

25 833

25025

2.25

47.82

62.06

33

2411

64

h'Dnf

108921

54898

54023

1.97

43

54.66

68.24

41.8 4

3248

sflnsf]6

13694 8

68833

68115

2.6

79

56.83

67.89

4 5.73

5262

66

d'u'

55286

28025

2726 1

2.3

16

51.25

65.17

36.92

1917

aemf

195159

92794

102365

1.56

57

55.55

72.99

40.12

49 76

68

afh'/f

134912

65806

69106

2.15

62

55.68

68.84

43.33

5895

65

67
69

8f]6L

211746

57252

114 494

0.22

105

56.35

73.4 1

52.34

7302

c5fd

257477

120008

137469

1.07

153

55.65

70.7

42.87

8602

71

s}nfnL

775709

378417

397292

2.29

240

66 .32

76.16

57.05

15378

bfr'{nf

133274

63605

69669

0.88

57

65.36

79 .26

52.88

3669

73

a}t8L

250898

117407

13349 1

0.68

165

62.97

79.01

49.22

7788

88]Nw'/f

142094

66556

75 538

1.19

92

65.31

79.66

52.94

5150

s~rgk'/

45124 8

216042

235206

1.77

280

70.67

81.35

61.02

9072

70
72

74
75

tflnsf g+= !=!!

g]kfnsf] s"n hg;\Vof
hg;\Vof
;"rs

g]kfn

hDdf

k'?if

dlxnf

n}+lus
cg'kft

26494504

128449041

13645463

94.16

jflif{s
hg;\V of
j[l4b/
1.35

;fIf/ hg;\V of k|ltzt

hg3gTj
180

hDdf

k'? if

dlxnf

65.94

75.14

57.39

ckf\u tf
ePsf]
hg;\V of
513321

!=% g]kfnsf /fli6o lgs'Gh, jGohGt' cf/If, lzsf/ cf/If, ;+/If0fIf]q tyf
g]kfndf ;+/lIft hLjhGt'x
tflnsf g+= !=!@
/fli6o lgs'~' h
qm=;++=

/fli6o
lgs'~ hsf] gfd

:yfkgf ldlt

ef}u f]l ns If]q

-lhNnf_

If]q kmn -ju{

ls=ld=_

kfOg] k|l;4 hgfj/ tyf k|d'v k|fs[lts

;Dkbfx

lrtjg /fli6o
lgs'~ h

2030

lrtjg, dsjfgk'/,
k;f{

(#@

Psl;+u] u}+8f, kf6] af3, lrt'j f, /t'j f,

lrQn, 3l8ofn uf]xL, du/ uf]xL, ;f]+; ,
clh/ tyf ljljw hftsf r/fx? -g]k fnsf]
3f]lift klxnf] /fli6o lgs'~ h_

32 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

z]kmf]S;'08f]
/fli6o lgs'~h

@)$)

8f]Nkf, d'u'

#%%%

nf6f /fli6o
lgs'~h

@)#@

/;'jf, g'j fsf]6

/ l;Gw'k f~rf]s

!&!)

;u/dfyf
/fli6o lgs'~h

@)#@

;f]n'v'Da'

!!$*

/f/f /fli6o
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@)#@

d'u', h'Dnf

!)^

alb{of /fli6o
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@)#@

alb{of

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&

dsfn' a?0f
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@)$*

;+v'jf;ef /
;f]n'v'Da'

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lzjk'/L
gfufh'{g /fli6o
lgs'~h

@)%*

afFs] /fli6o
lgs'~h

@)^&

!)

vKt8 /fli6o
lgs'~h

@)$@

sf7df8f}F,
g'jfsf]6 ,
l;Gw'k f~rf]s /
wflb
afFs], ;Nofg,
bf
aemf, afh'/f,
8f]6 L, c5fd

!%(

%%)
@@%

lxpF lrt'jf, ltAatL v/fof], gfp/, lgnf]

e]+8f, s:t'/L, d[u, h\unL ofs, AjfF;f],
-z]kmf]S;'G8f] tfn_ -g]k fnsf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] /fli6o lgs'~ h_
lrt'jf, xfa|] -/ftf] k08f_ s:t'/L d[u,
/t'jf, emf/n, 3f]/n, yf/, h\unL e]+8f,
efn', n\u'/ afFb/ -h}ljs ljljwtfsf
b[li6sf]0fn] ljZjs} cu|0fL :yfg_
s:t'/L d[u, lxdfnL efn', 8fFk m], lrlnd],
sfnLh, nfnr'Rr] -;jf{lws prfOdf
/x]sf] /fli6o lgs'~ h_
lxdfnL efn', yf/, 3f]/n, aFb]n / ljljw
hftsf r/fr'?L -;a}e Gbf ;fgf] /fli6o
lgs'~h_
af3, efn', lrt'jf, s[i0f;f/, 3f]8ubfx,
h/fof], h+unL xfQL, u}+8f, uf]xL, ;f]F; tyf
ljljw hftsf r/fx?
ljZjsf b'n{e jg:klt / k|f0fLx -klxn]
gb]lvPsf] l5s]{lds]{ /]g a]An/, cf]lnkm
u|fp08, jfj{ne/_
sf7df8f}Fd f b}lgs !) nfv So"ljs ln6/
kfgL pknAw x'g] tyf cGo ljljw
hftsf hLjhGt' kfOg] .
af3, kIfLx? -;a}e Gbf klxnf] /fli6o
lgs'~h_
/t'jf, s:t'/L d[u, 3f]/n, lrt'jf, h\unL
s's'/, jg la/fnf], ;fy} 8fFk m], d'gfn
h:tf r/fx?

tflnsf g+= !=!#

lzsf/ cf/If
qm=;+= lzsf/ cf/If
!

:yfkgf
jif{

9f]/kf6g
jGohGt' lzsf/ @)$!
cf/If

;"rgf ljefu

If]qkmn -ju{
ls=ld=_
!#@%

ef}uf]lns If]q
s'd, afUn'
tyf DofUbLsf]
s]xL efu

kfOg] k|l;4
hgfj/x
gfp/, emf/n, yf/,
lxdfnL efn' gLnf]
e]8f

g]kfn kl/ro33

tflnsf g+= !=!$

;+/If0f If]q
qm=; ;+/ If0f If]q :y fkgf jif{

If]q kmn -j u{
ls=ld=_

dgf; n'

@)% %

!^^#

cGgk"0 f{

@)$ (

& ^@(

s~rgh\3 f @)% $

@)#%

clkgfDkf

@)^^

!()#

uf}/Lz+s /

@)^^

@!&(

e f}u f]ln s If]q

kfOg] k|l ;4 h gfj/x

p GgtL; k |h fltsf :tgwf/L

lxp F lrt'j f, s:t'/L, d[u ,
nd h' uf]v f{
gfp /, e mf/n nufot lj le Gg
r/fx? / ; k{ hfltx
lxd fn L b'n {e
lhj hGt',
nd h' , d gf d': tf ,
j g:klt tyf ; f+:s[lts
DofUbL, sf:sL
; Dkbfx?sf] ; +/If0f
lxp , lrt'j f,s:t/L d [u ,
tfKn ]h '
lxd efn', Aj fF; f], gfp /,3 f]/n
c flb
lxp lrt'j f, 3 f]/n , sfn f]
bfr'{n f
e fn", yf/, h/fd ;L, of; f{
u'D af, kfFr c f}+n ] c flb
/fd ]5 fk, bf]n vf /

l; Gw'k fNrf]s

tflnsf g+= !=!%

jGohGt' cf/Ifx
qm=;+=
!

jGohGt' cf/If :yfkgf jif{ If]qkmn -ju{ ls=ld=_ ef}uf]lns If]q

z'SnfkmfF6 jGohGt'
@)#!
#)%
s~rgk'/
cf/If

kfOg] k|l;4 hgfj/x

xfQL, kf6]af3, efn', lrtjf,
n3'gf, uf]xL, Pj+ r/fr'?L.
b'n{e cgf{, 3l8ofn tyf
du/uf]xL, ;f]; tyf ljleGg
df5f tyf r/fr'?L.

sf]]zL6Kk' jGohGt'
@)#@
cf/If

!&%

;'g;/L

k;f{ jGohGt'
cf/If

$((

lrtjg,
h\unL xfTfL, af3, lrt'jf,
dsjfgk'/,k;f{sf
h/fof], 3f]8bx, a+b]n.
s]xL efux

@)$)

tflnsf g+= !=!^

g]kfndf ;+/lIft hLjhGt'x

:tgwf/L hgfj/
!= cf;fdL /ftf]] afFb/
$= v}/f] AjfF;f]
&= kf6] l;n'
34 g]kfn kl/ro

@= ;fns -rfOlgh_
%= v}/f] efn'
*= w;|] x'F8f/

#= ;fns -OlG8og_
^= /ftf] kf08f
(= r/L af3
;"rgf ljefu

!)= Wjf;] lrt'jf

!#= lxpF lrt'jf
!^= u}F8f
!(= uf}/
@@= rf}sf
@%= gfog

!!= lns;
!$= ;f]+;
!&= s:t'/L d[u
@)= h\unL rf}F/L
@#= s[i0f;f/
@^= lxl:k8 v/fof]

!@= af3
!%= hnL xfQL
!*= afx|l;\u]
@!= cgf{
@$= lr
@&= k'8\s] aFb]n

r/f
!= sfnf] :6f]s{
$= d'gfn
&= ;fgf] v/ do"/

@= ;]tf] :6f]s{
%= rL/
*= ;f/;

#= 7"nf] wg];
^= v/ do"/
(= 8fFkm]

3;|g] hLjx?
!= 3l8ofn uf]xL

@= ;'g uf]xf]/f]

#= clh/

3l8ofn uf]xL
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro35

Psl;\u] u}+8f

kf6] af3
36g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

g]kfnsf] /fli6o r/f 8fFkm]

cgf{
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro37

s[i0f;f/

of;f{u'Daf
g]kfnsf] jx'pkof]uL Pj+ jx'd"No hl8a'6Lx?dWo] of;f{u'Daf klg Ps xf].
nfdf efiffdf of;f{sf] cy{ cfwfhLj / u'Dafsf] cy{ cfwflj?jf jf a'6L
-Herbs_ eGg] x'G5. o;sf] j}1flgs gfd Cordyceps jf Cordyceps
Sinensis xf], h;df Cord n] Club / Ceps n] Head sf] cy{ lbG5.
o;nfO{ Sof6/lkn/ km\U; (Caterpiller Fungus) klg elgG5. ;fy},
cf}iflwd"ns Rofp, km\un j'6L, lx8g] a'6L -Walking Herb_ h:tf gfdn]
klg of;f{u'DafnfO{ lrgfpg] ul/G5. jf:tjdf of;f{u'Daf cfwf ls/f / cfwf
km\U; -Half Insect and Half Fungus_ xf].
of;f{u'Daf g]kfnsf] #))) b]lv %))) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO{df kfOG5. lxdfnL
e"efuaf6 lxpFm kUng] qmd;Fu} of;f{u'Daf hldgdfly b]vfkg{ yfN5. ;'?df
nfef{sf] ?kdf b]vfkg]{ of;f{u'Daf kl5 km\U;df ?kfGt/0f x'G5. of;f{u'Daf
Ps zlQmjw{s hl8a'6L xf]. of] cf}iflwsf] ?kdf k|of]u x'G5. of;f{u'Daf
9f8b'vfO{, /QmcNktf, ysfg, bd, SofG;/, clgGb|f, /Qmrfk, PnhL{h:tf
/f]usf nflu pkof]uL dflgG5. o;n] kmf]S;f], d[uf}nf, d'6', sn]hf]h:tf
z/L/sf c\ux?nfO{ :j:Yos/ /fvL /f]uk|lt/f]w IfdtfnfO{;d]t a9fpF5
eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5. o:t}, /ltlqmofsf] nflu of;f{u'Daf cToGt pkof]uL
ePsf]n] o;nfO{ lxdfnog leofu|f klg eGg] ul/G5.
g]kfnsf] k"j{b]lv klZrdpQ/L e]sdf kfO{g] of;f{u'Daf cToGt u'0f:t/Lo
dflgG5. of] Ps k|s[ltk|bQ cg'kd pkxf/ xf]. of;f{u'Daf g]kfndf ;g\
@))! ;Dd Jofkfl/s k|of]hgdf lyPg / d"No klg lyPg. clxn] o;sf]
38 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

;\sng ul/Psf] of;f{u'Daf

k|ltlsnf] d"No b'O{nfv ?k}ofF;Dd kg]{ u/]sf] 5. cToGt dx\uf] d"Nodf
Jofkf/ x'gfn] o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] Yellow living Gold sf] ?kdf;d]t klxrfg
lbg yflnPsf] 5. of;f{u'Daf ;\sng clxn] cToGt k|lt:kwL{ ag]sf] 5.
of;f{u'Daf g]kfnsf] pRr lxdfnL e]sdf a;f]af; ug{]x?sf nflu hLjg
lgjf{xsf] ;|f]t t ag]sf] 5 g} ;fy;fy} of] g]kfnsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfo;|f]t;d]t
aGg ;Sg] pRr ;Defjgf 5. hl8a'6L g]kfnsf] cfDbfgLsf] d'Vo ;|f]t
x'g;Sg] ePsf]n] o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf /fHon] pRr dxTj lbg'kg]{ x'G5.
;fy;fy}, hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 pTkGg jftfj/0fLo k|lts"ntfsf sf/0f lxdfnL
If]qdf lxpmF kg]{ / kUng] k/Dk/fut k4ltdf;d]t kl/jt{g b]lvPsf]n] of;f{u'Daf
;\s6df kg]{ ;Defjgf a9fPsf] 5. o;tkm{ ;dodf g} xfd|f] Wofg hfg'
h/L 5.

;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro39

kl/R5]b M b'O{

g]kfnsf] ;\lIfKt
P]ltxfl;s k/]vf
@=! g]kfn Ps k|frLg d'n'ssf] kdf
ljleGg wd{zf:q tyf k'/f0fxdf g]kfnnfO{ cToGt} k|frLg e"ldsf] kdf
j0f{g ul/Psf] 5. s/La !# s/f]8 jif{cufl8 ag]sf oxfFsf kj{t z[\vnfx
/ pkTosfxdf kl5 cfP/ k|f0fLxsf] cfsif{0f ljz]if kdf a9\b} uPsf]
kfOG5. klZrd g]kfnsf] a'6jnIf]qdf kfOPsf] /fdflky]s; dfgjsf] cjz]ifn]
Ps s/f]8 jif{eGbf cufl8b]lv g} g]kfndf dfgjsf] a;f]af; ;' eO;s]sf]
tYo :ki6 x'G5.
g]kfn gfdsf] klxnf] pNn]v cyj{kl/lzi6df ul/Psf] kfOG5. cyj{kl/lzi6sf]
;do lglZrt ug{ g;lsP tfklg O;fk"j{ %))^)) sf] aLrdf o;sf]
lgdf{0f ePsf] dflgG5. o;df g]kfnnfO{ sfd, ljb]x pb'Da/, cjGtL /
s}so b]zx;Fu} /fvL rrf{ ul/Psf] 5. d"n ;jf{l:tjfb, ljgo;\u|x
gfdsf] af}4 u|Gydf klg g]kfnaf/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5. o;df eujfg a'4sf]
;dod} pgsf r]nfx Jofkf/Lxsf ;fy g]kfn k;]sf] 36gf pNn]v ul/
Psf] 5. dxfef/t jgkj{df g]kfnnfO{ ljifo -lhNnf_ sf] kdf j0f{g
ul/Psf] 5. h}g u|Gy cfjZos ;"q tyf sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:q -O{=k"= rf}yf]
ztfAbL_ n] klg g]kfnsf] af/]df pNn]v u/]sf 5g\. To:t} ef/tLo u'Kt
;d|f6 ;d'b|u'Ktn] cfkm\gf] Onfxfjfb clen]vdf g]kfnsf] pNn]v l5d]s
/fHo sf] kdf u/]sf 5g\ eg] To;kl5sf k|foM ;a} >f]txn] g]kfnsf]
pNn]v :jtGq /fHosf] kdf g} u/]sf 5g\. g]kfnsf lznfn]vxdf eg]
40g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

lj=;+= %^( sf] l6:6' clen]vdf klxnf]k6s g]kfn zAbsf] pNn]v ePsf]
5. o;/L of] d'n's cToGt} k|frLg ;dob]lv g} g]kfn gfdaf6 kl/lrt
/x]sf] :ki6 x'G5. g]kfnnfO{ ;Too'udf ;TojtL, q]tfo'udf tkf]jg /
fk/o'udf d'lQm;f]kfg elgGYof] / slno'udf g]kfn eGg] ul/Psf] s'/f xfd|f
kf}/fl0fs u|Gyxdf pNn]v 5.
@=@ g]kfn gfds/0fsf] cfwf/
g]kfn gfd k|frLgsfnb]lv g} k|rlnt 5. lnR5ljsfndf lj:tfl/t of] gfd
dNnsfndf sf7df8f}F pkTosf / j/kl/dfq ;Lldt /x\of]. PsLs/0fkZrft\
sf7df8f}F /fhwfgL eof] / g]kfn zAbn] cfhsf] g]kfn /fi6nfO{ g} a'emfpg
yfNof].
g]kfn gfdsf] af/]df Jo'TklQ, ljleGg efiff, hflt, j+zfjnL / k|frLg u|Gyxsf
cfwf/df j0f{g ul/Psf] kfOG5 M
@=@=!= efiffut cfwf/

ls/ftL efiff
g]kfn kf}/fl0fs ls/fFtL zAb g]kf sf] ;fF:s[lts k xf]. g] sf] cy{ dWo
/ kf sf] cy{ b]z cyf{t\ dWob]z x'G5 . dWokj{tLo v08df /x]sf] g]kf
df kl5 n k|Too nflu g]kfn gfd /x]sf] xf].
ltAatL efiff
g]kfn ;/xbsf] pQ/l:yt ltAatL efiffdf g] sf] cy{ 3/ / kfn sf] cy{
pmg cyf{t pmg x'g] 7fpFsf] kdf of] If]qnfO{ lnOPsf] kfOG5. o; If]qdf
e]8fkfng a9L ePsfn] kfn cyf{t\ kzd, kZdLgf -pmg_ k|z:t k|fKt x''g'
:jfefljs xf]. ltAatLx g]kfnnfO{ jNjf] / df]nx jNkf] eG5g\.
ef]6lgjf;Lx lxdfnkf/Lsf] o; e"efunfO{ kfnb]z jf jfNkf] klg eGb5g\.
g]jf/L efiff
g]jf/xn] g]kfnnfO{ g]kf dfq eGg] ub{y] hf] kl5 g]kfn x'g uof]. g]
eg]sf] dWo / kf eg]sf] b]z xf]. lxdfnL efudf /x]sfn] of] gfd ;fy{s
dflgG5. g]kf zAbdf -df]n ;d'bfoaf6 k|fb'e'{t c;+:s[t ePsf]n]_ n
k|Too nflu ofsf] ofn, k;Msf] k;n ePem} g]kfsf] g]kfn ePsf] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro41

lnDa" efiff
lnDa" efiffdf g]]kfnsf] cy{ ;dtn e"ld eGg] x'G5 . kxf8L v08df cToGt
7"nf] d}bfgL pkTosf ePsfn] o;sf] gfd g]kfn /xg uPsf] xf].
n]Krf efiff
k'/fgf] n]Krf efiffdf g] sf] cy{ kljq / kfn dfg] u'kmf x'G5. o;/L g]kf
n] k'0oe"ld jf wfld{s :yn a'emfpF5. g]kfnsf tfdfxn] klg tLy{nfO{ g]
eGb5g\. nfdf wd{u|Gydf g] sf] cy{ kljq :yfgsf] kdf nufOG5.
vf]6fdf g]kf ufpF 5.
;+:s[t efiff
gLkM -kj{tkfb_ zAbdf pk;u{ cfn -:yfg_ hf]8]/ g]kfn ePsf] cg'dfg 5.
lxdfn / k~rfn h:t} gLkM -km]bL_ / cfnoM -lgjf;_ af6 kj{t km]bLsf]
lgjf;sf kdf g]kfn gfd /x]sf] eflifs JofVof klg ul/Psf] 5. oh'j]{bdf
k|o'Qm j}lbs zAbdf gLkM sf] cy{ pkTosf lgjf;L x'G5. g]kfn zAbsf] d"n
gLk elgG5. gLkM eg]sf] czf]s -sb+a_ j[If klg xf]. ;++:s[tdf lzjsf]
z}j ePem}+ g]kfnsf] g}kfn zAb k|of]u e]l6G5. kf/:kl/s cfVofgdf efiffut
zflAbs ;flgWo / WjGofTds ;+ult b]lvP tfklg pko'{Qm ;lGw zAbfy{ 7f];
/ k|dfl0ftrflxF ePsf 5}gg\.
tfdf efiff
o; hfltsf Ps dxfk'if ltAat;Fu Jofkf/ ub{y]. oL tfdf nfdfs} gfOs]
ag]. tfdf nfdf af]nLdf g] eg]sf] :tg xf]. k[YjLsf] :tg:jk kj{taf6
kflnt g]kfnaf6 Jofkf/ ug]{ dxfk'if kj{ts} gfddf lrlgP / kj{tsf]
gfdaf6 g} g]kfn elgof].
@=@=@ hfltut cfwf/
-s_ g]kfn dxfTDocg';f/ g] gfdsf] Clifn] oxfFsf hgtfsf] nfng kfng
u/]sf]n] o; b]zsf] gfd g]kfn /xg uPsf] dflgG5.
-v_ blIf0f ef/tsf] s]/nf If]qdf a:g] dfnaf/ hflt g]jf/, l;d|f}/gu9sf
;+:yfks gfGob]jsf] ;fy oxfF cfPsf lyP. logLxsf] cfudgkZrft\
oxFfsf] gfd g]kfn /xg uof]. g]kfnsf k|frLg zf;s uf]kfnj+zLxnfO{
lgk elgGYof]. pgLxsf] cfno -3/_ nfO{ g]kfn elgof]. gLk zAbsf]
42 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

pNn]v j}lbs u|Gydf / kfl0fgLsf] ci6fWoflodf ;d]t ePsf] kfOG5.

-u_ ef]6df g]kfnnfO{ Balyal cyjf jfKnf] elgGYof] eg] lrlgof ofqLn] lg
kf]nf] eGg] uy]{. ls/fFtxsf] k|d'v al:t ePsfn] af}4 wd{u|Gyxdf
oxFfsf] gfd g]jfn,/ c+u|]hLdf NIPAUL, NEPAUL, NIPAL / NEPAL zAbsf
;fy} ef/tLoxf/f g]kfn zAbsf] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5.
o:tf ljljw cfwf/ / dfGotf eP tfklg jf:tjdf g]kfn gfd o;} sf/0fn] x'g
uPsf]] egL ls6fg ug{ eg] ;lsPsf] 5}g. tyflk df}lns ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt /
snfn] ubf{ g]kfnsf] :jtGq / cljl5Gg :jk eg] sfod /x]sf] s'/fdf eg]
dtfGt/ 5}g.
@=# g]kfn pkTosfsf] pTklQ
lnR5ljsfneGbf cl3sf] k|frLg Oltxf; e/kbf]{ ;|f]txsf] cefjdf :ki6
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. j+zfjnL / k'/f0fxsf] cfwf/df dfq o; o'usf] Oltxf;
cWoog ug{ ;lsG5. tL u|Gyxdf eg] g]kfn pkTosf pTklQsf] ;DaGwdf
cg]s /f]rs syfxsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5. o:tf ;|f]txn] pNn]v u/]cg';f/
k|frLg ;dodf sf7df8f}F pkTosf 3gf hn] 9flsPsf] lyof] / o;sf] aLr
efudf ljzfn ;/f]]j/ lyof]. ;f] ;/f]j/df gfuxsf] lgjf;ePsf]n] o;nfO{
gfubx elgGYof]. oxfF a]nfavtdf ljkZjL a'4, lzvL a'4, ljZje" a'4,
d~h'>L af]lw;Tj, qms'R5Gb a'4 h:tf ljleGg tk:jLx cfpg] ub{y].

ljkZjL a'4
g]kfn pkTosfdf cfpg] k|yd dxfTdf ljkZjL a'4 lyP. logL cfgf] :yfoL
lgjf; aGw'dtL gu/df ;Too'udf g} oxfF cfPsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . oxfF cfP/
pgL gfufh'{g kj{tdf a;] / s]xL ;dokl5 r}q z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf] lbg gfubxsf]
aLrdf sdnkm"nsf] aLh /f]k]. lxhf]cfh klg r}q z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf lbg
gfufh'{g kj{tdf d]nf nfUb5 / of] ljkZjL a'4s} ;Demgfdf nfu]sf] d]nf xf]
eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5.
lzvL a'4
ljkZJfL a'4n] /f]k]sf] aLhaf6 5 dlxgfkl5 cflZjg z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf] lbg Ps
cnf}lss km"n pTkGg eof] / To; km"nsf] aLrefudf Hof]ltd{o eujfg\
:joDe" k|s6 eP. o;/L dTo{nf]sdf :joDe" eujfg\sf] cfudgsf] vj/ ;'g]/
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro43

c0fk'/sf lzvL a'4 oxfF cfP/ :joDe"sf] cf/fwgf ubf{ub{} s]xL sfnkl5
eujfgdf g} ldNg uP. pgL cfP/ a;]sf] kj{tnfO{ Wofgf]Rj kj{t elgG5.
x/]s df3 ! ut] ToxfF nfUg] d]nfnfO{ lzvL a'4sf] ;+:d/0fdf nufOPsf] d]nf
dfGg] rng 5.

ljZje" a'4
logL q]tfo'udf oxfF cfPsf lyP. g]kfn pkTosfdf cfP/ w]/} km"n ePsf]
kj{t 5fg]/ cfgf] cf>d agfO{ a;]. pgL a;]sf] kxf8 km"nf]Rr gfdn]
k|l;4 eof]. logn] g} klxnf]kN6 pkTosfsf] kfgL aflx/ hfg] dfu{sf] af/]df
cfkm\gf r]nfxnfO{ cjut u/fPsf lyP.
d~h'>L af]lw;Tj
ljZje" a'4 kms]{sf] s]xL jif{kl5 q]tfo'udf g} rLgaf6 d~h'>L af]lw;Tjsf]
oxfF cfudg eof]. oL d~h'>L af]lw;Tjsf] af/]df j+zfjnLxn] y'k|} j0f{g
u/]sf 5g\. pgn] oxfF cfP/ :joDe"sf] bz{g kfPkl5 pkTosfsf] kfgL
aflx/ k7fpg] ljrf/ u/]. ;/f]j/sf] ;Dk"0f{ ef}uf]lns cWoog u/]/ pgn]
s6'jfn gfds :yfgdf pkTosfsf] kfgL hfg] af6f] agfO{ :joDe"b]lv
u'Xo]Zj/L;Ddsf] Ps ljzfn ;x/sf] lgdf{0f u/fP. To;kl5 pgn] wdf{s/
gfds JolQmnfO{ g]kfnsf] klxnf] /fhf agfP. d~h'>L kms]{kl5 pgsf
r]nfxn] o; ;x/sf] gfd g} dGh'ktg /fv]. dGh'>Lsf] gfddf lxhf]cfh
>Lk~rdLsf] lbg :joDe'df r}To d]nf nfU5.
qms'R5Gb a'4
d~h'>L af]lw;Tj lkmtf{ ePkl5 qms'R5Gb a'4 :joDe" Hof]ltsf] bz{gfy{ oxfF
cfP. pgL oxfF cfPsf] a]nf sf7df8f}Fdf kfgLsf] cefj b]v]/ u'Xo]Zj/L;Fu
k|fygf u/]. ;f] k|fygf ;'g]/ u'Xo]Zj/Ln] lzjk'/Laf6 afUdtL k}bf ul/g\ eg]/
jzf+jnLxn] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5. oL a'4n] g]kfnsf /fhf wd{sf/ lgM;Gtfg
ePsfn] pgLkl5 wd{kfnnfO{ oxfFsf] /fhf agfPsf] s'/f klg j+zfjnLdf
plNnlvt 5.
/fhf wd{kfnkl5 pgs} j+zh ;'wGjfn] q]tfo'usf] cGt;Dd g]kfn pkTosfdf
zf;g u/]. pgL ;Ltfsf] :jo+j/df hgsk'/ hfFbf hgssf efO s'zWjhf/f
dfl/Psf] syf j+zfjnLdf jl0f{t 5. To;kl5 s]xL ;do g]kfn ldlynfsf]
lgoGq0fdf /Xof].
44 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

fk/o'usf] cGtlt/ uf}8 b]zsf /fhf k|r08b]j :joDe" / u'Xo]Zj/Lsf]

bz{gfy{ g]kfn cfPsf] a]nfdf :joDe"sf] ;dLkdf j;'k'/, clUgk'/, jfo'k'/,
gfuk'/ / zflGtk'/ gfdsf kfFr s'6Lxsf] lgdf0f{ u/]sf] tyf slno'u cfPsf]
yfxf kfO{ slno'uL dfgj :joDe" Hof]ltsf] bz{g ug{ c;dy{ /xg]5g\ eGg]
ljZjf;df pgn] :joDe" Hof]ltnfO{ kTy/n] 9fsL To;dfly Ps r}To v8f
u/]sf] syf j+zfjnLdf pNn]v 5. ;f] ;dodf pkTosfsf] /fhu2L vfnL
ePsf] x'Fbf pg} k|r08b]jsf 5f]/f zlQmb]jn] oxfF cfgf] lgoGq0f sfod u/].
j+zfjnLxdf pgLkl5 u'0fsfdb]j, zlQmb]j tyf l;+xn cflbn] oxfFsf]
/fhkf6 ;Dxfn]sf]] s'/fsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5.
@=$ k|rLg g]kfn
g]kfnL ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;nfO{ s]nfpFbf oxfFsf] k|frLg Oltxf; w]/} xb;Dd
sfNklgs / clt/l~ht eP tfklg d"n s'/fx k|dfl0ft ePsf 5g\. O;fk"j{
xhf/f}F jif{ cufl8b]lv g} k|frLgsfn ;' ePsf] dflgP tfklg O{ZjL ;+jt\sf]
yfngL cl3;Dd g]kfnsf] Oltxf; :ki6 5}g. ls/ftsfnk"j{sf 7f]; P]ltxfl;s
;fdu|L k|fKt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\. o; sfnsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs cflb
s'/fsf] af/]df lnR5ljsfnLg clen]vxaf6 s]xL emns kfOG5. O{ZjL ;+jt\sf]
yfngLsf ;fy} lnR5ljsfn ;' eP klg k|df0fxsf cfwf/df O{ZjLsf] kfrf}F
ztfAbLb]lv dfq k|frLg g]kfnsf] Oltxf; a9L ljZjfl;nf] ag]sf] kfOG5.
@=$=! uf]kfnj+zL zf;sx
g] kfnsf k|yd /fhfx uf] kfnj+zL lyP. uf]kfn eGgfn] ufO{kfns ;d' bfo eGg]
a'lemG5. sf7df8f}Fsf] kfgL aflx/ km\ofFs]kl5 pkTosf a;f] af; of]Uo eof].
To;kl5 blIf0ftkm{ sf gLk hfltsf uf]kfnx oxfF cfsli{ ft eP. blIf0faf6
cfPsf uf]kfnx / oxfFsf k| frLg gfu hfltaLr eL8Gt x' Fbf gfu hfltx
k/flht eO{ blIf0f e] utkm{ nfu] eg] g] kfn pkTosfdf uf]kfnxsf] jr{:j sfod
eof]. j+zfjnLxdf pNn] lvt syfcg';f/ logLxsf] Pp6f ax'x|L gfd u/]sf]
ufO{n] ;w}F afUdtLsf] lt/sf] Ps 7fpFdf uP/ b"w r9fpg] ub{lyg\ . ;f] :yn vgL
x] bf{ kz'kltsf] Hof] lt{ ln pTkGg eof]. 6]s' bf] efgdf tk:of u/L a:g] g] d'gLn]
uf]kfnj+ zsf e' Qmdfg -e" ldu'Kt_ nfO{ /fhf agfP. logL uf]kfnj+ zsf;+:yfks
dfq geO{ g]kfnsf k|yd /fhf klg eP. uf]kfnj+zL cf7hgf zf;sx
-e"ldu'Kt, hou'Kt, wd{u'Kt, xif{u'Kt, eLdu'Kt, dl0fu'Kt, lji0f'u'Kt /
hLgu' Kt_ n] s/La %)% jif{ # dlxgf g] kfnsf] zf;g u/] .
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro45

@=$=@ dlxifkfnj+zL /fhfx

Uff]kfnj+zsf hLg u'KtnfO{ o'4df k/flht u/L dlxifkfnxn] g]kfnsf]
zf;gdf lgoGq0f sfod u/]sf] s'/f uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLdf pNn]v 5 t/
s]xL Oltxf;sf/xsf cg';f/ ufO{ kfNg]nfO{ uf]kfn eg] em}+ e};L kfNg]nfO{
dlxifkfn jf cfle/ elgGYof]. t/ uf]kfn / cfle/ Pp6} j+zsf ePsf /
k]zfut cfwf/df dfq b'O{ ;d'bfodf ljeflht ePsf] dflgG5. ss{k]l6ssf]
j+zfjnLdf cfle/x /fhk"t pTklQsf Ujfnfx ePsf / l;d|f}gu9 /
hgsk'/aLrsf] ;dtn e"lddf cfkm";Fu xftxltof/;d]t /fvL 7"nf] ;\Vofdf
e}+;L kfNg] u/]sf]df kl5 pkTosf k|j]z u/L uf]kfnj+zL /fhfnfO{ x/fO{
zf;gdf lgoGq0f sfod u/]sf] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5. o; j+zsf k|yd
/fhf j/l;+x x'g\. uf]kfnj+zfjnLcg';f/ o; j+zsf tLg zf;sx j/l;+x,
hol;+x / e'jgl;+xn] qmdzM $( jif{, &! jif{ @ dlxgf / $! jif{ u/L hDdf
!^! jif{ @ dlxgf zf;g u/]sf lyP.
@=$=# ls/ftj+zL /fhfx
g]kfn pkTosfdf /fHo ug]{ lnR5jL /fhj+zeGbfcufl8 / dlxifkfn jf
cfle/j+zeGbfk5fl8 aLrsf] ;dodf ls/fFtj+zLo /fhvnssf] zf;g
pkTosfdf /x]sf] lyof] eGg] ljj/0f ;flxlTos >f]txdf km]nf kb{5.
uf]kfn j+zfjnLdf ls/ft /fhfxsf] ;"rLsf ;fy} pgLxsf] d"n:yfg
tfdfsf]zL / ;'gsf]zLaLrsf] e"efu egL atfOPsf] 5.
cfle/j+zsf clGtd /fhf e'jgl;+xnfO{ o'4df k/flht u/L ls/ftj+zL /fhf
on' jf onDa/n] zf;gdf lgoGq0f sfod u/]sf lyP. of] fk/o'usf] cGTo
jf slno'usf] k|f/Delt/ 5}7f}+ ztfAbLdf 36]sf] 36gf dflgG5. g]kfndf
P]ltxfl;s 36gfqmdsf] ;'jft ls/ftL /fhfxaf6} ePsf] dflgG5. uf]kfn
/fhj+zfjnLdf #@, efiff j+zfjnLdf @* / /fO6 j+zfjnLdf @( /fhfxsf]
ljj/0f kfOG5. tyflk, ls/ftj+zsf @( k':tfsf #@ /fhfxn] em08} !%))
jif{ hlt zf;g rnfPsf] dflgG5. ls/ftFj+zL d'Vo /fhfxsf] gfdfjnL
lgDgadf]lhd 5M

onDa/
ls/ft /fHosf ;+:yfks onDa/ Hofb} jL/ lyP. logn] dlxifkfn cfeL/
j+zsf zf;s e'jgl;+xnfO{ x/fP/ ls/ft /fHoJoj:yf :yfkgf u/]sf lyP.
46g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

lognfO{ st}st} on' klg elgPsf] 5. logs} gfdaf6 kf6g ;x/sf] k'/fgf]
gfd on /xg uPsf] dflgG5.

x'dlt
logL 5}7f}F ls/ftL /fhf lyP. lognfO{ uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLdf xFlt eg]/
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5. 8]lgon /fO6n] 5kfPsf] j+zfjnLn] lognfO{ dxfef/tsf]
o'4sfnsf egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5.
lht]bf:tL
ls/ft /fhf lht]bf:tL csf{ pNn]vgLo zf;s x'g\. lognfO{ efiff j+zfjnLxn]
;ftf}+ qmddf /fv]sf 5g\ eg] uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLn] s]xL kl5Nnf] qmddf pNn]v
u/]sf] 5. logsf] ;dodf uf}td a'4 sf7df8f}F cfPsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5. t/
uf}td a'4 :jod\ eg] pkTosf cfPsf lyPgg\. pgsf r]nf cfgGb dfq g]kfn
pkTosfdf cfP/ af}4 wd{sf] k|rf/ u/]sf lyP.
:y'+sf]
s]xL j+zfjnLxn] ls/fFt /fhf :y'+sf]sf ;dodf df}o{ ;d|f6 czf]s g]kfn
cfPsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ t/ j+zfjnLsf] egfO ;To b]lvb}g. czf]s
n'lDagL, slknj:t'df dfq cfPsf lyP. sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf cfPsf] s'/f
eg] k|dfl0ft 5}g.
@=$=$ lnR5ljsfn
lnR5lj zf;gsf] :yfkgf
ls/ftxkl5 lnR5lj j+zsf /fhfxn] g]kfndf zf;g ;~rfng u/]sf]
kfOG5. j+zfjnL Pj+ k'/f0fxdf ;"o{j+zL If]qLoxn] ls/ftxnfO{ lht]/
gofF zf;g Joj:yf sfod u/]sf] pNn]v kfOG5. uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLdf
clg ;"o{j+zsf] k|efjn] g]kfndf ls/ft /fhfnfO{ lht]/ lnR5lj /fhj+z
rNof] egL n]lvPsf] 5 eg] kz'klt k'/f0fdf klg ls/ftxnfO{ af]lnjrgn]
ljZjf;df kf/]/ tyf o'4df k/f:t u/]/ j}zfnLsf :jfdL jf kltxn]
cfkm\gf] zf;g;Qf sfod u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5. o;}k|sf/sf]
;Gbe{ lxdjTv08df klg kfOG5. h;df j}zfnLsf :jfdLxn] ls/ftxnfO{
lht]/ g]kfndf zf;g ;' u/]sf] pNn]v 5. o;k|sf/ g]kfndf lnR5lj
zf;g Joj:yfsf] yfngL ls/ftLxsf] zf;gkl5 nuQ} ;' ePsf] b]vfkb{5.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro47

uf]kfnj+zfjnLcg';f/ clGtd ls/ftL /fhf lvu', efiff j+zfjnLcg';f/

uflnh, /fO6 j+zfjnLcg';f/ ls/ft /fhf ul:t nfO{ k/f:t u/]/ jf
wkfP/ lnR5lj /fhj+zn] g]kfndf zf;g ;' u/]sf] b]lvG5.
lnR5lj /fhj+zsf] yfngL s'g ;dob]lv eof], o;af/] olsg ug{ ;lsPsf]
5}g. Oltxf;ljb\ afa'/fd cfrfo{sf cg';f/ oxfFsf] ls/ft/fHonfO{ e\u
u/L cfkm\gf] :jtGq lnR5lj /fHo :yfkgf ug{ O{:jL ;+jt\ @%) sf] cf;kf;lt/
lnR5ljx ;dy{ ePsf] b]lvG5. lnR5ljx g]kfndf cfpg'eGbf cufl8
ef/tsf] d'hkm/k'/ gu/sf] a;f9 eGg] a}zfnLdf :jtGq u0ftGqfTds
zf;g k|0ffnLcg';f/ zf;g rnfpg] ub{y]. Tof] efudf /fhtGqfTds zf;g
k|0ffnL ;'b[9 x'Fb} uPsf] / /fhf chftzq'af6 k/flht eO{ O;fsf] k|yd
ztfAbLlt/ z/0ffyL{sf kdf lnR5ljx g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf lyP. a}zfnLdf
zf;g rnfPsf lnR5ljxn] oxfFsf e'/], 6fs'/], ;fdGt /fhfxnfO{ x/fO{
zf;gdf sAhf ug]{ dxTjsf+Iff k|bz{g u/]. t/ lnR5ljxsf] ;Qfdf sAhf
Tolt ;/n / ;xh geO{ 7"nf] ;+3{if / /Qmkftk"0f{ 36gfaf6 dfq ;Dej
ePsf] lyof]. tTsfnLg zf;s ju{k|lt hgtfsf] tLj| c;Gtf]if JofKt ePsf]
a]nfdf hgefjgfsf] cg's'n lnR5ljxn] hg;+3if{sf] g]t[Tj u/]sf lyP .
ls/ftx o'4df xf/]/ k"jL{ e]udf lj:yflkt x'g afWo eP eg] s]Gb|df
lnR5ljxsf] /fHo;Qf sfod x'g k'Uof]. hglxtnfO{ a9L :yfg lbg]
zf;gJoj:yf, ;l7t hghLjg, pGgt cfly{s cj:yf, lzIffsf] :t/, cfs{ifs
snf cflb s'/fn] ubf{ lnR5lj sfnnfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df :j0f{o'u klg
dflgPsf] 5. x'g klg t'ngfTds b[li6n] x]g]{ xf] eg] of] o'u ;jf{l0f
ljsf;sf] o'usf] kdf /x]sf] 5.
lnR5lj zf;gsfncGtu{t km]nf k/]sf] klxnf] k|dfl0ft clen]v /fhf dfgb]jsf]
;g\ $^$ sf] rfFu'sf] clen]v xf] h;df dfgb]jeGbfcufl8sf tLg k':tfsf]
ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5. o;afx]s lnR5lj j+zsf cf7f}+ ztfAbLlt/sf /fhf
hob]jsf] kz'klt clen]vdf lnR5lj /fhfxsf] ;'b]lvs} j+zfjnL n]lvPsf]
5. t/ o; j+zfjnLdf lnR5lj /fhfxsf] gfdsf] ;f qmdf dfq n]lvPsf]
kfOG5. o; j+zfjnLsf] cfwf/df ;\g $^$ df rfFu' clen]v :yfkgf ug]{
/fhf dfgb]j lnR5lj j+zsf #( cf}F /fhfsf] kdf b]lvG5g\. dfgb]jcl3sf
/fhfsf] ;fnfvfnf zf;g @) jif{ dfg]sf] v08df dfgb]jeGbf &^) jif{cl3
cyf{t @(^ O{;fk"j{df lnR5lj zf;g g]kfndf ;' ePsf] b]lvG5.
48 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

k|l;4 lnR5ljsfnLg zf;sx

lnR5ljx d"ntM ;"o{j+zL dflgG5g\. cof]Wofsf ;"o{j+zL /fhf bz/ysf
cf7f}+ k':tfdf lnR5lj eGg] JolQm ePsf] dflgG5. lnR5lj j+zdf ;'k'ik
gfdsf /fhf eP h;nfO{ lnR5lj /fhj+zsf ;+:yfks / cflbk' if
klg dflgG5.

;'k'ik
hob]j ltLosf] kz'klt clen]vdf pTsL0f{ j+zfjnLdf lnR5lj gfd u/]sf
/fhfkl5 t]x|f}+ k':tfdf sfdb]jh:tf /fd|f] k/ ePsf /fhf ;'k'ik eP
elgPsf] 5. sltkon] /fhf ;'k'iknfO{ g} g]kfnsf k|yd lnR5lj /fhfsf]
kdf dfGg] u/]sf] kfOG5. j+zfjnLxdf eg] ;'k'iknfO{ rf}yf] lnR5lj
/fhfsf] kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 ;fy} uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLdf lognfO{ ;'k'ikb]j,
efiff j+zfjnLdf kz'k'ikjdf{ / /fO6 j+zfjnLdf kz'k|]vb]j eg]/ gfdfs/0f
ul/Psf] 5. uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLcg';f/ logn] g]kfndf j0f{ Joj:yf sfod
ug'{sf ;fy} kz'kltsf] b]jn agfpg], To;df 5fgf xfNg], ;x/nfO{ ;'Gb/
agfpg], /fHodf dof{bf sfod ug]{ tyf Gofok"j{s ;f/f k|hfxsf] kfngf
ug]{ sfd u/]sf lyP. o;afx]s /fO6sf] j+zfjnLdf oL /fhfn] kz'klt
dlGb/df ;'gsf] 5fgf xfNg'sf ;fy} uh'/;d]t yk]/ cUnf] / eJo t'NofPsf]
pNn]v 5. o;}u/L /fhf ;'k'ikn] e"ld jf hUuf;DaGwL dof{bf afFw]sf]
s'/fsf] pNn]v uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLd} kfOG5.
dfgb]j
zf;g ;~rfngdf s'zn dfgb]j k|ydsf] zf;g sfndf cfP/ g]kfn
/fHo cem Jojl:yt, ljsl;t / alnof] aGof]. zf:q hfGg], hgtfnfO{
cfkm\g} kl/jf/ 7fGg]h:tf /fhu'0fxn] o'Qm oL /fhfn] /fHodf cfly{s
pGglt / zflGt Joj:yff/f $! jif{ -lj=;+= %@!%^@ -O{=;+= $^$%)%__
;Dd cfkm\gf] zf;gdf l:y/tf sfod u/]. cfkm\gf] /fHodf d'b|fsf] Joj:yfsf]
cltl/Qm snf / ljBf If] qsf] ;d] t ljsf; u/] . k| yd /fhb/af/
dfgu[xh:tf] eJo ejg >L gfdf+s / >L ef]lugL c\lst g]kfnsf] k|yd
d'b|f logs} sfndf tof/ ePsf] lyof]. logs} ;dob]lv k|frLg g]kfnsf]
Oltxf; klg a9L :ki6 / e/kbf]{ ePsfn] k|yd k|dfl0ft dxf/fhf log}nfO{
dflgG5. logsf] /fHo k"j{df sf]zL, klZrddf u08sL -sfnLu08sLkf/L
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro49

dNnk'/L_ / pQ/df lxdfno;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof]. clen]v / :jtGq 6s

cflb k|fdfl0fs s'/fx dfgb]jsf] kfnfb]lv kfOPsf 5g\. rfFu'gf/fo0fsf]
dfgb]j g[ksf] clen]v lj=;+= %@! -O{=;+=$^$_ eGbf dfnLufpFdf k|fKt
hoadf{sf] O{=;+= !^# -;+jt\ !)&_ nfO{ k|fKt ;j{k|frLg k|fdfl0fs clen]v
dflgG5. o;/L ljqmdsf] 5}6f}F ztfAbLb]lv g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0ft Oltxf;
k|f/De ePsf] kfOG5.
dfgb]jkl5 dxLb]j, j;Gtb]j cflb /fhf eP. j;Gtb]j afns ePsfn]
dGqLx /lju'Kt / qmdnLn zlQmzfnL eP. ;+o'Qm zf;g / km]/abn l56f]
ePsfn] O{=;+= %#^ b]lv %$% ;Dd /fhgLlts cl:y/tf JofKt ePsf]
kfOG5. o;kl5 ef}du'Kt, u0fb]j, u+ufb]j / lzjb]jh:tf ef/bf/xaLr
zlQm ;+3if{h:t} eof]. lzjb]jn] cfkm\gf] eflgh c+z'jdf{sf] d2taf6 u'Kt
k|efj arfP klg c+z'jdf{sf] k|e'Tj a9]/ lzjb]j lg:t]h aGg k'u]. kmn:jk
c+z'jdf{ /fhf eP. dGqLn] /fHoflwsf/ lnPsf] of] klxnf] 36gf lyof].

c+z'jdf{
c+z'jdf{sf] zf;gsfn -O{=;+= ^)%^@!_ df g]kfndf v]tL, kz'kfng /
Jofkf/ dfq x}g k//fi6 ;DaGw / /Iff Joj:yfh:tf rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf
sfo{x eP. pgn] g} s}nfzs'6 ejg gfds b/af/ cToGt snfTds eJo
/ k|z+;gLo tj/n] tof/ u/fPsf lyP. k//fi6 gLlt -ltAat / rLg;Fu_
pgs} ;dodf ;kmntfk"j{s ;~rflnt eP. pgsf] ;dodf ef/tdf xif{j4{g
/ ltAatdf ;|f]ruDkf]n] zlQmzfnL ;fd|fHo v8f u/]sf x'gfn] ltAat;Fu
pgn] ;fF7ufF7 u/]. ltAatL /fhf ;|f]ruDkf];Fu pgn] /fhs'df/L e[s'6L lrh'_ sf] ljjfx u/fPsf] s'/f rlr{t 5. pgsf] ;dodf k|hfn] wfld{s
pbf/tf tyf :jfoQ zf;g;d]t k|fKt u/]sf lyP. snf tyf ljBfsf] ;d]t
ljsf; eO{ hghLjg ;';\ul7t / pGgt x'Fb} uPsf] lyof]. oL ;a pGglt
k|ultsf] sf/0faf6 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df pgL g} ;j{k|yd dxf/fhflw/fh
pkflwk|fKt zf;s aGg k'u]. ljlwjt\ o'j/fh 3f]if0ff ug]{ rng klg
;j{ k | y d logs} ;dob] l v rNof] . lxGb" /fhfsf] kdf pgn]
kz'kltkfbfg'u[xLt pkflw;d]t wf/0f u/]sf lyP. k|hflxt ;dfwfgtTk/
tyf sy+ d] k|hf ;'lvgf ej]t h:tf ljz]iftfo'Qm 7s'/L j+zsf logn]
zAb ljBf -Jofs/0f_ klg tof/ u/]sf] a'lemG5. lj=;+= ^&* lt/ pgsf]
d[To' eof].
50g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

g/]Gb|b]j
zf;g ;~rfngdf s'zn g/]Gb|b]jsf] sfo{sfndf O{:jLsf] ;ftf}F ztfAbLsf]
dWod -O{=;+= ^$%^&(_ tfsf ef]6 -ltAat / rLg_ ;Fu Jofkfl/s ;DaGw
:yfkgf x'g'sf cltl/Qm g]kfnsf k"j{ / klZrd e]ssf Jofkfl/s a:tL -b|_
xsf] k|f/De x'g uO{ g]kfn s]xL ;do;Dd cGt/f{li6o Jofkfl/s s]Gb|
aGof]. g/]Gb|b]jn] dxf/fhflw/fhsf] kbjL lnP / k/d ef/s sf] k|l;l4
klg kfPsf lyP. pgn] eb|flwjf; /fhb/af/ klg agfP. pgsf] cf;gdf
l;+xsf] cfs[lt ePsf]n] l;+x;f;g k|rlnt ePsf] a'lemG5.
hob]j ltLo
hob]j ltLo -O{=;+= &!#&@#_ slj x'g'sf cltl/Qm d'n's lj:tf/ ug]{
dxfTjfsf+IfL;d]t ePsfn] lnR5lj zf;sxdf pgsf] lqmofsnfk klg
pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5. pgL slj/fhfsf cltl/Qm k/rqmsfd -csf{sf] b]z
lhTg] clenfiff_ h:tf] pkgfdn] lje"lift lyP. pgsf] sljtf kz'klt
lznfn]vdf c\lst 5.
lnR5ljsfnsf k|d'v /fhfx o; k|sf/ lyP M
;'k'ik, hob]j k|yd, xl/bQ jdf{, j[ifb]j, z+s/b]j, wd{b]j, dfgb]j k|yd,
dlxb]j, ;Gtb]j, a;Gtb]j, pbob]j, dfgb]j ltLo, lzjb]j k|yd, c+z'jdf{,
g/]Gb|b]j, hob]j ltLo, lzjb]j ltLo, hob]j t[tLo
@=$=% k"j{dWo sfn
hob]j ltLosf] zf;gsfnkl5 pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lsf] kdf /x]sf clen]vdf pQ/flwsf/L egL lsl6Psf_ ljhob]jsf] zf;g klg g]kfndf
lglZrt kn] rn]s f] eg] kfOG5. ljhob]j kl5sf zf;sxaf/] df
;j{; fw/0ff/f /flvPsf clen] v, x:tlnlvt u|G y, j+zfjnL cg';f/
u'0fsfdb]j, dfgb]j t[tLo, anL/fh, anb]j, dfgb]j rt'y{ -*&& O{=_ sf
;fy} /f3jb]j -O{=;=*&(_ /fhf ePsf] kfOG5.
u'0fsfdb]j
O{=;+= (*& / (() ;Ddsf @ j6f clen]vxdf u'0fsfdb]jn] sf7df8f}F
pkTosfdf zf;g u/]sf] pNn]v 5 . Oltxf;sf/ k]6]ssf cg';f/ logsf]
zf;gsfn !* jif{ /x]sf] lyof]. logn] pdfdx]Zj/sf] d"lt{ :yfkgf ug'{sf
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro51

;fy} kz'kltgfy dlGb/ kl/;/df /x]sf] Ozfg]Zj/ dlGb/df tfdfsf] 5fgf,

;Qn tyf ;'G wf/f agfPsf lyP. logn] sfi7d08k, d;Qn /
dlx6L;d]tsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP.
@=$=^ l;d|f}gu9sf] s0ff{6s /fHo
l;d|f}gu9 gf/fo0fL c~rnsf] af/f lhNnfdf kb{5. o;sf] k|frLg gfd
l;d/fjgu9 lyof]. To;a]nf 7"nf a:tL ePsf ;a} If]qx ;'/Iffsf] lx;fan]
u9 -lsNnf_ sf] kdf kl/0ft ul/Psf x'Gy]. o:tf lsNnfx hnsf]
aLrdf ;d]t ag]sf x'Gy]. jgleq ag]sf] u9nfO{ jgu9 jf jgb'u{
elgGYof]. h'g 7fFpsf] jgdf ;f] u9 ag]sf] x'GYof] ToxL gfd ljz]if k|rlnt
x'GYof]. l;d/fsf] jgdf /x]sf] u8ksf] a:tL ePsfn] g} l;d/fjgu9
elgPsf] xf]. oxL zAb kl5 cke|+z eO{ l;d|f}gu9 ePsf] xf]. l;d|f}gu9
j/k/sf] ;Dk"0f{ If]q To;a]nf lt/x'tsf] gfdn] k|l;4 lyof]. sf7df8f}F
pkTosfsf tTsflns k|df0fxdf eg] of] If]qnfO{ 8f]o/fHo elgPsf] kfOG5.
klZrdsf] v; /fHosf] :yfkgf ePtfsf g} blIf0f / k"jL{ t/fO{ e]s ;d]6]/
s0ff{6sj+zsf] 8f]k -lt/x't]_ /fHo v8f ePsf] kfOG5. o;sf] /fhwfgL
l;d|f}gu9 -l;d/f jgu9_ cyf{t l;d/fdf lyof]. lt/x'tdf :yflkt s0ff{6s
/fHo gfGob]jn] lj=;= !!%$ -O{=;=!)(&_ df :yfkgf u/]sf lyP. of] :jtGq
/fHosf] cl:tTj s/La @@( jif{ hlt /x\of] / O{=;= !#@^ df lj36g x'g
uof]. o; /fHodf zf;g ug]{ k|d'v zf;sx gfGob]j / xl/l;+xb]j lyP.
Gofob]j blIf0fL ef/tsf] s0ff{6s If]qsf lgjf;L lyP. logL blIf0fL ef/tsf
rfn'So zf;ssf ;]gfklt lyP. rfn'Son] pQ/L ef/tkm{ ljho cleofg
rnfpFbf Gofob]j o;tkm{ cfPsf lyP. kl5 logL cfkm}+n] l;d|f}gu9nfO{ s]Gb|
agfO{ o; If]qdf /fHo :yfkgf u/]sf] kfOG5. Gofob]jkl5 qmdzM ufb]j,
g/l;+xb]j, /fdl;+xb]j, zlQml;+xb]j, e'kfnl;+xb]j / xl/l;+xb]j cflb zf;sxn]
l;d|f}gu9df zf;g u/]. xl/l;+xb]j s0ff{6sj+zsf clGtd zf;s x'g\.
logsf] zf;gsfndf lj=;+= !#* df lbNnLsf d';ndfg afbzfx uof;'2Lg
t'Unsn] cfqmd0f u/]/ ;f] /fHo Wj:t kf/]sf lyP.
pkTosfsf dNn /fhfxsf] s'nb]jLsf kdf k"hf ul/g] t'nhf ejfgL
jf:tjdf s0ff{6 /fhfxs} s'nb]jL x'g\. xl/l;+xb]jsL /fgL b]jnb]jL
z/0ffyL{sf] kdf pkTosf k:bf cfkm"l;t t'nhf ejfgLsf] snz klg lnP/
cfPsL lyOg\. b]jb]njL / pgsf 5f]/f hutl;+xsf] pkTosf k|j]zkl5
52 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

s0ff{6ssf] k|efj pkTosfdf k/]sf] lyof] h'g :jefljs g} lyof].

xl/l;+xb]jsf] d[To' ePtfsf pkTosfdf b| dNn / cl/ dNnsf] ;+o'Qm
zf;g rln/x]sf] lyof]. cl/ dNn rflxF gfd dfqsf zf;s lyP. b| dNnn]
xl/l;+xb]jsf] d[To'kl5 pgsL /fgL b]jnb]jL / 5f]/f hutl;+xnfO{ cfkm\gf]
b/af/df z/0f lnPsf lyP. b]jnb]jLn] cfkm\gf] ;fydf NofPsf tn]h'sf]
snz b/af/df :yflkt ul/g\. kl5 g]kfnsf zf;sx klg tn]h'sf pkf;s
ag]. b]jnb]jLsf 5f]/f s'df/ hutl;+xsf] ljjfx dNn /fhs'df/L gfosb]jL;Fu
;DkGg eof] / o; hf]8Laf6 /fhNnb]jLsf] hDg eof]. log} /fhNnb]jL;Fu
hol:ylt dNnsf] ljjfx ePsf] xf].
@=$=& s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] v; dNn /fHo
k"j{df g'jfsf]6, klZrddf s]bf/, pQ/df ltAat, blIf0fdf t/fO{ e"v08;Dd
v; dNn /fHo lj:tfl/t lyof]. v; dNn /fHosf] f/ s}nfnL s~rgk'/sf]
dNnjf/ lyof]. ltAatsf s]xL efu;d]t o; /fHosf] k|efjdf k/]sf lyP.
klZrddf u9jfn, s'dfpmb]lv k"j{df uf]/vfsf] ;fFw;Dd km}lnPsf] v; ;fd|fHo
tTsfnLg g]kfnsf] 7"nf] e"v08 lyof]. v; /fHosf] /fhwfgL l;Ghf lyof].

s0ff{nLsf] dNnsfnLg b]jn

;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro53

ltAatsf] vf8L k|b]zaf6 cfPsf gfu/fhn] s0ff{nL k|b]zdf :jtGq v; /fHo

:yfkgf u/]sf] dflgG5. of] ;do !@ cf}+ ztfAbLlt/ -O{=;=!!%)_ ePsf]
cg'dfg 5. ltJatL j+zfjnL, lj=;+= !$!$ sf] b'Nn' clen]v tyf
uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL cflb ;|f]txaf6 g} To; If]qsf] Oltxf;af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt
ug{ ;lsG5. o; /fHosf zf;sxdf gfu/fh, qmfrNn, czf]s rNn, lhtfl/
dNn, l/k' dNn, cflbTo dNNf, k'0o dNn / k[YjL dNn cflb /x]sf] kfOG5. of]
/fHosf] cl:tTj s/La @@^ jif{ hlt /Xof]. v; /fHosf] ktgkl5 ;'b"/
klZrddf aemf, 8f]6L, hfh/sf]6h:tf afO;L /fHo hGd]sf x'g\. jt{dfg
;dodf ;a}eGbf cljsl;t tyf lk5l8Psf] dflgPsf] of] If]q dWosfndf lgSs}
zlQmzfnL /fHosf] kdf /x]sf] lyof]. klZrdL v; /fHosf] ;a}eGbf k|d'v
/ dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg efiff;DaGwL of]ubfg xf]. jt{dfg g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ
v; dNn /fHod} ePsf] lyof]. To;}n] o; efiffnfO{ v;s'/f jf l;+hfnL
efiff ;d]t eGg] ul/G5. v; dNn /fhfxn] o; efiffnfO{ /fhsfhsf]
dfWod agfP/ /fi6 efiffsf] :yfg lbPsf] x'gfn] g} of] efiff lg/Gt/ kl/dflh{t
/ ljsl;t x'Fb} uof]. v; dNn /fHosf] lj36gkl5 v8f x'g k'u]sf afO;] /
rf}aL;] /fHoxdf ;d]t o;} efiffnfO{ Jofks k|of]udf NofOof]. afO;] /
rf}aL;] /fHoxdf /fHo efiffsf kdf o;} efiffn] :yfg kfof] / ljzfn
g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fkl5 g]kfnsf] /fi6 efiff aGg k'Uof].
@=$=* slknj:t'sf] zfSo zfl;t
/fHo
n' l DagL c~rnsf] slknj:t'
lhNnfdf ltnf}/fsf]6 gfds :yfg
/x]sf] 5. k|fKt tYoxsf] cfwf/df
of] ltnf}/fsf]6 g} zfSoxsf] k|frLg
slknj:t'sf] /fhwfgL lyof]. k|frLg
u0f/fHoxdWo] zfSoxsf] of] /fHo
ljz] i f pNn] v gLo lyof] , lsgeg]
qms' 5Gb, sgs d' l g, l; 4fy{
uf}tdnufotsf a'4xsf] hGd oxL
:yfgdf ePsf] lyof]. pg} l;4fy{
uf}td g} a'4wd{sf k|jt{s dxfTdf
uf}td a'4sf] kdf kl/lrt 5g\.
54 g]kfn kl/ro

n'lDagLsf] czf]s :tDe

;"rgf ljefu

k|frLg slknj:t' gu/ k~re'hfsf/ lsNnfsf] kdf a;fOPsf] gu/

lyof]. To; avt Jofkfl/s /fhdfu{sf kdf pQ/b]lv blIf0fk"j{ xF'b}
>fj:tLb]lv /fhlu/;Dd k'Ug] /fhdfu{ w]/}h;f] slknj:t' /fHoleq} kb{Yof].
zfSoxsf] /fHo u0f/fHosf] kdf ePsf] x'gfn] slknj:t' u0f/fHosf]
zf;g Joj:yf k|frLg pQ/ ef/tLo u0f/fHoxsf] zf;g Joj:yfcg'k
g} lyof]. zf;g ;~rfngfy{ ;fwf/0f ;ef / ef/bf/L ;ef u/L b'O{
PsfOx lyP. ;fwf/0f ;efn] /fHosf] sfo{sf/L ;efsf] kdf sfo{
ub{Yof] / o:tf] sfo{sf/L ;efsf d'Vo JolQmnfO{ g} /fhf elgGYof]. a'4sf]
hGdtfsf sfo{sf/L ;efsf d'Vo JolQm ;'4f]wg lyP. /fhf ;'4f]wgkl5
sfo{sf/L ;efsf] d'Vo JolQm jf /fhfsf] kdf dxfgfdfnfO{ lgjf{lrt
ul/Psf] lyof] . slknj:t' /fHosf] l5d] s df kg] { sf] z n /fHosf
/fhflj4ssf] cfqmd0fdf k/]/ slknj:t' /fHosf] ktg x'g k'Uof].

@=% dWosfn
lj=;= (#^ df g]kfn ;+jt\ ;' ePkl5 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df dWosfn
k|f/De ePsf] dflgPsf] 5. lj=; (#^ b]lv g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f ePsf] cjlw
!*@% ;Dd / lnR5ljsfnsf] ;dflKtkl5 / dNnsf] ktg x'g'cl3;Ddsf]
()) jif{ nfdf] ;donfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df dWosfn elgG5. jf:tjdf
dWosfn eGgfn] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dNnsfn sf] kdf cWoog ug]{
k|rng 5. o; sfnsf s]xL ztfAbL;Dd g]kfn klxnfsf] lnR5lj /fHohq}
ljzfn /x]sf] t/ kl5 qmdzM 7fpF7fpFdf ;fgf :jtGq /fHox ag]sf
b]lvG5g\. aLraLrdf PsLs/0fsf] k'g k|of; / lj:tf/ klg ePsf] lyof].
t;y{ dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns l:ylt slxn] PsLs[t, slxn] ljvl08t,
slxn] lj:tfl/t / slxn] ;\s'lrt ePsf] kfOG5.
@=%=! dNn j+zsf] kl/ro
t]x|f}F ztfAbLsf] cf/Deb]lv g]kfn pkTosfdf dNnxsf] zf;g Joj:yf
sfod ePsf] dflgG5. ;fy}, o; j+zsf klxnf] zf;s eg]/ cl/dNnsf] gfd
lng] rng 5. tyflk cl/ dNneGbf w]/} cufl8b]lv zf;gdf dNnxsf]
;lqmotf lyof]. cl/dNneGbf Ps ztfAbLcl3b]lv g} dNnx s'g} g s'g}
kdf zf;gdf ;lqmo ePsf] s'/f uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnL tyf s]xL clen]vxdf
;d]t kfOG5.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro55

dNnx k|frLg hflt dflgG5g\. k|frLg ;+:s[t jf\doxdf dNnxsf]

pNn]v ljlzi6 ju{sf If]qLosf] kdf ul/Psf] 5. dxfef/t, ljleGg af}4
;flxTox, dg':d[lt tyf cGo ljleGg k'/f0fdf dNnxsf] ;Gbe{ kfpg
;lsG5. dxfef/tdf sf];nxsf] ;fydf dNnxsf] klg ;dfg rrf{
ul/Psf] kfOG5. dfs{ 08] o k'/f0fdf ldlynfsf ljb]xx;Fu dNnx
bfFlhPsf 5g\.
kfrf}F, 5}7f}F ztfAbL O{=k"= sf ;\ul7t u0f/fHosf] ;~rfng u/]/ a;]sf w]/}
/fhj+zx kl5 qmdzM /fhtGqfTds zf;gcGtu{t rn]sf /fHoxsf]
;fd|fHo lj:tf/sf] rk]6fdf k/]/ g]kfnsf] e"efudf k;]sf pbfx/0fx
ljleGg k|frLg >f]txn] lbPsf 5g\. lnR5lj, sf]nLo, zfSo, dNn cflb ;a}
g} g]kfndf z/0ffyL{ kdf k;]sf lyP. zfSox nlntk'/ If]qdf a;]sf
lyP eg] sf]lnox sflGtk'/ -cfhsf] s]n6f]n_ df a;f]af; ub{y]. To:t},
dNnxn] ;'df u08sL If]qdf / kl5 pkTosfdf st} g st} a;f]af;
u/]sf] kfOG5.
@=%=@ dNnxsf] g]kfn cfudg
pQ/ ef/tdf duwsf u'Kt ;d||f6sf] lblUjhon] j}zfnLsf lnR5ljx ToxfF
l6Sg g;sL sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf cfPh:t} ef/tsf] s'zLgu/ / To;sf]
5]p5fp d"n ePsf dNnx klg z/0ffyL{xsf kdf g]kfnsf] u08sL
If]qdf cfPsf lyP. /fhNnb]j / s7o dNnn] nlntk'/sf] blIf0fdf cjl:yt
rDkflu/L -rfkfufFp_ a:tL a;fPsfn] dNnxn] sf7df8f}Fdf cfgf] /fhg}lts
k|efj a9fpg] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5. dfgb]jf/f dNn k|b]zdf cfqmd0fsf]
d'Vo p2]Zo dNnxsf] dxTjsf+IffnfO{ bafpg' g} lyof]. s]Gb|df lnR5lj
zf;g sdhf]/ x'g yfn]kl5 dNnxsf] s]Gb|df zf;g ug]{ cfsfIf+f a9\of].
o;df cl/b]j -cl/_ dNn ;kmn eP. lj=;= !@!) df hGd]sf cl/b]j
lj=;+=!@%* df /fhf eO{ !% jif{ hlt /fHo u/]/ lj=;= !@&$ df b]x Tofu
u/]. cl/ dNn kl5 ceo dNn lj=;+= !@&$ df /fhf eP. pgn] #*
jif{;Dd zf;g rnfP.
@=%=# dNn /fHosf] ljefhg
dNnsfndf PsLs[t g]kfn pkTosfsf] /fhwfgL eQmk'/ lyof] / /fhfx
o'ylgDxd / lqk'/ b/af/df /xL zf;g rnfpFy]. cGo d'n'ssf] cfqmd0faf6
56g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

aRg ;lsg] u/L rf/kf6] lsNnfsf kdf b/af/ agfPsf] x'GYof] h;nfO{
:yfgLo efiffdf rf}SjfF7 elgG5. g]kfn pkTosfsf] ;\ul7t dNn /fHosf
clGtd dNn /fhf oIf dNn lyP. oIf dNnsf] zf;gsfnkl5 g]kfn pkTosf
sflGtk'/, kf6g / efbufpFsf kdf ljeflht eP . sflGtk'/df xg'dfg 9f]sf
b/af/sf] lgdf0f{ O:jLsf] afx|f}F ztfAbLdf /fhf u'0fsfdb]jsf kfnfdf ePsf]
s'/f jzf+jnLdf pNn]v 5. k|tfk dNnn] sflGtk'/sf] o; b/af/df w]/} v08
/ rf]sx yk]/ ljzfn k lbPsf lyP. k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx sflGtk'/sf]
/fhu2Ldf cf9 ePkl5 s]xL k'/fgf] v08 / rf]s x6fpg], gofF rf]sx /
v08x yKg] sfd ePsf] lyof].
tflnsf g+= @=!
pkTosfsf dNn /fhfx
sflGtk'/sf dNn /fhfx
!_ /Tg dNn
#_ cd/ dNn
%_ lzjl;+x dNn
&_ k|tfk dNn
(_ kfly{j]Gb| dNn
!!_ efis/ dNn
!#_ hok|sfz dNn

@_ ;"o{ dNn
$_ dx]Gb| dNn
^_ nIdLg/l;+x dNn
*_ g[k]Gb| dNn
!)_ e"kfn]Gb| dNn
!@_ hoHho dNn

kf6gsf dNn /fhfx

!_ /Tg dNn
@_ lji0f' dNn
#_ g/l;+x dNn, k'/Gb/l;+x dNn, p4jl;+x dNn $_ xl/x/l;+x dNn
%_ l;l4g/l;+x dNn
^_ >Llgjf; dNn
&_ of]ug/]Gb| dNn
*_ nf]sk|sfz dNn
(_ OGb| dNn
!)_ dxLGb| dNn
!!_ jL/g/l;+x dNn
!@_ Cl4g/l;+x dNn
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro57

!#_ efis/ dNn

!%_ lji0f' dNn
!&_ ljZjlht dNn
!(_ /0flht dNn

!$_ of]uk|sfz dNn

!^_ /fHok|sfz dNn
!*_ hok|sfz dNn
@)_ t]hg/l;+x dNn
efbufpsf dNn /fhfx

!_ /fo dNn
#_ k|f0f dNn
%_ huHof]lt{ dNn
&_ hutk|sfz dNn
(_ e"ktLGb| dNn

@_ ;'j0f{ dNn
$_ ljZj dNn
^_ g/]Gb| dNn
*_ lhtfldq dNn
!)_ /0flht dNn

kf6gsf] s[i0f dlGb/

58 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

tflnsf g+= @=@

s]xL dNn /fhfxsf d'Vo s[ltx
/fhf

d'Vo s[ltxsfo{

hol:ylt dNn

k];fut xslxtsf] ;+/If0f, hUufnfO{ cAan, bf]od,

l;d / rfxf/ u/L $ efudf ljefhg 3/, hldg
a]rljvg ug{ / aGws /fVg klg kfOg] Joj:yf
dfgf, kfyL, 9s t/fh'df ;'wf/ rf/j0f{ 5QL;
hftsf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf, hftLo k];f / klx/gsf]
Joj:yf uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLsf] /rgf

oIf dNn

eQmk' / tf} d8L 6f] nsf] dlGb/ bQfqo dlGb/, oIfZj/

dlGb/, nlntk'/sf] eLdgfy dlGb/ :yfkgf,

/Tg dNn

tfdfsf] d'b|f k|rng tn]h' dlGb/ lgdf{0f

kz'kltdf blIf0fsfnL, ;Ktlif{ / ci6dft[sfsf
d"lt{ :yfkgf

dlxGb| dNn

pkTosfdf rfFbLsf] df]xf]/ -dx]Gb| dNnL_ rnfPsf,

tn]h'glhs dx]Gb|]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ lgdf{0f

nIdLg/l;+x dNn

g'jfsf]6 e}/jL dlGb/sf] lh0ff]{f/ u/fP/ kfFrj6f

;'gsf uh'/ r9fPsf, dvgsf] lzjfno :yfkgf,
sfi7d08k lgdf{0f,

k|tfk dNn

tn]h' ejfgLsf] dlGb/cufl8 vDaf uf8]/ ;'gsf]

dfnDjf nufOPsf] wft'sf] l;+x :yfkgf -!^((_,
xg'dfg 9f]sf b/jf/sf] lj:tf/, df]xgrf]s, ;'Gb/L
rf]s, gf;nrf]s, e08f/vfn au}Frfsf] lgdf{0f,
xg'dfg9f]sf, b/jf/If]qdf ljZjksf] ;'gf}nf]
d"lt{ :yfkgf, xg'dfg9f]sf aflx/ @ j6f xg'dfgsf
d"lt{ :yfkgf, gf;nrf]sdf g[l;+xsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf,
/fgLkf]v /L lgdf{0f, u'x] Zj/L, blIf0fsfnLsf]
:yfkgf, kz'kltdf sf]l6ln\u :yfkgf

hok|sfz dNn

s'df/Lrf]s :yfkgf, s'df/Lsf] /yofqf cf/De,

;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro59

afnfh'sf] @@ dWo] @! wf/f lgdf{0f

l;l4 g/l;+x dNn

kf6gsf] s[i0f dlGb/ lgdf{0f, e08f/vfnsf] wf/f

kf]v/L lgdf{0f

huHof]lt dNn

eQmk'/df lj:s]6 hfqf ;' u/]sf

e"kltGb| dNn

eQmk'/ b/af/ If]qsf snfs[lt, %% em\ofn]

b/af/, dfntL rf]s lgdf{0f.

@=^ cfw'lgs sfn

cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf; lj=;= !*@% -O{=;=!&^*_ b]lv k|f/De
x'G5. zfxj+zLo /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] pkTosf ljho k|fKt u/]kl5 g}
cfw'lgs sfn ;'? ePsf] dflgFb} cfPsf] 5. g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf; /
e"uf]nsf k|j{ts k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] cfgf lbJo pkb]zdf d]/f ;fgf b'vn]
cHof{sf] d'n's xf]Og rf/ j0f{ 5QL; hftsf] km"naf/L xf] ;a}nfO{ r]tgf
eof eGg] Pstfaf]wsf] ;Gb]z;d]t lbPsf 5g\. ljzfn g]kfn lgdf{0fdf
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ PsLs/0f clwi7ftf dflgG5. ;fgf;fgf y'd / 6fs'/]
/fHodf ljeQm e"v08nfO{ ;d]6L zlQmzfnL /fHodf PsLs[t / ;\ul7t
ug{ lj=;= !*)! -O{=;= !&$$_ sf] g'jfsf]6 ljhob]lv lj=;= !*&#
-O{=;=!*!^_ sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGw;Dd s/La &# jif{ nfu]sf] lyof].
@=^=! zfxj+zsf] kl/ro
zfxj+zsf] k|frLg Oltxf;af/] ljleGg j+zfjnLxn] cnucnu kdf
j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ tfklg xfn;DDf k|fKt ljljw tYoxsf] cfwf/df x]bf{
uf]/vf/fhj+zsf] ;DaGw ef/tsf] lrtf}8sf l;;f}lbof /fhk'txl;t sfod
/x]sf] a'lemG5. d';ndfgL cfqmd0faf6 lrtf}8sf] ktg ePkl5 ToxfFsf
zf;sx klg efu]/ oqtq nfu]. s]xL jif{kl5 oxL /fhj+zsf e"kfnn]
g]kfnsf] l/8L / kl5 eL/sf]6df a;f]af; u/]sf] a'lemG5. oL e"kfnsf b'O{
5f]/fx xl/x/l;+x / chol;+xn] klxnf]kN6 cfP/ kxf8L Onfsfdf cf
cfgf] :jtGq /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]. oL b'j} efOxn] tTsfnLg ef/tjif{sf
zf;sxn] lnP ;/x dfg kbjL wf/0ff u/]sf lyP. To;}n] Oltxf;df
logLx vfFrf vfg / ldrf vfg eg]/ klg lrlgG5g\. sfG5f chol;+xsf]
j+zdf logLkl5 ljlrq vfg, s'nd08g cflb eP. s'nd08gn] lbNnLsf
60g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

afbzfxaf6 zfx kbjL kfPsf] s'/f j+zfjnLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5. o;y{

s'nd08gsf] kfnfb]lv g} o; /fhj+zn] cfgf] gfdsf] ;fy zfx k|of]u ug{
yfn]sf] dflgG5. s'nd08g zfxsf] ;dodf ndh'sf] /fhu2L vfnL ePsf]n]
ndh'sf] cg'/f]wdf logsf sfG5f 5f]/f ozf]a|Xd zfxnfO{ ToxfFsf] /fhf
agfOof]. of] ozf]a|Dx zfxsf b'O{ efO 5f]/fx lyP. h]7f g/xl/ zfx /
sfG5f b|Jo zfx. log} ozf]a|Dx zfxsf sfG5f 5f]/f b|Jo zfxn] g} uf]/vfdf
ljho u/]/ cfgf] /fHo :yflkt u/]sf x'g\. uf]vf{ /fHo rf}aL;Ls} ju{df k/]
klg o;sf] cfg} cl:tTj / dxTj lyof]. k|f/Dedf uf]vf{df v8\sfxn]
/fHo uy]{. ndh'] /fhf o;f]a|Xdsf 5f]/f /fhf b|Jozfx lj=;=!^!^ -O{=;=
!%%(_ df uf]/vfsf] /fhu2Ldf a;]kl5 g} uf]/vf zfxj+zLo /fHosf] kdf
ljsf; eof].
@=^=@ uf]/vf /fHosf] :yfkgf
uf]/vfdf zfxj+zsf] :yfkgf x'g'eGbfcl3 /hfOF ul//x]sf v8\sf /fhfxnfO{
hftLo e]befj, bdg / wfld{s pR5[\vntfsf] sf/0fn] uf]vf{sf a'h|'sx
qm'4 eO{ /fHoRo"t u/fO{ s'g} ;'of]Uo JolQmnfO{ /fhf agfpg rflx/x]sf]
cj:yfdf b|Jo zfxsf] ;Dks{ uf]/vfnL hgtf;Fu x'g uof]. uf]/vsfnL
hgtf pgsf] cf]h:jL JolQmTjaf6 k|efljt eO{ pgnfO{ /fhf agfpg]
t/v/df nfu]. Tof] ;dodf lnulnu] eGg] 7fFpdf 3n] y/sf du/xn]
/fHo ub{y]. ToxfF k|To]s jif{ ljhofbzdLsf] lbg bf}8df k|yd x'g]nfO{
/fhf agfpg] k|rng lyof]. To; pT;jnfO{ x]g{ pkl:yt ePsf] a]nf b|Jo
zfxn] ck|Toflzt kdf cfqmd0f u/L ToxfF cfgf] k|e'Tj sfod u/].
lnulnu]dfly ljho xfl;n u/]nut} uf]/vfdf cfqmd0f u/], t/ uf]/vfnLxn]
b|Jo zfxsf] tLa| k|lt/f]w u/]. !% lbg;Dd o'4 ubf{ klg ljho x'g
g;s]sf] sf/0fn] b|Jo zfx lnulnu kms{g afWo x'g'kof]. b|Jo zfx lgs}
dxTjsf+IfL ePsf]n] k|yd k/fhon] pgsf] pT;fxnfO{ bdg ug{ ;s]sf]
lyPg eg] eflu/y kGt, u0f]z kf08], ;j]{Zj/ vgfn, u+uf/fd /fgf, uhfgg
e/fO{, s]zj af]x/f, d'/fnL vjf;xn] pgsf] pT;fxnfO{ a9fO/x]sf
lyP. b|Jozfxsf ;}lgsx yfkf, e'iffn, df:s], /fgfx;d]tn] uf]/vfsf
/fhfsf] b/af/nfO{ 3]/L cfqmd0f u/]. b|Jo zfxsf] xftaf6 v8\sf /fhfn]
jL/ult k|fKt u/]. o;k|sf/ lj=;=!^!^ efb| @% df b|Jo zfx uf]/vfsf
/fhf eP.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro61

tflnsf g+= @=#

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxk"j{sf /fhfx
qm=;+=

/fhfx

;dofjlw -lj=;+=_

b|Jo zfx

!^!^!^@&

k'/Gb/ zfx

!^@&!^^@

5q zfx

!^^@!^^#

/fd zfx

!^^#!^()

8Da/ zfx

!^()!&)@

s[i0f zfx

!&)@!&!*

&

b| zfx

!&!*!&#)

k[YjLklt zfx

!&#)!&&#

g/e"kfn zfx

!&&#!&((

@=^=# g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofgsf 36gfx

ndh'] /fhf o;f]a|Xdsf 5f]/f If]qLo /fhf b|Jozfx
lj=;=!^!^ df uf]/vfsf] /fhu2Ldf a;]kl5 g}
uf]/vf zfxj+zLo /fHosf] kdf ljsf; eof].
uf]/vfsf] :yfkgfkl5 dfq k"j{sf ;]g /fHox,
sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf dNn /fHox, afO;L,
rf}aL;]eGbf uf]/vf /fHo ;zQm / ;\ul7t
ePsfn] PsLs/0fsf] cleofg o;n] ;kmntfk"j{s
;~rfng uof]. s]xL /fHox uf]/vfeGbf alnof
eP klg dWosfnsf] u'xf/ o'u] /fhgLltsf]
km]/f]kmGbf]df k/L dha't x'g;s]sf lyPgg\.
uf]/vfn] s"6gLlts rfnafhL ;'b]lv g} ub}{
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx
lyof]. o; /fHodf b|Jo zfx, /fd zfx, g/e'kfn
zfx / k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxh:tf k|tfkL /fhfxn]
/fHo u/]sf lyP. g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] k|of; dWosfnLg g]kfndf ePklg
cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] yfngLkl5dfq of] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] lyof].
62 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

ndh' / eQmk'/;u d}qL ;DaGw sfod

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf cfqmd0f ug'{cufl8 ndh';Fu d}qL
;lGw u/]. ;g\ !&$)O{= sf] hgj/L dlxgfdf ePsf] of] ;lGwdf cfk;df
cgfqmd0f / csf]{ b]zn] cfqmd0f u/]df b'j} b]z Ps eP/ n8\g] s'/f pNn]v
lyof]. k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx l5d]sL b'Zdg /fHo;Fu d}qL ;lGw ug{ ;kmn ePsfn]
pkTosf cfqmd0f ug]{ of]hgf /fd|/L cufl8 a9]sf] xf] . To;}u/L ;g\ !&$! df
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] eQmk'/sf /fhf /0fhLt dNnsf 5f]/f jL/g/l;+x dNn;Fu
ldt]/L ;fOgf] ufF;]/ csf]{ l5d]sL;Fu d}qL ;DaGw :yfkgf u/]sf lyP.
g'jfsf]6dfly cfqmd0f / ljho
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ;g\ !&$# df g'jfsf]6 cfqmd0f u/]. g'jfsf]6 To;
;dodf sf7df8f}Fsf /fhf hok|sfz dNnsf] cwLgdf lyof] / pgLx;Fu
uf]vf{nLsf eGbf /fd|f / cfw'lgs xltof/x ePsfn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf]
g'jfsf]6 cfqmd0f c;kmn ePsf] lyof]. bf]>f] k6s @% ;]K6]Da/ !&$$ O{=
df uf]/vfnL ;]gfn] lqz'nL laxfg} kf/ u/L g'jfsf]6sf] ;aeGbf cUnf] :yn
dxfd08ndf b'O{lt/af6 cfqmd0f u/]/ g'jfsf]6nfO{ cfgf] agfof]. o;}
qmddf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] a]nsf]6dfly klg ljho k|fKt u/].
pkTosf gfsfaGbL ug]{ k|of;
pkTosfdf ;f]em} cfqmd0f ug'{eGbf klxn] o;nfO{ rf/}lt/af6 3]g]{ k|of;
eof]. o; qmddf uf]/vfn] sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf /fHox Pj+ ndh';Fu
d"7e]8 ug'{k/]sf] lyof]. pQ/klZrd / blIf0flt/af6 sf7df8f}F pkTosfnfO{
3]/]/ cfly{s gfsfaGbL ug]{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] of]hgf nueu ;kmn
ePkl5 pkTosfsf] k"j{lt/af6 gfsfaGbL ug'{ cfjZos lyof] . o; qmddf @#
cS6'a/ !&^# O{=df xl/jz+ pkfWofo, sflnbf; v8\sf / /fds[i0f s'Fj/n]
w'lnv]n, v8\k', rf}sf]6, kgf}tL, ag]kf, gfnf, ;fFuf cflb ;ft ufpFdf cfqmd0f
u/L ljho k|fKt u/]. @ gf]e]Da/ !&^# O{= df o'4 gul/sg g} kmlk{ uf]vf{sf]
cwLgdf cfof]. sf7df8f}F pkTosf cj k"j{tkm{af6 klg 3]l/of]. k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxn] rf/}lt/af6 pkTosfnfO{ 3]/]/ g"g, skf;, vfBfGg Pj+ cGo ;fdfgx
pkTosfleq k|j]z ug{ k"0f{ k|ltaGw nufO{ lbP.
l;xfgrf]s u9Lsf] o'4
d] !&%% O{= df rf}aL;L /fHoxsf] ;+ o'Qm ;]gfn] r]kgbL
] t/L uf] vf{ sf] l;xfgrf]s
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro63

u9Ldf xdnf u/] . uf] vf{ nL ;]gf sfn' kf08] sf] g] t[Tjdf xdnfjf/xnfO{ k|lt/f]w
ug{ To;tkm{ nfUof]. b'j}tkm{sf ;]gfxaLr 3df;g o'4 eof]. b'j}tkm{ w]/}
xtfxt eP. cGtdf ljho>L uf]vf{ nL kmf}hs} xft nfUof] .

sf7df8f} / uf]/vfaLrsf] ;lGw

ltAat;Fu Jofkf/ ug]{ d'Vo 3fF6L s] / s'QL uf]/vfsf] lgoGq0fdf eP
tfklg uf]/vfn] vf; Jofkf/df nfe lng kfPsf] lyPg. pkTosfsf /fhfxsf
aLrdf km"6 u/fpg klg sf7df8f}F;Fu ;lGw ug{ cfjZos lyof]. To;sf/0f
sflGtk'/;Fu ;g\ !&%* O{=df ltAat;Fu ePsf] Jofkf/sf] nfe b'a} b]zn]
kfpg] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] ;lGw ul/of].
dsjfgk'/ ljho
uf]/vfn] lj=;=!*!( efb| ( ut] /ftL dsjfgk'/dfly ljho k|fKt uof].
To; avt ef/tsf] lrQf}8df lbNnLsf ;'Ntfg cnfp2Lg lvhnLn] cfqmd0f
u/]sf lyP. cGtdf /fhk't /fhfxn] xf/ :jLsf/ u/]/ cfgf ar]sf]
;]gf;fydf lnP/ lxdfnosf sGb/ftkm{ k|:yfg u/].
rf}aL;L /fHoxsf] bf];|f] cfqmd0f
dsjfgk'/sf /fhf lbUaGwg ;]g uf]vf{df gh/aGb eP. sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf
rf/}tkm{af6 cfly{s gfsfaGbL eO{ xfxfsf/ dlRrPsf] a]nf rf}aL;L /fHox
uf]vf{df n8fO{ ug{ ;+o'Qm kn] h'6]. rf}aL;L /fHoxsf] ;+o'Qm ;]gfn]
uf]vf{sf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf xgL{, eL/sf]6, w'nfsf]6, Bf}/fnL cflbdf cfqmd0f
u/]. To;sf] k|Tofqmd0f ug{ cufl8 a9]sf uf]vf{ ;]gfsf] cufl8 rf}aL;L
/fHosf] ;+o'Qm ;]gf l6Sg ;s]g. n8fOFsf] d}bfg 5f]8L efufefu eP.
sLlt{k'/dfly ljho
uf]/vfnL kmf}hn] kmlk{, af]8] / vf]sgf sAhf ul/;s]kl5 O{=!&%& df
sLlt{k'/dfly xdnf u/]. hok|sfz dNnsf] kmf}h Pj+ sLlt{k'/sf hgtfsf]
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/fi6klt / pk/fi6kltsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg
;"rgf ljefu

lj=;=@))& >fj0f
lj=;=@))& kmfu'g &
lj=;=@))& kmfu'g &
lj=;=@)!%
lj=;= @)!& k'; !
lj=;+= @)!( k'; !
lj=;= @)@*
lj=;=@)#! kmfu'g !#
lj=;=@)#^ h]7 !)
lj=;+= @)#& j}zfv @)
lj=;=@)$@
lj=;=@)$^ df3 @
lj=;=@)$^ r}q @^
lj=;= @)$& sflQ{s @#
lj=;=@)$& k'; @@
lj=;=@)$* j}zfv @(
lj=;=@)%! sflQ{s @(
lj=;=@)%@ kmfu'g @
lj=;=@)%^ j}zfv @ / #
lj=;=@)%* h]7 !(
lj=;=@)^! df3 !(
lj=;= @)^# d+l;/ %
lj=;+= @)^# df3 !
lj=;= @)^$ r}q @*
lj=;= @)^% h]7 !%
lj=;+= @)^% h]7 @(
lj=;= @)^% ;fpg ^
g]kfn kl/ro73

u0ftGq g]kfnsf k|yd /fi6klt 8f=/fdj/0f ofbjsf]

;ky u|x0f
g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbLsf g]tf k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_sf]
cWoIftfdf klxnf] u0ftflGqs ;/sf/ u7g
;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g
cGtl/d r'gfjL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g

74 g]kfn kl/ro

lj=;+= @)^% ;fpg *

lj=;= @)^% efb|
lj=;+= @)^( h]7 !$
@)^( r}q !

;"rgf ljefu

kl/R5]b M tLg

g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts tyf

;+j}wflgs ljsf;
#=! cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ljsf;qmd
cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;sf] k|f/De /f0ff zf;glj4sf]
cfGbf]ngaf6 ;' x'G5. lj=;+= @))& ;fn c;f]h & / * ut] ef/tsf]
j}/ugLofdf ePsf] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf] ;Dd]ngn] g]kfndf /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo
/ k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfsf] nflu ;z:q ;+3if{ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]cg'k @))& ;fn
sflt{s @% ut]b]lv dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] ;z:q
;\3if{ ;' uof]. @))& ;fn kmfu'g $ ut] /fhf lqe'jg ;kl/jf/ g]kfn
kms]{kl5 & ut] zfxL 3f]if0fff/f k|hftGq :yfkgf ul/of].
#=!=! @))& b]lv @)!& ;fn;Ddsf] 36gfqmd

@))& ;fnsf] 3f]if0ff / ;+o'Qm dlGqd08nsf] u7g M

lbNnL ;Demf}tfkl5 @))& ;fn kmfu'g & ut] g]kfndf /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo
eO{ k|hftGq :yfkgf ePsf] P]ltxfl;s 3f]if0ff ul/of]. pQm 3f]if0ffdf lgDg
a'Fbfx lyPM
s= hg lgjf{lrt j}wflgs ;efn] u0ftGqfTds ljwfg th{'df ug]{5.
v= gofF ljwfg th'{df gx'Gh]n;Dd k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ cGtl/d
dlGqd08n u7g ug]{ h;df /f0fftkm{sf] % / g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] tkm{af6
% hgf ;b:o lgo'Qm x'g]5g\.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro75

u= @))& ;fn r}q @) ut]leq ;a} /fhg}lts aGbLxnfO{ cfd dfkmL

x'g]5 / To:tf /fhgLlts aGbLxn] cfkm\gf] vf]l;Psf] ;DklQ lkmtf{
kfpg]5g\.
/f0ff / sfFu|]; ;lDdlnt of] ;+o'Qm ;/sf/ gf} dlxgfeGbf a9L l6Sg ;s]g
/ @))* ;fn d+l;/ @! ut] lj36g eof].

sfu|];sf] Psdgf dlGqd08n

@))* ;fn d\l;/ ! ut] dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf g]kfnL
sfFu|];sf] Psdgf dlGqd08n u7g ul/of]. o; cjlwdf ;jf]{Rr Gofofno,
klAns ;le{; sldzg, cfo Joo lg/LIf0f k|wfg c8\8fsf] :yfkgf eof].
@))( ;fn h]7df ;DkGg g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] clwj]zgdf lj=kL=sf]O/fnfsf]
7fpFdf dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnf sfFu|]; cWoIf 5flgP. ;/sf/ cfGtl/s ljjfbdf
kmF:b} uPkl5 @))( ;fn >fj0f @^ ut] of] ;/sf/ klg lj36g eof]. @))(
;fn >fj0f #) ut] /fhf lqe'jgaf6 cfkm\g} dWo:ytfdf ^ ;b:oLo zfxL
k/fdz{bfqL ;/sf/ u7g eof]. @)!) ;fn c;f/ ! ut];Dd of] ;/sf/
cl:tTjdf /x\of]. o;kl5 lj=;= @)!) c;f/ @ ut] /fli6o k|hfkf6L{sf
cWoIf dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfnfO{ k'gM k|wfgdGqL agfOof]. @)!) kmfu'gdf
dlGqd08ndf x]/km]/ u/L 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{ / l8NnL/d0f /]UdLnfO{;d]t ;f]xL
;/sf/df yk ul/of].
ax'bnLo ;+o'Qm dlGqd08n
g]kfnL /fli6o sfFu|];, k|hfkl/ifb\ / hgsfFu|]; u/L tLgj6f ;fgf kf6L{sf]
;xeflutfdf k'gM dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfs} k|wfgdGqLTjdf lj=;= @)!)
kmfu'gdf csf]{ ;/sf/ u7g eof]. o;df 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{ / l8NnL/d0f
/]UdL ylkP. /fhf lqe'jgn] dft[sfsf] dlGqd08n lj=;= @)!! df lj36g
u/L /fHo Joj:yfsf] cleef/f :jo+df lnO{ ;f]em} ;~rfng ug{ yfn]. /fhf
lqe'jgsf] d[To'kl5 /fhf dx]Gb|sf]] /fHo/f]x0f lj=;= @)!! r}q ! ut] ePsf]
lyof]. lj=;+= @)!# df dx]Gb|sf] /fHoleif]s eof].
zfxL ;Nnfxsf/ ;/sf/
lj=;+= @)!@ ;fn j}zfv ! ut] /fhf dx]Gb|n] u'Ghdfgl;+xsf] cWoIftfdf
zfxL ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt u7g u/L zf;g ;~rfng ug{ yfn]. of] ;Nnfxsf/
;ldltdf % hgf ;b:o lyP.
76g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

k|hfkl/ifb\sf] dlGqd08n
ljqmd ;+jt\ @)!@ ;fn df3 !# ut] /fhf dx]Gb|af6 k|hfkl/ifb\sf g]tf
6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf # hgf :jtGq ;b:o;d]t ;dfj]z
ePsf] ;ft;b:oLo dlGqd08nsf] 3f]if0ff eof]. of] ;/sf/n] @)!#
c;f]h % ut]sf lbg rLg;Fu zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGw uof]. of] ;/sf/
@)!$ c;f/;Dd l6Sof].
8f=s]= cfO{= l;+xsf] ;/sf/
@)!$ ;fn >fj0f !! sf lbg ;+o'Qm k|hftflGqs kf6L{sf] cWoIf 8f= s]= cfO{=
l;+xsf] g]t[Tjdf P3f/ ;b:oLo dlGqd08n u7g eof]. hDdf !!) lbg
l6s]sf] of] ;/sf/ /fhf dx]Gb|sf] zfxL 3f]if0ff dfkm{t\ @)!$ sflt{s @( sf
lbg e\u ul/of].
/fhf dx]Gb|sf] k|ToIf zf;g
ldlt @)!$ sflt{s @( ut]b]lv >L % dx]Gb|af6 k|ToIf zf;g ;'
eof]. @)!% ;fn kmfu'g & ut] cfd r'gfj ug]{ 3f]if0ff eof]. ldlt
@)!% h]7 @ ut] ;'j0f{zdz]/sf] cWoIftfdf cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
u7g u/L cfdr'gfj u/fOof]. ;/sf/n] @)!% kmfu'g ! b]lv cfd
r'gfj ;' uof].
@)!% ;fnsf] dxflgjf{rg / To;sf] kl/0ffd
k|ltlglw ;efsf] r'gfjsf] nflu d'n'snfO{ !)( lgjf{rg If]qdf ljefhg
ul/Psf] lyof]. dxflgjf{rg Ps;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qdf cfwfl/t lyof].
@! jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf k|To]s aflnu g]kfnL dtbftf lyP. /fli6o bnsf]
kdf dfGotf k|fKt ug{ sd;]sd @@ l;6sf nflu pDd]bjf/ v8f u/fpg'
cfjZos lyof]. o; dfkb08cg';f/ g]kfnL sfFu|];, ;+o'Qm k|hftflGqs
kf6L{, uf]/vf kl/ifb\, g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ / k|hftflGqs dxf;efdfq
/fli6o :t/sf /fhgLlts bn dflgP. !)( l;6sf nflu hDdf &*^
pDd]bjf/ v8f ePsf lyP. k|To]s pDd]bjf/n] hdfgtsf] kdf @%)
hDdf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf lyof]. pQm r'gfjdf g]kfnL sfFu|];n] &$, uf]vf{kl/ifb\n]
!(, ;+o'Qm k|hftGq kf6L{n] %, g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] $ / k|hfkl/ifbn] #
l;6df ljho xfl;n u/]sf lyP eg] :jtGq $ :yfgdf ljhoL ePsf lyP.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro77

klxnf] lgjf{lrt ;/sf/

;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj u/fpg] 3f]if0ff /fhf lqe'jgn] lj=;+= @))& kmfu'g &
ut] u/]sf lyP. lj=;= @)!% kmfu'g & ut] ;+;b\sf] tNnf] ;bgsf nflu
cfdlgjf{rg ;' eO{ lj=;+= @)!^ j}zfv @* ut] glthf k|sflzt eof]. o;
r'gfjdf cToflws ax'dt k|fKt ug]]{ sfFu|]; g]tf ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf]
g]t[Tjdf lj=;+= @)!^ h]7 !# ut] gofF ;/sf/ aGof]. lj=;+= @)!^ c;f/ !^
df k|ltlglw;efsf] k|yd clwj]zg ;' eof]. o;} ;fn c;f]hdf ljtf{ k|yf
pGd"ng ljw]os kfl/t eof]. lhNnfdf ljsf; af]8{ u7g ul/of].
/fhf dx]Gb|n] @)!& ;fn k'; ! ut] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %% sf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L lj=lk=sf]O/fnfsf] dlGqd08n lj36g tyf ;+;b\sf] b'j} ;bg e u/L
;+ljwfgsf cg]sf}F wf/fx;d]t lgnDag ub}{ zf;gclwsf/ cfgf] xftdf
lnP. o;/L @))& ;fnsf] zfxL 3f]if0ffdfkm{t\ cfPsf] k|hftGqsf] cj;fg
@)!& ;fnsf] zfxL sbd;Fu} eof].
#=!=@ lj=;+= @)!& b]lv @)#& ;fn;Ddsf b'O{ bzs
lj=;+= @)!& k'if ! ut] bnut /fhgLlts k|0ffnL lj36g ePkl5 gofF zf;g
;~rfngsf] ;"rgf k'; ( ut] hg;dIf cfof]. k'if !@ ut] dx]Gb|sf]
cWoIftfdf gf}};b:oLo dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g eof]. k'if @@ df ;a} /fhgLlts
kf6L{ cj}w 3f]lift eO{ k|ltalGwt;d]t eP. ;fy}, g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] hu
tnaf6} alnof] t'Nofpg k~rfot Joj:yf NofOg] 3f]if0ff eof]. o;cg''k
lj=;+= @)!* df ufFp k~rfotsf] lgjf{rg eof]. lj=;+= @)!* df3df
hgsk'/ ad sf08 eof]. lj=;= @)!( k'if ! ut] gofF k~rfotL Joj:yf
cg's"n ;+ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ff eof]. b]zsf] ;jf]{Rr ljwflosf /fli6o k~rfotsf]
pb\3f6g ;j{k|yd /fhf dx]Gb|af6 lj=;= @)@) df eof]. lj=;= @)@# df
;+ljwfgsf] k|yd ;+zf]wg eO{ k~rfot lgb{nLo Joj:yf aGg k'Uof].
;q ;fnb] lv ;' ePsf] k~rfotL zf;g k| 0ffnLdf /fhf dx] Gb| /
jL/]Gb|sf] k|ToIf zf;gdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] cWoIftf ug]{ df}sf 8f= t'n;L lu/L,
;"o{axfb'/ yfkf -k~rfot Joj:yfcGtu{t k|yd k|wfgdGqL_, sLlt{lglw lji6,
gu]Gb|k|;fb l/hfn -lj=;++=@)#)_, dl/rdfg l;+x / nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbn] k|fKt
u/] . lj=;+= @)#^ h]7 !) ut] hgdt;+u|xsf] 3f]if0ff eof]. @)#& ;fn
j}zfv @) ut] ;DkGg hgdt ;\u|xdf k~rfotsf]] ljho eof].
78 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] cGTokl5 /fhf dx]Gb|af6 lj=;= @)!& ;fn kf}if @@ ut]
k~rfotL k/Dk/f yfngL ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/L pQm 3f]if0fdf b]zsf] ;j{Qf]d'vL
ljsf; tyf lgdf{0fsf lglDt gofF zlQmsf] d"n km'6fpg bl/b|tf, c1fgtf /
lk5l8Psf] cj:yfnfO{ x6fO{ g]kfnsf] df6f]df h/f xfNg ;Sg] oxfFs} xfjfkfgL
;'xfpFbf] k|hftGqsf] lajf :jk k~rfotsf] lahf/f]k0f ul/Psf] elgof].
;a} bnxdfly k|ltaGw nufO{ k~rfot k4lt g} k|hftGqsf] hu ePsf] /
dflyaf6 nflbPsf] k|hftGq b]zdf ckmfkl;4 ePsf] tyf k|hftGqsf] hu
tn}af6 alnof] t'Nofpg :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf ;+:yff/f hgtfnfO{
k|zf;gdf ;l/s u/fO{ b]zsf] ;d:of / k|ultdf hg clelr a9fpg]
p2]Zon] k~rfotsf] lbzfaf]w u/fpg vf]lhof]. lj=;= @)!( ;fn kf}if ! ut]
k~rfotL Joj:yfg's"n gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L eof].

/fli6o lgb]{zg dGqfnosf]] :yfkgf

ljleGg If]qdf lgwf{l/t nIo k|flKtsf lglDt ;fd"lxs zlQmnfO{ ;\ul7t /
ljsl;t ug{ lj=;= @)!& kmfu'g & ut] /fli6o lgb]{zg dGqfno v8f eof].
/fli6o lgb]{zg P]g, @)!& cg';f/ pRr:t/Lo /fli6o lgb]{zg kl/ifb\ klg
u7g ul/of]]. ljleGg ju{nfO{ ;dGjo u/L /fli6o hLjgdf k|jflxt ug]{h:tf
sfdst{Jo ePsf] of] dGqfno lj=;= @)!( r}}q @) df k~rfot dGqfnodf
ufleof] / lj=;= @)@) ;fndf ;f] kl/ifb\ lj36g eof].
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!(
lj=;= @)!( ;fn k'; ! ut] k~rfotL Joj:yfcg's"n g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,
@)!( hf/L eof]. @) efu (& wf/f / ^ cg';"rL ePsf] pQm ;+ljwfg
tLgk6s;Dd ;+zf]wg eof]. of] ;+ljwfgn] /fhgLlts bnxdfly k|ltaGw
nufO{ /fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;gnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] lyof].
k~rfot ;'wf/sf k|of;x
;j{k|yd lj=;= @)!* ;fn kmfu'g & ut]b]lv ufFp / gu/k~rfot txdf
lgjf{rg k|f/De eof]. /fli6o k~rfotsf] k|yd clwj]zgkl5 lj=;= @)@)
h]7df klxnf] k6s k~rfot ljsf; ;Dd]ng eof]]. lj=;= @)@) ebf} !
df gofF d'n'sL P]g nfu" eof]. lj=;= @)@! d\l;/ * ut] e"ld;'wf/ P]g
hf/L ePsf] lyof]. lj=;= @)@$ c;f]h ^ ut] /fhf dx]Gb|af6 /fli6o
k~rfotnfO{ Ps ;Gb]z k7fO{ k~rfotsf] ljsNKf ;f]wgL x'Fbf /fli6o
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro79

k~rfotsf] a}7sn] ;j{;Ddltaf6 c;f]Hf !! ut] of] lglj{sNk 5 eGg]

k|:tfj kfl/t u/L c;f]h !# ut] bz;"qLo of]hgf agfOof]. h;df b]z
ljsf;sf nflu u|fdL0f ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbOg] s'/fx pNn]v ul/Psf
lyP. @)## ;fn ebf} / c;f]hdf klxnf]kN6 /fli6o:t/df k~re]nf
cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof]. o; e]nfdf k~rfotsf] l;4fGt Jojl:yt
ul/Psf] lyof].

hgdt ;\u|x, @)#&

lj=;=@)!& b]lv @)#^ ;Ddsf] !( jifL{o k~rfotL zf;gaf6 /fhgLlts
jftfj/0f z'4 x'g g;s]sf], hLjg:t/ pNn]vgLo kdf p7\g g;s]sf],
dxFuL a9\b} uPsf], k~rfotsf sfo{stf{ hglk|o x'g g;s]sf h:tf cgsf}F
lj/f]wsf cfjfhx ;Qf ;~rfns tyf ;j{;fwf/0fdfem;d]t p7\g yfn].
lj=;= @)#^ h]7 !) ut] /fhf jL/]Gb|n] zfxL 3f]if0ff u/L g]kfnL hgtfnfO{
;'wf/;lxtsf] k~rfotL Joj:yfnfO{ sfod} /fVg] xf] jf ax'bnLo zf;g
k4lt rfxg] xf] ;f]dWo] PsnfO{ /f]Hg nf]s;Ddltsf nflu aflnu dtflwsf/sf]
cfwf/df /fi6JofkL hgdt u/fpg] s'/f 3f]if0ff eof]. o;kl5 lj=;= @)#&
j}zfv @) ut] ;DkGg ePsf] hgdt ;\u|xsf] kl/0ffd h]7 ! ut] 3f]if0ff
ul/of] h;df lgb{nLo k~rfot kIf ljhoL eof].
#=!=# hgdt;\u|xb]lv hgcfGbf]ng;Dd
hgdt;\u|xkl5 ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/ P+j aflnu dtdf cfwfl/t r'gfj ;DkGg
eof]. lgjf{rgkl5 k~rfotsf] klxnf] @& ;b:oLo dlGqd08n !@) hgf
/fli6 o k~rfot ;b:oxf/f lglj{/ f]w lgjf{l rt ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfsf]
k|wfgdGqLTjdf lj=;=@)#* c;f/ @ df / kl5 lj=;= @)#( c;f]h @$ ut]
s]xL x]/km]/;fy #% ;b:oLo dlGqd08n aGof]. t/ lj=;= @)$) c;f/ @&
ut] !)* ;b:osf] ax'dtf/f k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfn] cfgf] kbsf]
lhDd]jf/L OdfGbfl/k"j{s k"/f gu/]sf] eGg] /fli6o k~rfotaf6 kfl/t
cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj /fhfaf6 :jLs[t ePkl5 lj=;= @)$) c;f/ @& ut]
yfkf ;/sf/ lj36g eof]] . nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb !)& ;b:osf] ax'dtf/f
lglj{/f]w 5flgP / /fli6o k~rfots} l;kmfl/;df /fhfaf6 c;f/ @* ut]
pgnfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] kbdf lgo'lQm ul/of] tyf @( ut] @! ;b:oLo
dlGqd08n u7g eof].
80g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

#=!=$ @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng / To;kl5sf] /fhgLlt

@)!& ;fn k'; ! ut] /fhf dx]Gb|sf] zfxL 3f]if0ffdfkm{t\ :yflkt k~rfotL
Joj:yf tL; jif{;Dd l6Sof] / @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng;Fu} tx;gx; eof].
@)$^ ;fn df3 % ut]b]lv & ut];Dd g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf u0f]zdfgl;+xsf]
3/df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{stf{xsf] b]zJofkL ;Dd]ng eof]. pQm ;Dd]ngdf
ef/tsf jl/i7 g]tfx rGb|z]v/, xl/ls;g l;+x ;'/lht, Pd=h]= csa/
cflbn] ;d]t efu lnPsf lyP. g]kfnL sfFu|]; / ;+o'Qm afddf]rf{ ldn]/ ;+o'Qm
kdf @)$^ ;fn kmfu'g & ut]b]lv pkTosfleq / aflx/sf lhNnfdf klg
b]zJofkL hgcfGbf]ng rsf{P. kmfu'g * ut] sf7df8f}Fnufot k|d'v ;x/x
aGb eP. cGt/f{li6o ;~rf/ hutn] k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;dfrf/ k|rf/k|;f/
ug{ yfn]. @)$^ ;fn r}t !( ut] tTsfnLgk|=d= dl/rdfg l;+xsf] l;kmfl/;df
dlGqd08n k'gu{7g eof] t/ cfGbf]ngsf] ult /f]lsPg. sLlt{k'/, kf6g /
a'6jndf uf]nL rNof]. @)$^ ;fn r}t @$ ut] /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 /]l8of]
g]kfndfkm{t 3f]if0ff eof] h;cg';f/ nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbsf] cWoIftfdf $
;b:oLo dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g eof]. hg cfGbf]ng g/f]lsPkl5 cGttM @)$^
;fn r}q @^ ut] /flt !!M$% ah] /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf Ps
lj1lKt k|sflzt eof]. h;df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( df /x]sf] bnljxLg
zAb x6fO{ bndflysf] k|ltaGw km's'jf eof]. gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg ;+ljwfg
;'wf/ ;'emfj cfof]uf/f k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ eGg] lj1lKt k|sflzt eof].
k~rfot lj36gkZrft\ s[i0fk|;fb e/fO{sf] cWoIftfdf cGtl/d ;/sf/
u7g eof]. @)$& ;fn sflQs @# ut] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
hf/L eof]. o;kl5 @)$* ;fn j}zfv @( ut] cfdlgjf{rg eof].
k|ltlglw;efsf] @)% l;6dWo] g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;jf{lws !!) l;6 k|fKt
uof]. lj=;= @)$* h]7 !% ut] ax'dtk|fKt bn g]kfnL sfFu|];sf ;+;bLo
bnsf g]tf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] k|wfgdlGqTjdf Psdgf dlGqkl/ifb\
u7g eof]. k|d'v k|ltkIfsf kdf ^* l;6 kfPsf] g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{
Pdfn] /xg k'Uof].

ax'bnLo ;/sf/x
g]kfnL sfFu|]; sf tTsfnLg dxfdGqL lul/hfk| ;fb sf]O/fnfnfO{ /fhf
jL/]Gb|af6 @)$* h]7 !# sf lbg k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm u/L !% hgfsf]
dlGqd08n u7g ul/of]. @)%! sflQ{s @( df dWofjlw lgjf{rg eof].
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro81

k|ltlglw ;ef lj36gsf] l;kmfl/; ePkl5 ;DkGg of] cfd lgjf{rgdf

g]kfnL sf+u|];n] *#, g]skf -Pdfn]_ n] ** / /fk|kfn] @) ;L6 k|fKt u/]sf
lyP. dWofjlw lgjf{rg, @)%! df :ki6 ax'dt s'g} klg bnn] k|fKt
gu/]sfn] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bnsf] x}l;otdf g]skf Pdfn]sf cWoIf Pj+
;+;bLo bnsf g]tf dgdf]xg clwsf/L k|wfgdGqLdf lgo'Qm eP. of]
k|ltlglw ;ef h]7 #), @)%@ df k'gM lj36g x'g k'Uof]]. t/ ;jf]{Rr
cbfntn] ebf} !@, @)%@ df o;nfO{ k'g:yf{lkt uof] / ebf} @) df
k|ltlglw ;efsf] ljz]if clwj]zg a;L g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf z]/axfb'/
b]pjfn] dgdf]xg clwsf/Lpk/ cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj k]z u/]. lj=;= @)%@
ebf} @% df cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t ePkl5 of] ;/sf/ 9Nof].
To;kl5 @)%@ ebf} @^ df z]/axfb'/ b]pjf k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm eP. pgs}
k|wfgdGqLsfndf @)%@ ;fn kmfu'g ! ut]b]lv cfgf PSsfO; ;"qLo
dfupk/ s'g} Wofg glbPsf] eGb} tTsfnLg hgdf]rf{sf g]tf 8f=afa'/fd
e/fO{nufotn] bL3{sfnLg hgo'4sf nflu ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] 3f]if0ff u/L
e"ldut /fhgLltsf] yfngL u/] . Pdfn]sf] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjn] ubf{ lj=;=
@)%# kmfu'g @# ut] z]/axfb'/ b]pjf ;/sf/sf] lj36g eof] / /fk|kfsf
g]tf nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb k|wfgdGqL ag]. of] ;/sf/n] klg sfFu|];sf]] cljZjf;
k|:tfjsf sf/0f lj=;+= @)%$ c;f]h !* df ;Qfaf6 xft w'g'kof]. sfFu|];sf]
ldn]dtf]df /fk|kfsf] cWoIf ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf @) c;f]h @)%$ df k|wfgdGqL
eP. pgn] k|ltlglw;ef lj36g / lgjf{rg tf]Sg l;kmfl/; u/]. t/
k|ltlglw;efsf] ljz]if clwj]zgn] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj ljkmn kfof]. r}t
@*, @)%$ df pgn] /flhgfdf lbP. o;kl5 ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bnsf g]tf
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf cNkdtsf] ;/sf/ r}q #), @)%$ df
u7g eof]. o; ;/sf/df g]skf-dfn]_ klg ;lDdlnt lyof]. t/ dfn] l56}
aflxl/Psfn] Pdfn] ;lDdlnt eO{ dlGqd08n k'g{u7g eof]. Joj:yflksfsf]
lgjf{rgkl5 lj=;+= @)%^ h]7 !# df g]kfnL sfFu|];sf g]tf s[i0fk|;fb
e/fO{sf] g]t[Tjdf dlGqd08n u7g eof]. of]] ;/sf/n] r}t # ut] /flhgfdf
lbPkl5 % r}t, @)%^ df lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf k'gM k|wfgdGqL ag].
@)%* ;fn h]7 !( ut] gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/df 36]sf] csNkgLo
36gfdf /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] j+zgfz ePkl5 1fg]Gb| /fhf eP / pgn] cfgf
5f]/f kf/;nfO{ o'j/fh agfP. z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] k|wfgdlGqTjdf ;~rflnt
;/sf/n] lj=;= @)%* d\l;/ !! df dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cftsf/L 3f]lift u/L
82 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

@)%( h]7 !) ut];Dd ^ dlxgfsf] ;6sfn nfu" uof]. @)%( h]7 !!

ut] cGTo ePsf] ;6sfn k'gM !# ut]b]lv nfu" eof] / ebf} !@ ut];Dd
sfod /x\of].
@)%( ;fn h]7 * ut] k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] l;kmfl/;df tTsfnLg
;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ /fhfaf6 k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g P+j sflQs @&
df dWofjlw r'gfj ug]{ 3f]if0ff ePsf] lyof]. lgwf{l/t ltlydf r'gfj ug{
g;s]sf] axfgfdf @)%( c;f]h !* ut] /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] b]pjfnfO{ c;Ifdtf
sf] cf/f]k nufP/ kbRo't u/]. pgn] sflQs @& ut] ug]{ elgPsf] r'gfj klg
:yug u/L csf]{ Joj:yf geP;Ddsf nflu g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/
cfkm}F;Fu /fvL kfFr lbgleq gofF dlGqd08n u7g ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP.
c;f]h !* b]lv @$ ;Dd g]kfn k|wfgdGqL Pj+ dlGqkl/ifb\/lxt eof] /
c;f]h @% df nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbsf] k|wfgdlGqTjdf ( ;b:oLo dlGqkl/ifb\
u7g eof].
lj=; @)%@ kmfu'g ! ut]b]lv ;z:q hgo'4 k|f/De u/L e"ldut ePsf]
dfcf]jfbL;Fu ul/Psf lj=;= @)%* ;fpg * ut]] k|yd r/0fsf] jftf{, ebf}
@^ df bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{ / sflQs @* df t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{x c;kmn
ePkl5 lj=;+= @)%* d\l;/ * df dfcf]jfbLf/f bf / :of\hfdf ul/Psf]
cfqmd0fn] ;'/Iff l:ylt yk hl6n agfof]. lj=;+= @)%* d\l;/ !! b]lv
d'n'sel/ ;6sfn 3f]if0ff ul/of]. lj=;+= @)%( h]]7 !! df ;6sfnsf]
cGTo eP klg h]7 !# df k'gM nfu" eO{ ebf} !@ df ;dfKt eof]. df3 !%
df dfcf]jfbLf/f tTsfn o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]i f0ff Pj+ ;/sf/af6 g]s kf
-dfcf]jfbL_ nfO{ cft+ssf/L egL ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff / lu/tf/Lsf] /]8 sg{/
gf]l6;h:tf k"j{lg0f{o lkmtf{ lnPkl5 g]kfnL /fhgLltn] gofF df]8 lnof].

bf]>f] hgcfGbf]ng @)^@^#

@)%( c;f]h !* kl5 1fg]Gb|n] slxn] nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbnfO{ t slxn]
;"o{axfb'/ yfkfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfP/ cfkm"v';L zf;g ug{ yfn]. g]kfnL
sfFu|];, g]skf -Pdfn]_ nufot kfFr bnn] o;nfO{ zfxL k|ltudgsf] ;+1f
lbb} bafad"ns lj/f]w sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug{ yfn]. c;f/ !* ut]
/fhf 1fg]Gb|n] @)^! ;fn r}t d;fGtleq k|ltlglw;efsf] r'gfj ug]{ zfxL
cfb]z;lxt z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfO{ k|wfgdGqLdf k'gM lgo'Qm u/]. of] ;/sf/nfO{
!( df3df avf{:t ul/of] / /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] k|ToIf zf;g ;' eof]. !(
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro83

df3kl5 zfxL zf;glj4 g] k fnL sfF u | ] ; -k| h ftflGqs_ / ;+ o ' Q m

jfddf]rf{nfO{;d]t ;d]6]/ ;ft bnsf] cfGbf]ngsf/L u7aGwg aGof] /
@)^@ j}zfvdf o;n] k|ltlglw;ef k'g:yf{kgfsf] af6f] x'b}F g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_
n] ;~rfng u/]sf] ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] /fhgLlts lgsf; lbg ;+ljwfg;ef;Dd
k'Ug] ;femf ;xdlt / k|lta4tfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs uof]. o;kl5 g} dfcf]jfbL;Fu
;ft bnsf] jftf{ / ;dembf/Ln] 7f]; cfsf/ / uGtJo lng yfn]sf] xf]. !(
df3 @)^! df /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] bf];|f] k6s lg/+s'z Pj+ k|ToIf zf;g ;'
u/]kl5 To;sf] k|lt/f]wdf cfGbf]ngcl3 a9fpg g]kfnL sfFu|];, g]skf
Pdfn], g]kfnL sfFu|]; -k|hftflGqs_, hgdf]rf{ g]kfn, g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg
kf6L{, g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ -cfgGbLb]jL_ / ;+o'Qm afddf]rf{;lxt @%
j}zfv @)^@ df ;j{k|yd ;ftbnLo u7aGwg lgdf{0f eof]. g]kfnL sfFu|];,
g]=s=kf=Pdfn] / g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbLaLr @)^@ d\l;/ & ut] ef/tsf] gofF
lbNnLdf !@ a'Fb] ;Demf}tf eof]. zflGt ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ / g]skf
dfcf]jfbL;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf cGtl/d Joj:yflksf;+;b\ ag]kl5 of]
u7aGwg cf7bnLo ePsf] lyof]. To;kl5 @)^# d\l;/ % ut] ;ft bnsf]
;/sf/ / g] s kf -dfcf] j fbL_ aLr lj:t[ t zflGt ;Demf} t f ;DkGGf
ePsf] lyof].

bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng @)^@)^#

84 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

@)^@ ;fn r}t @$ ut]b]lv @)^# ;fn j}zfv !! ut];DDf !( lbg rn]sf]
zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ng @)^@)^# df g]kfnL hgtfsf] ckf/ ;xeflutfn]
o;nfO{ Pp6f lg0ff{os ljGb'df k'ofPsf] lyof]. kmn:jk @)^# df3 !
ut] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L eof]. hgcfGbf]ng @)^@)^#
kl5 jt{dfg /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsf] Joj:yfkg / ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ug]{
lhDd]jf/L kfPsf ;ft /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xdltcg';f/ @* r}t @)^$ df

lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ x'Fb}

;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjsf] ltly t];|f] k6s lgwf{/0f ul/of]. ;ft /fhgLlts

bnn] * k'; @)^$ df u/]sf] @# a'Fb] ;xdltkl5 r}t dlxgfleq ;+ljwfg;efsf]
r'gfj ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf lyP. g]kfndf P]ltxfl;s kdf ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjfr{g lj=;=@)^$ r}q @* df ;DkGg eof] . ;+ljwfg;efdf hDdf ^)!
hgf ;b:o lyP h;dWo] ##% ;b:o ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLaf6 / @$) ;b:o
k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf / afFsL @^ hgf ;b:o dlGqkl/ifb\n]
dgf]gLt u/]sf] lyof]. ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] u0ftGq g]kfnsf] 3f]if0ff
uof] / u0ftGq g]kfnsf k|yd /fi6klt 8f= /fd j/0f ofbj / pk/fi6klt
k/dfgGb emf lgjf{lrt x'g'eof].

#=@ g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd

/f0ff zf;gsf] cGTolt/ @))$ ;fn df3 !$ sf lbg /f0ff k|wfgdGqL k
zdz]/n] hf/L u/]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g g} g]kfnsf] klxnf]
;+ljwfg xf]. o;cl3 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df s'g} klg lnlvt jf clnlvt
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro85

;++ljwfgsf] k/]vf kfOFb}g. g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/

pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
#=@=! g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$
of] g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg xf]. lj=;+= @))$ df3 !# ut] ljzfngu/
b/af/af6 3f]lift of] ljwfg lj=;+= @))% j}zfv ! ut]b]lv nfu" ul/g] egL
pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof]. t/ @))$ kmfu'g !* ut] k|wfgdGqL k zdz]/
ef/tsf] k|jf;df uPsf / pgL g]kfn gkmsL{ pxLFaf6 /fhLgfdf k7fPsf
lyP . pgsf pQ/flwsf/L df]xg zdz]/ hgtfnfO{ s'g} clwsf/ lbg] kIfdf
g/x]sf]n] of] ljwfg nfu" x'g ;s]g. of] j}wflgs sfg'g lgdf{0fsf] nflu
ef/tLo ;+ljwfg ljz]if1x >Lk|sfz, 8f= /fd pu| l;+x / /3'gfy l;+xnfO{
af]nfOPsf] lyof]. b]zdf Jofks kl/jt{g ug{ @))% j}zfv ! ut]b]lv nfu"
x'g] u/L 3f]if0ff ePsf] of] ;+ljwfg klxnf] lyof]. of] j}wflgs sfg'gdf ^ efu,
^* wf/f / ! cg';"rL lyP.
#=@=@ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&
/f0ff zf;gsf] cGTokl5 lj=;+= @))& ;fn kmfu'g & ut] /fhf lqe'jgaf6
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))& 3f]if0ff eof]. o;df /fHosf gLlt,
lgb]{zs l;4fGtx, dlGqd08n, cfly{s sfo{ k|0ffnL, k|wfg Gofofno, nf]s
;]jf cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u, ;+;b\ ;efsf] Joj:yf lyof]. o;df & efu, &$
wf/f / $ kl/R5]b lyP. @))& r}q @( ut]b]lv k"0f{ kdf nfu" eO{
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] of] ;+ljwfgdf ^ k6s;Dd ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof].
#=@=# g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%
lj=;+= @)!$ r}q # ut]sf lbg eujltk|;fb l;+xsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t
cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgljb\ ;/ cfOe/ h]lg;d]t ;+nUg ePsf] kfFr;b:oLo
;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltn] !) dlxgfsf] cjlwdf d:of}bf tof/ u/L /fhf
dx]Gb|;dIf k|:t't u/]. o; sldzgsf cGo ;b:ox xf]/fk|;fb hf]zL,
/fd/fh kGt / ;"o{k|;fb pkfWofo lyP. of] ;+ljwfg /fhf dx]Gb|af6
@)!% ;fn kmfu'g ! ut] hf/L eof]. ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &# / &% t'Gt nfu"
eP eg] afFsL wf/fx @)!^ ;fndf nfu" eP. o;} ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/df
kmfu'g &, @)!% b]lv d'n'sdf k|yd cfd lgjf{rg eof]. o;df !)(
;b:oLo k| l tlglw;ef, dlGqd08n k| l tlglw;efk| lt pQ/bfoL x' g ] ,
86g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, lx;fa

hfFr / gful/sxsf] df}lns clwsf/xsf] Joj:yf lyof]]. !) efu, &&
wf/f / # cg';"rL ePsf] of] ;+ljwfg /fhf dx]Gb|af6 lj=;+= @)!( df
vf/]h eof].
#=@=$ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!(
@)!& k'; ! sf] /fhf dx]Gb|sf] zfxL sbdn] @)!% ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg
ckb:t eof]. lj=;+= @)!( j}zfv @^ ut]sf lbg Clifs]z zfxsf] cWoIftfdf
z+e'k|;fb 1jfnL, k|sfzaxfb'/ vqL, c+u'/afaf hf]zL, 8Da/gf/fo0f ofbj
;b:ox / s'nz]v/ zdf{ ;b:o;lrj ePsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;ldltn]
tof/ u/]sf] d:of}bfdf dlGqd08nsf ;b:oxsf] ;d]t /fo ;Nnfx lnO{
of] ;+ljwfg lj=;+= @)!( kf}if ! ut] /fhf dx]Gb|af6 3f]if0ff eof]. nf]s
;Ddltdf cfwfl/t zf;g Joj:yf, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / lgb{nLo k~rfotL
Joj:yf o;sf nIox lyP. o;df gful/sxsf] df}lns xs / st{Jo,
k~rfot k|0ffnLsf gLlt lgb]{zs l;4fGt, /fh;ef, dlGqkl/ifb\, nf]s;]jf
cfof]u, sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
lyof]. o;df @)@# df3 !$ ut] klxnf] ;+zf]wg, @)#! ;fn d\l;/ @^
ut] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg / @)#& ;fn kf}if ! ut] t];|f] ;+zf]wg ePsf] lyof]. @)
efu, (^ wf/f / ^ j6f cg';"rL ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( 5ofnL;
;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng cl3;Dd rNof] / @)$& ;fndf g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg @)$& n] o;nfO{ lj:yflkt uof].
#=@=% g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
hgcfGbf]ngsf] kmn:jk lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yf @)$^ r}q @^ ut]
w/fzfoL eof] / @)$& j}zfv ^ ut] g]kfnL sfFu|];sf sfo{jfxs ;efklt
s[i0fk|;fb e/fO{sf] cWoIftfdf !! ;b:oLo cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g
eof]. o;} dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{sfndf g]kfnsf] kfrf}F ;+ljwfgsf] kdf lj=;+=
@)$& sflt{s @# ut] z'qmaf/sf lbg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
nfu" ePsf] lyof]. ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq, ax'bnLo k|hftGq, ;+;bLo zf;g
k|0ffnL, hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf, :jtGq / lgikIf GofokflnsfnfO{
ckl/jt{gLo kdf :yfkgf u/]sf] of] ;+ljwfgn] gful/sxsf] df}lns xs
/ :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof]. o; ;+ljwfgdf @# efu, !##
wf/f / # cg';"rL lyP. o;df gful/ssf] df}lns xs, /fHosf lgb]{zs
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro87

l;4fGt tyf gLltx, >L %, /fhkl/ifb\, sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf,

clVtof/ b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfs, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u,
lgjf{rg cfof]u, dxfGofolwjQmf cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof].
@)$^ ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ndfkm{t #) jif]{ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf]
;dflKtkl5 b]zdf gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0fsf] lgldQ /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf gf};b:oLo ;+ljwfg
;'wf/ ;'emfj cfof]u u7g ePsf] s'/f @)$& j}zfv @* ut] 3f]if0ff
ul/Psf]df o;sf] tLa| lj/f]w eof]. @)$& h]7 ! ut] k|wfgdGqLsf]
;'emfjadf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\sf] k/fdz{nfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL /fhfaf6
lj=;+= @)$& h]7 !^ ut] # dlxgfleq cfkm\gf] ;'emfj k]z ug{ k'gM ljZjgfy
pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf gf};b:oLo ;+ljwfg ;'emfj cfof]u u7g ul/Psf]
lyof]. ;+ljwfg ;'emfj cfof]usf ;b:ox o;k|sf/ lyP M
!= ljZjgfy pkfWoo
@= bdggfy 9'\ufgf
#= d's'Gb /]UdL
$= dfwjs'df/ g]kfn
%= nId0f cof{n
^= ef/tdf]xg clwsf/L
&= lgd{ n nfdf
*= k|B'Dgnfn /fhe08f/L
(= /fdfgGbk|;fb l;+x
!)= ;"o{gfy pkfWoo

cWoIf
GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
;b:o
g]kfnL sfFu|];
;b:o
g]kfnL sfFu|];
;b:o
tTsfnLg g]=s=kf= df=n] -jfddf]rf{_
;b:o
g]kfnL sfFu|];
;b:o
tTsfnLg g]=s=kf= dfS;{jfbL -jfddf] rf{ _
;b:o
tTsfnLg g] =s=kf= Pstfs] Gb| -jfd df] rf{ _
;b:o
sfg'gljb\
;b:o
sfg'gljb
;b:o;lrj

o; ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t ljz]iftfx o; k|sf/ lyP M

!= ;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg'gsf] kdf :jLsfl/Psf],
@= ;fj{ef}d;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt,
#= g] kfnnfO{ Ps ax'hftLo, ax' eflifs, k|hftflGqs, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf
;DkGg, lxGb", ;+ j}wflgs /fhtGqfTds clw/fHosf] kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf],
$= gful/ssf df}lns xs / clwsf/sf] Joj:yf,
%= /fHosf lgb]{zs gLlt tyf l;4fGtsf] :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf],
^= sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ >L % / dlGqkl/ifb\df /xg] Joj:yf,
&= :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf u/L Gofo ;Dkfbg ug]{ clwsf/
88 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

*=
(=
!)
!!=

cbfntnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf],

/fhkl/ifb\, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfs, lgjf{rg cfof]u, clVtof/
b'kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uh:tf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] Joj:yf u/L
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf],
/fhgLlts bn;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L % k|ltzt dlxnf pDd]bjf/
p7fpg'kg]{ / /fli6o bnsf] dfGotf kfpg hDdf v;]sf] dtsf] tLg
k|ltzt dt Nofpg'kg]{ Joj:yf,
;\s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ clwsf/ /fhfnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf],
;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ / /fli6o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf cflb.

lj=;+= @)^@^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntf;Fu;Fu} of] ;+ljwfg klg

lgis[o eof].
#=@=^ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
bf]>f] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfsf] kmn:jk g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s
hgtfsf tkm{af6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df3 ! ut] hf/L eof] .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& kl5 5}7f}F ;+ljwfgsf kdf g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ePsf] xf]. @% efu, !^& wf/f ePsf] o;
;+ljwfgdf $ cg';"rLx /x]sf 5g\. o; ;+ljwfgnfO{ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf
;+;b\n] lj=;+= @)^# df3 ! sf] /flt !!=#% ah] cg'df]bg uof].
o; ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k"j{GofowLz Pjd\ @)$& ;fnsf]
;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ;ldlt ;b:o nId0fk|;fb cof{nsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t
!^ ;b:oLo d:of}bf ;ldltn] tof/ u/]sf] xf]. d:of}bf tof/ u/]/ ;ldltn]
ebf} ( ut] ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL jftf{6f]nLsf ;+of]hso u[xdGqL s[i0fk|;fb
l;6f}nf / s[i0faxfb'/ dx/f;dIf a'emfPsf] lyof]. d:of}bf ;ldltsf] u7g
c;f/ @ ut] eO{ !% lbgsf] sfof{jlw x'g] atfPsf] eP tfklg o;sf]
sfo{sfn ;fpg @$ ;Dd sfod ul/Psf] lyof].
cGtl/d d:of}bf ;ldltsf] u7g M
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=

nId0fk|;fb cof{n
l;Gw'gfy Kofs'/]n
dxfb]j ofbj
xl/x/ bfxfn
zDe' yfkf

;"rgf ljefu

;+of]hs
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
g]kfn kl/ro89

^=
&=
*=
(=
!)=
!!=
!@=
!#=
!$=
!%=

lvdnfn b]jsf]6f
clUg v/]n
k'ikf e'iffn
;'lznf sfsL{
5qs'df/L u'
zflGt /fO{
;'lgn k|hfklt
k/z'/fd emf
r08]Zj/ >]i7
s'df/ of]~hg

;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df xfn;Dd lgDg ;+zf]wgx e};s]sf 5g\M

!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
&=
*=
(=
!)=
!!=
!@=
!#=

klxnf] ;+zf]wg
bf]>f] ;+zf]wg
t];|f] ;+zf]wg
rf}yf] ;+zf]wg
kfrf}F ;+zf]wg
5}6f}F ;+zf]wg
;ftf}F ;+zf]wg
cf7f}F ;+zf]wg
gaf}F ;+zf]wg
bzf}F ;+zf]wg
P3f/f}F ;+zf]wg
afx|f}F ;+zf]wg
t]x|f}F ;+zf]wg

lj=;+= @)^#!@!*
lj=;+= @)^$)@)#
lj=;+= @)^$)(!#
lj=;+= @)^%)@!^
lj=;+= @)^%)#@(
lj=;+= @)^%)*@^
lj=;+= @)^^!)!&
lj=;+= @)^&)@!$
lj=;+= @)^*)@!$
lj=;+= @)^*)@!$
lj=;+= @)^*)*!$
lj=;+= @)^()@^
@)^(!@!

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf ljz]iftf M

-!_ hgcfGbf]ng @ sf] efjgf Pjd\ ;f] cfGbf]ngsf ;xefuL cf7 /fhgLlts
bnsf] ;fd"lxs k|of;af6 lgld{t,
-@_ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s hgtfaf6 3f]if0ff ePsf] ;+ljwfg,
-#_ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf Pjd\ /fhsLo;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt,
-$_ g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/k]If /fi6sf] kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf],
-%_ sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt,
90g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

-^_
-&_
-*_
-(_
-!)_
-!!_
-!@_
-!#_
-!$_
-!%_
-!^_
-!&_
-!*_
-!(_

/fi6fWoIfsf] kdf /fi6kltsf] Joj:yf,

Joj:yflksfsf] sfd ;+ljwfg;efn] ug]{,
;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g x'g] cfwf/sf] Joj:yf u/L ^)! hgf ;b:o /xg]
k|fjwfg,
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs csf kdf dfGotf,
lgjf{rgsf] lglDt bnbtf{ ubf{ slDtdf !) xhf/ dtbftfsf] ;dy{g
;lxtsf] x:tfIf/ cfjZos,
k|wfg;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6kltaf6 x'g],
k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /Iff, u[x / k|wfdGqLn] tf]s]sf tLghgf
dGqL /xg] u/L /fli6o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] u7g,
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg Joj:yflksf;+;b\sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 x'g ;Sg],
k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf k|wfgGofwLz, ;efd'v, ljkIfL bnsf] g]tf
/ k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf tLg hgf dGqL;lxtsf] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ u7g
x'g] Joj:yf,
h'g;'s} cbfnt, ljz]if cbfnt, ;}lgs of cGo s'g} cbfnt of
Goflos lgsfoaf6 u/]sf ;hfonfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6kltn]
dfkmL d'NtjL kl/jt{g jf sd ug{ ;Sg],
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6kltn] g]kfnL /fhb"t / cGo ljz]if
k|ltlglwsf] lgo'lQm ug]{,
/fHosf tkm{af6 lbOg] pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0f dlGqkl/b\sf] l;kmfl/;df
/fi6kltaf6 k|bfg ug]{,
/fli6o dxTjsf] s'g} klg ljifodf hgdt ;\u|x ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg,
afwf c8sfp km'sfpg] clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6kltdf
/xg] / To;sf] cg'df]bg ! dlxgfleq ;+;b\n] ug]{,

#=# g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df pNn]lvt df}lns xsx

g]kfnsf] clGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfnL gful/snfO{ k|Tofe"t u/]sf
df}lns xs tyf clwsf/x lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
-!_ :jtGqtfsf] xs
-s_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs x'g]5 / d[To'b08sf]
;hfo x'g] u/L s'g} sfg'g agfOg]5}g,
-v_ sfg' gadf] lhdafx]s s' g} klg JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf ckx/0f x'g]5}g,
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro91

-u_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ b]xfosf] :jtGqtf x'g]5 M

-!_ ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf
-@_ ljgfxftxltof/ zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf
-#_ /fgLlts bn jf ;\u7g vf]Ng] :jtGqtf
-$_ ;\3 / ;+:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf
-%_ g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf cfjthfjt / a;f]jf; ug]{ :jtGqtf
-^_ s'g} k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf
-@_ ;dfgtfsf] xs
-s_ sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;a} gful/s ;dfg x'g]5g\. s;}nfO{ klg sfg'gsf]
;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g]5}g.
-v_ ;fdfGo sfg'gsf] k|of]udf s'g} klg gful/sdfly wd{, j0f{, ln,
hft, hflt, pTklt, efiff, j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf]
cfwf/df e]befj ul/g]5}g.
-u_ /fHon] gful/ssf aLr wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, ln, pTklQ, efiff jf
j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{5}g.
-3_ ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf / k'ifsf aLr kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs
;'/Iffdf e]befj ul/g]5}g.
-#_ 5'jf5't tyf hftLo e]befjlj4sf] xs
-s_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hft, j+z, ;d'bfo jf k]zfsf cfwf/df e]befj
ul/g]5}g. o:tf] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ b08gLo x'g]5 / kLl8t JolQmn]
sfg'gf/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg]5.
-v_ s'g}klg JolQmnfO{ hft, hfltsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs k|of]udf /x]sf
;]jf, ;'ljwf jf pkof]usf s'/fx k|of]u ug{af6 jf ;fj{hlgs
:yn jf ;fj{hlgs wfld{s :yndf k|j]z ug{ jf wfld{s sfo{
ug{af6 jl~rt ul/g]5}g.
-u_ s'g} j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf pTkfbg jf ljt/0f ubf{ To:tf] ;]jf,
;'ljwf jf j:t' s'g} vf; hft hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ vl/b jf k|fKt
ug{af6 /f]s nufpg jf To:tf] j:t' ;]jf jf ;'ljwf s'g} vf; hft
hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ dfq laqmL ul/g]5}g.
-3_ ;fdflhs lje]bnfO{ Gofof]lrt 7x/fpg] jf hftLo ;jf]{Rrtf jf
3[0ffdf cfwfl/t ljrf/sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ jf hftLo lje]bnfO{ s'g}
92 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

klg lsl;dn] k|f]T;fxg ug{ kfOg]5}g.

-_ pkwf/f -v_, -u_ / -3_ ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ sfg'gadf]lhd b08gLo
x'g]5.
-$_ k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkfvfgf;DaGwL xs
-s_ ljB'tLo k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkfnufotsf cGo h'g;'s} dfWodaf6
s'g} ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, n]v, /rgf jf cGo s'g} kf7\o >Job[io
;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug{ jf 5fKg k"j{ k|ltaGw nufOg]5}g.
-v_ s'g} ;dfrf/, n]v jf cGo ;fdu|L k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f u/] jfkt
To:tf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug]{ ;+:yfsf] btf{ vf/]h ul/g]5}g
-u_ sfg'g adf]lhdafx]s s'g} 5fkf, ljB'tLo k|;f/0f 6]lnkmf]gnufotsf
;~rf/ ;fwgnfO{ cj4 ug{ ;lsg]5}g.
-%_ jftfj/0f tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL xs
-s_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg] xs x'g]5.
-v_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd cfwf/e"t
:jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns kfpg] xs x'g]5.
-^_ lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt;DaGwL xs
-s_ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd cfkm\gf] dft[efiffdf
cfwf/e"t lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5.
-v_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd dfWolds
tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5.
-u_ g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfkm\gf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt,
;f+:s[lts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{ xs x'g]5.
-&_ /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL xs
-s_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:Yff ePadf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] xs
x'g]5.
-v_ dlxnf, >lds, a[4, ckf, tyf czQm / c;xfo gful/snfO{
sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5.
-u_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd vfB ;Dk|e'tfsf]
xs x'g]5.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro93

-*_ ;DklQsf] xs
-s_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{, ef]u
ug]{, a]rlavg ug]{ / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]af/ ug]{ xs x'g]5.
-v_ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu afx]s /fHon] s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwu|x0f
jf k|fKt ug]{ jf To:tf] ;DklQpk/ c s'g} k|sf/n] s'g} clwsf/sf]
l;h{gf ug{]5}g.
-u_ sfg'gadf]lhd JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwu|x0f jf k|fKt ubf{ sfg'gadf]lhd
Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5.
-(_ dlxnfsf] xs
-s_ dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] e]befj ul/g]5}g.
-v_ k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg :jf:Yo tyf k|hgg;DaGwL xs x'g]5.
-u_ s'g} klg dlxnflj4 zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf]
lx+;fhGo sfo{ ul/g]5}g / To:tf] sfo{ sfg'gf/f b08gLo x'g]5.
-3_ k}t[s ;DklQdf 5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg xs x'g]5.
-!)_ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs
cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L,
hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, ul/a ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5.
-!!_ afnaflnsfsf] xs
k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm\gf] klxrfg tyf gfdsf] xs kf]if0f, cfwf/e"t
:jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf]
zf]if0flj?4sf] xs c;xfo, cgfy, ;':t dgl:ylt, lj:yflkt Pjd\ hf]lvddf
k/]sf, ;8s afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'lglZrt eljio gfafnsnfO{ s'g} snsf/vfgf,
vfgL jf o:t} cGo s'g} hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg jf ;]gf, k|x/L tyf Gdf
k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] xs x'g]5.
-!@_ wd{;DaGwL xs
k|To]s JolQmnfO{ k|rlnt ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fsf] dof{bf /fvL
k/fk"j{b]lv rlncfPs]f cfkm\gf] wd{sf] cjnDag, cEof; / ;+/If0f ug]{ tyf
k|To]s wfld{s ;Dk|bfonfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd cfkm\gf] :jtGq cl:tTj sfod /fvL
94 g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

cfkm\gf] wfld{s :yn / wfld{s u'7Lsf] ;~rfng / ;+/If0f ug]{ xs x'g]5.

-!#_ Gofo;DaGwL xs
-s_ s'g} JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] sf/0f;lxtsf] ;"rgf glbO{ y'gfdf
/flvg]5}g.
-v_ kqmfpdf k/]sf JolQmnfO{ kqmfpdf k/]sf] ;dodf g} cfkm"Nf] /f]h]sf]
sfg'g Joj;foL;FUf ;Nnfx lng kfpg] xs x'g]5. To:tf] JolQmn]
cfkm\gf] sfg'g Joj;foL;Fu u/]sf] k/fdz{ / lghn] lbPsf] ;Nnfx
uf]Ko /xg]5 / To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfg'g Joj;foLf/f k"k{If
ul/g] xsaf6 jl~rt ul/g]5}g.
-!$_ lgjf/s gh/aGblj4sf] xs
b]xfosf] cj:yfdf afx]s cGo cj:yfdf s'g} JolQmnfO{ lgjf/s gh/aGbdf
/flvg]5}gM
-s_ g]kfn /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tf jf ;fj{hlgs zflGt /
Joj:yfdf tTsfn vnn kg]{ kof{Kt cfwf/ ePdf,
-v_ lgjf/s gh/aGbdf /fVg] clwsf/Ln] sfg'gljkl/t jf ablgotk"j{s
s;} nfO{ gh/aGb /fv]d f gh/aGb /x]s f] JolQmn] sfg'gf/f
tf]lsPadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg]5.
-!%_ oftgflj4sf] xs
cg';Gwfg, txlssft jf k"k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf jf c s'g} lsl;dn] y'gfdf
/x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s oftgf lbOg] jf lgh;Fu
lgd{d, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/g]5}g. To:tf] sfo{ sfg'gf/f
b08gLo x'g]5 / To:tf] Jojxf/ ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]
adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5.
-!^_ ;"rgfsf] xs
k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfkm\gf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] s'g}klg ljifosf] ;"rgf
dfUg] jf kfpg] xs x'g]5.
-!&_ uf]kgLotfsf] xs
s'g} klg JolQmsf] lhp, cfjf;, ;DklQ, lnvt, tYof, kqfrf/, rl/q;DaGwL
s'/fxsf] uf]kgLotf sfg'gf/f tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s cgltqmDo x'g]5.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro95

-!*_ zf]if0flj4sf] xs
-s_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ zf]if0flj4sf] xs x'g]5,
-v_ k|yf, k/Dk/f / k|rngsf] gfddf jf s'g} klg lsl;dn] s;}nfO{
zf]if0f ug{ kfOg]5}g,
-u_ dflg;nfO{ a]rlavg ug{, bf;, afFwf agfpg kfOg]5}g,
-3_ s;}nfO{ klg lghsf] OR5flj4 sfddf nufpg kfOg]5}g.
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nf]stGq lbj;
u0ftGq lbj;
;lxb lbj;
/fli6o k|hftGq lbj;
lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;
afn lbj;
ljZj dhb'/ lbj;
cGt/f{li6o dlxnf lbj;
106g]kfn kl/ro

j}zfv !!
h]7 !%
df3 !^
kmfu'g &
ebf} @@
ebf} @(
d] !
dfr{ *
;"rgf ljefu

kl/R5]b M rf/

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g

/fHo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] piffsfnb]lv g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cl:tTj /x]sf]
kfOG5. b]zdf cdgrog sfod ug'{ / hgtfnfO{ /fHoaf6 lgwf{l/t ;]jf /
;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k|d'v p2]Zo / bfloTj xf]. g]kfnsf]
Oltxf;nfO{ cWoog ubf{ sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf uf]kfn j+z, ls/fFt j+z,
lnR5lj j+z, dNn j+z / zfx j+zn] /fHo u/]sf] klZrd g]kfndf v; j+zn]

k|d'v k|zf;sLo ejg l;+xb/af/

/fHo u/]sf] blIf0f klZrd t/fO{If]q slknj:t'df zfSo j+z blIf0fk"j{t/fO{

If]qdf s0ff{6 j+zLxn] /fHo u/]sf] kfOG5. sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] /fhwfgL
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro107

sf7df8f}F, v; /fHosf] /fhwfgL l;Ghf, slknj:t'sf] /fhwfgL n'lDagL /

s0ff{6 j+zLsf] 8f]o -lt/x't_ sf] /fhwfgL l;d|f}gu9 lyof]. ;fy} bfdf yf
hflt tyf hgsk'/df ldlynf efifLn] zf;g u/]sf] klg kfOG5. k|frLg
g]kfndf ef}uf]lns 6fs'/f, If]q / e"efudf ;;fgf /fHox ePsf / tL
/fHoxdf cfcfkm\g} k|sf/sf] k|zf;g k|0ffnL cljsl;t cj:yfdf /x]sf]
kfOG5. g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f kZrft\ g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljsf;
ePsf] b]lvG5. g]kfnsf] k|zf;gnfO{ ;do cjlwsf b[li6sf]0fn] rf/ ;d"xdf
ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ pko'Qm x'G5
-!_
-@_
-#_
-$_

k|frLg sfn -PsLs/0fk"j{_

dWosfn -/f0ff zf;gsf] cGt;Dd_
cfw'lgs sfn -g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/Lk"j{;Dd_
pQ/cfw'lgs sfn -g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/Lkl5sf] cj:yf_

$=! k|frLg sfn

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k|frLgsfn PsLs/0fk"j{sf] sfn ePsf]n] o;n] sf7df8f}F,
v; k|b]z, slknj:t', 8f]o /fHo, ldlynf k|b]z, yf If]qsf] k|zf;gnfO{
;d]6\g'kg]{ x'G5. ;/n zAbdf eGbf o; sfnsf] k|zf;g s:tf] lyof] eGg]
kIf vf]hsf] ljifo s} kdf /x]sf] kfOG5. oBlk o; ;dosf] k|zf;g /fhf
s]lGb|t x'GYof]. /fhf wd{u|GynfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ zf;g ub{y]. /fhfsf ljZjf;
kfqnfO{ o'4 / /fhZj ;\sngsf] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] x'GYof]. kb / sfdsf]
ljefhg lyPg. ;}lgs ansf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbOGYof].
k|frLg g]kfn ;dosf] ult;Fu} tLg v08 sf7df8f}F, lt/x't / v; /fHodf
ljeQm x'g k'u]sf] lyof]. h;nfO{ cGwsf/sf] ;do klg elgG5. Oltxf;nfO{
s]nfpFbf lnR5lj sfndf /fhfn] zf;g rnfpg dlGqkl/ifb\ lgo'Qm ug]{
uy]{ . dlGqkl/ifb\df cdfTo / dGqLx lgo'Qm ul/Gy]. zf;gdf ;xof]u ug{
;j{b08gfos, b08gfos, dxfk|ltxf/, k|ltxf/h:tf clwsf/L lgo'Qm x'Gy].
/fHonfO{ ljleGg b -lhNnf_, u|fd -ufpF_ / tn -ahf/_ df ljefhg u/L
ljs]lGb|t zf;g ul/GYof]. :yfgLo txdf zf;g kf~rfnL -JolQmxsf]
;d"x_ n] ub{Yof].
dNnsfndf klg /fhf ;j]{;jf{ lyP. /fhfkl5 /fhs'df/ x'Gy]. oBlk zf;gdf
;xof]u k'ofpg dGqL, ;]gfklt lgo'Qm ub{y]. cfk;L k|lt:kwf{df afFRgsf]
108g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

nflu dNn /fhfxn] ;]gfdf w]/} vr{ ug]{ ub{y]. k|frLgsfndf /fhtGqfTds
zf;g k|0ffnL lyof]. /fhfx wfld{s u|Gy, gLlt zf:q Pj+ wd{1fsf] cfwf/df
zf;g ub{y].
lnR5jLsfnsf kbx

dxfk|ltxf/ M /fhb/af/;DaGwL x]g]{ k|d'v

k|ltxf/ M /fhb/af/;DaGwL x]g]{ clws[t
b08gfos M sfg'g Joj:yf agfpg] / Gofo;DaGwL x]g{] clws[t
b'ts M /fh 3f]if0ff k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{
dxfanfWoIf M ;]gfklt
a|t M s[lif, jg, l;FrfO, Jofkf/ ug]{
wd{lwsf/ M wfld{s dfldnf x]g]{
lnR5ljsfnsf sfof{nox
k"jf{lws/0f M k"j{sf] k|zf;g, klZrdflws/0f M klZrdsf] k|zf;g, dfkrf]s
M ljjfx, kf/kfr's] / k'glj{jfx, clws/0f M s/ k|zf;g
dNn sfnsf kbx
/fhu' M /fhk'/f]lxt
;]gfWoIf M /fHosf] ;'/Iff x]g]{
pd/fcf] M /fHo k|zf;g / s/ k|zf;g x]g]{
e08f/gfos M /fhfsf] e08f/ x]g]{
6S;f/L M l;Ssf 5fKg]
rl/bf/ M cg';Gwfg clws[t
sf]tjfn M zflGt ;'/Iff x]g]{.

$=@ dWosfn
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] 6'lqmg k'usf] g]kfnnfO{ lj=;+= !*@^ -;g\ !&^*_ df
PsLs/0f u/]sf lyP. To;a]nf /fhfxn] lxGb"wd{cg';f/ zf;g ub{y].
/fhf k|zf;gsf ;j]{;jf{ lyP. zf;g s]lGb|s[t lyof]. /fhfn] cfkm\gf
lk|okfqnfO{ k|zf;gsf dxTjk"0f{ kbdf lgo'lQm ub{y]. o; sfndf g} /fhfnfO{
zlQmxLg agfP/ /f0ff kl/jf/sf] lg/+s'z zf;g rn]sf] lyof].
b|Jo zfxnfO{ uf]vf{ ljho ug{ ;3fPsf cof{n, kf08], vgfn, kGt, af]x/f /
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro109

/fgf 5 y/nfO{ k|zf;gsf dxTjk"0f{ kbdf klxnf] df}sf lbOGYof]. o;sfndf

sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfsf] 5'} Joj:yf lyPg. ;a} clwsf/
/fhf jf /f0ffdf lglxt lyof]. oBlk zf;g ;~rfngdf ;Nnfx / k/fdz{
lng ef/bf/sf] Joj:yf lyof] eg] b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfngsf] nflu k|zf;gsf]
Joj:yf lyof].
ef/bf/L kbdf lgo'lQm x'g] sd{rf/L t'ngfTds kdf /fhf/f0ffsf glur
x'Gy]. To:tf kbdf u', rf}tfl/of, sfhL, ;/bf/, sk/bf/, vhf~rL, bbf,
f/] lyP. k|zf;sLo wdf{lwsf/, k'/f]lxt, sKtfg, dL/d'G;L, jlsn, ;'Aaf,
l8f, v/bf/, d'lvof sf]tafn, ljrf/L, b/f]uf, txljnbf/ pd/fcf], sf]t]
hdbf/h:tf kbx lyP. o; sfndf ul/Psf dxTjk"0f{ k|zf;sLo sfo{
o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M
lj=;+= !(&$ df v8\u lgzfgsf] 5fk rGb| zdz]/n] rngdf NofP.
lj=;+= !(%) df k|zf;sLo sfo{ Jojl:yt ug{ t/fO{df #% / kxf8df @#

lhNnfdf b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ljefhg jL/ zdz]/n] u/].

sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd lbg rGb| zdz]/n] >]:tf kf7zfnf :yfkgf u/L -s_

P]g;|]:tf -v_ ul0ft -u_ n]vf / -3_ e"uf]n ljifodf tflnd lbg] Joj:yf
u/].
eLd zdz]/n] zlgaf/ labf lbg] / sfof{no ;do !) ah] laxfgb]lv $

ah] ;fFem;Dd sfod u/].

h'4 zdz]/n] ;}lgs b|Jo sf]if v8f u/]. ;}lgs / lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{

lgj[QLe/0f lbg] Joj:yf u/].

ljz]iftf
/fHo ;~rfngsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ /fhfdf lglxt lyof]. k|zf;gsf dxTjk"0f{
kbx ^ y/3/sf JolQmxnfO{ zfx /fhfxn] ;'/lIft u/]sf lyP. /f0ff
sfndf /f0ff kl/jf/sf ;b:oxnfO{ ;'/lIft ul/Psf lyP. sd{rf/Lsf]
khgL jflif{s kdf ul/GYof] / sd{rf/LnfO{ lhG;L -jfnL_ / gub tna
lbOGYof]. ;]gf, Gofo / lghfdtL kbdf Ps} kbflwsf/L /xg] ub{y]. /f0ffsfndf
vr{ eO{ ar]sf] /sd k|wfgdGqLsf] lghL 9's'6Ldf hfGYof]. rfs8L k|yf
pRr kdf lyof]. zf;ssf] OR5fdf sd{rf/L lgo'Qm x'Gy]. vf;u/L k|zf;g
110g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

s]Gb|Ls[t, k/dk/fjfbL / JolQmd'vL lyof]. /f0ff sfndf kb z[\vnf k|wfgdGqL,

d'lVtof/L, 8fO/]S6/ hg/n, a8fsfhL, sfhL, v/bf/, dL/;'Aaf, ;'Aaf, gfoj
;'Aaf, vl/bf/, l8f, d'lvof gfoa d'lvof, /fO6/, gfoa /fO6/, axLbf/ u/L
sfod ul/Psf] lyof].
$=# cfw'lgs sfn
dWosfnLg lg/\s'ztGq rfs8L, eg;'g, dgk/L9\un] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]
egf{, cj}1flgs a9'jf, ckof{Kt / cfjZos of]Uotf ePsf sd{rf/L cflbsf]
cefjsf] cj:yfaf6 d'n's k|hftflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLdf k|j]z ubf{ b]zdf
k|zf;lgs If]q dha't lyPg. o;} tYonfO{ dgg u/L @))& ;fnsf]
/fhgLlts kl/jt{g;Fu} k|zf;g ;'wf/ k|f/De ul/of]. @))* ;fndf g}
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf eof]. @))( df ef/tLo k|zf;g ljb\ Pd Pg
a'rsf] cWoIftfdf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu cfof]u aGof] / ;'wf/sf nflu
;'emfjx lbof]. ;fy;fy} @)!# ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL 6+sk|;fb
cfrfo{sf] cWoIftfdf k|zf;g k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]u aGof]. o; cfof]un]
lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/ / ljsf;sf] lgldQ cfwf/lznf :yfkgf uof].
o; cfof]usf] ;'emfjadf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf u/L
sfg'gLs/0f, nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/; ePsf] JolQmdfq lghfdtL ;]jfdf
k|j]z ug{ kfpg], d]l/6Ls/0f nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf u/L bIftf clej[4Ls/0f,
;\u7gsf] yk36 u/L ;\u7gsf] ;fdlosLs/0f, ;]jf ;d"x Joj:yf u/L
Joj;flosLs/0f ug] {h:tf sfo{x ul/P. o;kl5 /fhgLlts zf;g k|0ffnL;Fu;F u}
@)@% ;fndf j]bfgGb emfsf] cWoIftfdf k|lta4 k|zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
ug]{ p2]Zon] / @)#@ ;fndf e]ifaxfb'/ yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{
;Ifd agfpg] p2]Zon] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of; eP h;n] k|zf;gnfO{ cfw'lgs
agfpg yk ;'wf/x ug{ ;Dej t'Nofof]. @)$& ;fnsf] k|hftflGqs ;/sf/n]
pbf/ / k|hftflGqs g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& NofPkl5 g]kfnsf]
k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ / cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ @)$* ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u agfof]
. cfof]un] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf g]kfnsf] k|zf;gsf b]xfoadf]lhdsf sdhf]/Lx
cf}FNofPsf] lyof] M
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dgf]an / pTk|]/0ff cToGt 36]sf] .
;/sf/ hghLjgsf ljleGg If]qdf Joks kdf ;+nUg ePsf] .
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro111

;/sf/L sfof{no / sd{rf/L ;\Vof w]/} ePsf] .

;/sf/L sfo{k|0ffnLdf ljz]if1tf Go"g /x]sf] .
lg0f{ok|lqmof u'0f:t/Lo x'g g;s]sf] .
sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|lqmofdf sfuhL sf/jfxL / cf}krfl/stfsf] afx'Notf
/x]sf] .
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] pQ/bfloTj :ki6 ls6fg gePsf] .
sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu sd{rf/LxnfO{ kof{Kt clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
gePsf] ;fy} sd{rf/Lsf] bIftf / clej[l4 x'g g;s]sf] .
;]jf k|jfxsf] u'0f:t/ / k|efjsfl/tf Go"g /x]sf] .

oL sdhf]/L / cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L cfof]un] b]xfosf If]qdf ;dli6ut

;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjx k]z u/]sf] lyof] M
!=

;/sf/sf sfo{If]qdf ;\s'rg Pj+ ;/sf/L lgoGq0f v's'nf] ub}{

hghLjgsf If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug'{kg]{ .
@= k|zf;sLo ;\u7gsf] k'gu{7g ug'{kg]{ .
#= ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg k|lqmofnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
$= of]hgf / ljsf; k|lqmofdf k'gu{7g ug'{kg]{ .
%= lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ljz]if1 ;]jf agfpg'kg]{ .
^= sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;, ;jf / kb:yfkgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ tyf
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'/Iffdf hf]8 lbOg'kg]{.
&= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] P]g lgoddf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{ tyf sd{rf/Lsf]
sfo{ljj/0f nfu" ug{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof\sgdf ;'wf/ ug{ hf]8
ug'{kg]{ .
*= k|hftflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLdf dGqL / lghfdtL sd{rf/LxaLrsf]
;DaGw Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ .
(= ;/sf/L sfo{ k|0ffnL / sfo{ljlwdf ;/nLs/0f u/L pTkfbs agfpg'kg]{ .
!)= ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf lghLs/0f ug{] .
!!= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{].
cfof]un] lbPsf s]xL ;'emfjx sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] h;n] ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
sfo{ If]qdf sdL cfPsf] / ;]jf k|jfxsf If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf a9g
uPsf] 5 . ;fy;fy} sd{rf/Lsf] ;zQmLs/0f ePsf] klg 5. oBlk ;'wf/
;w}Fsf nflu kof{Kt x'Fb}g. To;kl5 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/sf nflu cf=j=
112g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

@)%&%* df ;fzsLo ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf ;~rfngdf cfof] / To;n] ;dfj]zL

lghfdtL ;]jf agfpg kxn u/]sf] lyof].

$=$ pQ/cfw'lgs sfn

k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] r/0fdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bf];|f]
;+zf]wgn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL, n}\lusd}qL / ;]jfu|fxLpGd'v agfPsf]
5. ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpgsf] nflu g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
cg'k lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, blnt,
ckf, lk5l8Psf] If]qsf nflu v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}+tfnL;
k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ Ps ;o dfgL plNnlvt ljleGg ;d"x?x?sf
nflu qmdzM ##, @&, @@, gf}, kfFr / rf/ k|ltzt cf/If0f ul/Psf] 5. ;fy},
P]gdf dlxnfsf nflu ljleGg zLif{sdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] Joj:yf klg
ul/Psf] 5. g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] lbPsf] xs clwsf/cg'k
lghfdtL ;]jfdf 6]8 o'lgogsf] cEof;nfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;]jfk|fKt
ug'{ cfd gful/ssf] xs xf] eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ lghfdtL
;]jfnfO{ ;]jfu|fxLd'vL agfpg] k|of; klg ePsf] 5.
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g b]zsf] hg;\Vofsf] t'ngfdf 7"nf] 5}g. o;n]
;/sf/sf lg0f{ox sfof{Gjog ug]{ / hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k'ofpg] sfo{ /fhgLlts
pynk'yn Pj+ sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfdf klg lg/Gt/ kdf ;Dkfbg ub}{
cfPsf] 5. lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs sfo{jftfj/0fn]
;]jfnfO{ k|efljt ub}{ cfPsf] x'G5. ;\u7gfTds ;+/rgf, sfo{ lhDd]jf/L,
sd{rf/Lsf] ljt/0f, s]Gb|Ls/0fsf ;jfn, ;do;fk]If sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf /
;'ljwf, /fhgLlts l:y/tf, lghfdtL ;]jfdf pQ/bfloTjsf] ls6fgL, ;]jfu|fxLsf]
r]tgf :t/, sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|lqmofdf kf/blz{tfsf] ;jfn, ;]jfleq ;bfrfl/tf
/ cfly{s cg'zf;gsf] cj:yf, lg0f{o Ifdtf / lg0f{o sfof{Gjogdf tTk/tfsf]
l:ylt, ;]jfdf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, sfo{qmd / ah]6aLrsf] ;Gt'ngh:tf k]lrnf
d'2fxdf ;'wf/sf u'Ghfo;x cem} afFsL g} 5g\. ;]jfdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf
lg/Gt/ /lx/x]sf] x'G5. ;/sf/n] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;/sf/sf lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog ug]{ alnof] xftsf] kdf ljsf; ug{ k|of; ug'{kb{5. lghfdtL
;]jf ;Ifd, pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ ePdf /fhgLlts txdf x'g] kl/jt{gaf6 of]
;]jf ck|efljt /xg ;Sb5 .
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro113

kl/R5]b M kfFr

g]kfnsf] cfly{s Joj:yf

g]kfn ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n's xf]. cfly{s ljsf;sf k|z:t ;Defjgfx x'Fbfx'Fb}
klg of] b]z ul/a d'n'ssf] k\lQmdf k/]sf] 5. ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+\3n] !(&! O{=
;+=df g]kfn cltsd ljsl;t /fi6 ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf] lyof]. lsgls
g]kfndf k|ltJolQm cfo cToGt Go"g, /fli6o cfDbfgLsf] c;dfg ljt/0f,
clwsf+z hgtfx s[lifdf lge{/ /xg' tyf /f]huf/Ld"ns Joj;flos lzIffsf]
cefj cflb sf/0fxn] ubf{ g]kfn ljZjsf ul/a d'n'sxdf kb}{ uPsf] xf].
ul/aLsf k|ToIf cGo sf/0fxdf a;fOF;/fO, lzIffsf] cefj, hgr]tgfsf]
cefj, cTolws hg;\Vof j[l4, e"kl/j]li7t cy{tGq, cfoftdf a9L hf]8
tyf k|fs[lts ;fwgxsf] plrt ;b'kof]usf] cefj cflb /x]sf 5g\.

Onfdsf] lrof aufg

114g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

s[lifdf cfwfl/t hg;\Vof, /]ld6fG;df cfwfl/t cy{tGq, ul/aL, e"kl/j]li7t

cy{tGq, cNkljsl;t b]z, /fli6o cfosf] c;dfg ljt/0f, c;Gt'lnt If]qLo
ljsf;, k|fs[lts >f]tsf] cNk pkof]u, ;fgf] cfsf/sf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/,
ldl>t cy{tGq, ljb]zL ;xfotfdf lge{/ cy{tGq, dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Go"g
ljsf;, k|r'/ ;DefjgfaLr Go"g ko{6sLo Joj;fo, ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf]
Go"g pkof]u, Go"g phf{ pkof]u, Go"g cfly{s ljsf; b/ cflb jt{dfg
g]kfnsf] cy{ Joj:yfsf ljz]iftfx x'g\.

%=! g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf k|of;

;fdfGotM lglZrt p2]Zo tyf nIox h:t}M cfly{s ljsf;, /f]huf/L j[l4,
pTkfbgsf] :t/df j[l4, oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] ljsf; tyf If]qLo ;Gt'ng
sfod ug]{ cflb ljleGg sfo{x ug{sf] nflu s]Gb|Lo k|;fzgf/f cy{tGqdfly
ug]{ lgof]lht lgoGq0fnfO{ g} cfly{s of]hgf elgG5. csf]{ zAbdf eGg'kbf{
cfly{s of]hgf eg]sf] s]Gb|Lo k|zf;gf/f lglZrt p2]Zox k|fKt ug{sf]
lgldQ b]zsf ;fwg ;|f]tsf] k|flKt, ltgLxsf] afF8kmfF8 / pkof]u;DaGwL
ckgfpg] gLlt xf].
g]kfndf of]hgfsf] Oltxf; Tolt w]/} k'/fgf] 5}g. !)$ jif{;Dd g]kfnsf]
zf;gsf] afu8f]/ /f0ffxn] xftdf lnP klg of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf nflu vf;
sbdx rfn]gg\. oBlk /f0ff k|wfgdGqL h'4 zdz]/n] @) jifL{o of]hgfsf]
3]fif0ff u/]sf lyP. t/ o;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPg. /fhg}lts l:y/tf
/ lbzfaf]w :ki6 gePsf sf/0fn] ubf{ @))& ;fnkl5 cfly{s of]hgfsf]
;'jft geP tfklg o;;DaGwdf k|z:t u[xsfo{x eP. @))* ;fndf
klxnf]kN6 ah]6sf] Joj:yf eof]. lj=;+= @)!# ;fnb]lv g]kfndf of]hgfa4
ljsf;sf] yfngL ePsf] xf]. oL ljleGg of]hgfxnfO{ ;\If]kdf tn k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 M

%=!=! k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)!#@)!*_

k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf lj=;+= @)!# ;fn cflZjg ! ut]b]lv ;' eO{ @)!*
;fn >fj0f d;fGt;Dddf k"/f ePsf] lyof].

p2]Zo
-s_ pTkfbg / /f]huf/L j[l4ug]{ .
-v_ e]befj/lxt tl/sfn] hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro115

-u_ eljiodf of]hgfxsf nflu k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{ qmddf cfjZos cfly{s
;j]{If0fx ;DkGg ug]{.

k|fyldstf
-s_ oftfoft / ;~rf/,
-v_ l;FrfO{ pmhf{ / jg,
-u_ s[lif tyf s[lifhGo,
-3_ ;fdflhs ;]jf,
-_ pBf]u, vfgL / ko{6g .
%=!=@ bf];|f] lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)!(@)@@_
bf];|f] lqjifL{o of]hgf @)!( ;fnb]lv ;' eO{ @)@@ ;fndf k"/f eof].
p2]Zo
-s_ a9\bf] hg;\Vofsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ s[lif tyf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf]
pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ .
-v_ d"No l:y/tf sfod u/L ljsf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ .
-u_ Gofof]lrt ;fdflhs Joj:yf sfod ug]{.
k|fyldstf
-s_ oftfoft / ;~rf/,
-v_ ;fdflhs ;]jf,
-u_ pBf]u, vfgL tyf ko{6g,
-3_ s[lif, l;FrfO, jg tyf vfg]kfgL,
-_ phf{ -Power_,
-r_ ljljw .
%=!=# t];|f] k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)@@@)@&_
t];|f] k~rjifL{o of]hgf lj=;+= @)@@ ;fndf ;' eO{ @)@& ;fndf ;dfKt
ePsf] lyof]. o; of]hgfn] !% jif{leq /fli6o pTkfbgnfO{ bf]Aa/ ug]{ nIo
lnPsf] lyof]. o;cg';f/ /fli6o cfodf !( k|ltzt, k|ltJolQm cf};t cfo
( k|ltzt / vfBfGg pTkfbgdf !% k|ltztn] j[l4 ug]{ nIo /x]sf] lyof].
p2]Zo
-s_ s[lif If]qsf] vfBfGg pTkfbgdf j[l4 Nofpg] .
116g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

-v_ s[lifdf Joj:yfd"ns ;'wf/ ug]{ .

-u_ cfwf/e"t If]qx ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] .
-3_ cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ l;h{gf ug]{ .
-_ j}b]lzs Jofkf/df ljljwtf Nofpg] .
-r_ ;fdflhs cfjZostf k"/f ub}{ hfg] .

k|fyldstf
-s_ oftfoft / ;~rf/,
-v_ s[lif, l;FrfO, jg tyf vfg]kfgL,
-u_ pBf]u,
-3_ ;fdflhs ;]jf .
%=!=$ rf}yf] k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)@&@)#@_
rf}yf] k~rjifL{o of]hgf lj=;+= @)@& ;fndf ;' u/L @)#@ ;fndf k"/f eof].
p2]Zo
-s_ pTkfbg j[l4df clwstd hf]8 lbg] .
-v_ ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx k"/f ub}{ n}hfg] .
-u_ Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f / Jofkf/ lj:tf/df clws dxTj k|bfg ug]{ .
-3_ cfly{s l:y/tf / ljsf; ultdf ultzLntf Nofpg] .
-_ >dzlQmsf] clwstd pkof]u / hg;\Vof lgogq0ftkm{ Wofg lbg] .
-r_ zf]if0f/lxt ;dfh l;h{gfsf] cfwf/ tof/ kfg]{.
k|fyldstf
-s_ oftfoft / ;~rf/,
-v_ s[lif, e"ld;'wf/ tyf jg,
-u_ pBf]u, jfl0fHo, vfgL tyf ljB't\,
-3_ k~rfot, lzIff, :jf:Yo, / cGo ;fdflhs ;]jfx,
-_ tYof\s.
%=!=% kfrf} k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)#@@)#&_
p2]Zo
-s_ hg;fwf/0fxsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ pTkfbg j[l4df hf]8 lbg] .
-v_ >dzlQmsf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{ .
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro117

-u_ k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng sfod u/L k|fb]lzs PsLs/0ftkm{ hf]8 lbg].

k|fyldstf
-s_ s[lif, e"ld;'wf/, l;FrfO, jg e";+/If0f/ k'gjf{;,
-v_ oftfoft / ;~rf/,
-u_ pBf]u, jfl0fHo, ljB't\ tyf vfgL,
-3_ ;fdflhs ;]jf -lzIff, :jf:Yo cflb_ .
gLltx
-s_ ljb]zL ;fwgdflysf] lge{/tfnfO{ qmdzM sd u/fpFb} n}hfg] p2]Zocg';f/
cfGtl/s ;fwgsf] clwstd kl/rfng ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5.
-v_ If]qLo c;Gt'ng qmdzM 36fpFb} n}hfgsf nflu nufgL / pTkfbgsf]
9fFrfdf cfjZos ;'wf/ NofOg]5.
-u_ ;fj{hlgs, lghL tyf k~rfot tLg} If]qxdf ;~rfng x'g] s'g} klg
cfof]hgfdf ;Dej eP;Dd >dd"ns k|ljlw pkof]u ug]{ gLlt lnOg]5.
-3_ ;fj{;fwf/0f pkef]Qmfxsf] lxt /Iff ug{ d"No l:y/tf / cTofjZos
j:t'x b'u{d If]qxdf ;'ky d"Nodf k'ofpg] gLlt cg';/0f ul/g]5.
-_ ;/sf/L If]qsf] of] ubfgdf j[ l4 ub} { j}b]lzs k' FhL cfslif{t ug]{ gLlt lnOg] 5.
-r_ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x hgOR5fcg'k ;~rfng ug{ k~rfotL
lgsfoxnfO{ s]Gb|Lo cg'bfgsf ;fy} k|fljlws 6]jf;d]t pknAw u/fO{
:yfgLo lgsfosf :yfgLo sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ul/g]5.
-5_ ef/t;Fu dfq s]Gb|Ls[t eO/x]sf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f ub}{ nlug]5.
-h_ e"ld;'wf/nfO{ clws k|efjzfnL / pknlAwd"ns agfpFb} nlug]5.
%=!=^ 5}7f} k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)#&@)$@_
p2]Zo
-s_ pTkfbg j[l4b/df tLj|tf Nofpg] .
-v_ pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x l;h{gf ug]{ .
-u_ hgtfsf] Go"gtd cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ .
k|fyldstf
-s_ s[lif, l;FrfO tyf jg,
-v_ pBf]u, vfgL / ljB't\,
-u_ ;fdflhs ;]jfx.
118g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

-3_ oftfoft / ;~rf/.

gLltx
-s_ s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;tkm{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg].
-v_ ;fgf, 3/]n' / s'6L/ pBf]uxsf] ljsf;nfO{ dxTj lbg].
-u_ lgsf;L Jofkf/ / ko{6gsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg].
-3_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;Dkfbsf] ;+/If0f / hn;|f]tsf] ljsf;tkm{ ljz]if Wofg
lbOg].
-_ tof/L cfwf/zLnfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ul/g] .
-r_ cy{tGqsf] ;f]rg Ifdtf -Absorption capacity_ lj:tf/ / hg;\Vof
lgoGq0f ug]{ gLltx cg';/0f ul/g]5.
/0fgLlt
-s_ cfly{s lg0f{o ljs]Gb|Ls/0f,
-v_ ;+:yfut cfwf/xsf] ljsf;,
-u_ ;'b[9 tyf ;Ifd ljsf; k|zf;g,
-3_ tflnd k|fKt hgzlQm ljsf;,
-_ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] cfk"lt{df j[l4.
%=!=& ;ftf} k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)$@@)$&_
;ftfF} k~rjifL{o of]hgf lj=;+= @)$@ ;fnb]lv ;' eO{ @)$& ;fndf k"/f
eof].
p2]Zo
-s_ pTkfbg b/df j[l4 Nofpg] .
-v_ pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x l;h{gf ug]{ .
-u_ hgtfsf] Go"gtd cfjZostfx k"/f ub}{ n}hfg].
k|fyldstf
-s_ s[lif, l;FrfO tyf jg,
-v_ pBf]u / ljB't\,
-u_ ;fdflhs ;]jfx,
-3_ oftfoft / ;~rf/.
gLltx
-s_ s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;df ;jf]{kl/ k|fyldstf lbOg].
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro119

-v_ jg;Dkfbsf] ljsf; / e";+/If0fdf hf]8 lbg].

-u_ hn;|f]tsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg].
-3_ 3/]n' pBf]usf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ k|f]T;flxt ul/g].
-_ lgsf;L Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu clws hf]8 lbg].
-r_ ko{6g ljsf;df hf]8 lbg].
-5_ hg;\Vof j[l4b/df lgoGq0f ul/g].
-h_ cfly{s PsLs/0f ug]{.
-em_ ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ ;'b[9 / ;Ifd agfpg].

%=!=* cf7F} k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)$(@)%$_

cf7f}F k~rjifL{o of]hgf lj=;+= @)$( b]lv @)%$ ;Dd ;~rfng ePsf]
lyof]. o; of]hgfsf] k|d'v nIox lgDgfg';f/ lyP M
!_ lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ .
@_ ul/aL 36fpg] .
#_ If]qLo c;Gt'ng sd ug]{ .
oL p2]Zox k"/f ug{sf nflu ;Lldt cfly{s, dfgjLo / ;+:yfut ;fwgx
lgDg lnlvt k|fyfldstfsf] qmdcg';f/ afF8kmfF8 ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf]
lyof]. s[lifdf ;3gtf / ljljwLs/0f, phf{ ljsf;, u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;,
/f]huf/L l;h{gf tyf dfgjLo ;fwgsf] ljsf;, hg;\Vof j[l4df lgoGq0f,
cf}Bf]lus ljsf; tyf ko{6g k|jw{g lgsf;L k|jw{g tyf ljljwLs/0f ;dli6ut
cfly{s :yfloTj, ljsf; k|zf;g / cg'udg tyf d"Nofg ul/g] nIo
/flvPsf] lyof].
cf7fF} of]hgf th'{df ubf{ lgDglnlvt ljsf; cjwf/0ffx /flvPsf] lyof] M
!_ :jtGq, ahf/f]Gd'v, v'nf / p4f/ cy{Joj:yfsf] dfWodaf6 ljsf;
ub}{ hfg].
@_ :yfgLo txsf lgsfoxnfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg ub}{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f gLltsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ub}{ hfg].
#_ If]qLo ljsf;nfO{ u|fdL0f ljsf;;Fu cfa4 u/L ljsf;sf k|ltkmn
;Dk"0f{ hgtfn] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] l:yltsf] l;h{gf ub}{ hfg].
$_ ;/sf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf d"nt ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] l;h{gf ug{ / cfwf/e"t
120g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

%_

^+_

;fdflhs ;]jfxnfO{ u|fdL0f If]q;Dd k'ofpgdf s]lGb|t ug]{.

lghL If]q tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ ljsf; sfo{df ;a}eGbf a9L
;+nUg u/fpg M
s_ k|zf;lgs k|lqmofnfO{ ;/nLs/0f / :ki6 ug]{,
v_ ;/sf/L lg0f{o l56f] 5l/tf] u/fpg],
u_ ;/sf/L gLltx a9L p2f/, ;/n / :ki6 ug]{,
3_ kl/eflift gLltxsf] k|efjsf/L kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{,
cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] cfkm\gf] cg'ej tyf t'ngfTds
kmfObfsf] cfwf/df a9L k|efjsf/L9n] sfd ug{ ;Sg] If]qxdf
logLxnfO{ sfd ug{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ hfg].

k|fyldstf
-s_ s[lif ;3gtf / ljljwLs/0f,
-v_ phf{ ljsf;,
-u_ u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ ljsf;,
-3_ /f]huf/L l;h{gf / hglzQm ljsf;,
-_ hg;+Vof j[l4df lgoGq0f,
-r_ cf}Bf]lus ljsf; / ko{6g k|j4{g,
-5_ lgof{t lj:tf/ ljljwLs/0f,
-h_ ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj,
-em_ ljsf; k|zf;gdf ;'wf/,
-`_ cg'udg / d"Nof\sg.
If]qut gLltx
-s_ s[lif pTkfbg j[l4df ef}uf]lns If]qLo -Agro-ecological zone_ pko'QmtfnfO{
clws k|fyldstf lbOg].
-v_ nfebfos / lgof{td"ns s[lif pkhsf] Jofj;foLs/0f / ljljwLs/0ftkm{
hf]8 lbg].
-u_ cf}Bf]lus afnL pTkfbgdf pRr k|fyldstf k|bfg ug]{.
-3_ s[lif k|;f/ sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] -ufpFn], s[ifs sfo{stf{x
pkof]u ul/g]_
-_ s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbgsf ;fwgxaf/]df lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf
j[l4tkm{ clws dxTj k|bfg ul/g].
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro121

-r_ s[lif cg';Gwfg tyf s[lif k|;f/tkm{ hf]8 lbOg].

-5_ s[lif nufgL k|lqmofnfO{ ;s];Dd ;/n agfpg].
-h_ ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df hf]8 lbOg].

%=!=( gjf} k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)%$@)%(_

p2]Zo
/fi6sf] ljsf; cufl8 a9fpFb} n}hfg] p2]Zocg'k @) jif]{ bL3{sfnLg
ljsf; cjwf/0ff;Fu tfbDo sfod u/L /fi6sf] k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] kdf /x]sf]
ul/aLnfO{ bL3{sfnLg / k|efjsf/L kdf 36fpg ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{
Psdfq d"n p2]Zo gjf}F of]hgfn] /fv]sf] lyof].

k|fyldstf
-s_ s[lif tyf jg,
-v_ hn;|f]t,
-u_ dfgj ;+;fwg / ;fdflhs ljsf;,
-3_ cf}Bf]uLs/0f, ko{6g ljsf; / cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/,
-_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/.
gLlt
-s_ cfly{s ;'wf/sf] k|lqmof cyjf k4lt ;'b[9 kfb}{ cfly{s j[l4b/ km/flsnf]
agfpFb} nlug].
-v_ bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf sfof{Gjog u/L s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/
sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fpg].
-u_ e":jfldTjsf] ;d:of lg/fs/0f ub}{ e"lddfly e"ldxLg ls;fgsf] kx'Fr
a9fpFb} s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg] tyf s[lifdfly cfwfl/t pBf]uxsf]
ljsf; tyf lj:tf/f/f cfDbfgL / /f]hfuf/Lsf cj;/x l;h{gf u/L
ul/aLsf] ;d:of sd ub}{ n}hfg].
-3_ hg;xeflutfnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ agfpFb} ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :yfgLo ljsf;
tyf dfgjLo ;+ ; fwg ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 lk5l8Psf hflt
hghfltxsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs pTyfg ug]{.
-_ pBdzLn / ;Lkd"ns tflndsf] ;~rfng tyf lj:tf/f/f :j/f]huf/L
/ /f]huf/sf cj;/x k|fKt ug{ ;dy{tfg\ hgzlQm pTkfbg ul/g].
To:tf sfo{qmdxnfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] k|d'v dfWod agfO{ k|fljlws
122g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

;xfotf, ;/;Nnfx, C0f k|jfxh:tf ;]jfx Jofks kdf u|fdL0f

tx;Dd lj:tf/ ul/g].
-r_ s[lif, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u / ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ u|fdL0f tx;Dd
lj:tf/ u/L cfo cfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/xdf Jofkstf Nofpg].
-5_ ;fwgsf] ;Lldttftkm{ Wofg lbO{ ;fwgnfO{ ;s];Dd l56f] / Hofbf
k|ltkmn lbg], /f]huf/Ld"ns Gofof]lrt ljt/0fnfO{ ;3fp k'ofpg] vfnsf
s[lif, ;fgf pBf]u / ko{6gtkm{ s]lGb|t ul/g].
-h_ j}b]lzs Jofkf/df lgsf;L Jofkf/nfO{ clwstd k|f]T;flxt ul/g]. Jofkf/
ljljwLs/0fsf] gLlt cg';/0f ubf{ t'ngfTds nfe / k|lt:kwf{Tds
jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ sfg'gL / ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ub}{ nlug].
-em_ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/sf] Jofks ljsf; tyf lj:tf/f/f cy{tGqsf]
pTkfbg / pTkfbg Ifdtf a9fpFb} n}hfg].

%=!=!) bzf} k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)%(@)^# _

ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf If]qxM
/fli6o k|fyldstf, ljBdfg ;d:of / ljsf; ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df bzf}F
of]hgfdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg] lgDgcg';f/sf If]qx klxrfg ul/Psf lyPM
s_
v_
u_
3_

s[lif ljsf;, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf

u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf; tyf u|fdL0f phf{,
hg;\Vof Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;]jf / cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff,
gLlh If]qsf] e"ldsfdf ko{6g, hn;|f]t, ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf cf}Bf]lus
Pjd\ Jofkfl/s If]qxsf] ljsf;,
_ dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f,
r_ blnt, hghflt tyf ljkGg ju{sf] pTyfg Pjd\ /f]huf/L tyf cfwf/e"t
;'/Iffsf] nflu nlIft sfo{qmd,
5_ :yfgLo ljsf; tyf u}/;/sf/L Pjd\ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfxsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
h_ b'u{d If]q Pjd\ If]qut ljsf;df hf]8,
em_ u|fdL0f k|ljlwdf kl/dfh{g Pjd\ pRr k|ljlwsf] k|of]u,
`_ ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt / clej[l4,
6_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf k|a4{g,
7_ /fli6o Pj+ If]qLo:t/sf k"jf{wf/xsf] ljsf;.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro123

p2]Zo
!= b]zdf ljBdfg ul/aLsf] cj:yfaf6 pGd'lQm;lxt Ps ;';+:s[t, cfw'lgs
Pj+ k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfo'Qm hg;dfh l;h{gf ug]{ -bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo_.
@= ;/sf/, :yfgLo lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L If]q, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf]
;+o'Qm ;xeflutfdf ;|f]t ;fwgxsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfng ub}{ cfly{s
cj;/ Pj+ /f]huf/Lsf If]qx lj:tf/ ug]{ / ;zQmLs/0f, dfgjLo
ljsf;, ;'/Iff tyf nlIft sfo{qmddfkm{t dlxnf, blnt, b'u{d If]qsf
afl;Gbfnufot clt ul/a Pj+ lk5l8Psf ju{sf] ;fwg tyf cfly{s
pknlAwxdf kx' F r j[ l 4 ub} { cfly{ s , dfgjLo Pj+ ;fdflhs
kl/;"rsxsf] ;'wf/ u/L u/LaL 36fpg] -cNksfnLg cyjf bzf}F
of]hgfsf] p2]Zo_
/0fgLlt
!= pRr, lbuf] / km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4,
-@_ ;fdflhs If]q / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;,
-#_ nlIft sfo{qmd,
-$_ ;'zf;g.

%=!=!! tLgjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$^%@)^^^&_

hgcfGbf]ng @)^@^# kl5sf] tLgjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfn] ;d[4, cfw'lgs
/ Gofok"0f{ g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]rcg'k /f]huf/Ld"ns, u/LaL
lgjf/0fpGd'v km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ ;'zf;g k|j4{g tyf ;]jf
k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df nufgL j[l4 ug]{,
;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbg] ;dfj]zL ljsf; / nlIft sfo{qmdx
;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zox lnPsf] lyof]. ef}lts ;+/rgfxsf] k'glg{df0f /
k'gM:yfkgf G k|efljtxnfO{ /fxt, k'gM:yfkgf tyf ;fdflhs PsLs/0f
/ ;dfof]hg ljsf;sf ;a} ;+/rgf, If]q / k|lqmofxdf pk]lIft ;d'bfo,
If]qsf] ;dfj]zLs/0f s[lif, ko{6g tyf pBf]unfO{ 6]jf k'Ug] ljB't\ ljsf;,
;8s, l;FrfO tyf ;~rf/h:tf ef}lts k"jf{w/sf] ljsf; tyf lzIff, :jf:Yo,
vfg]kfgL ;/;kmfOsf] ljsf;dfkm{t\ dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;nfO{ of]hgfn]
k|fyldstf lbPsf] lyof].
124g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

%=!=!@ lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&^*@)^(&)_

lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf yfngL ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|of;n] ;f9]
kfFr bzs kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5. xfn;Dd ( j6f k~rjifL{o of]hgf tyf @ j6f
lqjifL{o of]hgf sfof{Gjog eO;s]sf 5g\. cl3Nnf] tLgjifL{o cGtl/d
of]hgfsf] ;dofjlw cfly{s jif{ @)^^)^& af6 ;dfKt eO;s]sf] t/ o;
cjlwdf b]zn] :yfoL /fhg}lts lgsf; k|fKt ul/g;s]sf] cj:yfdf b]z
of]hgfljxLg cj:yfdf ghfcf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] /fli6o of]hgf cfof]un]
cfly{s jif{ @)^&)^*@)^()&) ;Ddsf] nflu lqjifL{o of]hgf th'{df
u/]sf] 5. o; of]hgfsf nIo tyf p2]Zo / /0fgLltx lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M

bL3{sfnLg ;f]r
cfufdL b'O{ bzsleqdf g]kfnnfO{ cltsdljsl;t d'n'saf6 ljsf;f]Gd'v
d'n'sdf kfGt0f u/L qmdzM ;d[4, zfGt, Gofok"0f{ g]kfn agfpg] o;
of]hgfsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /x]sf] 5. o; cj:yfdf g]kfndf pRr cfly{s
j[l4 xfl;n eO{ ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;\Vof Go"g /xg]5 / g]kfn
Ps ;d[4 cfw'lgs /fi6sf] kdf ljsl;t ePsf] x'g]5. b]zsf ;a}
If]qdf zflGt / ;'zf;g sfod ePsf] cj:yf x'g]5. ;a} g]kfnLxn]
cfgf] eljio ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;dfg cj;/ pkof]u u/]sf x'g]5g\.
;dfhdf sfg'gL, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs, wfld{s, cfly{s, hftLo,
n}+lus, zf/Ll/s / ef}uf]lns;d]tsf ;a} k|sf/sf lje]b / c;dfgtf
cGTo ePsf] x'g]5.
nIo
;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox k|fKt ug{ ;Ddfghgs /
nfehGo /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{, cfly{s c;dfgtf 36fpg], If]qLo ;Gt'ng
xfl;n ug{ / ;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0fnfO{ x6fpFb} cfd g]kfnLsf] hLjg:t/df
;'wf/ Nofpg] / lbuf] cfly{s j[l4dfkm{t ul/aLnfO{ @! k|ltztdf k'ofpg]
nIo /x]sf] 5.
p2]Zo
/f]huf/L s]lGb|t ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos cfly{s j[l4 u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f
/ lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfdf ;3fp k'ofpFb} cfdhgtfsf] hLjgdf kl/jt{gsf]
k|ToIf cg'e"lt lbnfpg' o; of]hgfsf] k|d'v p2]Zo /x]sf] 5.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro125

/0fgLlt
o; of]hgfn] ;dli6ut /0fgLltdf /f]huf/L s]lGb|t km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4
xfl;n ug]{ efjL ;+3Lo k|b]zx / If]qLo ;Gt'ngnfO{;d]t Wofgdf /fVb}
ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x l;h{gf ug]{ ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos ljsf; ug]{
d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;fdflhs kfGt/0fnfO{ ;3fp k'ofpg] ;'zf;g Pjd\
;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] / ljsf;df d"n k|jfxLs/0f ug]{;d]tsf
lgDg /0fgLltx cl3 ;f/]sf] 5M
!= ;/sf/L, lghL, ;fd'bflos / ;xsf/L ;a} If]qsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df
/f]hfu/Ld"ns tyf ul/aL lgjf/0fpGd'v lbuf] / km/flsnf] cfly{s
ljsf; xfl;n ug]{ .
@= b]zsf] efjL ;+3Lo :jknfO{ 6]jf k'ofpg] / k|fb]lzs cfly{s
j[l4;d]tnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L ef}lts k"jfwf{/ tof/ ug]{ .
#= lbuf] zflGt xfl;n ug{ ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbg] .
$= cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;]jf ;'b[9 u/L /fHosf] cfly{s ;fdflhs kfGt/0fdf
;3fp k'ofpg] .
%= ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]/ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpb} ljsf;
sfo{nfO{ glthfd"vL agfpg] .
^= lghL tyf ;fd'bflos / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ljsf; / cf}Bf]uLs/0f,
Jofkf/ tyf ;]jf If]qnfO{ /fli6o ljsf;sf] k|of;df d"nk|jfxLs/0f
u/L cfly{s j[l4 / :yfloTj ;'b[9 ug]{.
k|fyldstfsf If]qx
o; of]hgfn] lgDglnlvt k|fyldstfsf If]qxsf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 M
!=
ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/xsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;,
@=
s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbb} ko{6g, pBf]u / lgof{t
Jofkf/nfO{ dxTj lbO{ /f]huf/L l;h{gf / cfly{s j[l4 ug]{,
#=
pk]lIft ;d'bfo, If]q / lnsf] ;dfj]zLs/0f u/L ljsf;df 6]jf
k'ofpg nufgL a9fpg],
$=
dfgjLo hLjgofkgsf] lgldQ cTofjZos ;] jf -vfgkfgL, phf{ , ljB' t,\
126g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

;8s, ;~rf/, vfB ;' /Iff, cf} ifwf] krf/, lzIff_ sf] pknAwtf / lg/Gt/tfnfO{
;' lglZrt ug{ oL If] qxdf cfjZos nufgL clej[ l4 ug] { .
%=

;'zf;gsf] clej[l4 u/L hgtfnfO{ k'ofpg] ;]jf ;'ljwf u'0f:t/o'Qm

agfO{ ;'ky d"Nodf ;dodf pknAw u/fpg hf]8 lbg] .

^=

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 kg]{ c;/ Go"g ug]{ /

cj;/xsf] pkef]udf Wofg lbOg] .

&=

/fli6o :t/df k|fyldstf k|fKt dxTjk"0f{ / cfdhgtfnfO{ k|ToIf

/fxt lbg] sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfxnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg].
tflnsf g+= %=!
k|d'v ;dli6ut cfly{s kl/;"rsxsf] bL3{sfnLg nIo k|If]k0f

qm=;+=

of]hgfjlw

tLgjifL{o
lqjifL{o
cGtl/d of]hgf of]hgf

cf=j=)%#)%$ gjf}

bzf}

^=)

&=)

&=%

*=#

$=) %=)
&=# *=@

%=)
*=*

%=)
(=&

#*=) #$=)
^@=) ^^=)

#)=)
&)=)

@%=)
&%=)

@%=) @&=)

#!=)

#$=)

!&=) @)=)

@%=)

#)=)

*=* !)=)

!@=)

!@=)

s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg - ofS6/

s:6df_
!
!=! s[lif If]qsf] j[l4b/
!=@ u}/s[lif If]qsf] j[l4b/
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf of]ubfg
@ s[lif
u}/s[lif
nufgL - s'n ufx:Yo pTkfbgsf]
#
cg'kftdf_
/fli6o art -s'n ufx{:y
$ pTkfbgsf] cg'kft_
j[l4b/ -k|ltjif{_
ul/aL tyf /f]huf/L
s= ul/aL /]vfd'gL /x]sf] hg;\Vof k|ltzt_
%
v= a]/f]huf/ hg;\Vof -k|ltzt_

$@

#@

@#

!%

!)

$=(

$=)

#=^

#=#

#=)

u= cw{a]/f]huf/ hg;\Vof -k|ltzt_

$&

#@

@#

!%

!)

;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro127

tflnsf g+= %=@

k|d'v ;fdflhs kl/;"rsxsf] bL3{sfnLg k|If]k0f
cf=j=

qm=;=

!
@

If]q

lzz'd [To'b/ -k|ltxhf/_

dft[d [To'b/ -Psnfv hLljt
hGddf_

of]hgf cjlw
tLgjifL{o
lqjifL{o
@)%#)%$ gjf}+
bzf}+
cGtl/d
of]hgf
of]hgf
&$=&
^!=% %)=&
$!=&
#$=$
$&%

$))

#%)

#))

@%)

afn d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/_

!!*

!)@=# *^=*

&#=&

^@=%

s'n k|hggb/ -k|ltxhf/_

$=%*

$=@

#=*!

#=$#

#=)%

cf};t cfo' -jif{_

kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;fwg
k|of]ustf{ -k|ltzt_
tflnd k|fKt hgzlQmaf6
k|;"lt ;]jf

%^=!

%(=&

^#=)

^^=)

^*=&

#)=!

#^=^

$#=(

%!=!

%*=@

%)

^%

*)

(%

sf]/f d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/_

!!=%

(=^

*=!

^=(

^=)

sf]/f hGdb/ -k|ltxhf/_

#%=$

##=!

#)=$

@&=%

@^=^

!)

cTofjZosLo :jf:Yo ;]jfsf]

pknAwtf -k|ltzt hgtfnfO{_

&)

*)

*%

()

!!

vfg]k fgL
s= vfg]k fgL ;]jf k'u]sf]
hg;\Vof - k|ltzt_
^!
v= z'4 vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf]
hg;\Vof -k|ltzt_
!%

!))

!))

!))

!))

@%

$)

^)

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()

!))

^)

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&)

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^
&

!@
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#!=%

k|f ylds lzIff - ^!) jif{

pd]/sf] afnaflnsf -k|ltzt_ &)
dfWolds lzIff - !$!% jif{
pd]/sf afnaflnsf_ -k|ltzt_ $%
;fIf/tf - !% jif{ / ;f]eGbf
dflysf] -k|ltzt_
$)

128g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

tflnsf g+= %=#

k|d'v ef}lts k"jf{wf/ kl/;"rsxsf] bL3{sfnLg k|If]k0f
c f=j =

o f]h gf c j lw
tLgj ifL{o
@ ) %# %$
gj f}
bz f}
c Gtl/ d
o f]h gf
!!&!$
! # % ^$ !% ! ! $ ! ^^ ! $
#^%%
#( %% $ #% % $ & )%
# )! !
#^!!
$ )^ ! $ % ! !
% )$ *
% ( ( * ^^ ( * & # ( *

@@# * % ! $ ^ ^ @) )
%^
^^
&)
&#

!* !! $
%)%%
$ (^!
* )( *
^@) )
&%

! )% ^

!!(*

!# ( )

!%%%

!^ * ^

^)

^*

&(

**

(%

$)

$%

%#

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^$

!)

@%

^)

! !)

!% )

s = h l8t lj B 't \ I fd tf -d ]u fj f6 _

# ))

^)^

@@) ))

v = lj B 't \ ; ]j fn ] 9 fs ]s f]
h g ; \V o f -k |ltz t _

!$

@)

%)

I f]q

q m=; +=

; 8s h D d f -ls =ld =_
s = s fn f]k q ]
v = v 08fl:d t
u= s Rr L
3 = s [lif ; 8s
= ; 8 s k 'u ]s f lh Nn fx
l; Fr fOM
s = l; Fr fOn ] 9 fs ]s f I f]q k mn xh f/ x]S 6 /d f_
v = l; Fr fO o f]U o s [l ife "ld s f]
k |lt z t
u= s 'n s [l ife "ld s f] k |ltz t
; ~ r f/
6 ]ln k mf]g ; ]j f ; \V o f -k |lt
xh f/_
lj B 't \

lq j ifL{o
o f]h gf

tflnsf g+= %=$

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;;DaGwL k|d'v kl/;"rsxsf]
kl/df0ffTds nIo
qm= ;"rs
;++=

cf=j=
lqjif{Lo of]hgf
@)^^)^& -@)^&^*
;Ddsf]
@)^(&)_ sf] nIo

!= cfly{s j[l4b/ -jflif{s cf}];t j[l4b/_

$=%

%=%

#=@

#=(

u}/s[lif If]qsf] j[l4b/ -jflif{s cf}];t j[l4b/_ %=!

^=^

s[lif If]qsf] j[l4b/ -jflif{s cf}];t j[l4b/_

@= ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;\Vof -_

@%=$

@!

#= /f]huf/L j[l4 b/ -jflif{s cf}];t_ -_

#=)

#=^

;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro129

$= kl/jf/ lgof]hg k|of]u stf{ -_

$*

%&

%= s'n k|hgg b/ -!%$( jif{sf dlxnf_

@=(

@=&%

^= vfg]kfgL k'u]sf] hg;\Vof -_

*)

*%

&= ;8s oftfoft hf]l8Psf lhNnf ;b/d'sfd &!

&%

*= 6]lnkmf]gdf]afOn k|of]u ug]{ hg;\Vof-_ #!=#

^)

(= s'n ljB't\ pTkfbg -d]=jf=df_

^(#=&

*&&=&

!)= ljB't\ k'u]sf] hg;\Vof -_

%^=!

^%

!!= l;FrfO -x]S6/df_

!@,%@,$&^ !$,)@,%&^

!@= jg If]q -_

#(=^

$)

!#= dft[d[To'b/ -k|lt nfv hLljt hGddf_

@@(

!(@

!$= afn d[To'b/ -k|lt xhf/ hLljt hGddf_

%%

$&

%=@ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg

b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf / cy{tGqsf] ;+/rgfsf] af/]df df]6fdf]6L hfgsf/L
lbg] cfly{s ;"rsxdf s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg ;"rsnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ;"rssf]
?kdf lng] ul/G5. cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)^*^( cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n
ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -pTkfbgsf] d"Nodf_ cf=j= @)^*^( df ?= !% v/a
!& s/f]8 k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5. cf=j= @)%(^) df s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbg ?= $ v/a (@ c/a @# s/f]8 lyof]. cf=j= @)^*^( df s'n
ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] j[l4b/ cfwf/e"t d"Nodf $=%^ k|ltzt / pTkfbssf]
d"Nodf $=^# k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg 5. cf=j= @)^&^* df o:tf] j[l4b/
#=*! k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof].
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif tyf u}/s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfgsf] n]vfhf]vf ubf{
cf=j= @)^&^* df s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qsf] lx:;f #^=( /
u}/s[lifIf]qsf] lx:;f ^#=! k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof]. cf=j= @)^*^( df s'n
ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif / u}/s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg qmdzM #%=! k|ltzt /
^$=( k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5. ljut % jif{df s[lif If]qsf] cf}ift
of]ubfg ##=( k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof].
130g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

tflnsf g+= %=%

;dli6ut cfly{s kl/;"rsx
lj j/0f
s 'n /fli6o cfo -k|rlnt
d"Nodf_
s 'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -k|rlnt
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k|l tJolQm s'n /fli6o cfo
-k|rlnt d"Nodf_

PsfO{
?=ca{

cfly{s jif{

060.61

062.63

064.65

066.67

067.68

535.10

659.04

823.61

1202.8

1376.9

1573

068.69*

?=ca{

536.75

654.08

815.66

1193.7

1369 .4

1558

21620

25471

32257

45817

51727

58274 -

k|ltzt
k|ltzt
k|ltzt

11.8
27.3
24.5

9.0
29.0
26.9

9.8
33.2
30.3

11.5
36.0
38.3

8.6
31.6
32.5

10.0
36.7
32.8

o'P; 8n/
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s 'n ufx{:Yo artlh=8L=kL=

s 'n /fli6o artlh=8L=kL=
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s 'n lgof{t lh=8L=kL=
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s 'n ;/sf/L vr{ lh=8L=kL=
k'FhLut vr{ ;/sf/L_lh=8L=kL=
s 'n ltg{ afFsL C0flh=8L=kL=
s 'n lgIf]k -a}Fs tyf ljQLo
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k|ltzt
k|ltzt
k|ltzt
k|ltzt
k|ltzt
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25.4
10.0
88.3
11.6
16.7
4.3

26.6
9.2
91.0
11.1
17.0
4.5

27.2
7.3
90.2
13.2
19.8
6.6

31.4
5.1
88.5
15.1
21 .8
7.6

28.9
4.7
91.4
14.6
21 .6
7.9

29.2
4.7
90.0
15.5
23.5
4.0

k|ltzt
?=ca{

59.4
-

51.6
-

46.1
505.7

36.9
676.0

30.3
795.3

32.7
871.91

-2 066 c;F /_

-2 067 c ;F /_

- 206 8 c ;F /_

k|ltzt
s/f]*
?=ca{
?=ca{

15.3
-8226
16.01
130.21

17.4
-11354
25.6
165.03

- 206 5
c;F /_

Jofkf/ 3f6flh=8L=kL=
s 'n Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng
z f]wgfGt/ art
ljb]zL ljlgdo ;l~rlt

-26.3
-31251
-3.63
268.91

-24.2
-33183
2.2
272.2

-24.5
80.0
286.96

19.9
-16267
29.68
212.62

* cf=j= @)^*^( sf] tYof\s k|f/lDes cg'dfg xf] .

;|f]tM cfly{s ;j]{If0f cf=j= @)^&^* / @)^*@)^(

cfly{s jif{ @)^*^( df s'n pkef]u vr{ / s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf]

cg'kft () k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5. h'g Hofb} pRr dflgG5. o:t} pQm cjlwdf
k|rlnt d"Nodf s'n ufx{:Yo artsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft !)
k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] lyof]. cfly{s jif{ @)^*^( df /fh:j kl/rfng s'n
ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] !%=% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5. cl3Nnf] cf=j= df pQm k|ltzt
!$=^ /x]sf] lyof].
g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ 3f6f pRr /x]sf] 5. cf=j= @)^*^( df
lgof{t s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] $=& k|ltzt dfq lyof] eg] cfoft s'n
ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] @(=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof]. o:t} k"FhL lgdf{0f (Capital
Formation) sf] ult w]/} g} Go"g /x]sf] s'/f cf=j= @)^&^* / @)^*^*
df k"FhLut vr{ -;/sf/L_ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] qmdzM &=( / $ k|ltzt
/x]af6 k'li6 x'g cfpF5. o:t} zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt cf=j= @)^&^* df ?= @
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro131

ca{ @ s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] eg] cf=j= @)^*^( df o;df ;'wf/ cfO{ ?= *)
ca{ k'Ug uPsf] 5. dfly plNnlvt ljleGg cfly{s ;"rsxsf] n]vfhf]vf
ubf{ d'n'ssf] cy{tGq lwdf ultdf cufl8 a9]sf] b]lvG5. o;df w]/} ;d:ofx
Pj+ sl7gfOx /x]sf 5g\. h;sf] lg/fs/0f ul/g' clt cfjZos 5.

%=# s[lif / vfgL

g]kfn b'O{ ljzfn cy{tGqx rLg tyf ef/tsf] aLrdf cjl:yt Ps
e"kl/j]li7t s[lif k|wfg b]z xf]. oxfF s[lif If]qnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]b08sf]
kdf lng] ul/G5. g]kfnsf clwsf+z hgtfx s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg 5g\.
s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qsf] dfq of]ubfg sl/a ## /x]sf] 5.
j}b]lzs Jofkf/df -ljz]ifu/L lgof{tdf_ s[lif If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]s]f
5. o;}u/L g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] nflu s[lifhGo sRrf kbfy{ k|bfg
u/]/ s[lif If]qn] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'ofPsf] 5. o;/L s[lif If]qn] /fli6o
cfo, cf}Bf]lus ljsf;, cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/, /f]huf/L cflbdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg
k'ofPsf sf/0fn] klg s[lif If]qnfO{ g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] d]b08sf] kdf
lng] ul/G5.

Jofj;flostftkm{ pGd'v s[lif

Jofj;flos 6fp6 df5fkfng

132g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

g]kfnsf] d'Vo k]zf s[lif xf]. k/Dk/futkdf g]kfnsf] kxf8df wfg, ds},
sf]bf], kmfk/ / t/fOdf wfg, ux'F, pv', ;'tL{, ;gkf6, bngxsf] v]tL
ul/G5. k"jL{ kxf8 lrof, cn}+rL, cdln;f], dWo kxf8 skmL tyf pRr kxf8
;'Gtnf, :ofpsf nflu k|l;4 5g\. g]kfnsf] s'n u|fx:y /fli6o pTkfbgdf
s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg #@ k|ltzteGbf a9L /x]sf] 5. b]zsf] s"n hg;\Vofsf]
cfwfeGbf a9L lx:;f s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg 5g\. g]kfnsf] df6f], xfjfkfgL tyf
e"agf]6 ljljw s[lif k]zfsf nflu pko'Qm ePsf sf/0f cfw'lgs ;dodf
g]kfndf s[lifdf Jofj;flosLs/0f / ljljwLs/0f cfPsf] 5 / gub] afnL /
j]df};dL v]tLkflt ug]{ k|j[lQ a9]sf] 5. vf;u/L ufO{kfng, s'v'/fkfng,
t/sf/L v]tL, k'ik v]tL, 6fp6 df5f kfng / cli6r kfng b]vf k/]sf] 5.
s[lif cy{tGqsf] d]b08sf] kdf /x]sf]n] s[lif ljsf; ;/sf/ Pj+ ls;fgsf]
k|d'v Ph]08fsf] kdf /xg'k5{.

vfgL tyf pTvgg\

u}/s[lif If]qcGtu{tsf ljleGg pkIf]qxdWo] vfgL tyf pTvgg\ If]q cl3Nnf]
jif{eGbf #=! k|ltztn] a9]sf]df rfn" cfly{s jif{ @)^*^( df @=! k|ltztn]
j[l4 x'g] k|f/lDes cg'dfg /x]sf] 5. of] pkIf]qsf] ljut kfFr jif{sf] cf};t
j[l4b/ @=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5. o; jif{ luL, afn'jf lgof{tdf ul/Psf]
lgoGq0fsf] c;/ o; If]qsf] pTkfbgdf kg{ uPsf] b]lvG5.

%=$ pBf]ujfl0fHo
g]kfndf cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] ;'jft ;g\ !($) df :yfkgf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus
kl/ifb ;Fu} ePsf] dflgG5. ;g\ !($) df 3/]n' k|rf/ Ond pBf]u sf]
:yfkgf ePsf] lyof]. o;sf] :yfkgf;Fu;Fu} g]kfndf ljleGg pBf]ux
klg qmdzM :yfkgf x'g yfn]. g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs pBf]u ;g\ !(^$ df
:yfkgf ePsf] /3'klt h'6ldn;Fu} ;' ePsf] dflgG5. tTsfnLg ;dodf
g]kfndf r'/f]6 pBf]u, ;nfO{ pBf]u, sk8f pBf]u, sfuh pBf]ux klg
:yfkgf ePsf lyP.
g]kfnsf] of]hgfa4 cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf] ;'jft k|yd k~r jifL{o of]hgf;Fu}
ePsf] lyof]. o; ;Fu;Fu} g]kfndf ;fgf, 7"nf / demf}nf pBf]ux :yfkgf
x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\. g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf cf}Bf]lus If]qnfO{ s[lifk5fl8 bf];|f]
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro133

If]qsf] kdf lng] ul/G5. jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^% sf] d"n p2]Zo /fli6o
cy{tGqdf jfl0fHo If]qsf] of]ubfg a9fO{ cfly{s ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0fdf
;xof]u k'ofpg] xf]. of] nIo k"/f ug{sf nflu Jofkf/nfO{ cGt/f{li6o:t/df
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{, lgof{t clej[l4 u/L
Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug]{,cfo / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ j[l4 ug]{ / cfGtl/s Jofkf/
/ j}b]lzs Jofkf/aLr cGt/;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{h:tf /0fgLltx lnOPsf]
kfGO5. To:t} ljb]zL nufgL gLlt, @)^# n] d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu
ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ ;|f]t / k|ljlw kl/rfngsf] k|d'v cfwf/sf] kdf :yflkt
ug]{, ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n Pjd\ kf/bzL{
agfpg], pRr cfly{s j[l4sf ;DefJo If]qxdf ljb]zL nufgL k|jflxt ug]{
;fy} ljb]zdf a:g] g]kfnL / g]kfnL d"nsf ljb]zLnfO{ g]kfndf nufgL ug]{
tkm{ cfslif{t ug{ cg's"n jftfj/0f ljsl;t ug]{h:tf /0fgLltx lnOPsf]
lyof] . cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& cg';f/ g]kfnsf pBf]u If]qdf ul/Psf] k"FhLut
nufgL / k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df pBf]unfO{ lgDfg';f/ juL{s/0f u/]/ cWoog
u/]sf] kfOG5.

s= n3'pBf]u
cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^& cg';f/ n3' pBd eGgfn] lgDg ;t{ k"/f ePsf]
Joj;fonfO{ hgfpF5M
3/hUufafx]s a9Ldf b'O{ nfv;Ddsf] l:y/ k'FhL nufgL x'g],
pBdL :jod Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg ePsf],
pBdL;d]t gf}hgf sfdbf/ ePsf],
jflif{s cfly{s sf/f]jf/ @) nfv k}ofFeGbf sd ePsf],
OlGhg zlQm Ifdtf !) lsnf]jf6eGbf sd ePsf].
b|i6JoM dflysf ;t{ k"/f eP tfklg ;~rfngsf nflu ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu
cg'dlt lng'kg]{ Joj;fonfO{ n3' pBd dflgb}g.
v= k/Dk/fut 3/]n' pBf]u
k/Dk/fut ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{, :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{ Pjd\ :yfgLo
k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t cf}hf/ pks/0f k|of]u ug]{, b]zsf] snf, ;+:s[lt;FUf ;Da4
/ !) lsnf]jf6;Dd ljB'tzlQm k|of]u ug]{ pBf]u Joj;fonfO{ k/fDk/fut
3/]n' pBf]u elgG5.
134g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

k/Dk/fut tl/sfaf6 df6f]sf] efF8f agfOFb}

u= ;fgf pBf]u
n3' pBd / k/Dk/fut tyf cGo 3/]n' pBf]uafx]s kfFr s/f]8 k}ofF;Dd
l:y/ k"FhL jf h]yf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fonfO{ ;fgf pBf]u elgG5.
3= demf}nf pBf]u
kfFr s/f]8 k}ofFeGbf a9L kGw| s/f]8 k}ofF;Dd l:y/ k"FhL jf h]yf ePsf]
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fonfO{ demf}nf pBf]u elgG5.
= 7"nf pBf]u
kGw| s/f]8 k}ofFeGbf a9L l:y/ k"FhL jf h]yf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fonfO{
7"nf pBf]u elgG5. cfly{s ;j]{If0f ;g\ @)!! cg';f/ s]xL jif{cl3b]lv
lzlyn /xb} cfPsf] pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u pkIf]qsf] k|ult ;fdfGo /xg]
cg'dfg 5. ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf cfly{s jif{ @)^&^* df o;sf] pTkfbg
!=% k|ltztn] a9\g] k|f/lDes cg'dfg 5. ut jif{ of] pkIf]qsf] pTkfbg
j[l4b/ !=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof]. cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg ;"rsfcg';f/ tf]/Lsf]
t]n, rfdn, ux'Fsf] kL7f], tof/L kf]zfs, No'j cfon, k]G6\;, cf}ifwL, ;fj'g,
O6fh:tf j:t'xsf] j[l4b/ ;Gtf]ifhgs ePklg e6df;sf] t]n, la:s'6,
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro135

ljo/, xNsf k]o kbfy{, h'6, 5fnf, sfuh tyf sfuhhGo j:t', Knfli6s,
s\lqm6 tyf Xo'd kfOk, kmnfd] 58, hL= cfO= kfOk, lah'nLsf] tf/h:tf
j:t'sf] pTkfbgdf cfPsf] x|f;n] o; If]qsf] j[l4b/ ;fdfGo /xg hfg]
b]lvPsf] xf]. ljut kfFr jif{sf] o; pkIf]qsf] cf};t j[l4b/ cToGt ;LdfGt
cyf{t\ )=# k|ltzt dfq /Xof]. kmn:jk cfly{s jif{ @)%&%* df s'n
ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf o; pkIf]qsf] of]ubfg (=) k|ltzt /x]sf]df o;df xf;
cfO{ cfly{s jif{ @)^&^* df @)%&%* sf] l:y/ d"Nodf ^=% k|ltztdf
em/]sf] 5.

%=% ko{6g
g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf, ef}uf]lns tyf w/ftnLo ljljwtf, ;f+:s[lts,
wfld{s Pjd\ snfTds ljlzi6tfsf sf/0f g]kfnsf] ko{6g If]qdf w]/}
;Defjgfx /x]sf 5g\. ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;dfkm{t d'n'ssf] /fli6o ;d:ofsf]
kdf /x]sf] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f u/L b]zsf] ;du| cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5.
g]kfn P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx, k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{xn] el/k"0f{ ePsfn]
ko{6ssf nflu k|d'v uGtJo :ynsf kdf cGt/f{li6o hutdf kl/lrt 5.
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lbJof]kb]zdf plNnlvt hfO s6s gug'{, lemsL s6s

Kof/fUnfOl8
136g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

ug'{ -cfkm" :jod\ hfO{ gnfUg' t/ cfOnfUg]dfly hfOnfUg'_ eGg] plQm g}

g]kfnsf] k//fi6 gLltsf] k|f/lDes :jk xf], h'g xfn;Dd sfod} 5. @))&
;fn;Dd ef/t, a]nfot, k|mfG; / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf u/L rf/ d'n'sx;Fu
bf}To ;DaGw sfod e};s]sf] sf/0f /f0ffsfnsf] cGTolt/ j}b]lzs ;DaGw
lj:tf/df s]xL ljljwLs/0f b]lvP klg k//fi6 gLltsf] 7f]; cfwf/ eg] tof/
ePsf] lyPg. /f0ff zf;gsf] ktg eO{ k|hftGqsf] pbo ePkl5 tTsfnLg
Psnsf6] gLltdf kl/jt{g cfof] / g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6o ;ef ;Dd]ngdf
;lqmotfsf ;fy efu lng yfNof]. ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf] d"No / dfGotfk|lt
cf:yf, c;+nUgtf, l5d]sL d'n'sx;Fu d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGw sfod ug]{ cflb
g]kfnsf] k//fi6 gLltsf k|d'v cfwf/x x'g\. To;}u/L ko{6g gLlt, @)^%
sf] nIo /fli6o ;Dkbfxsf] lbuf] pkof]usf] dfWodaf6 ko{6sLo lqmofsnfkdf
k|of]u u/L /fli6o cfodf ko{6g If]qsf] pNn]Vo dfqfdf j[l4 u/fO{ hgtfsf]
hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg' /x]sf] 5 . of] nIo k'/f ug{ ko{6g pBf]usf]
lj:tf/sf] nflu If]qut ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff;lxt u'of]hgf th'{df u/L
To;nfO{ cfjlws of]hgf tyf jflif{s sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/L k|j4{g ug{],
u|fdL0f ko{6g / cfGtl/s ko{6gnfO{ hf]8 lbg]h:tf gLltx cjnDag ul/g]
pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5. g]kfnsf] ko{6g pBf]u;DaGwL ;DefjgfxnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
s= k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf
g]kfn k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfdf wgL b]z xf]. g]kfnsf] pQ/L efu dgdf]xs
lxd>[\vnfn] 9fs]sf] 5. g]kfndf lxd>[\vnf, lxdgbLx, k|l;4 em/gfx,
tfnx, xl/of] jgh\un tyf b'n{e jGohGt'x kfOG5g\. h;n] ko{6ssf]
dg nf]EofpFb5 / o:tf ;'Gb/ b[Zox x]g{ tyf cWoog ug{ ljleGg b]zxaf6
ko{6sx g]kfn cfpg] ub{5g\. t;y{ o:tf If]qsf] ;+/If0fn] ko{6g pBf]udf
;Fw} of]ubfg k'ofpg ;Sb5.
v= P]ltxfl;s / wfld{s :ynx
g]kfnnfO{ wfld{s tyf P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] :ynxsf] kdf klg lrlgG5.
b]zsf] ljleGg efuxdf k|l;4 snf, x:tsnf / wfld{s cf:yfsf d7dlGb/x
w]/} 5g\. kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/, s[i0f dlGb/, d'lQmgfy dlGb/, xg'dfg9f]sf,
eQmk'/sf] krkGg em\ofn] b/af/, :joDe" af}4 :t'k, n'lDagL, uf];fOFs'08
:ju{f/Lh:tf P]ltxfl;s / wfld{s :ynx 5g\. ko{6sx o:tf P]ltxfl;s
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro137

tyf wfld{s :ynxsf] cWoog / cg';Gwfg ug{ g]kfn cfpg] ub{5g\.

u= k|frLg snf / k'/ftTj
g]kfn k|frLg snf tyf ;+:s[ltdf ljZj k|l;4 /x]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] snf
ljz]ifu/L af}4 wd{df cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5. To;}n] w]/} ko{6sx o;sf]
cWoog ug{ g]kfn cfpg] ub{5g\. g]kfnsf clwsfz+ dlGb/xn] wfld{s
dxTjnfO{ emNsfO/x]sf x'G5g\. h:t}sf7df8f}Fdf /x]sf] b/af/ :Sjfo/df
g]kfnL snfsfl/tfnfO{ b]Vg kfOG5.
3= ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf
g] kfndf ljleGg hfthfltsf dflg;xsf] a;f]af; /x] s f] 5. oL
hfthfltxsf] cfkm\g} snf, ;+:s[lt, e]ife"iff /x]s]f 5. o:tf] ljljwtfdf
Pstf ePsf] ;+:s[ltdf ko{6sx /dfpg / 3'nldn x'g rfxG5g\.
= xfjfkfgLdf ljljwtf
g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns prfOsf] cfwf/df cfgGbfoL tyf :j:y xfjfkfgL kfOG5.
To;}n] ubf{ ljZjsf ljleGg b]zsf ko{6sx g]kfndf cfpg] ub{5g\. ljZjsf
h'g;'s} b]zsf ko{6sxnfO{ klg pko'Qm x'g] xfjfkfgL g]kfndf kfOG5.
r= u|fdL0f a;fO
ljsl;t b]zsf dflg;xsf] hLjgz}nL cfw'lgs / sl7g x'G5. To:tf
b]zsf dflg;x g]kfnh:tf] ;fdfGo / zfGt jftfj/0fdf cfkm\gf] km';{bsf]
;do latfpFg rfxG5g\. g]kfnsf u|fdL0f If]qxdf kfx'gfnfO{ cfb/, ;Tsf/
/ ;Ddfg ul/g] x'Fbf pgLx o:tf] If]qdf /dfpg rfxG5g\.
5= zfGt / ldng;f/ g]kfnL
:jefj}n] g]kfnL hgtf ldng;f/ 5g\. xfF;]/ af]Ng], g/d :jefjsf zfGt
Jojxf/, ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{ htgn] hf]ufP/ /fVg] g]kfnL ;f]r ko{6g
k|j4{gsf] k"FhLsf] kdf /x]sf] 5.
h= sd vlr{nf]
cGo b]zsf] t'ngfdf g]kfndf w]/} ;do a:gsf] nflu sd vr{n] klg k'Ub5.
t;y{ ko{6sxn] Go"g vr{df klg oxfF b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ tyf zfGt
jftfj/0faf6 dgf]/~hg lng ;Sb5g\.
138g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

em= jGohGt'
g]kfndf cGt st} gkfOg] b'n{e jGohGt' tyf r/fr'Lx kfOG5g\.
b]zsf] ljleGg :yfgLo efuxdf jGohGt' ;+/If0f If]qx 5g\. hxfF ljleGg
k|sf/sf hgfj/, af]6ljjf, r/fx kfOG5g\. o:tf b[Zoxaf6 dgf]/~hg
lngsf] nflu klg ljleGg b]zxaf6 ko{6sx g]kfn cfpg] ub{5g\.
`= ;]tf] lxdfn
g]kfndf ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfnufotsf ljleGg lxdr'r'/fx
/x]sf 5g\. *))) ld6/eGbf a9L prfO ePsf * j6f lxdfnx g]kfn d}
/x]sf 5g\. g]kfndf dgf]/d b[Zo k|bfg ug]{ lxdfnx ;u/dfyf, cGgk"0f{,
wjfnflu/L, df5fk'R5], u0f]z lxdfn, s~rgh\uf h:tf lxdfnx /x]sf
5g\ h;n] ko{6sxnfO{ g]kfnsf] e|d0f ug{ ;Fw}e/L cfs{if0f ul//x]sf
x'G5g\.
ko{6gnfO{ b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; gLltsf] pRr k|fyldstfdf /fvL o;sf]
ljsf;sf nflu ;Da4 ;a} dGqfno / lgsfosf sfo{qmdxnfO{ ko{6g
k|a4{gd'vL agfpg ko{6g gLlt, @)%@ sf] nIo kl/dfh{g u/L ko{6g
gLlt, @)^% NofOPsf] 5.
ko{6g If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnf / ko{6g Joj;foLxsf] ;xsfo{df g]kfn ko{6g
b"/b[li6 @)@) hf/L ul/Psf] 5. o; cGtuf{t ;g\ @)@) ;Ddsf nflu
ko{6g If]qsf] b"/b[li6, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLltx ;dflxt u/L ;g\ @)@) df
@) nfv ko{6s leofpg] nIo /flvPsf] 5. ko{6g If]qdf Ifdtf clej[l4
u/L !) nfv ko{6g leofpg] p2]Zosf ;fy ;g\ @)!! nfO{ g]kfn ko{6g
jif{ sf] kdf dgfOPsf] ;fy} ko{6gsf nflu ;Fu;Fu} eGg] gf/fsf ;fy
g]kfn ko{6g jif{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof].

%=^ >d
d'n'ssf] hgzlQmnfO{ /fli6o / cGt/f{li6o ahf/ cg's"nsf] 1fg / ;Lk
k|bfg u/L /f]huf/Lsf cj;/xsf] k|jw{g ug'{ /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj xf].
g]kfnsf] xfnsf] hg;\Vofsf] ;+/rgf a9\bf] l:yltdf /x]sf] x'Fbf x/]s jif{
sl/a $ nfv JolQm >d ahf/df k|j]z ub{5g\. sfd ug]{ pd]/sf sl/a @%
nfv g]kfnL k"0f{ a]/f]huf/ cyjf cw{a]/f]huf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . >d ;xeflutf
b/ *#=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5. >d zlQmsf nflu /f]huf/sfdsf] clwsf/
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro139

tyf >d cEof; ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ df}lns clwsf/sf] kdf ;+j}wflgs

Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5. d'n'snfO{ /f]huf/Ldf cfwfl/t lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;tkm{
cu|;/ agfpg /f]huf/L s]lGb|t ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos cfly{s j[l4df
hf]8 lbOPsf] 5. o; ;Gbe{df /f]huf/Lsf cj;/xsf] lj:tf/ ug]{, ;'/lIft
/ pknlAwd"ns agfpg] / >dzlQmnfO{ pTkfbgd"ns /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o
ahf/ cg's"n agfpg] /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj k"/f ug]{tkm{ rfn' lqjifL{o
of]hgf s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfOG5.
g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f @)^%^^ cg';f/ !% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/
ePsf ! s/f]8 !& nfv *) xhf/ hg;\Vof /f]huf/Ldf nfu]sf lyP. s'n
>d zlQmdWo] &#=( k|ltzt s[lifdf / @^=! k|ltzt u}/s[lifdf ;+nUg /x]sf]
kfOG5. ;Lkcg';f/ hgzlQmsf] k|If]k0f / k|ult eg] pknAw ePsf] b]lvb}g\.
ljBdfg\ gLlt tyf sfg'gxsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ePsf] / cf}Bf]lus
k|lti7fgxdf Jofj;fohGo ;'/Iff tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL k|b"if0f dfkb08x
kof{Kt dfqfdf nfu" u/]sf] kfOFb}g.
rfn' lqjifL{o of]hgf cjlw )^&^*@)^(&)df ljleGg If]qaf6 x'g]
/f]huf/L j[l4af6 sl/a !! nfv ^$ xhf/ yk /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5. ;fy} o; of]hgf cjlwdf pBf]u tyf vfgL If]qdf (=$ k|ltzt
/ yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ If]qdf !@ k|ltzt yk /f]huf/L ;[hgf x'g]5. lzIff
If]qdf %=! k|ltzt ljB't\, Uof; tyf kfgL If]qdf %=@ k|ltzt / xf]6]n tyf
/]]i6'/fF If]qdf #=^ k|ltzt yk /f]huf/L ;[hgf x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5.

%=& j}b]lzs /f]huf/

g]kfnsf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] If]q @)) jif{cufl8 v'nf ePsf] kfOG5.
ljut s]xL jif{b]lv j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu gofFgofF uGtJo d'n'sx
b]vfk/]sf 5g\. a]/f]huf/L Go"gLs/0f ug]{ ljsNksf] kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/
b]vfk/]sf] xf]. :jb]zdf clwstd /f]huf/sf cj;/ l;h{gf gx'~h]n;Ddsf
nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ k"0f{kdf ;b'kof]u u/L sfdbf/sf] xslxt ;+/If0f
ug{ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt, Jojl:yt / pknlAwd"ns
agfpg hf]8 lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5. d'n'ssf] hgzlQmnfO{ cGt/f{li6o ahf/sf]
dfucg'k 1fg / ;Lk k|bfg u/L /f]huf/Lsf] k|a4{g ug'{ cfhsf] k|d'v
cfjZostf xf]. ljk|]if0faf6 x'g] j}b]lzs d'b|fsf] ;~ro j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf]
;sf/fTds kIf eP klg of] c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] / cfgf] lgoGq0fdf gx'gfn]
140g]kfn kl/ro

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b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df o;sf] of]ubfg lbuf] /xFb}g. d'n'ssf] xfnsf]

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldfly a9\bf] lge{/tfnfO{ sd ub}{ :jb]zL /f]huf/LnfO{ j[l4
ub}{ n}hfg] lbzfdf of]hgf s]lGb|t /xg] s'/f lqjifL{o of]hgf @)^&^*
@)^(&) df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5.
cf=j= @)^*^( ;Dddf g]kfnaf6 >d :jLs[lt lnP/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf
-ef/t afx]s_ hfg]xsf] ;\Vof @@,(*,))) k'u]sf] h;df dlxnfxsf]
;\Vof @#,&@% /x]sf] / ut jif{ sl/a @#@ ca{ k}ofF cyf{t s'n /fli6o
pTkfbgsf] s/La @# k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf ljk|]if0f k|fKt u/]sf] 5. >d
:jLs[lt glnO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg]xsf] ;\Vof klg pNn]Vo /x]sf] 5
eg] cn]va4 kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu !)( d'n's v'Nnf ul/P tfklg
k|d'v uGtTj d'n'sxdf dn]l;of, stf/, ;fpbL c/]ljof / ;+o'Qm c/a
Old/]6\; /x]sf 5g\. hgu0fgf @)^* sf] k|f/lDes glthfcg';f/ b]zaflx/
/xg] hg;\Vof nueu !(,)),))) k'u]sf b]lvG5. j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf]
k'gu{7g, >d s'6gLltsf] lj:tf/, Go"gtd kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f, j}b]lzs /f]huf/
k|a4{g af]8{sf] u7g, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] qmddf ;d:ofdf k/]sf g]kfnLxsf]
p4f/ tyf cfly{s /fxtsf] Joj:yf, cfk|jf;L ;|f]t s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf, $
d'n'sdf >d ;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yf, ljleGg % d'n's;Fu >d ;Demf}tf, dlxnf
sfdbf/sf] lgldQ ljleGg rf/ d'n'sdf -;fpbL c/j, o"=P=O+, stf/ / s'j]t_
;'/lIft u[x :yfkgf, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf, hfkfgdf
cf}Bf]lus k|lzIffyL{ tyf cEof;fyL{ sfdbf/ k7fpg] k|lqmofsf] k|f/De, blIf0f
sf]l/of;Fu, ;/sf/;/sf/aLr sfdbf/ k7fpg] ;Demf}tf cflb o; If]qsf
pknlAwsf kdf /x]sf 5g\.

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jg;Dkbf g]kfnsf] dxTjk"0f{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t xf]. jg;Dkbfn] s]jn /fli6o
dxTj dfq /fVg] geO{ cGt/f{li6odxTj;d]t /fVb5. xl/of] jg g]kfnsf]
wg eGg] k|rlnt nf]sf]lQaf6 klg klxn]b]lv cyf{]kfh{gsf] ;|f]t jg ePsf]
s'/f :ki6 x'G5. hn;|f]t, jg;Dkbf, h}ljs ljljwtf, jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng
h:tf kIfx k/:k/df cGt/;DalGwt /x]sf x'G5g\. lj=;= @)@) ;fn;Dd
g]kfnsf] s'n e"efusf] $% k|ltzt jgn] 9flsPsf] cg'dfg lyof]. ;/sf/L
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;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro141

klZrdL efusf] t'ngfdf k"jL{ efudf a9L jiff{ x'g] ePsfn] k"jL{ efu jg
;Dkbfdf a9L ;DkGg 5. jg ljgf;sf] qmd tLj| kdf eO/x]sf] / of] qmd
hf/L /x]df @) b]lv @% jif{df g]kfn kxf8L de"lddf kl/jt{g x'g] r]tfjgL
jftfj/0f ljb\xn] lbPsf 5g\.
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jg ;Dkbfsf] of]ubfg j[l4x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5. jg ;Dkbfaf6 ;/sf/nfO{
jflif{s = $& s/f]8eGbf a9L cfDbfgL x'g] u/]sf] tYofn] b]vfPsf 5g\.
h}ljs ljljwtf ;|f]txsf] :yfgLo kdf ;+/If0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df xfn;Dd @)
j6f ;+/lIft If]q :yfkgf u/L b]zsf] sl/a @# k|ltzt -#$,))#=$@ ju{
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jGohGt'xsf] ;+/If0f x'g'sf] ;fy} !@ nfv :yfgLo JolQmxsf] hLjg
:t/df qmlds ;'wf/ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5. o;dWo] t/fO{ e"kl/lw sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjogaf6 sl/a ! nfv ^) xhf/ u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lgsf kl/jf/x
hLljsf]kfh{g tyf cfocfh{g sfo{qmdaf6 nfeflGjt x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\. g]kfnsf]
sl/a @=% e"efu ;Ld;f/ If]qn] cf]u6]sf]df xfn /fd;f/ ;"rLdf ( j6f If]q
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tfklg o;nfO{ cf7f}+ of]hgfb]lv of]hgfa4 kdf ult lbg] sfo{ eof].
g]kfndf pbf/jfbL cy{ Joj:yf ljsf;sf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf g} ljb]zL
nufgL tyf Psf/ gLlt, @)$( hf/L u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOof]. g]kfndf
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p2]Zon] nufgL af]8{sf] u7g tyf Project Development Agreement
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nufgLnfO{ k|j4{g ub}{ n}hfg] p2]Zon] ef/t;Fu lkIfLo nufgL k|j4{g
tyf ;+/If0f ;Demf}tf (Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection
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142g]kfn kl/ro

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kxndf e"kl/j]li6t /fi6xn] ;d'b|;Dd lgjf{w kx'Fr kfpg] jftfj/0f aGb}
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pTyfg ug]{ p2]Zon] lj=;= @)%$ c;f/df /fli6o hghflt ljsf; ;ldlt
u7g ul/Psf] 5. ;femf e"uf]n, ;femf efiff tyf cfg} k|sf/sf] wd{, ;+:s[lt
d"No dfGotf;lxtsf] ljlzi6 klxrfg af]s]sf cflbjf;L hghfltxsf]
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@)%( n] %( cflbjf;L hghfltxsf] klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{ sfg'gL dfGotf
k|bfg u/]sf] 5.
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;DaGw 5. w/ftnLo ljljwtf / xfjfkfgLsf] ljljwtfsf sf/0f g} ToxFf
a:g] dflg;xsf] a;f]jf;, /xg;xg / e]ife"iffdf klg ljljwtf cfpF5.
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e]ife"iffdf ePsf] ljljwtfnfO{ tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5.

lxdfnL k|b]z
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf pQ/L If]qdf lxdfnL k|b]z kb{5. jif{el/df cfwfhlt
;do lxpFn] 5f]kL /xg]x'gfn] oxfF w]/} pAhfp x'Fb}g. oxfF cfn', hf}, pjf,
:ofp cflb h:tf vfBfGGf pTkfbg x'G5g\. of] If]qdf hg;\Vofsf] rfk
Psbd} sd 5. of] If]qdf z]kf{, n]Krf cflb hfltsf] d'Vo a;f]af; ePsf]
kfOG5. oxfF cToGt} hf8f] x'g] ePsf]n] sltko dfflg;x kxf8L / t/fO{
lhNnfdf hf8f] 5Ngsf ;fy} hl8a'6Lsf] Jofkf/ u/L yk cfo cfh{g ug{
hfg] ub{5g\.

z]kf{ hghLjg

of] If]qdf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/xsf] vf;} ljsf; gePsfn] oxfFsf]] hLjg

Psbd} si6s/ /x]sf] 5 eg] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/n] of] If]qdf a;f]af;
ug]{ dflg;xsf] k/Dk/fut hLjgz}nLdf emg} yk ;Df:of l;h{gf ePsf]
5. o; k|b]zdf a:g]n] afSnf] k|sf/sf] n'uf nufpg] ub{5g\ . h:tf] ef]6f],
bf]rf, aVv' cflb. oxfFsf dflg;x ljz]ift sf]bf], kmfk/, cfn', df;', vf]n]
Pj+ o;af6 tof/ ul/g] kl/sf/ vfg] ub{5g\.
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of] If]qdf k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd ljleGg hflt hghfltsf dflg;x a:b5g\.
k"jL{ g]kfndf d'Votof /fO{, lnDa" a:5g\ eg] dWog]kfndf a|fDx0f, If]qL,
g]jf/, du/, u' cflb hflt kfOG5g\. klZrddf klg log} hflt hghfltx
kfOG5g\. hft, wd{cg';f/ k|To]s ;d'bfosf] cfcfg} efiff, ;+:s[lt,
/Lltl/jfh b]lvG5. o; k|b]zdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;xn] bf}/f, ;'jfn,
s5f8, k6'sf, 6f]kL cflb nufpg] ub{5g\. oxfFsf dflg;x ds}, sf]bf], bxL,
b"w, e6df;h:tf vfB j:t' tyf To;af6 tof/ ul/Psf kl/sf/x vfg]
ub{5g\. o; k|b]zsf sltko 7fpFdf oftfoft k'u] klg sltko :yfgdf
af6f]3f6f]sf] sdL, lzIff tyf ;~rf/h:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] sdLn]
ubf{ oxfFsf] hghLjg klg si6s/ g} /x]sf] 5.
t/fO{ k|b]z
g]kfnsf] blIf0fdf t/fO{ k|b]z kb{5. of] If]q ;dy/ ePsf]n] oftfoftsf]
ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5. pAhfpzLn hldg ePsfn] oxfFsf] hghLjg lxdfnL
/ kxf8L hghLjgeGbf ;xh /x]sf] 5. oxfFsf dlg;xsf] d'Vo k]zf
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;jf/L ;fwgsf] ?kdf uf]uf8f

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g]kfn kl/ro153

udL{ x'g]x'Fbf oxfFsf dflg;x wf]tL, s'tf{, n'FuL nufpg] ub{5g\. o;

k|b]zsf dflg;xn] ljz]ift bfn, /f]6L, eft, df5f, bxL, b"wh:tf vfg]s'/f
vfg] u/]sf] kfOG5. t/fO{df nIdLk"hf, 57, l;jf kj{, a8sL cfOtjf/,
df+3L kj{x w'dwfd;Fu dgfOG5.
^=!=$ g]kfnsf pk]lIft, pTkLl8t / blnt ju{ tyf ltgsf] pTyfg;DaGwL
/fHon] u/]sf] Joj:yfx
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}ls, ;f+:s[lts,
wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ub}{ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;Lhghflt,
dw];L, pTkLl8t ;d'bfo / lk5l8Psf ;d'bfo, If]qsf ;d:ofxnfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug{ /fHosf] s]lGb|s[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs,
;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL;lxtsf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5. s'n
hg;\Vofsf] !* k|ltzt dw];L, d'l:nd P+j lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo 5g\.
xfn;Dd klxrfg ePsf #^ hfltxdWo] s'dL{, a/fO{, /fhe/h:tf cToGt}
yf]/} hg;\Vof ePsf ;d"xb]lv lnP/ ofbj, snjf/, t]nL, ;'8L, sf]O/L,
d';ndfgh:tf a9L hg;\Vof ePsf ;d'bfoxnfO{ klg lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo
dflgPsf] 5. logLx ;lbof}+b]lv cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Pj+ dfgjLo
ljsf;sf] b[li6n] jl~rtdf k/]sf] tYofn] b]vfpF5. To:t} b]zsf] s"n
hg;\Vofsf] sl/a !# k|ltzt blnt ;d'bfox c hfthflteGbf cfly{s
tyf ;fdflhs ;]jf / /fhgLlts cj;/af6 jl~rt /x]sf] kfOG5. d'n'snfO{
5'jf5'td'Qm /fHo 3f]if0f ul/;Sbf klg ;dfhdf ax';\Vos dflg;xsf]
blntxk|lt x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g.
gjf}F of]hgfb]lv blntxsf] pTyfg / ljsf;nfO{ ;f]em} nlIft u/L k|f/De
ul/Psf] sfo{qmdn] lg/Gt/tf kfpFb} cfPsf]n] pgLxsf] ;du| l:yltdf ;'wf/sf
nIf0fx b]vf kb}{5g\. lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf cjlwdf blnt pTyfg tyf
ljsf;df s]xL dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x ;' eP. n}ls ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt tof/ eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5. blnt ;d'bfonfO{
hg;\Vofsf] cg'kftdf lghfdtL, k|x/L, ;}lgs ;]jfnufot ;fj{hlgs If]qsf]
kbdf gofF egf{ ubf{ lglZrt k|ltzt 5'6\ofpg] ul/Psf] 5. blnt ju{ pTyfg
lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltdfkm{t &% j6} lhNnfdf cfod"ns tyf ;Lkd"ns
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] 5 eg] pRRf lzIff cWoog ug]{ blnt ljBfyL{xnfO{
ljleGg k|fljlws tyf ck|fjlws ljifodf 5fqj[ltx k|bfg ul/Psf] 5.
154g]kfn kl/ro

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blnt ;d'bfonfO{ /f]huf/Ldf ;xof]u ul/Psf] 5. cGt/hftLo ;b\efj a9fpg]
;fdflhs sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5. dw]zsf
blntxnfO{ nlIft u/L hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5.
dw]zL, d'l:nd Pj+ lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts pTyfg
/ ljsf;sf] nflu lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo pTyfg ljsf; ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z,
@)^% hf/L ePsf] 5. dw]zL ;d'bfonfO{ s]lGb|t u/L dlxnfsf] cfly{s
;fdflhs ;'wf/sf nflu n3'ljQm shf{;DaGwL sfo{qmdx u|fdL0f ljsf;
a}Fsxdfkm{t ;~rfng ul/Psf] eP tfklg lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfosf dlxnfx
o;af6 nfeflGjt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\. d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] kljq tLy{ xhofqfsf
nflu d'l:nd ;d'bfodfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ul/Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5.
dw]zL, d'l:nd, lk58fju{ pTyfg sfo{qmd t/fO{ dw]zsf @) lhNnf /
kxf8sf s]xL lhNnfdf lk5l8Psf hfthfltxsf] ;j{kIfLo ljsf;sf] p2]Zo
/fvL ;Lk ljsf;, /f]huf/L k|j4{g, ;r]tgf j[l4h:tf lqmofsnfkx ;~rfng
ul/Psf 5g\.
^=!=% g]kfnsf ljleGg hft hfltxsf] ;\lIfKt kl/ro
g]kfn Ps ax'hflt, ax'efifL, ax'wfld{s Pjd\ ax';f+:s[lts d'n's xf]. ctM
g]kfn efiff, ;+:s[lt, wd{ / hfltsf] b[li6n] wgL /fi6 xf]. cg]stf / ljljwtf
g} oxfFsf] cgf}7f] / pNNf]vgLo kIf xf]. g]kfndf clxn] oL ;a} kIfxsf]
cfufdL lkF9Lxsf nflu ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L g]kfn ko{6g
af]8{ / g]kfn /fli6o hftLo ;\u|xfnoh:tf ;\3;+:yfxn] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\. g]kfndf /x]sf ljleGg hft hfltdWo] s]xL hft
hfltsf] af/]df lgDgfg';f/ rrf{ ul/Psf] 5M

afx'gIfqL
k|hftLo lx;fan] afx'gIf]qL ss]l;og d"nsf dflgG5g\ . hg} wf/0f ug]{
x'Fbf logLxnfO{ tfufwf/L elgG5. k"lj{of / s'dfOF eg]/ afx'gxnfO{ b'O{
;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5. logLx b]zsf ljleGGf lhNnfdf
5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\. k'/]TofOF jf sd{sf08, Hof]ltif x]g]{ sfd, v]tLkftL /
;/sf/L gf]s/Ldf logLx a9L ;+nUg ePsf] kfOG5. logLx a}lbs
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro155

;gftgL lxGb" wd{ dfGb5g\. afx'g / IfqLxn] af]Ng] efiff ef/f]k]nL

;d"xsf] g]kfnL efiff xf] h'g b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]Vg] ul/G5. oLgLx
cfkm"nfO{ v; cfo{ eGg rfpF5g\.

du/
du/ hflt g]kfnsf] cflbjf;L hghflt xf]. logLxsf] a;f]af; If]qnfO{ !@
/ !* du/ft elgG5. h'g d:of{bLb]lv b}n]v / 8f]Nkfsf] s]xL efu;Dd
km}lnPsf] 5. /fgf, yfkf, k'g, cfn], /f]sf, 3tL{, a'9f, ;ft y/af6 du/sf
cGo y/x aGGf uPsf x'g\. s[lif, kz'kfng, vfgL vGg], x:tsnfsf ;fy}
;]gf nufot j}b]lzs /f]huf/L o; hfltsf d'Vo k]zf x'g\.
yf
yf hflt g]kfnsf] cflbjf;L hghfltdWo] Ps xf]. yfsf] dft[efiff
ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/df kb{5. logLxsf] cflbde"ld g]kfnsf] lzjflns z[\vnf
tyf t/fO{ If]q xf]. k"j{d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;DDf t/fO{sf @) lhNnfdf
yfsf] afx'Notf 5. logLxsf] d'Vo k]zf s[lif xf]. yfx cfkm"nfO{
k|s[ltk"hs / af}4wdf{nDaL dfGb5g\.
tfdf
cflbjf;L hghfltdf u0fgf x'g] tfdfsf] a;f]af; If]qnfO{ tfD;fln elgG5.
logLx w]/} y/xdf ljeflht 5g\. logLx sf7df8f}F pkTosf / ;f] jl/kl/
!) lhNnfxdf 3gf kdf a;f]af; u/]sf 5g\. kz'kfng, s[lif, yf\sf /
ljleGGf x:tsnfsf ;fdu|Lx lgdf{0f ug'{ logLxsf] d'Vo k]zf xf].
g]jf/
sf7df8f}F / pkTosfaflx/sf k|d'v Jofkfl/s s]Gb|df a;f]af; ug]{ g]jf/nfO{
cflbjf;L hghfltleq u0fgf ul/G5. k]zfsf cfwf/df a|fDX0fb]lv z'b|;DDfdf
juL{s/0f ul/Psf logLxsf] k/Dk/fut kdf sfFrf] jf kfs]sf] OF6f, lem+u6Lsf]
5fgff/f lgld{t b'O{ jf tLgtn] 3/x x'G5g\. logLxsf] k|d'v k]zf
Jofkf/, s[lif xf]. ;fy}, logLxn] hftLo k]zf cFufn]sf 5g\. lxGb" tyf
af}4wd{ cjnDag ug]{ logLxdf wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf /x]sf] kfOG5.
/fO{
/fO{x cflbjf;L ls/ft j+zsf x'g\, h;nfO{ vDa" klg elgG5. g]kfnsf]
156g]kfn kl/ro

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/fO{xsf] d'Vo a;f]af; If]q xf]. logLx 9'f, df6f] / sf7n] agfPsf] tyf
v/n] 5fPsf] 3/df a:b5g\. logLx d'Votof wfg, sf]bf], cn}+rL v]tL,
kz'kfng tyf sfuh agfpg] Joj;fo ub{5g\.

u'
g]kfnsf] cflbjf;L hghfltleq kg]{ u' -td'_ hflt b]zleq / aflx/
5l/P/ /x]sf] kfOP klg logLx u08sL If]qsf sf:sL, ndh', uf]vf{ /
dgfsf /}yfg] x'g\ / sf:sLsf] Sxf]n pgLxsf] k'Vof}{nL ynf] xf]. logLxsf]
k'Vof}{nL k];f kz'kfng / s[lif ePtf klg :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;]gfnufot
Jofkf/ / ;/sf/L ;]jfdf klg lgs} ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOG5. ef]6ad]{nL
kl/jf/cGt{utsf] td" efiff af]Nb5g\.
lnDa"
g]kfnsf] cflbjf;L lnDa" hflt c0fgbLk"j{ ;v'jf;ef, wgs'6f, t]x|y'd,
tfKn]h', kfFry/, Onfd, emfkf, df]/ / ;'g;/Ldf a;f]af; ub{5g\. lnDa"
hfltdf klg w]/} y/x 5g\. logLx s[lif tyf kz'kfng Joj;fo ub{5g\.
lnDa"x k|s[lt k"hf ug]{ ls/ft wd{ dfGb5g\.
z]kf{
z]kf{ hfltsf] cflbynf] ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] pQ/L If]qnfO{ dflgG5. z]kf{x
b]zsf ljleGGf lxdfnL lhNnfxdf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\. logLx kz'kfng /
v]tLkftL ub{5g\. logLx af}4wd{sf] dxfofg ;Dk|bfoL x'g\ eg] logLxsf]
efiff ef]6ad]{nL kl/jf/leq kb{5. nf];f/, 8'DhL, kmf8L Nxf]K;f], ofHof{,
s;'/, 9'skf 5]Ro", o'g], 5]Ro" logLxsf k|d'v rf8 x'g\.
;'g'jf/
;'g'jf/ hflt cflbjf;L ls/ft j+zsf] Ps zfvf xf]. ;'g'jf/x lnv'k"j{
/fd]5fkb]lv cf]vn9'\uf;DDf a;f]af; ub{5g\. ;'g'jf/sf afx| y/x 5g\.
;'g'jf/sf] wd{u'nfO{ gf]S;f] elgG5. logLx ef]6ad]{nL efiff kl/jf/sf]
;'g'jf/ sf]Or efiff af]Nb5g\.
r]kf
g] kfnsf] cflbjf;L hghflt r]kfnfO{ k|hf klg eGGf] ul/G5. logLx lrtjg,
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro157

dsjfgk'/, wflb, uf] /vf, ndh' / tgx'F lhNnfxsf] le/fnf] kfvfdf / afFs],
alb{of, gjnk/f;L, af/f cflb lhNnfxdf ;d]t a;f]af; ub{ 5g\ . logLxsf
w] /}h;f] k/Dk/fut ;;fgf Pstn] v/n] 5fPsf 3/ x' G5g\ . logLxsf] k/Dk/fut
k] zf vf] l/of k|0ffnLsf] s[ lif Joj;fo, sGbd'nsf] ;\ u|x / lzsf/ xf] .

p/fj -emfu8_
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a:tL k;f{b]lv emfkf;Dd km}lnPsf] 5. logLx ;fgf;fgf emf]u8L agfP/
vf]]nf lsgf/df a;f]af; ub{5g\. logLxsf] d'Vo Joj;fo s[lif, dhb'/L,
kz'kfng xf] eg] x:tsnfsf ;fdu|L 9fsL, lksf{, u'Gb|L cflb klg a'Gg]
ub{5g\. logLxsf] efiff b|lj8 efiff ;d"xdf k5{.
yfdL
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/fynL, lr/fynL, ;'Otfk, sflnGrf]s, nfkLnf, vf]kfrfu', cfnDk', l;:s/,
a'ynL cflb ufpFdf a;f]af; ub{5g\. logLx k/Dk/fut v]tL tyf kz'kfng
Joj;fo ub{5g\. logLx k|s[lt k"hs ls/ft wd{ dfGb5g\.
lwdfn
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emfkf / df]/ lhNNffdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ h;nfO{ t/fO{sf ls/fFtL klg
elgG5. ;v'jfsf] yfddf afF; / sf7n] agfPsf] v/n] 5fPsf] Pstn] 3/
x'G5. logLx k|s[ltk"hs x'g\. logLxsf] efiff ef]6ad]{nL kl/jf/af6
k|efljt 5. logLx bz}F, ltxf/, hg}k"l0f{df, r}t] bz}F, df3] ;\qmflGtnufot
lxGb" wd{df cfwfl/t cGo rf8jf8 dgfpg] ub{5g\.
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d"n ynf] yf;f\ d':tf\ lhNnfsf] blIf0fL ;LdfIf]qdf kb{5. logLx xfn
ljleGGf lhNnfdf a;f]af; ub{5g\. logLx cfg} efiff af]N5g\. logLxsf]
cfg} e]ife"iff tyf u/uxgf x'G5.
5GTofn
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158g]kfn kl/ro

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cflb lhNnfdf klg a;f]af; ub{5g\. logLx vfd efiff af]Nb5g\. k'Vof]{nL
kdf vfgL vGg] / k|zf]wg ug]{ eP tfklg logLxsf] d'Vo k]zfsf] s[lif /
kz'kfng xf].

afx|ufpn]
d\uf]n d'vfs[lt ePsf cflbjf;L hghfltdf u0fgf x'g] Ps hflt afx|ufpFn]
klg xf]. logLx d':tf lhNnfsf] aLr efusf d'lQmgfy, sfua]gL, 5';f
/ emf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldltcGtu{tsf If]qdf a;f]af; ub{5g\. logLxsf]
d'Vo k]zf s[lif, kz'kfng / Jofkf/ xf]. logLx af}4 wdf{nDaL x'g\.
l;of/ -r'Daf_
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ufFpdf r'Daf hfltsf] a;f]af; 5. pgLx 9'\ufsf] ufx|f]dfly sf7 /
9'\ufn] 5fPsf] 3/ agfpF5g\. logLx k/Dk/fut kdf ux'F, kmfk/, s]/fp,
cfn,' tf]/Lsf] v]tL u5{g\ . logLx af}4 wd{ dfGb5g\.
n]Krf
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/ emfkf lhNnfsf s]xL :yfgdf a;f]af; ub{5g\. logLx k|s[ltk"hs x'g\
eg] af}4 wd{ dfGb5g\.
/fp6]
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kdf 8f]6L, bfr'{nf, c5fd, b}n]v, hfh/sf]6, sflnsf]6 tyf ;'v]{tdf a:5g\.
jgb]jL, bf/]d:t tyf e'of/ b]jtf dfGb5g\. logLx ef]6ad]{nL kl/jf/sf]
vfDrL efiff af]Nb5g\. logLx Ps dlxgfeGbf a9L Ps} 7fFpdf slxNo}
a:b}gg\ / To; 7fpFdf kms]{/ cfpbF}gg\. logLx c:yfoL kdf a:g]
7fpFnfO{ /fp6L elgG5 eg] c:yfoL 5fk|fnfO{ yf}nf elgG5.
^=!=^ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf
u/LaL, a]/f]huf/L, ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s ljifdtf, k|fs[lts k|sf]k, ;fdflhs
Gnufotsf sf/0fn] ;dfhdf cf>oxLg, c;xfo JolQmxsf] ;\Vofdf j[l4
xF'b} uPsf] kfOG5. afnaflnsf, Ho]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, nf]kf]Gd'v cflbjf;L,
;"rgf ljefu

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ug]{ ul/Psf] 5. tLgjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df ^,!(,%)! Ho]i7
gful/s, @,^&,$!# Psn dlxnf, !,%^* nf]kf]Gd'v cflbjf;L, !#)*( k"0f{ /
^,*&% c+flzs ckftf ePsf JolQmn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf k|fKt u/]sf lyP.

s0ff{nL hghLjg -sf]bf] kmNb}_

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k|ToIf nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\. ljleGg lhNnfxdf u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/
ljsf; sfo{qmddfkm{t vfBfGg ljt/0f u/L s'n ^% nfv >d lbg a/fa/sf]
/f]huf/L l;h{gf ePsf] 5. To:t}, k|fylds lzIff / cTofjZos :jf:Yo P+j
kf]if0f;DaGwL ;]jfdf lj:tf/ e} hgtfsf] kx'Frdf j[l4 ePsf] 5. o;}
cjlwdf o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd cf/De ul/of]. /f]huf/LhGo hf]lvdxnfO{
;Daf]wg ug{ ;\ul7t If]qsf sd{rf/L tyf sfdbf/xsf] kfl/>ldsdf Ps
k|ltzt s/ nufO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ul/of].
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] nflu ul/Psf] k|d'v sfo{qmdx lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
160g]kfn kl/ro

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ePsf JolQmnfO{ eQf ljt/0f sfo{qmd,
-v_ afn;+/If0f cg'bfg sfo{qmd,
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-_ sl7g kl/l:yltdf k/]sfnfO{ ljz]if ;xof]u,
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ljBfno lzIffsf qmddf afnaflnsfx

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kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5. oxL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf Pj+ If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6o
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;fdflhs Jojwfgxn] ubf{ klg pknAw :jf:Yo ;]jfx ;dtfd"ns kdf
k|jfx x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\.
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cflb wd{ kb{5g\ eg] af}4 wd{df lxgofg, dxfofg, jh|ofg, tGq tyf
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uPsf] kfOG5. g]kfnL ;dfhdf k|s[lt, lkt[ tyf cb[Zo zlQmsf] k"hf ug]{
k|rng klg /x]sf] 5. klZrd g]kfndf di6f], k"jL{ kxf8df r08L jf b]jL,
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oxfF ;fF:s[lts ljljwtfleq Pstf kfOG5. oxfFsf ljljw ;F:s[ltxaLr
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ksf] k"hf cr{gf, km"nkftL dxf]T;j cflb sfo{qmdx ul/G5g\.
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dlGb/df / cGoGq :yflkt lzjfnoxdf >4fn' eQmhgxsf] 7"nf] hd36
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dlR5Gb| gfysf] /yofqf ul/G5.
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cfgf] bfh'efOxsf] ;'v ;+j[l4 / bL3f{o"sf] sfdgf ub}{ 6Lsf nufO{ ldi7fGg
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ljz]if pT;fxsf ;fy dgfpF5g\. jif{sf] u0fgf d';f, ufO{, af3, la/fnf], d]3,
gfu, 3f]8f, e]F8f, afFb/, u', s's'/, ag]nsf] gfddf ul/G5 / k|To]s !@
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Nxf];f/df g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs labf lbg] k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5.

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lb3f{o'sf] sfdgf ub{5g\.
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dgfOG5 eg] pwf}nL sflQs, d\l;/ dlxgflt/ dgfOG5. o; kj{df gfS5f]
jf k'hf/Ln] rG8L yfg, dfuf{yfg, df\lvd cflb 7fpFdf dGw'd eg]/ k"hfcfhf
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cfgf] c9fO{ k|ltzt u/La u'jfnfO{ bfg lbO{ logLxsf] hLljsfsf nflu
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aln -s'af{g_ lbg]h:tf sfd ul/G5.
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ul/G5. o;} lbg k|foM g]jf/xsf] b]jfnL k"hf x'g] ub{5. of] rf8 s[ifs
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la:s]6 hfqf

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kj{nfO{ b'O{jif]{ d]]nf klg elgG5. of] a]nfdf ;a Oi6ldqx;Fu e]63f6 u/L
Pscsf{df z'esfdgf ;f6f;f6 ul/G5. lzj :jk e}/j /yofqf ug'{nfO{
lj:s]6 hfqfsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIf dflgG5. ;fy}, o;lbg /y h'wfpg], lhe|f]
5]8\g] tyf v6 hfqf ug]{ ul/G5.

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/ u9jfn If]qdf dgfOg] of] kj{df ljleGg hfltsf dlxnfxn] ;fd"lxs
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uf]x/f;d]t elgg] of] kj{df df;sf] kL7f]sf] d"lt{ agfO{ k"hf ul/G5. dlGb/df
km"n, rGbg, cIftf, w"ksf cltl/Qm hfF}, ux'F, df;, s]/fp ldl>t k~r lj8L
r9fOG5. efb| s[i0ffi6dLb]lv # lbg;DDf dgfOg] of] kj{df ci6dLsf lbg
dlxnfx pkjf; a;L 3fF;f/f lgld{t lzj kfj{tL u0f]zsf d"lt{ -;fp_ sf]
k"hf cr{gf ug]{, ehg sLt{g ug]{ c7jfnL sd{ ub{5g\.

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ljlzi6 dxfg kj{ rf;f]s tf\gfd k|To]s jif{ sflt{s dlxgfdf kb{5. GjfuL
k"hf;d]t elgg] rf;f]s tf\gfd kj{df gofF kfs]sf kmnkm"n -cGg, kmnkm"n_
b]jL b]jtfxnfO{ r9fP/dfq cfkm"n] vfO{ /fte/ ofn\df, Rofj|'gfr gfRb},
xfSkf/] uLt ufpFb} /dfOnf] ul/G5. of] kj{ lnDa" hfltsf] P]Soj4tf ;femf,
;+j[4, ;+:s[ltsf] k|ltssf] kdf dgfOG5.
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/ ef/tsf ;Gyfnx xhf/f}Fsf] ;\Vofdf ;xefuL eO{ lzj kfj{tLsf] k"hf
cr{gf ub}{ gfrufgsf ;fy} ljleGg ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug]{ ul/G5.
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kj{ dgfpF5g\. /fhj+zL hfltsf] dxTjk"0f{ l;jf kj{sf] a]nfdf n;'g /

lxnf] 5\ofKg] l;?jf kj{

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n;'g, Kofh 9f]sfdf em'08ofPsf] b]v]sfn] pgLx ar]sf] cfVofg ePsf]n]
cBflk n;'g Kofh em'08\ofpg] k/Dk/f 5. o;}lbg & k|sf/sf/ t/sf/L
ld;fPsf] ;fuhftL agfP/ vfg] ul/G5. l;jf kj{df /fhj+zL ;d'bfosf
s'nb]jtf 7fs'/ lj;/Lsf] k"hf ug'{sf ;fy} l6i6fa'9Lsf gfdn] l6i6f gbLsf]
klg k"hf ul/G5. of] kj{ /fhj+zL hfltsf cltl/Qm yf, tfhk'/Lof, sxf/,
ugufO{ hfltn] klg pT;fx / pdsf ;fy dgfpg] ub{5g\. of] cj;/df
xf6d]nf eg]{ / ufg ahfg u/L /f/ g[To ug]{ ul/G5.

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;fy} sf7df08f}+df dlR5Gb|gfysf] /yofqf / kf6g hfjnfv]ndf dlR5Gb|gfysf]
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kdf dgfpF5g\. o; lbg yf ;d'bfosf u' k'/f]lxtn] vlnxfgdf ljz]if
lsl;dsf] k"hf ub{5g\.
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hxfF g]kfn / ef/tsf nfvf}F eQmhgx d]nf eg{ cfpF5g\. o; d]nfdf
u9LdfO{nfO{ /fFuf, af]sf / k\IfLxsf] ef]u r9fOG5.
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tyf ljxf/df hfG5g\. o; cj;/df k~rbfg, ljleGg b]jLb]jtfxsf]
;fj{hlgs k|bz{g / dtof u/L tLg r/0fdf of] pT;j ;DkGg ul/G5.
cfkmGt d[tsxsf] ;Demgfdf tLy{:ynxdf aQL afnL bz{gfy{ hfg]
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u/]sf] dflgG5.
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Ps lbgcufl8 ;' eO{ kmfu' k"l0f{dfsf] ef]lnkN6 -# lbg_ ;Dd dgfOG5. of]
cj;/df lkt[xnfO{ lvld -kLs_ bfg ul/G5. of] kj{df dWo/ftkl5 /
ljxfg s'v'/f af:g'eGbfcufl8 3/sL k|d'v dlxnfn] :gfg u/L z'4 eP/
;fnsf] kftdf /fv]/ d[ts lkt[xsf] ;Demgf u/L lk08bfg ug]{ ul/G5.
lk08bfg sfo{df k'ifhfltsf] ;xeflutf x'Fb}g. o; cj;/df d]jfldi7fg
vfg], /fd|f gofF sk8f nufpg], cfkmGt Oi6ldqx;Fu e]36f6 ug]{ cflbsf
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ds/ ;\qmflGt / ss{6 ;\qmflGt

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ubf{ ss{6 ;\qmflGt x'G5. pQm lbg g'jfsf]6sf] tfsfdf uf] h'wfpg] kj{
dgfOG5.

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b] jtfxsf] bz{ g ul/G5 eg] ;fFemdf sf08/s /fIf;sf] k"hf ug] {, b'Mv si6
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cfgf] b]zsf] u'0f ;Demg] k|]/0ff k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf df}lns rf8kjf]{T;jx
klg 5g\. h;df j}zfv s[i0f cf}F;Lsf] lbg dgfOg] dft[cf}F;L, dft[lbj; /
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xf]; eGgfsf nflu sltko j|tfn'xrflxF 5ftLn] 3;|]/ gbL lsgf/ jf
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h'g;'s} zf:qLo lgTo g}ldlQs sd{xdf geO{ gx'g] kljq s'zx zf:qf]Qm
jrgfg';f/ ljlwk"j{s k"hf u/L 5]bg u/]/ o; lbg s'zsf d'7f 3/df /fVgfn]
sNof0f x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] kfOG5. To;}n] To; s'zsf] gfdaf6 o;
kjf]{T;jsf] gfd s'z] cf}FzL /xg uPsf] kfOG5. o;lbg afa'nfO{ 7"nf] >4f
elQmsf ;fy lrcg';f/sf vfB j:t'x VjfO{ cfzL{jfbsf] sfdgf ug]{ rng
/x]sf] 5. afa' gx'g]xn] cfgf afa'sf] gfdaf6 l;wfbfg, >f4 cflb u/]/ u'
k'/f]lxtxnfO{ cfgf afa'sf] k|tLs dfg]/ s]xL vfB j:t' v'jfpg] ul/G5.

lqm;d;
ljZjsf cGo d'n'ssf lqmlZrog wdf{jnDaLh:t} g]kfndf klg O;fO{
wdf{jnDaLxn] @% l8;]Da/df w'dwfd;Fu lqm:d; dgfpF5g\. dflg;af6
ePsf] kfksf] k|folZrtsf vflt/ oz' v|Li6sf] qm;df em'l08P/ ePsf]
alnbfgLsf] :d/0f:jk dgfOg] o; kj{df O;fO{ wdf{jnDaLxn] ljZj
zflGt, k|]d / cfzfsf lglDt rr{xdf uO{ k|fy{gf ug]{ / z'esfdgf Pj+
pkxf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ul/G5. of] lbg ;fj{hlgs labf x'G5.
^=@=@ g]kfnsf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ljj/0f
k|frLgsfnb]lv k/Dk/fsf] kdf rlncfPsf dfgj ;+:sf/nfO{ g} ;+:s[lt
elgG5. wfld{s cf:yf / ljZjf; emlNsg] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf
elgG5. xfd|f k/Dk/fut dfGotfx, cfrf/ljrf/, /xg;xg, wd{ / wfld{s

/fli6o ;+u|xfno 5fpgL

178g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

u|Gyx, nf]sg[To, clen]v, lznfkqx g} ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx x'g\. ;g\

@)!) ;Dddf ljZjsf P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts dxTjsf &)$ j6f :yfgx
ljZj ;Dkbfdf k/]sf 5g\. h;dWo] g]kfnsf !) j6f :yfgx ljZj
;Dkbf;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 , To;dWo] * :yfgx P]ltxfl;s tyf
;f+:s[lts dxTjsf /x]sf 5g\. log} ljleGGf ;Dkbfn] g} ;dfhsf] ljz]iftfnfO{
k|ltljlDjt ub{5g\. ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng]
k'/ftTj ljefusf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5. ef}lts / cef}lts u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf x'G5g\.
ef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx kf}/fl0fs d7dlGb/, u'Daf, :t"k, d"lt{, zflns,
P]ltxfl;s b/af/, tfd|kq, lznfn]vh:tf clen]vx, nf]sg[To, nf]safhf,
lrqsnf, Clifd'gLsf tkf]e"ldsf kdf /x]sf lxdfnkxf8 tyf gbLx
P]ltxfl;s u'kmf tyf tLy{:yn, >Lv08, b|fIf cflb h:tf wfld{s dxTjsf
j[Ifx, k|frLg u/uxgf, k|frLg xftxltof/ cflb.
cef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx wd{, k/Dk/f, /xg;xg, e]ife"iff, rfnrng,
/Lltlylt, rf8kj{, ltyL j|t, cflb
^=@=# /fli6o ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg gLlt
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 /fli6o ;f+:s[lts gLlt @)^& hf/L ul/Psf] 5. efiff,
snf, ;+:s[lt, nlntsnf / ;\uLt gf6\o If]qsf] ljsf;, k|jw{g / ;+/If0fsf]
nflu g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg / g]kfn ;\uLt
tyf gf6\o k|1f k|lti7fgsf] u7g eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\.
s]Gb|Lo clen]vfno, If]qLo ;\u|xfno kf]v/f, If]qLo ;\u|xfno ;'v]{t,
If]qLo ;\u|xfno, wgs'6f, uf]/vf ;\u|xfno, /fli6o ;\u|xfno 5fpgL,
/fli6o d'b|f ;\u|xfno, slknj:t' ;\ u|xfno, /fli6o snf eQmk'/
;\u|xfnosf] :yfkgf eO{ k"/ftflTjs :yn ;+/If0ftkm{ sfo{qmdx ;~rfng
eO/x]sf 5g\. To;}u/L &@ lhNnfsf] ;Dkbfxsf] ;'lrs/0f eO{ To;}
cg'ksf sfo{qmdx ;~rfng eO{ /x]sf 5g\. ;fy}, ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf
;"rLs[t ;Dkbfxsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu sfo{qmdx ;~rfngdf /x]sf /
kljq wfld{s:yn b]j3f6 If]qsf] @) jif]{ u'of]hgf :jLs[t ePsf], cGo
hftLo ;\u|xfnox :yfkgf sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ :yfgLo lgsfo /
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf w/fg, lrtjg, sLlt{k'/, kf]v/f, bf / h'Dnfdf
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro179

hftLo ;\u|xfnox :yfkgf sfo{ ;' ul/Psf], sf7df8f}Fsf] uf]s0f{df

hgcfGbf]ng tyf zxLb :d[lt ;\u|xfnosf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;' ul/Psf],
gf/fo0flx6L b/jf/ ;\u|xfno :yfkgf eO{ s]xL efu ;j{ ;fwf/0fsf]
cjnf]sgsf nflu v'Nnf ul/Psf] ;fy} d}lynL ;flxTosf dxfslj ljBfkltsf]
:d[lt k'/:sf/sf] nflu ! s/f]8sf] cIfosf]if :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5. n'lDagL,
kz' klt / hgsk' / If]q sf u' of] hgfcg' k k" jf{w f/ ljsf;;DaGwL
lqmofsnfkx;d]t ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\.

180g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

kl/R5]b M ;ft

g]kfnsf] efiff, ;flxTo

/ snf
&=! efiff
g]kfn ax'efifL b]z xf]. g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfndf af]lng]
;a} dft[efiffxnfO{ /fi6efiffsf] dfGotf lbPsf] 5. g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L
sfdsfhsf] efiff xf]. g]kfnL efiff ;Dks{sf] efiff klg xf]. ;a} g]kfnLn]
g]kfnL efiff af]Ng / a'em\g ;Sb5g\ . k|frLg g]kfndf ls/fFt, ;+:s[t, kfnL
cflb efiff / a|fDxL, l;l/h+3f, b]jgfu/L, /Ghgf cflb lnlk ljsl;t xF'b}
uPsf] kfOG5. pQ/fw{df ;+:s[t efiffsf] ljsf; cGo efiffsf] bfFhf]df

xfd|f efiff;]jLx
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro181

cToflws dfqfdf ePsf] kfOG5. hol:ylt dNnsf] pbo ePkl5 dWosfndf

g]jf/L efiffsf] klg lnlvt kdf ;'cft ePsf] xf].
o;sfndf g]kfndf cGo ljleGg efiffx ePklg lnlvt kdf ltgLxsf]
jr{:j e] l6Psf] 5} g. d' ;ndfg Jofkf/Lsf] k| j]zkl5 dWosfndf pb"{ / kmf/;L
efiffsf] k| of] u x'g yfn]sf] kfOG5. b/af/df ;+:s[t, d}lynL, afnL, ef]hk'/L,
cjwL / kj{t] -g]kfnL_ efiffsf 1ftfx klg lyP eGg] s'/f Oltxf;af6 k|i6 x'G5.
&=!=! g]kfndf af]lng] d'Vo efiffx -/fli6o hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/_

qm=;+=
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

efiff
g]kfnL
d}lynL
ef]hk'/L
yf
tfdf
g]jf/L
du/
cjwL
jfGtjf
u'?
lnDa"
alHhsf
pb"{
/fhj+zL
z]kf{
lxGbL
rflDn
;Gyfn

182g]kfn kl/ro

hg;\Vof qm=;+=
1,18,26,953 19.
3092530

20.

1584958 21.
1529875

22.

1353311

23.

846557

24.

788530

25.

501752

26.

132583

27.

325622

28.

343603

29.

793416

30.

691546

31.

122214

32.

114830
77569

33.

76800

34.

49858

35.

efiff
hg;\Vof
r]kf
48476
bg'jf/
45821
p/fj
33651
;'g'jf/
37898
a+ufnL
21061
/fh:yfgL 25394
dfemL
24422
yfdL
23151
s'n'
33170
lwdfn
19300
clGhsf
18555
ofVvf
19558
y'n'
20659
;fkf,
;f\kfxf 18270
e'h]nL
21715
b/fO{
11677
vfln
14467
;"rgf ljefu

qm=;+=
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.

;"rgf ljefu

efiff
hg;\Vof qm=;+=
61.
s'dfn
12222
62.
ysfnL
5242
63.
5GTofn
4283
64.
;f\s]lts 4476
65.
ltAatL
4445
66.
b'dL
7638
67.
lh/]n
4829
68.
jfDa'n]
13470
k'df
6686
69.
of]Ndf]
10176
70.
gf5]l/
10041
71.
b'/f
2156
72.
d]r]
4375
73.
kx/L
3458
74.
nfKr]
7499
75.
af]6]
8766
76.
axfO{
11658
77.
sf]o"
1271
78.
/fhL
3758
79.
xfo"
1520
80.
Jof;L
480
81.
ofDkm]
9208
82.
3n]
8092
83.
vl/of
238
84.
l5ln
2046
85.

efiff
hg;\Vof
nf]?
3716
kGhfaL
808
lrlgofF
242
c\u|]hL
2032
d]cf]xf 4650
;+:s[t
1669
s}s]
50
vfDhL -/fp6]_ 461
ls;fg
1178
d';ndfg 1075
a/fd
155
ltn'
1424
h]?
1763
b'DhfnL
6260
cf]l/of
584
ln\lv 129
s';'G8f
28
l;GwL
518
sf]r]
2080
xl/ofGjL 889
df3L
35614
;fd
401
s'df{nL
227
sfut]
99
bf]\vf
80
g]kfn kl/ro183

qm=;+=
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.

efiff
hg;\Vof qm=;+=
105.
s'sL
29
106.
l5Gtf
3712
107.
ldhf]
32
108.
gfUd];]
10
109.
Nxf]dL
808
110.
c;fdL
476
111.
;wfgL
122
/fO{
159114 112.
tfhk'/Lof 18811 113.
114.
v;}
1747
115.
c7kx/]
5530
116.
ugufO{
3612
c5fdL
142787 117.
118.
vd
27113
119.
dfnkf8] 247
120.
w'n]nL
347
121.
c/aL
8
122.
:k]lg;
16
123.
/l;og
17

efiff
hg;\Vof
8f]6]nL
787827
a]nx/f
599
kmf\b'jfnL 290
jfn'
1169
;'/]n
287
a}t8]nL
272524
ags/Lof 69
aemf\uL 67581
k|mfG;]nL 34
Nxf]kf
3029
8f]NkfnL 1667
h'DnL
851
b}n]vL
3102
;f]gfxf
579
88]nw'/L 488
afh'/]nL 10704
bfr'{n]nL 5928
dgf
392
u9jfnL
38

&=!=@ g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/

g]kfnL efiff ef/f]k]nL efiff kl/jf/sf] ;td\ju{leq kg]{ efiff xf]. o;sf]
;DaGw cfo{ O/fg]nL zfvfsf] cfw'lgs cfo{efiff;Fu /x]sf] kfOG5. g]kfnL
efiff, cfw'lgs cfo{ efiffxdWo] Ps xf]. of] ;+:s[t, k|fs[t / cke+|z x'Fb}
ljsl;t ePsf] xf]. k|fs[t tyf cke+|zsf] s'g zfvfaf6 g]kfnL efiffsf]
184g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

hGd ePsf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljfgx Psdt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\. g]kfnL
efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] kdf lnOG5. of] efiffnfO{ ;a}n] a'em\g],
s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lhn} ;lsg], ;Dks{ efiff, zAbfjnL efiff, efiff k|of]ustf{,
;flxTo, ;flxTosf/ / efiff;]jLsf lx;fan] ;a}eGbf wgL efiffsf] kdf
lng] ul/Psf] kfOG5.
eflifs k'/ftflTjs ljz]iftf / /fhg}lts 36gfqmdsf cfwf/df g]kfnL efiffsf]
ljsf;qmdnfO{ lgDglnlvt tLg sfndf afFl8Psf] 5.
-s_ k|fylds r/0f
k|frLg sfn lj=;+= !)$) b]lv !%$( ;fn;Dd /x]sf] kfOG5. o;sf]
k|df0fsf kdf lj=;= !)#* sf] bfd'kfnsf] clen]vnfO{ lnOG5. ;Ktl;Gw'
k|b]zb]lv k"j{ xfnsf] g]kfn;Dd v;x lkmlhPsf lyP. ef/tsf] d'un
;fd|fHo lj:tf/sf qmddf ;Defljt cfqmd0f k|Tofqmd0fsf nflu x'Dnf
>Lkfnsf /fhf gfu/fhn] lj=;= !)$) df PsLs/0f u/L ljzfn v;
clw/fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf] Oltxf; k|fKt ePsf] 5. logL v; lyPgg\,
ltAatL lyP . P6\lsG;g / /fx'n ;f+s[Tofogn] lbPsf] ljj/0fcg';f/ pgL
;|f]r uDkf]sf afx|f}F j+z x'g\. To;}n] klg logsf] dft[efiff ltAatL lyof]
eGg] a'lemG5. csf]{ s'/f pgsf ;Gtfgsf] gfd rfk -of] gfd xf]Og, of]
;+:s[ltdf /fhf eGg] cy{sf] l;~hfnL zAb xf]_, rflkNn -of] klg gfd xf]Og,
of] rfksf 5f]/f eGg] cy{sf] l;~hfnL zAb xf]_, qmfl;rNn -qmfl;sf] 5f]/f]M
oxfF ltAatL / v; zAb hf]l8Psf] b]lvG5_, qmflwrNn -qmflwsf] 5f]/f]_,
qmfrNn -qmfsf] 5f]/f]_ /x]af6 klg Tof] j+z ltAatL jQmf ePsf] :ki6 x'G5.
t/, k|hfxsf] hg;\Vofdf v;x a9L ePsfn] /fhfx klg lj:tf/} v;
hfltdf kfGtl/t x'Fb} uPsf] / :yfgLo v; k|hfxs} efiffnfO{ /fHoefiffsf
kdf k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5. To;a]nf k"j]{nL v; /fHosf k|d'v b'O{j6f k|fGt
lyPM v;xsf] 3gf a;f]af; ePsf] v;fg / hf8 jf ef]6]xsf] a;f]af;
a9L ePsf] h8fg. o; v;fg k|fGtsf] /fhwfgLrflxF l;+hf -jt{dfg h'Dnf_
lyof]. oL ;a} If]qdf Pp6} efiffsf] /fhsLo k|of]u ePsfn] o;nfO{ l;+hfnL
eg]/ lrGg ;lsG5. o;/L PsLs[t v;/fHo sfnb]lv o; efiffsf] pTklQ
ePsf] dflgPsf] xf] lsgeg] c cfw'lgs ef/tLo cfo{efiffxsf] pTklQ
;do klg o;} ;dolt/ dflgPsf] 5. oxL efiff k"j{lt/ klg a9\b} u08sL
If]q;Dd cfOk'Uof]. o;nfO{ kl5 kj{t] eGg yflnof]. o; l;+hfnL efiffsf
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro185

k|frLg gd"gfx ljleGg clen]vxdf kfOPsf 5g\. s]xL k|d'v gd"gfx

lgDglnlvt 5g\ M

czf]srNnsf] b'Nn'sf] lznfn]v

cflbTo dNnsf] tfd|kq
uf]vf{sf] tf3afO{ u'Dafdf k|fKt cflbTo dNnsf] tfd|kq
k'0o dNnsf] tfd|kq

-v_ dWosfnLg r/0f

gfu/fh ceo dNnsf] ;fd|fHo lj36gkl5 -v; /fHosf] lj36g_ 6'qm]/fHosf]
:yfkgfn] ubf{ g]kfnL efiffn] klg k|frLg nIf0fx u'dfpFb} dWosfnLg
nIf0fx k|fKt ug{ yfNof]. lj=;= !%%% sf] wjsd{7f/f lnlvt sfjf]{l/s
ljjf]if zfxLsf] tfd|kqsf] efiff dWosfnLg g]kfnL efiff nIf0fxsf] kdf
b]vf kof].
g]kfnL efiff ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLb]lv lj:tfl/t x'g yfNof]. o; ;dodf g]kfnL
efiffefifLx qmd}n] k"j{lt/ km}ng yfn]. of] qmd kxf8L tyf t/fO{sf e"efu
tyf bfhL{ln cf;fd x'Fb} adf{;Dd k'Uof]. o;/L km}lng] qmddf :jb]zL tyf
ljb]zL efiffsf zAbxsf] cfudg g]kfnL effiffdf x'g yfNof]. o;} ;dodf
g]kfnL efiffn] k|zf;gsf] dfWod aGg] cj;/ klg k|fKt uof]. g]kfnsf]
PsLs/0f cleofg;Fu} g]kfnL efiffsf] Jofks kdf k|rf/k|;f/ tyf
lj:t[tLs/0fn] o;sf] dxTj cem} a9]/ uof].
lj=;= !%%% sf] wjsd{7f/f lnlvt sfaf]{l/s ljjf]if zfxLsf] eflifs gd'gfb]lv
lj=;= !($* sf] df]lt/fdf/f lnlvt efg'eQmsf] hLjg rl/qsf af/]df
pNn]v ul/Psf eflifs gd"gfsf cltl/Qm lj=;= !*%% sf] zlQmaNnesf]
xf:osbDjsf] efiff x]bf{ k|frLgsfnb]lv dWosfn;Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfnL
efiffn] cfgf] :ki6k b]vfO;s]sf] / sfJo / ;flxTotkm{ klg of] efiff
nf]slk|o e};s]sf] kfOG5.
-u_ cfw'lgs r/0f
uf]/vfkqsf] -!(%*_ k|sfzg;Fu} g]kfnL efiffsf] cfw'lgs sfnsf] yfngL
ePsf] dflgG5. uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzgkl5 g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf;df uf]/vfkqsf
;fy cGo ljleGg kqklqsfxsf] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] kfOG5. g]kfnL
efiffsf] ljsf; tyf ;j[l4sf nflu ;'Gb/L -!(^#_, dfwjL -!(^%_ h:tf kq
186g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

klqsfxn] g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf; / k|rf/k|;f/ ug{df lbPsf] of]ubfg

clj:d/0fLo /x]sf] 5. /fddl0f cf=bL= sf] xnGt alxisf/ cfGbf]ngnfO{
cufl8 a9fpg dfwjL -!(^%_ n] v]n]sf] e"ldsf tyf :jod\ /fddl0fs}
of]ubfgnfO{ klg la;{g ;lsFb}g. eflifs :t/Ls/0fsf nflu xnGt alxisf/
cfGbf]ngn] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg cf]u]6]sf] 5. To;kl5 rlGb|sf Jofs/0fsf] k|sfzg
tyf ljleGg k|ltef ;DkGg slj, n]vsxsf] ;fwgsf] n]Vok|j[ltaf6 d'Qm x'Fb}
lj:tf/} cfw'lgstftkm{ 9Nsb} u/]sf] k'li6 x'G5. To;kl5 g]kfnL efiffnfO{ rf]vf]
agfpg] sfo{df zf/bf -!((!_ klqsf tyf em/f]{jfbL cfGbf]ng -@)!#_ sf]
ljz]if e"ldsf /x]sf] 5. em/f]{jfbL cfGbf]ngn] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ lhpFbf], hfUbf]
/ el/nf] agfpg 7]6 g]kfnL zAb k|of]udf ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5.
jt{dfg g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt ljleGg ;flxlTos / ;flxTo]Q/ u|Gyx,
zAbsf]z tyf Jofs/0fsf] k|sfzg tyf o;;DaGwL ePsf ljljw sfo{n]
g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsl;t l:yltsf] ;\s]t u/]sf] 5. To;sf cltl/Qm /fi6efiffsf
kdf ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] dfGotf, ljb]zLxsf] g]kfnL efiffk|ltsf] clerL,
ef/tLo ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}F cg';"rLdf g]kfnL efiffn] kfPsf] :yfgnfO{ b[li6ut
ubf{ cfw'lgs g]kfnL efiffsf] dxTj pRr /x]sf] dflgG5.
cfw'lgs sfndf lzIff, ;~rf/ / k|sfzgn] g]kfnL efiffsf] nf]slk|otf a9\b}
uPsf] kfOG5. o;nfO{ dxTj lbOg' / ljb]zLxn] ;d]t o;tkm{ lr
a9fpg'n] o;sf] dxTj a9\b} uPsf] tYo xfd|f;fd' :ki6 5. o;/L g]kfnL
efiffsf] jt{dfg knfO{ l:y/ tyf dfgs agfpg ljleGg If]qaf6 ePsf]
k|of;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsb}g.
&=!=# efiff kl/jf/

ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/
ef/fk]nL ;Dk"0f{ efiff kl/jf/xdWo]sf] ;jf{lws ;d[4 efiff kl/jf/ xf].
ef/tLo pkdxfLk / o''/f]k d'Vo If]q /x]sfn] o;sf] gfd ef/f]k]nL /xg
uPsf] b]lvG5. ;a}eGbf a9L hg;\Vofn] af]Ng] tyf o'/f]k / Pl;of dxfb]zsf
ljleGg e"efux d'Vo If]q /x] klg ;+;f/sf ;a}h;f] If]qdf km}lnPsf] o;
efiff kl/jf/n] ;flxTo, ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt, 1fg, lj1fg, /fhgLlt, cflb x/]s
If]qsf] g]t[Tj lnPsf] 5. efiff j}1flgs b[li6n] klg o;sf] cWoogdf
;jf{lws sfo{ ePsf] 5. ;+:s[t, cj]:tf, lu|s, Nofl6g, ;L, hd{g cflb
ljZjsf k|frLg Pjd\ ;+j[4 efiffx o;} kl/jf/sf dflgG5g\.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro187

ef/f]k]nL efiff kl/jf/sf] gfds/0fsf ;DaGwdf ljfgxaLr dte]b kfOG5.

o;nfO{ ljfgxn] OG8f]]hd{lgs, OG8f]o'/f]lkog, OG8f]lx]nL, cfo{ kl/jf/
cflb leGgleGg gfd lbPsf] b]lvG5. h;n] h]h:tf] gfdfs/0fsf] k|:tfj
u/]klg ef/f]k]nL -OG8f]o'/f]lkog_ gfdn] g} nf]slk|otf xfl;n u/]sf] 5.
ef/f]k]nL efiff kl/jf/sf] d"n ynf] / d"n k|of]Qmfsf af/]df s'g} 7f]; lg0f{o
x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g. oBlk O{=k"= $%)) jif{cl3 ef/f]k]nL ;d'bfosf dflg;x
Ps} 7fpFdf a:y] / Pp6} efiff af]Ny] eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5. d"n ynf]
c1ft /x]klg efiff j}1flgsxn] t'ngfTds cWoogsf dfWodaf6 ef/f]k]nLsf]
sfNklgs d"n efiffsf] lgdf{0f u/L ltgsf k|of]QmfnfO{ lj/f]; gfd lbPsf]
b]lvG5. h;af6 ef/f]k]nL efiff kl/jf/sf d"n k|of]Qmfx lj/f]; hflt lyP
eGg] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] kfOG5.
b|lj8 kl/jf/
b|lj8 hfltf/f af]lng] efiffnfO{ b|lj8 efiff kl/jf/cGtu{t /flvG5. d'VotM
ef/tsf] tldngf8' /fHo tyf dn]l;of, OG8f]g]l;of, >Ln\sf, adf{nufot
k"jL{ / blIf0f clk|msf cflb If]qdf o; kl/jf/sf efiffx af]Ng] ul/G5. O{=k"=
!%)) eGbf klxn]b]lv g} af]nLrfnLdf cfPsf] o; kl/jf/sf] d'Vo efiff
tldn xf]. ;flxTo, ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf b[li6n] tldn efiff cToGt ;+j[4
b]lvG5. tldnafx]s o; kl/jf/cGtu{t ;]Gtldn, dnofnd, sGgf8f, t]n'uf,
sf]nfdL cflb efiff kb{5g\.
b|lj8 efiff kl/jf/sf] d'Vo ljz]iftf cGtM of]ufTds xf]. b'O{ jrg / tLg
lnsf] Joj:yf kfOg] o; kl/jf/sf efiffdf sd{jfRosf] Joj:yf kfFOb}g.
d"w{Go WjgLsf] k|fwfGo kfOg] o; kl/jf/sf efiffdf :j/fGt zAbsf]
k|of]uflwSo kfOG5. ljelQmsf] sfd k|Tooaf6 rnfOg' o; kl/jf/sf
efiffxsf] ljz]iftf xf]. To;afx]s kof{Kt cfuGt's zAbsf] k|of]u x'g',
ln lgwf{/0fsf lglDt cfjZostfcg';f/ gflds zAb;Fu k'if / :qL
jfrs zAbx hf] l8g'h:tf ljz]iftfx klg b|l j8 efiff kl/jf/sf
ljz]iftfsf kdf b]lvG5g\. g]kfndf o; kl/jf/sf] emfFu8 -wfFu8_ efiff
af]Ng] ul/G5.

ef]6 ad]{nL -lrlgof ltAatL_ kl/jf/

eflifs jQmfsf b[li6n] ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/kl5sf] bf]>f] 7"nf] efiff kl/jf/ xf]
188g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

lrlgofF ltAatL. d'VotM rLg, ltAat / adf{df af]lng] o; kl/jf/sf efiffx

anfb]z, yfONof08, g]kfn, e'6fg, leotgfd cflb b]zxdf klg af]lnG5g\.
o; kl/jf/nfO{ ljfgxn] ef]6ad]{nL / yfOlrlgof y/L b'O{ ju{df ljefhg
u/]sf] kfOG5. g]kfndf o; kl/jf/sf tfdf -d'dL{_, g]jf/L, du/, /fO{,
ls/fFtL, u', lnDa", z]kf{, r]kf, ;'g'jf/, yfdL, lwdfn, ltAatL, lh/]n cflb
y'k|} efiffx af]lnG5g\.
o; kl/jf/sf k|d'v eflifs ljz]iftfx lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

cof]ufTds efiff
PsfIf/L efiff
:yfgaf6 zAbsf] cy{ lgwf{/0f x'g] efiff
tfgsf dfWodaf6 cy{e]b x'g] efiff
cg'gfl;s Wjlgsf] afx'No ePsf] efiff
cnucnu zAbsf nflu cnucnu lrGx x'g] -j0f{df cIf/ gx'g]_ efiff

cfUg]o kl/jf/
cfUg]nL efiff kl/jf/nfO{ cfUg]l;ofnLcfUg]o jf cl:6s efiff kl/jf/ klg
eGg] ul/G5. blIf0fk"j{ Pl;of d'Vo ynf] /x]sf] o; kl/jf/sf efiffx
cGgfd, sDaf]l8of, adf{, yfONofG8, ef/t x'Fb} lgsf]]af/ Lk;Dd km}lnPsf]
b]lvG5. g]kfndf klg o; kl/jf/sf] ;tf/;Gyfn effiffsf] k|of]u x'g]
ub{5. o; efiff kl/jf/sf d'Vo tLg zfvf b]lvG5g\ d'G8f of sf]n, df]g
Vo]/ / cGgfd d'cf. df]gVd]/ efiff ;d"x o; kl/jf/sf] ck]Iffs[t ;zQm
b]lvG5. o; efiffdf ;flxTosf] n]vg klg ePsf] b]lvG5. dfg]Vd]/afx]s
cGo efiffxdf ;flxTol;h{gf ePsf] kfOFb}g.
o; kl/jf/sf k|d'v eflifs ljz]iftfx lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
d'VotM clZni6 of]ufTdstf
ljelQmsf] sfd pk;u{af6 lnOg] efiff
ln lgwf{/0fsf lglDt d"n ln lgwf{/s zAbsf] k|of]u ul/g] efiff
-h:t} cfFl8of s"nM af3 P\uf s"nMal3gL_
tLgj6f jrg ePsf] efiff
k'ifcg';f/ lqmofdf ke]b gkfOg] efiff cflb.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro189

tflnsf g+= &=@

g]kfndf af]lng] ljleGg efiffkl/jf/cGtu{tsf efiffx
qm= efiff kl/jf/
;+=

efiffx

! ef/f]k]nL

g]kfnL, d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, cjlw, yf, /fhj+zL, bg'jf/L

dfemL, af]6], b/} / s'dfn, r'/]6L, df8jf/L, pb"{

@ lrlgofF ltAatL g]jf/L, u', tfdf, lnDa", ltAatL, z]kf{, lh/]n,

sfut],Nxf]d], f]Nkf, l5t'/L, Nxf]s], n]Krf, 3n], ysfnL,
dgf, k"jL{ s]s], 5Gt]n, JofF;L, du/, /fhL, /fp6],
klZrdL tfdf, a'hf, b'/f, vfd, r]kf, yfdL, e|Fd',
jfo'-xfo'_, kx/L, lwdfn, d]r], s';'08f, /fO{, ls/fFtL,
;'g'jf/L, kxf/L
# cfUg]o

;tf/ jf ;GyfnL, cl8of

$ b|lj8

emfFu8 jf 3fFu8

% cGo

vfln, 8f]6]nL , v; jf v; s'/f, p/fp

&=!=$ s]xL efiffeflifsf lnlkx

;+:s[t, g]kfnL, lxGbL tyf xfn k|rlnt g]jf/L efifdf k|rlnt lnlk
b]jgfu/L lnlk g} xf] h'g a|fXdL lnlkaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] kfOG5. o:tf]
nf]slk|o a|fXdL lnlksf] pTklQaf/] dt}So /x]sf] kfOFb}g. gf/b :d[lt,
j[x:klt :d[lt, h}g u|Gy / Jx]g;f\sf] j0f{gcg';f/ :jod\ a|XdfhLaf6
;[li6 ePsf] lnlk ePsf] x'gfn] a|fXdL lnlk /Xof] eGg] dfGotf kfOG5.
To:t} lrlgof af} 4 wd{ sf] ljZjsf] z sf n]v s kmfjfG;lngn] pNn] v
u/]cg';f/ s'g} a|Xf gfdsf cfrfo{n] ;[li6 u/]sf] lnlk x'gfn] a|fXdL
lnlk /xg uPsf] xf] elgG5. g]kfnsf] ;Gb{edf O;fk"j{ t];|f] ztfAbLdf
;d|f6 czf]sf/f n'lDjgLdf :yflkt czf]s :tDedf / slknj:t'sf]
lglUnxjfdf k|f Kt :tDeflen]vdf clt a|fXdL lnlk xfn;Dd k| fKt
;a}eGbf k'/fgf] jf klxnf] lnlk dflgG5. lj=;= %@! kl5 k|fKt @)) hlt
lnR5ljsfnLg clen]vx klg a|fXdL lnlksf ljsl;t k dflgG5g\.
g]kfnL, lxGbL, ;+:s[t / k|rlnt g]jf/L efiffsf] lnlk b]jgfu/L lnlk xf].
190g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

s]xL k|rlnt lnlkx?

of] a|fXdL lnlksf] t];|f] k s'l6nf lnlk / /~hgf lnlksf] ;ld>0f 5.

of] lnlk b]jgfu/L jf b]jtfsf] lnlk ePsfn] b] jgfu/L lnlk /x]s f]
cg'dfg 5. gjf}+ ztfAbLb]lv kGw|f}+ ztfAbL;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ k|frLg
b]jgfu/L lnlk / ;qf}+ ztfAbLb]lv xfn;Dd b]jgfu/L u/L of] lnlknfO{
b'O{ v08df afFl8Psf] 5. k|frLg sfndf a|fXdL lnlksf b'O{ k lyP eg]
dWosfndf em08} @ bh{geGbf a9L lnlkx ljsl;t eP, h;dWo]
s]xLsf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5 M
g]kfnLlxGbL M b]jgfu/L lnlk
g]jf/L lnlk M /~hgf, a|fx\dL, k|rlnt, e'lh+df]n, kf+r'df]n, s'l6nf
cflb lnlk
lnDa' M l;l/h\3f lnlk
pb'{ M c/aL lnlk
&=@ ;flxTo
efiffs} dfWodaf6 ;flxTosf] cleJolQm x'G5. ;flxTo zAbsf] If]q Jofks
jf lj:t[t /x]sf] 5. ;+:s[tdf sfJonfO{ g} ;flxTo elgPsf] kfOPtf klg
jt{dfgdf rflxF sfJo / ;flxTo cnucnu cl:tTjdf /x]sf kfOG5g\.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro191

;flxTon] syf, sljtf, pkGof;, lgjGw, gf6s cflb ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\5. k"jL{o
ljfg efdxsf cg';f/ zAb / cy{sf] ;xefj g} ;flxTo xf] g]kfndf
k|rlnt k|d'v efiffxdf ;flxTo l;h{gf ePsf] 5. oBlk To:tf ;flxTosf]
klxrfg x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5.
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{ tLg sfndf ljefhg u/L cWoog
ul/Psf] kfOG5 M
-s_ k|fylds sfn M k|f/Deb]lv lj=;= !(#( ;Dd
;'b]lv df]tL/fd esf] tyf >[uf+/sfn ;'cft x'g'k"j{sf] ;do cfpF5.
o; cjlwdf lgDg tflnsf g+= &=@ df pNn]lvt clen]vx -lznfkq,
tfd|kq, sgskq cflb_ / k|frLg x:tlnlvt u|Gyx;d]tsf] ;do klg
kb{5.
tflnsf g+= &=@
efiffut clen]vx
;do

clen]v

lj=;+=!!$^

;+u|fd l;+xn] hf/L u/]sf] h'Dnfsf] 8'd|fsf]6sf] clen]v

lj=;+=!#!@

l;~hf -h'Dnf_ sf v; dNNf /fhf czf]s rNnsf] lznfn]v

lj=;+=!#!&!#@& h' Dnfsf v; dNn /fhf cIfo dNnsf] clen] v

lj=;+=!##&

c5fdsf] cIfo b]jndf k|fKt cIfo dNnsf] clen]v

lj=;+=!#$$

gfu dNnsf] clen]v

lj=;+=!#&#

b}n]vdf k|fKt clen]v

lj=;+=!#&*

uf]vf{df k|fKt cflbTo dNnsf] clen]v

lj=;+=!#*%

uf]vf{df k|fKt k'0o dNnsf] clen]v

lj=;+=!#(#

lkpyk'{df k|fKt k'0o dNnsf] clen]v

lj=;+=!#($

k'0odNnsf] clen]v

lj=;+=!$!#

k[YjL dNnsf] h'Dnfsf] sgskq

192g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

lj=;+=!$!$

k[YjL dNnsf] h'7fBf] hf]O;L lnvt tfd|kq

lj=;+=!$!^

lg/okfnsf] clen]v

lj=;+=!$##

ceo dNnsf] wd{/fh hf]O;L lnlvt clen]v

lj=;+=!$$*

ceo dNnsf] clen]v

lj=;+=!$&*

aemf\df k|fKt ;'dlt jdf{sf] tfd|kq

lj=;+=!%#&

8f]6Ldf k|fKt sLlt{ dNnsf] tfd|kq

lj=;+=!&)!

kxf8L zfxLsf] tfd|kq

lj=;+=!&)$

h'Dnfsf /fhfaxfb'/ zfxsf] tfd|kq

lj=;+=!&@&

sf7df8f}Fsf] /fgLkf]v/Ldf k|fKt k|tfk dNnsf]] clen]v

lj=;+=!&^)

Ko'7fgsf /fhf k[YjLkltsf] tfd|kq

g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTosf] cWoogsf] qmddf k|frLg x:tlnlvt u|Gyx klg

dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5g\. !% cf}+ ztfAbLb]lv kfOPsf o:tf k|frLg u|Gyx lgs}
dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5g\. h:tf] M ef:jtL, /fhf uugL/fhsf] ofqf, v08vfB,
/fdzfxsf] hLjgL, jfhk/LIff, Hj/f]TklQ lrlsT;f, k|folZrt k|bLk g[kZnf]sL
u|Gy / cf}ifwL /;fog u|Gy, cflb.
g]kfnL ;flxTo n]vgsf] k|f/De k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] g]kfn PsLs/0fsf]
cleofg;Fu} ePsf] lyof]. To;}n] ;fx;, k/fqmd, jL/tf / k'iffy{sf] sljtfTds
cleJolQmaf6 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;'jft ePsf] kfOG5. ;'jfgGb bf; g]kfnsf
klxnf slj dflgG5.
-v_ dfWolds sfn M lj=;= !($) b]lv !(&$ ;Dd
of] ;do ljnf;L /f0ffxsf] rsrsL o'u ePsf]n] tTsfnLg ;flxTodf klg
o;sf] k|efj kg{ uO{ >[\ufl/s sfJo tyf sljtfxsf] ;[hgf ePsf]
b]lvG5. jL/ufyfaf6 ;' ePsf] g]kfnL ;flxToofqf k|fylds sfnd}
elQm;fwgfdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] lyof]. jf:tjdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] dfWolds
sfnnfO{ df]tL/fd esfn eg] klg x'G5. cNk cfo'df d[To' ePsf df]tL/fd
en] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} g]kfnL ;flxTodf 7"nf] of]ubfg k'ofPsf lyP. pgn]
o; sfndf 5fkfvfgf vf]nL w]/} k':tsx 5kfPsf lyP. lj=;= !($# df
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro193

cfg} ;DkfbsTjdf uf]/vf ef/t hLjg gfds ;flxlTos klqsf k|sfzg

u/]sf lyP. pgn] >+u[ fl/s sljtfsf] g]t[Tj u/]sf lyP.
dfWolds sfndf >[+ufl/s sljtfxdfq /lrP eGg ldNb}g. /f0fsfnsf]
To; r/df]Tsif{ ;dodf klg pTs[i6 /rgfx /lrPsf lyP. o; sfndf
df]lt/fdnufot z+e'k|;fb 9'+u]n, uf]kLgfy nf]xgL, rqmkf0fL rfln;], ;f]dgfy
l;UBfn, lul/zjNne hf]zL, /fdk|;fb ;Tofn, kxndfg l;+x :jfF/ cflb
kb{5g\. dfWoflds sfnnfO{ k"j{dWo sfn -elQm ;flxTo_ / pQ/dWo sfn
->[+uf/ ;flxTo_ u/L @ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5. elQm wf/fdf klg
s[i0f elQm wf/f, /fdelQm wf/f / lgu'{0f elQm wf/f u/L tLg k|sf/sf
;flxTox kfOG5.
-u_ cfw'lgs sfn M lj=;+= !(&%b]lv xfn;Dd
slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] cfudg;Fu} g]kfnL ;flxTodf cfw'lgs
sfnsf] ;'jft ePsf] dflgG5. pgsf] Ct'ljrf/ sfJo -lj=;+=!(&#_ df
k|sflzt ePkl5 g]kfnL sljtfdf cfw'lgs sfnsf] ;'jft ePsf] dflgG5.
afns[i0f ;dsf] d'6'sf] Joyf gf6s, ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] bf]ifL r:df
syf, k'is/zdz]/sf] nIoxLg Psf\sL / afns[i0f ;dsf] af]S;LnfO{ cfw'lgs
;flxTo dflgG5.
g]kfnL ;flxTon] @))& ;fnkl5 tLj| ult tyf prfO lnb}F cfPsf] kfOG5.
g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf, dbg k'/:sf/sf] :yfkgfnufotsf
ultljlwn] klg ;flxTosf] ;+j[l4df of]ubfg k'ofPsf] kfOG5. g]kfnL sljtfdf
yflnPsf] @)!^@)!& ;fnlt/sf cfofd]nL cfGbf]ngn] g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{
gofF df]8 lbPsf] dflgG5. tL; bzskl5 g]kfnL sljtf b'xtfsf] ef;af6
p7\b} ;xhtf / snfTdstftkm{ pGd'v ePsf] kfOG5. o;kl5 sljtfkmfF6df
gofFgofF z}nL, k|of]u / wf/fx b]vfkg{ yfn].
g]kfnL ;flxTo kl5Nnf] bzsdf cfP/ pQ/ cfw'lgs lrGtgaf6 k|efljt
eO/x]sf] 5. k/Dk/fut ;flxlTos ljwfsf :jk / z}nLdf lj36g cfPsf]
5. lrGtg, z}nL / ljifonfO{ cTofw'lgs tl/sfn] ;flxTodf k|of]u ul/Fb}
cfPsf] 5. o;/L g]kfnL ;flxTo cfw'lgs sfn;Dd cfOk'Ubf w]/} k|sf/sf
;flxlTos s[ltx k|sflzt eO;s]sf] kfOG5.
194g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

tflnsf g+= &=#

g]kfnL efiffsf s]xL ;flxTosf/ / ltgsf k|d'v s[ltx
gfdpkgfd
efg'eQm cfrfo{
-cflbslj_
df]tL/fd e
-o'jf slj, >[fl/s slj_
zDe'k|;fb 9']n
-cfz'slj_
n]vgfy kf}8\ofn
-slj lz/f]dl0f_

k|sflzt k':tsx
aw'lzIff, k|Zgf]Q/, eQmdfnf,
k~rs k|k~r, lksb"t, uh]Gb|df]If, u'kmfi6s,
sgs ;'Gb/L, lk|oblz{sf
zs'Gtnf, jL/l;Ssf
Ct' ljrf/, a'l4ljgf]b, t0f tk;L, u+ufuf}/L,
nIdLk"hf, uf}/L uf}/j

hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x

cIf/dfnf, e"uf]n ljBf, kbfy{tTj, lzIff

bk{0f, Jojxf/dfnf, tTj k|;+zf

kxndfgl;+x :jfF/

c6n axfb'/, Psnfv k}ofFsf] rf]/L

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agfO{ To;sf] dWov08leqsf] d'Vo b]jtf bfofFafofF uf, od'gf ds/sf]
k|tLs /fVg] u/]sf] kfOG5. sf7sf s'FlbPsf yfd /fVg] k|rng Goftkf]n,
sfi6d08k -uf]/vgfy_ df k|o'Qm 5. sfi7snf ;f]x|f}F;qf}F ztfAbLdf r/d
ljsf;sf] cj:yfdf lyof]. sfi7d"lt{sf pTs[i6 gd"gfx dlGb/df k|o'Qm
6'F8fn, em\ofn cflbn] k|:t't ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5. dlGb/sf :yfkTo snfdf
aflx/L efudf 6'F8fndf >[f/do d"lt{ kfOG5.

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g]kfnL snfsf] ;"qwf/ df6f]sf d"lt{ xf]. d[ltsf d"lt{sf dfWolds gd"gf klg
k|fKt 5g\. ci6dft[sf -/fli6o ;\u|xfno_ ;qf}F ztfAbLsf] xf]. kz'klt
cfo{3f6sf] cgGtgf/fo0f lji0f' d"lt{ c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf] df6fsf] d"lt{sf] gd"gf
dflgG5. lzjl;+x dNnsf] ;dodf lgld{t dxfaf}4 dlGb/ - lj=;= !^$@_ df
cglulGt d[ltsf d"lt{x 5g\. OF6h:t} kf]n]/ agfPsf oL df6fsf d"lt{x
9'\ufh:t} alnof, 9nf]6h:t} lrNnf / l:gUw kfOG5.
wft'sf d"lt{
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sfnsf d'b|fx, g/]Gb| b]jsf] k]6Lsf] a'4d"lt{ cflb lnR5lj sfnsf] clGtd
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( cf}F ztfAbLsf] Go"of]s{sf] Ps JolQmsf] lghL ;\u|xdf /x]sf] jh|kf0fLsf]
d"lt{, !$ cf}F ztfAbLsf] kf6g lx/0oju{ dxfljxf/sf] cjnf]lst]Zj/sf] d"lt{,
!$ cf}F ztfAbLtL/sf] /fli6o ;\u|xfnosf] gfd ;+ultsf] d"lt{, kf6g
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gf/]Zj/, !@ cf}F ztfAbLsf] a'4sf] d"lt{, !^, !& cf}F ztfAbLlt/sf] /fli6o
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tyf P3f/f}F ztfAbLdf gofF o'u cfPsf] dfGg] ul/G5 . dWosfnsf wft'
d"lt{sf ljz]iftfx lgDgfg';f/ kfOG5M
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cf}+ ztfAbLsf sf7df8f}Fsf] O6'djxfnsf 6'8F fn, !@!# cf}+ ztfAbLsf kgf}tL
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yfDg $% sf] sf]0fdf /flvg] ;fwf jf snfTds sf7nfO{ 6'F8fn elgG5.
tf]/0f
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d"nrf]ssf] tf]/0f, k|tfkdNnsf] ;dosf] 5':of jxfnsf] tf]/0f, pkTosfsf
c dlGb/xdf /x]sf tf]/0f cflb k|j]zf/dfly /xg] cw{ j[Qfsf/ tf]/0f
x'g\.
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v]tLkftL tyf cGo cj;/xdf k|rlnt uLt tyf g[Tox kfOG5. logdf
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l;l~rt If]qkmn !@,%@,$&^ x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5.
*=% ;~rf/
g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;'jft lj=;+= !(&) df b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf]
:yfkgfkZrft\ ePsf] xf] . lj=;= !(&! df sf7df8f}Fb]lv /S;f}n;Dd 6+s
6]lnkmf]gsf] Joj:yf eof]. h'g rGb| zD;]/sf] kfnfdf ;j{k|yd DofUg]6f]
6]lnkmf]gsf] k|of]uaf6 ePsf] lyof]. lj=;= !((! kf}if ! ut] 6]lnkmf]g x]8
clkm;sf] -b"/;~rf/;DaGwL sfof{no_ :yfkgf eof]. sf7df8f}Fdf tTsfnLg
/f0ff k|zf;sxsf] k|of]usf] nflu lj=;+= !((@ df @% nfOgsf] c6f]d]l6s
224g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

6]lnkmf]g h8fg ul/of]. To;}u/L !((@ kf}if @ ut] ;jfn P]g hf/L u/L
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu v'Nnf ul/Psf] lyof]. To;}u/L b"/;~rf/n]
lj=;= !((# df sf7df8f}Fwgs'6f 6s ;]jf z' u/]sf] lyof]. lj=;= @))^
;fndf g]kfnu~h, e}/xjf, Onfd, wgs'6f, lj/f6gu/df cfsfzjf0fL ;]6x
/flvP. lj=;+=@))& ;fndf sf7df8f}Fdf l;=lj=Dofg'cn PS;r]Gh -!))
nfOg_ sf] :yfkgf eof]. @))( ;fn;Dddf @! j6f lhNnfxdf cfsfzjf0fL
s]Gb|x v8f eP. k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf ;~rf/nfO{{ klxnf] k|fyldstf
lbPkl5 g]kfnn] lj=;+= @)!$ d\l;/ @) df cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;+3
-ITU_ sf] ;b:otf k|fKt uof]. k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf nfu" ePkl5 @)!^
;fndf sf7df8f}Fdf b"/;~rf/ ljefu v'Nof]. o;n] /fhwfgLsf] a9\bf] dfunfO{
Wofgdf /fvL lj=;+= @)!( ;fndf c6f]d]l6s qm;af/ PS;r]Gh -$))
nfOg_ sf] :yfkgf uof]. lj=;+=@)@! cflZjg !% df V.H.F. k|0ffnLsf]
cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;'ef/De eof]. t];|f] of]hgfsfndf ljleGg
lhNnfxdf cfsfzjf0fL :6]zgx yk ul/P. ;fy}, %) j6f cfsfzjf0fL
:of6]nfO6 :6]zgx yk ul/P / ;ftj6f Pl/of sG6f]n :6]zgx klg rNg
yfn]. lj=;+= @)@^ ;fndf ;ldlt P]g, @)!# cg';f/ b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf]
u7g eof]. To;}u/L lj=;=@)@* df 6]n]S; ;]jf klg k|f/De eof]. lj=;=
@)@* df ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g, @)@* k|f/De ePkl5 g]kfn b"/;~rf/n]
cGt/b]zLo dfOqmf]j]e 6fG;ld;g ln\ssf] :yfkgf uof].
lj=;= @)%$ kmfu'g @) ut] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf eof].
lj=;+= @)%% ;fndf b"/;~rf/n] g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ 6]lnkmf]gx l8lh6n
k|0ffnLaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{s f] yfngL uof]. b" /;~rf/sf] If]qdf
ljsf;qmd;Fu} lj=;= @)%^ j}zfv ! ut] ;]n'n/ df]afOn ;]jfsf] Kf|f/De
eof] . b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) nfu" ePKl5 @)^) efb| ^ ut] g]kfndf klxnf]
k6s lk|k]8 df]afOn ;]jf k|f/De ul/of]. b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg lj=;+=@)^!
j}zfv ! ut] b]lv ljlwjt\ kdf g]kfn 6]lnsddf kl/0ft eO{ lghL If]qsf
cGo ;zQm b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx;Fu k|lt:kwf{df plqPsf] 5.
lk|mSj]G;L Ps k|s[ltk|bQ ;|f]t ePsf]n] o;sf] /fli6o lxt cg's"n pkof]u ug{
/ /fhZj k|fKt ug{ ;/sf/n] @)^( sflt{s !( ut] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] /]l8of]
lk|mSj]G;L -afF8kmfF8 tyf d"No;DaGwL_ gLlt, @)^( NofPsf] 5. @)^* ;fnsf]
hgu0fgf cg';f/ s'n 3/kl/jf/ ;\VofdWo] &=#% k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/df 6]lnkmf]g
;]jf ^$=^# k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/df df]jfOn kmf]g ;]jf k'u]sf] 5 .
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro225

x'nfs ;]jf ljefun] cfgf] ;]jf ljljwLs/0f ug]{ qmddf ;'udb]lv b'u{d
lhNnfx;Dd ljB'tLo ;~rf/sf] kx'Fr k'ofpg] d"n Wo]osf ;fy 6]ln;]G6/
;]jf ;~rfng u/]sf] 5. d'n'se/ o;sf] ;\Vof @@) /x]sf] 5.

*=^ jftfj/0f
g]kfn e"kl/j]li7t b]z xf]. g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns agfj6 gjLg kj{t z[\vnfn]
ag]sf] 5. cf}Bf]lus ljsf; cToGt Go"g eP tfklg t/fO{, kxf8 / sf7df8f}+
pkTosfdf k|;:t OF6f efx 5g\. cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fn] ;x/5]psf
gbLgfnfx cToGt g/fd|f];Fu k|b"lift ePsf 5g\. jiff{ clgoldt 5.
e"IfoLs/0f pRr 5. jg cltqmd0f a9\bf] 5. jgIf]q g]kfnsf] s'n e"efusf]
#( k|ltzt hlt 5. ;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6o kdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu
kxn ;' u/]sf] eP klg jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu gLlt ;g\ !(*& df
NofPsf] lyof]. kl5Nnf jif{xdf v}/f]If]q (Brown Sector), kfgL (Blue Sector)
/ jg (Green Sector) sf] ;+/If0fdf ;/sf/ k|oTgzLn 5.

sfnfkTy/df dlGqkl/ifbsf] a}7s

ljZjJofkL kdf b]vfk/]sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g (Climate Chaneg) sf] g]kfndf

kg]{ k|efjsf] Go"gLs/0f ug{ /0fgLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 eg] hnjfo'
226g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

kl/jt{gn] g]kfnsf] lxdfno If]qdf k|efj k/]sf] cg'ej /x]sf] 5. tfkqmdsf]

j[l4 b/ a9]sf] 5. lxpF kUng] qmd pRr 5. o;y{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf]
lxdfno If]qsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/ sfnf kTy/df
ljZj ;d'bfosf] Wofg cfsif{0f ug{ tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^^
d\l;/ !( -$ l8;]Da/ @))(_ df j}7s u/]sf] lyof] eg] lxdfno ePsf
ljZjsf b]zxaLr lxdfno hf]ufpg g]6js{ a9fpg], ljZjsf] Wofgfsif{0f
u/fpg] p2]Zon] ljz]if k|of;xsf] k|f/De klg ul/Psf] 5. k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f
ubf{ jftfj/0f k|efj d"Nof\sg ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5.

;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro227

kl/R5]b M gf}

g]kfndf kqsfl/tf
(=! 5fkf dfWod
g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt klxnf] klqsfsf] kdf lj=;+= !($# df df]lt/fd
en] sfzLdf 5kfPsf uf]/vf ef/t hLjg dfl;snfO{ lnOG5. g]kfnd}
5flkPsf] klxnf] g]kfnL klqsfrflxF lj=;+= !(%% ;fnsf] >fj0f dlxgfdf
k|sflzt ;'wf ;fu/ dfl;s klqsf xf]. ;'wf ;fu/ lg:s]sf] sl/a @ jif{
!) dlxgfkl5 lj=;+= !(%* j}zfv @$ sf lbg uf]/vfkq hlGdof]. ;'df
;fKtflxs kdf k|sfzg ePsf] o; klqsf lj=;+=@))) c;f]h @( ut] cw{
;fKtflxs kdf / lj=;+= @))# k'; * b]lv xKtfdf tLg k6s k|sfzg x'g
yfNof]. of] klqsf lj=;+= @)!&
kmfu'g & ut]b]lv b}lgs kdf
k|sfzg x'g yfNof]. lj=;+= !((!
kmfu' g df Cl4axfb' / dNnsf]
;Dkfbgdf g] k fnLefiffsf]
zf/bf dfl;s k| s fzg x' g
yfNof]. g]kfndf n]vsxnfO{
k|f]T;flxt ug{ / ;a};Fu kl/ro
u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] zf/bf
klqsf @)!) ;fndf cfP/ aGb
eof]. lj=;+= @))& ;fn kmfu'g
* ut] l;l4r/0f >] i 7sf]
;Dkfbgdf k| s flzt cfjfh
uf]/vfkqsf] klxnf] c\s
b}lgs klqsf g]kfndf k|sflzt
228g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

klxnf] b}lgs klqsf lyof]. g]kfndf k|sflzt klxnf] c\u|]hL klqsf a0f
zdz]/sf] ;Dkfbgdf ;g\ !(%$ df k|sflzt g]kfn uflh{og xf]. pQm
klqsfsf] 5kfO eg] snsQfdf ePsf] lyof]. lj=;+= @))& ;fndf agf/;df
5flkPsf] afnrGb| zdf{f/f ;Dkflbt gjg]kfn ;fKtflxs g]kfndf k|sflzt
klxnf] lxGbL efiffsf] klqsf xf]. k|yd wfld{s klqsfsf] kdf ;d]t lrlgPsf]
wdf]{bo g]kfn -g]jf/L_ efiffdf k|sflzt klxnf] klqsf xf]. pQm klqsf
lj=;+= @))$ ;fndf k|sfzg ePsf] lyof]. To;}u/L d}lynL efiffsf] Ogfk
/ ef]hk'/L efiffsf] km"nkft cfcfgf] efiffsf klxnf klqsfx x'g\.
g]kfndf kqklqsf btf{ Joj:yfsf] ;'jft lj=;+= !(($ ;fnb]lv ePsf] xf].
kqklqsfsf] ;\Vofdf j[l4 x'Fb} uPkl5 o; If]qdf klg ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf
dx;"; u/L @)!$ ;fndf zfxL k|]; sldzg u7g eof]. g]kfndf lj=;=
@)!% ;fn kmfu'gb]lv ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 g]kfn sfg'g klqsf dfl;s
kdf k|sfzg x'g yfNof]. P]gsfg'g;DalGwt ;+zf]wg, cfb]z, cWofb]z,
lgod ;"rgfx cflb ;\u|lxt of] klxnf] klqsf lyof]. zfxL k|]; sld;gs}
l;kmfl/zdf @)@$ ;fndf k|]; sfplG;n u7g ePsf] xf]. k|]; hutnfO{
cem lhDd]jf/, dof{lbt / k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;Gb{edf k|]; sfplG;nn]
cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" ug]{, k|sflzt kqklqsf ljt/0f ;Dk/LIf0fsf] dfkb08 /
k|lqmofnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L kqklqsf ljt/0f ;Dk/LIf0fsf] dfkb08 / k|lqmof
tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{ nufotsf sfo{ ub{5.
tflnsf g+= (=!
@)^( r}q d;fGt;Dd btf{ ePsf kqklqsfsf] ljj/0f
If]q

g]kfn
lxdfn
kxf8
t/fO{

cw{
;fKtflxs ;fKtflxs kflIfs

b}lgs
568

32 2492

427

dfl;s

}dfl;s

1 973

3 36

q}dfl;s
554

rf}dfl;s

cw{jflif{s

30

jflif{s

76

hDdf

82

6, 57 0

1 45

66

10

38

14

298

11

1,539

314

1,770

289

469

24

61

76 4, 851

264

18

887

103

165

43

71

13

6 1, 5 74

b|i6JoM juL{s/0fdf k/]sf kqklqsfx?sf] ;\Vof &#@ -@)^( c;f]h_ 5g\.

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df gful/snfO{ k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] df}lns

xscGt{ut k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkfvfgf;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5. o;n] k|]; :jtGqtfsf] ljZjJofkL ;fGble{stfnfO{ g]kfnL kqsfl/tf
hutdf :yflkt ug]{ ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5. 5fkfvfgf tyf k|sfzg;DaGwL P]g,
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro229

@)$* / lgodfjnL, @)$( n] klg g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] cfoflds ljsf;df

dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/]sf] dfGg'kb{5. o;df 5fkf klqsf btf{, kqsf/ kl/ro
kq ljt/0f, k|sfzg ug{ lgif]lwt ljifoj:t', k|]; /lhi6f/sf] Joj:yf,
kqklqsfsf] >]0fL ljefhg k|lqmofh:tf ljifoj:t'x ;d]l6Psf 5g\. >dhLjL
kqsf/;DaGwL P]g, @)%! tyf lgodfjnL @)%# df >dhLjL kqsf/sf]
lxt ;+/If0f, Ifdtf ljsf;, cg'udg Joj:yf, ph"/L Joj:yf, ljjfb ;dfwfgsf
ljsNkx, Go"gtd kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f Joj:yfnufotsf ljifox ;dfj]z
u/L g]kfnL ;~rf/ hut / ;~rf/sdL{ b'j}nfO{ Jojl:yt, dof{lbt, ;'/lIft
/ Jofjxfl/s agfpg of]ubfg u/]sf] 5.

(=@ 5fkfvfgf
kGw|f}F ztfAbLlt/} tof/ ePsf] 5fkfvfgf g]kfndf eg] lj=;+= !()* df
h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] a]nfotaf6 kms{bf g]kfn leqfPsf x'g\. lu4] k|]; sf]
gfdn] kl/lrt ;f] k|];sf] jf:tljs gfd sf]nlDaog lk|lG6 k|]; lyof].
h+uaxfb'/sf] lgjf;:yfg yfkfynLdf /flvPsf] ;f] k]|;n] lj=;+= !(%* ;Dd
x'nfskq, lnkmf, l6s6, ;/sf/L sfuhkq cflb 5fKg] uof]. o;sf] s]xL
jif{kl5 g} ljqmd ;+jt\ !(!( ;fndf 7Flx6Ldf dgf]/~hg 5fkfvfgf :yfkgf
eof]]. g]kfndf P]gsf] lstfa klg ;a}eGbf klxn] dgf]/~hg 5fkfvfgf
af6} 5flkPsf] lyof]. ;+jt\ !(#) b]lv !(## ;fnsf] aLrdf jL/ zDz]/sf]
lgjf; :yfg gf/fo0flx6Ldf csf]{ Pp6f 5fkvfgf :yfkgf ul/of]. of]afx]s
csf]{ Pp6f ;/sf/L 5fkfvfgf klg lyof]. o;nfO{ h\uL lnyf]u|fkmL 5fkfvfgf
elgGYof]. of] 5fkfvfgf !($( ;fneGbf cufl8b]lv g} a;Gtk'/df lyof].
g]kfnd} klg !($( ;fndf s'j]//Tg ah|frfo{n] xft] k|]; agfPsf lyP. h'g
k|];n] !(&( ;Dd a'4 k|]; sf] gfddf ;+:s[t / g]jf/L efiffsf wfld{s
k':ts 5fKg] ub{Yof]. kl5 ljleGg JolQm x'Fb} / ljleGg :yfgdf k'Ub} oxL k|];
cGgk"0f{ k|];df kl/jlt{t eof]. lj=;+= !(^# ;fndf ;/sf/af6 Pp6f ;fgf]
/ Pp6f 7"nf];d]t @ j6f xft] k|]; lslgP. o;sf cltl/Qm s'zn lzNkL
u]x]Gb| zD;]/n] klg k|]; agfO{ gf/fo0f k|]; sf] gfpFaf6 hdndf :yfkgf
u/]sf lyP. g]kfndf ;/sf/L 5fkfvfgfafx]s Joj;fosf] kdf ;a}eGbf
klxn] ;+jt\ !(%) ;fndf kl08t df]tLs[i0f, lw/]Gb|s[i0ff/f 7Flx6Ldf kz'kt
k|]; gfds 5fkfvfgfsf] :yfkgf eof]. g]kfndf ;+jt\ !(^( ;fndf ljh'nLaf6
;~rflnt 5fkfvfgfsf] :yfkgf eof]. of] klxnf] lah'nLaf6 ;~rflnt 5fkfvfgf
230g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

gS;fndf /flvPsf] lyof].

k|hftGq k'gj{xfnLkZrft\ 5fkfvfgf tyf kqklqsf;DaGwL df}lns xssf]
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePkl5 5fkfvfgf pBf]usf] Jofks lj:tf/ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5.
jt{dfg g]kfndf cgluGtL k|];x 5g\ / cem} klg lj:tf/ x'Fb}5. ;/sf/L tyf
u}/;/sf/L s]xL ljlzi6 k|];xdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'b|0f ljefusf] 5fkfvfgf,
uf]/vfkqsf] 5fkfvfgf, hgslzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|sf] Ph's]zg k|];, lq=lj=lj=
5fkfvfgf, hf]/u0f]z k|];, ;xof]uL k|]; cflb k|d'v x'g\. ;x/L If]qdf k|];sf]
;'ljwf pknAw eP tfklg b'u{d kxf8L lhNnfdf ;fdfGo k|];sf] pknAwtf 5}g
eg] s]Gb|Lo txdf ;'/lIft k|];sf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5.

(=# /]l8of] k|;f/0f

g]kfndf /f0ff k|wfgdGqL h'4 zD;]/sf] kfnfdf dfq /]l8of] ;]6 lemsfOPsf]
b]lvG5. /f0ff k|wfgdGqL kB zD;]/sf] zf;gsfndf @))$ ;fnb]lv
;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLxnfO{ /]l8of] NofO{ /fVg kfpg] :jtGqtf k|fKt eof].
/]l8of];]6 cfP tfklg ltgdf ljb]zL k|;f/0f dfq ;'Gg kfOGYof]. @))$
;fnlt/ tTsfnLg k|=d= kb\dzd;]/sf] kfnfdf sf7df8f}Fsf] lah'nL c8\8fdf
;fFemkv :yfgLo ahf/efp / ehg k|;f/0f ug{ cfsfzjf0fLsf] ;]6 k|of]u
ul/Psf] s'/f pNn]v 5.
@))& ;fndf b]ze/ hgqmflGtsf] nx/ km}lnof]. oxL a]nf lj/f6gu/sf]
qmflGt d}bfgaf6 g]kfn k|hftGq /]l8of] gfdn] ;j{k|yd u'Flhof]. of] Pp6f
;fgf] 6]njf/ gfds 6fG;ld6/sf] ;xfotfaf6 rn]sf] lyof]. h'g 6fG;ld6/
sf7df8f}F NofP/ l;+x/baf/ sDkfp08leq /fvL @))& ;fn r}q @) ut]sf
lbgb]lv k|;f/0fsfo{ z'ef/De ul/of]. @%) jf6sf] 6fG;ld6/sf] ;xfotfn]
k|;fl/t /]l8of]sf] gfd kl5 g]kfn k|hftGq /]l8of] af6 g]kfn /]l8of] /
To;kl5 /]l8of] g]kfn ePsf] xf]. @))( ;fndf ldl8od j]e &% jf6sf]
6fG;ld6/f/f leGb} k|;f/0f z' ePsf] lyof]. /]l8of] g]kfnsf] @)!@ ;fndf
% lsnf]ld6/ z6{j]e 6fG;ld6/sf] :yfkgf hfpnfv]njdf eof]. @)!$ ;fn
r}q @( ut /]l8of] P]g, @)!$ nfndf]x/ ;b/ eO{ @)!%.!.$ sf] g]kfn
uh]6df k|sflzt eof]. /]l8of] g]kfnn] ;f\u7lgs ;'wf/f/f ;\VofTds
Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ sfo{qmddf ljljwtf ub{} z6{j]e, ldl8od j]e /
lk|mSj]G;L df]8'n]zgsf] lj:tf/ ub}{ nu]sf] kfOG5.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro231

/]l8of] g]kfnn] g]kfnL, c\u|]hL efiffdf ;dfrf/ a'n]l6gsf cltl/Qm du/,

u', tfdf, /fO{ jfGtjf, lnDa", ef]hk'/L, lxGbL, pb"{, k"jL{ yf, klZrdL
yf, cjwL, z]kf{, dl}ynL, ;+:s[t, vfd du/ / 8f]6]nL efiffdf klg ;dfrf/
a'n]l6g k|;fl/t ub}{ cfPsf] 5. /]l8of] g]kfnn] cfgf sfo{qmdx @^ cui6
!((( b]lv le:of6 g]6js{af6 k|;f/0f cf/De u/]sf] lyof]. To;}u/L cfgf]
;|f]tfxaLr kxF'r k'ofpg] x]t'n] /]l8of] g]kfnn] OG6/g]6df ;g !((& b]lv
k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5. g]kfndf Pkm=Pd= /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf] k|f/De /]l8of] g]kfnn]
@)%@ df3 @* df u/]sf] lyof]. To;kl5 lghL If]qsf] ;xefuLtfdf /]l8of]
k|;f/0fsf] If]qdf xfn;Dd $(# Pkm=Pd= /]l8of]n] k|;f/0fsf] Ohfht kfPsf
5g\ eg] #^% j6fn] lgoldt ;] j f lbO/x] s f 5g\ . @)^* ;fnsf]
hgu0fgfcg';f/ s'n 3/kl/jf/x dWo] %)=*@ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/df
/]l8of] ;]jf k'u]sf] 5 .

(=$ 6]lnlehg
cfd ;~rf/sf] ;a}eGbf ;zQm dfWod 6]lnlehgsf] k|of]u ug]{ lg0f{o ePkl5
@)$! ;fn df3 !& ut] ;/sf/n] k|f/lDes tof/Lsf lgldQ g]kfn 6]lnlehg
kl/of]hgfsf] :yfkgf uof], h'g g]kfnsf] 6]lnlehg o'udf klxnf] sbd lyof].
g]kfn 6]lnlehgn] cfgf] k|yd ;kmn k/LIf0f k|;f/0f @)$@ ;fn ;fpg @(
ut] uof]. @)$@ ;fndf ;+:yfgdf kl/0ft ePsf] t];|f] lbgb]lv g} g]kfn
6]lnlehgn] cfgf] lgoldt sfo{qmd k|;f/0fsf] z'ef/De uof]. kl/of]hgfn]
o'=Pr=Pkm Jof08df eL=Pr=Pkm=6fG;ld6/af6 ;'df cfwf306f / @)$@ k'if
!$ ut]b]lv ;fFem & ah]b]lv ( ah];Dd @ 306fsf] lgoldt k|;f/0f k|f/De
uof]. @)$# c;f/ !! ut] /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 ;+;b\ ejgaf6 ePsf] ;Daf]wgsf]
klxnf]kN6 k|ToIf k|;f/0f u/]sf] lyof]. h'g UHF Transmitter -O.5 Watts_
k|of]u u/L Yagi Receiving Anteena af6 l;+b/af/l:yt ejgdf l;Ugn k|fKt
u/L k'gM !)) Watts sf] VHF Transmitter dfkm{t\ k|;f/0f ul/Psf] lyof].
g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] k|;f/0f Pl;ofsf @) j6f /fi6xdf e"pku|xdfkm{t
6]lnlehgsf ;\s]t t/xaf6 lj:tf/ eO;s]sf] 5.
@)$$ sflt{s @% ut] k'mnrf]sLdf l/n] :6]zgsf] :yfkgf u/L @)$^ j}zfv
! ut]b]lv k|eftsfnLg k|;f/0f k|f/De ePsf] lyof]. @)$@ ;fn kf}if !$ ut]
cfgf] lgoldt k|;f/0f k|f/De u/]sf] g]kfn 6]lnlehgn] @)^) cflZjg !)
ut] Pg=6L=le=d]6f]sf] ;xk|;f/0f k|f/De u/]sf] 5. cjsf lbgxdf 6]lnlehg
232g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

k|;f/0fdf k|lt:kwf{ ub}{ hfg'kg]{ ePsf] 5. xfn;Dd -@)^* r}t_ #&

6]lnlehgxn] k|;f/0f cg'dlt lnPsf]df !* j6fn] lgoldt k|;f/0f ul//x]sf
5g\. l8=l6=Pr= ;]jf pknAw 5. *$ ljb]zL Rofgnxsf] nflu 8fpgln\s
cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5. s]an k|;f/0fsf nflu &&# j6f cg'dlt k|bfg
ul/Psf 5g\. ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf 6]lnlehgnfO{ l8lh6nfOH8 ug{ / IP
Television sf] ;~rfngsf nflu k|of; e}/x]sf] b]lvG5. @)^* ;fnsf]
hgu0fgfcg';f/ s'n 3/kl/jf/dWo] #^=$% k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/df 6]lnlehg
/ !(=## k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/df s]jn 6]lnlehg ;]jf k'u]sf] kfOG5 .

(=% rnlrq
g]kfndf ;j{k|yd @))^ ;fndf gofF ;8sl:yt hg;]jf xndf klxnf]kN6
hgtfsf lglDt l6s6 nufO{ rnlrq b]vfpg] sfo{ eof]. t/ o;df b]vfpg]
rnlrq lxGbL l;g]dfhut\af6 NofOGYof]. g]kfnL efiffsf] klxnf] syfgs
rnlrq ;To xl/zrGb| xf] h'g @))* ;fndf bflh{lndf a:g] s]xL
g]kfnLxn]] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP. ljutdf k|rf/ ljefun] -xfnsf] ;"rgf
ljefu_ cfg} ;fwg / k"FhLdf j[Qlrq / ;dfrf/ lrqxsf] lgdf{0f ug]{
qmdd} lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf syfgs rnlrq cfdf lgdf{0f uof]. h'g
;/sf/af6 tof/ ePsf] klxnf] g]kfnL rnlrq lyof]. o;}u/L ;f]xL ljefun]
lxhf] cfh ef]nL / kl/jt{g gfdsf tLgj6f rnlrqsf] lgdf{0f uof].
o;/L xfd|f] rnlrqsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] c0ff]bo Nofpg] sfd lgZro g}
o;} ljefuaf6 ePsf] xf]. g]kfnL rnlrq If]qsf] a[xQ/ ljsf; / k|jw{g ub{}
g]kfnL rnlrq If]qsf] ljsf;sf] p2]Zon] ;/sf/n] rnlrqsdL{xs} dfu
/ ;'emfj cg';f/ @)%& ;fn c;f/ !^ ut] rnlrq ljsf; af]8{sf] u7g
u/]sf] xf]. rnlrq tyf >Jo b[Zo lj1fkgsf] lgdf{0f, ljt/0f, k|bz{gsf]
Ohfht k|bfg ug'{, Ohfht kqsf] gjLs/0f ug"{, Rofl/6L k|bz{gsf] cg'dlt
lbg', ljb]zdf g]kfnL rnlrqsf] 5fFofsg, k|bz{g, ldlS; ug]{ cg'dlt /
l;kmfl/z k|bfg ug'{ rnlrq ljsf; af]8{sf] lgoldt sfo{ xf]. rnlrqsf]
hfFr ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnon] ub{5. lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtfdf rnlrq
lgdf{0fn] b|'t ult lnO/x]sf] 5. g]kfndf rnlrq ljsf;nfO{ ;xof]u k'ofpg
;'ljwf;DkGg rnlrq gu/ agfpg] ;f]Fr /x]sf] 5.

(=^ ;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;"rgfx hgtf;dIf k'ofpg /f0ff zf;gsf] cfwf
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro233

ztfAbL;Dd Psdfq dfWod uf]/vfkq lyof]. clGtd /f0ff k|wfgdGqL

df]xg zd;]/n] @))% df k|rf/ ljefu v8f u/]. @))& ;fnsf] k|hftGqkl5
o; ljefunfO{ k|rf/k|;f/ ljefu gfd lbO{ u[x dGqfnocGtu{t /flvof].
k|hftGqsf] axfnLkl5 g]kfndf k|qsfl/tf hutsf] ljsf;sf] 9f]sf v'n]sf]
eP tfklg @)!% ;fndf k|]; sld;gn] g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;df cg]sf}F
/rgfTds ;'emfj lbPkl5dfq o; ljefun] kqsfl/tf If]qsf] cfw'lgs o'udf
k|j]z u/]sf] xf].
g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, Oltxf;, k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbf, snf, ;+:s[lt,
e]ife'iff, /Lltl/jfh, rf8kj{ tyf g]kfnsf cGo ljljw kIf;DaGwL ;"rgfx
g]kfne/ k|;f/k|;f/ ug]{ / ljZj;fd' g]kfnsf] klxrfg u/fpg]h:tf
p2]Zo lnO{ o; ljefun] ;dfrf/lrq, j[Qlrq / syfgs rnlrq agfpg]
tyf k|b{zg ug]{ / To:t} vfnsf n]v, /rgfx @)@& ;fn h]7 #)
ut]b]lv g]kfn klqsf dfkm{t k|sfzg ug]{h:tf sfdx ub}{ cfPsf]
b]lvG5. xfn g]kfn klqsfnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltd"ns klqsfsf]
kdf ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] ;f]Fr ljefusf] /x]sf] 5. o; ljefuaf6 ljleGg
ljfg\ n]vsxaf6 lnlvt Pj+ cg'lbt ljleGg pkof]uL / 1fgj4{s
k':tsk'l:tsfx k|sfzg Pj+ lgMz'Ns ljt/0fsf cnfjf cfdf, lxhf]cfh
ef]nL / kl/jt{gh:tf g]kfnL snf ;+:s[lt / dgf]/~hgn] el/k"0f{ g]kfnL
syfgs rnlrqx klg lgdf{0f / k|bz{g ePsf lyP.
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{, g]kfnL kqsf/xsf] k]zfut xslxtsf]
;+/If0f Pj+ kqsfl/tf hutsf] :j:y, dof{lbt tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;sf
nflu ;"rgf ljefu cfgf] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df sl6a4 5. ;+j}wflgs
sfg'gxsf] sfof{Gjog u/fpg] qmddf k|]; k|ltlglw k|df0fkq pknAw
u/fpg] / kqklqsf Pj+ kqsf/sf] clen]v /fVg];d]t lhDd]jf/L ;"rgf
ljefun] k"/f ub}{ cfPsf] 5.
;"rgf ljefun] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfnfO{ Ps} ynf]df ;\u|x u/L ljt/0f ug{
;"rgfsf] xa lgdf{0f u/L ljt/0f ug]{, g]kfn klqsfdf ;/sf/sf gLltx
k|sfzg ug]{, kmf]6f] a}+s :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL u/]sf] 5. ;fy}, >dhLjL
kqsf/xnfO{ cfwf/e"t / ;]jfsfnLg tflnd lbg'sf ;fy} cfjf;Lo kqsf/
tflndsf] nflu sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5.
234g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

(=& k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn

kqsfl/tfdf k]zfut pRrtd cfr/0f sfod /fvL :j:y, :jtGq / pQ/bfoL
kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf; tyf ;+j4{gsf] nflu k|]; sfplG;n P]g, @)$* adf]lhd
@)$* sflt{s @* df k|]; sfplG;n g]kfnsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf].
kqsfl/tf;DaGwL gLltut s'/fx ;do;dodf cjnf]sg u/L ;DalGwt
If]qsf] /fo ;Nnfx lnO{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg], kqsfl/tfsf] k]zfut
dof{bf / pQ/bfloTj sfod ug]{, :j:y kqsfl/tf ljsf;sf nflu cfrf/
;+lxtf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug]{, kqklqsf juL{s/0f ug]{,
kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg], kqsfl/tfsf]
ljt/0f l:yltsf] cBfjlws clen]v /fVg], kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/;Fu
;DalGwt ljifonfO{ lnP/ s;}n] sfplG;ndf ph'/L lbPdf ;f] ;DaGwdf
cfjZos sf/jfxL ug]{, kqklqsfsf] ultljlw Pj+ j:t'l:yltaf/] cWoog /
d"Nof\sg;lxtsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg ;/sf/;dIf k]z ug]{h:tf sfd, st{Jo
/ clwsf/ k|]; sfplG;n g]kfnsf] /xFb} cfPsf] 5. kqsfl/tfdf ljz]if
of]ubfg k'ofPsf kqsf/x ;Dkfbsx, k|sfzsx, >dhLjL kqsf/xsf
;fy} ;flxlTos kqsfl/tf;Fu ;DalGwt dxfg'efjx ;d]tsf] k|ltlglwTj
u/fO{ sfplG;nsf] u7g ul/Psf] 5. k|]; sfplG;n P]g, @)$* / k|];
sfplG;n -sfo{ Joj:yf_ lgodfjnL, @)%# adf]lhd k|]; sfplG;n g]kfnsf]
lgoldt sfo{xsf] Joj:yfkg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5.

(=* /fli6o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt

g]kfnL kqsfl/tfdf ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf] Oltxf; @)!^ ;fnb]lv ;' ePsf]
kfOG5. lghL If]qaf6 @)!^ ;fn k'if ! ut] sf7df8f}Fdf :yfkgf u/]sf]
g]kfn ;Djfb ;ldlt -g];;_ g} g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;dfrf/ ;ldlt xf]. To;sf]
s]xL ;dokl5 lghL If]qaf6} @)!& j}zfv #) ut] sf7df8f}Fd} csf]{ ;dfrf/
;ldlt ;u/dfyf ;Djfb ;ldlt -;;;_ :yfkgf eof]. g];; / ;;;nfO{
PsLs/0f u/L @)!* kmfu'g & ut] /fli6o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt -/f;;_ sf]
:yfkgf ul/of]. @)!* kmfu'g & ut]b]lv /f;;n] cfgf] lgoldt ;dfrf/
a'n]l6g k|f/De uof]. /fHo ;~rflnt ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf] kdf /x]sf]
/f;;nfO{ sfg"gL :jk k|bfg ug{ /f;; P]g, @)!( hf/L eof].
/f;;n] lbgdf kfFr k6s cfkm\gf] ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g k|sflzt ub{5. g]kfnL
/ c\u|]hL efiffdf k|sflzt x'g] oL a'n]l6gx /f;;sf] ;dfrf/sf pkef]Qmf
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro235

-b}lgs klqsfx, /]l8of] k|;f/0f, 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f cflb_ ;dIf OG6/g]6sf]

dfWodaf6 k'Ub5. sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf ;fy} clw/fHosf ljleGg :yfgxaf6
k|sflzt kqklqsf, /]l8of] k|;f/0f, 6]lnlehg k|;f/0fsf nflu cflwsfl/s Pj+
ljZj;gLo ;dfrf/sf] ;|f]t /f;; g} /x]sf] 5.
/f;;n] PkL, PPkmkL, l;GXjf / kLkLcfO{h:tf cGt/f{li6o ;dfrf/ ;ldltaf6
ljZjsf ljleGg :yfgsf ;dfrf/x k| f Kt u/L cfgf ;dfrf/sf
pkef]QmxnfO{ ljt/0f ub{5. o;sf ;fy} PkL / PPkmkLaf6 k|fKt cGt/f{li6o
36gfqmdsf cfsif{0f kmf]6f]xaf6 g]kfnsf b}lgs ;dfrf/kqxsf] cfsif{0f
a9fO{ kf7sxnfO{ yk ;"rgf / ;Gt'li6 k|bfg u/fpgdf /f;;sf] pNn]vgLo
e"ldsf /xL cfPsf] 5.

(=( g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;\3

b]ze/sf kqsf/xsf] 5ftf ;\u7g g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;\3sf] :yfkgf
lj=;+= @)!@ ;fn r}t !^ ut] ePsf] xf]. o;sf ;+:yfks cWoIf k"j{k|wfgdGqL
s[i0fk|;fb e/fO{ x'g\. krxQ/} lhNnfdf lhNnf ;ldlt /x]sf] o; dxf;+3sf]
k|d'v p2]Zo Pj+ sfo{x o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
g]kfn /fHoe/ cfd;~rf/sf ljleGg If]qdf lqmofzLn kqsf/xnfO{
Ps ;"qdf cfa4 u/L Jofj;flos g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{,
kqsf/xsf] Jofj;flos xs lxtsf] nflu g]t[Tj k|bfg ub}{ pgLxsf]
xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ lqmofzLn /xg],
lhDd]jf/, pQ/bfoL, cg'zfl;t kqsfl/tfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df lqmofzLn
x'Fb} k|]; :jtGqtfsf] cfbz{nfO{ kl/kfngf ug]{,
/fli6o / cGt/f{li6o If]qdf lqmofzLn kqsfl/tf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;\3
;+:yfx;Fu ;f}xfb{|k"0f{ ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf ljleGg b]zsf ;\3
;+:yfx;Fu k|ltlglwxsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{,
kqsf/ If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;ef, ;Dd]ng,
uf]li7, k|lzIf0f cflb ;~rfng ug]{,
kqsf/ hutsf] lxtsf nflu cGo cfjZos sfd ug]{.

(=!) cgnfOg ldl8of

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} g]kfndf klg cgnfOg ldl8ofn] cfgf] ;zQm
pkl:ylt b]vfO;s]sf] 5. ;"rgf ljefusf] clen]vdf xfn;Dd #& j6f
236g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

cgnfOg klqsf btf{ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5. tL ldl8ofdf sfdug]{ %# hgf

kqsf/xnfO{ ;"rgf ljefuaf6 k|]; k|ltlglw k|df0fkq / kqsf/ kl/ro kq
k|bfg ul/;lsPsf] 5. 7"nf nufgLdf ;~rflnt k|foM ;a}h;f] b}lgs, ;fKtflxs,
kflIfs tyf dfl;s klqsfxn] ;d]t cfcfgf cgnfOg ;+:s/0f k|sfzg
ug]{u/]sf 5g\. kl5Nnf lbgxdf of] qmdnfO{ PkmPd /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehgxn]
;d]t cg';/0f u/]sf 5g\. 36gfqmdxsf] tTsfn} hfgsf/L u/fpg] oL
ldl8ofxn] k|sflzt ;fdu|Lxsf] af/]df t'Gt} kf7s k|ltlqmof;d]t k|sfzg
ug]{ u/]sf 5g\. cfufdL lbgdf cgnfOg ldl8of hLjgsf] cleGg kIf
x'g]5. o:tf cgnfOg ldl8of tyf ;fdflhs ;~hfnxnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L
;To tYodf cfwfl/t lhDd]jf/ ;~rf/ dfWodsf] kdf ljsl;t ug{ ;+;f/sf
ljleGg d'n'sdf h:t} g]kfndf klg gLltut Pj+ sfo{ut Joj:yfsf] vfFrf]
dx;'; ul/Psf] 5.

;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro237

kl/R5]b M bz

g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6o ;DaGw

/ k//fi6 gLlt
!)=! g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6o ;DaGw M P]ltxfl;s l;+xfjnf]sg
g]kfn b'O{ ljzfn l5d]sL d'n'sx ef/t / rLgaLrdf cjl:yt Ps
e'kl/j]li6t /fHo xf]. b]zsf] cl:dtfnfO{ hf]ufO{/fVg g]kfn slxn] ltAat /
lrg;Fu h'Wg'kof] t slxn] c\u|]h;Fu. ljutdf Hofb} sl7g lbgxdf klg
g]kfn s;}sf] cwLgdf /x]g cfgf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / :jtGqtfnfO{ hf]ufO{
/fVg ;Ifd eof].
;g\ !*!^ -lj=;+= !*&#_ df ePsf] ;'uf}nL ;lGweGbfk5fl8 g]kfnsf] k//fi6
gLltn] gofF lbzf lnPsf] b]lvG5 eg] a]nfotl;t s"6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf
ePkl5 g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs ljZj;Fu lgoldt ;Dks{ ;' ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5.
/f0ffsfndf s]jn ef/t / j]nfot b'O{ b]z;Fudfq ;DaGw /fv]sf] b]lvG5.
;f]nf]dg cfONof08 / g]kfnaLr ;g\ @)!! l8;]Da/ !% df s"6gLlts
;DaGw :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfn;Fu s"6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ d'n'ssf]
;\Vof !## k'u]sf] 5.
g]kfnsf] k//fi6 ;DaGwsf] cf}krfl/s ;'jft eg] ;g\ !*%) df haxfb'/
/f0ffn] j]nfotsf] e|d0f u/];Fu} k|f/De ePsf] kfOG5 . To:t} ;g\ !(@# df
rGb|zd;]/sf kfnfdf la|l6z ;/sf/ / g]kfnaLr zflGt / d}qL ;lGwdf
x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof]. lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{g kZrft\ rLg,
;f]leot ;+3 / k|mfG;;Fu g]kfnsf] bf}To ;DaGw :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfn
238g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

cGt/f{li6o If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] xf]. !$ l8;]Da/ !(%% df g]kfn ;+o'Qm

/fi6;\3sf] ;b:o aGof] / o;};fn Pk|f] PlzofnL ;\u7gsf] jf8' ;Dd]ngdf
efu lnof]. ;g\ !(^! b]lv c;+nUg /fi6xsf] lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf ;lDdlnt
eO{ ;lqmo ;b:osf kdf cfhko{Gt ljZjsf] ljleGg d~rxdf efu lnFb}
cfPsf] 5. c;+nUg lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnn] pklgj]zjfb, hftLjfb,
/\ue]b gLlt, e"kl/j]li6t /fi6xsf] kf/jxg clwsf/ cflb ljifoxdf
cfgf] wf/0ff /fVb} cfPsf] 5. c;+nUg k//fi6 gLlts} sf/0f g]kfnsf]
cGt/f{li6o hutdf s'g} klg afx\o bjfj /x]sf] 5}g / of] g} g]kfnsf] k//fi6
gLltsf] cfwf/ :tDe aGg k'u]sf] 5.
;+o'Qm /fi6;\3sf] 3f]if0ff kqcg';f/ g]kfnn] a]nfa]nfdf lgz:qLs/0f,
/\ue]b gLlt pklgj]zjfbsf] lj/f]w Pj+ s'g}klg b]zdf ljb]zL kmf}hsf]
x:tIf]k ljgfzt{ x6fpg'kb{5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f /fVb} cfPsf] 5. kmn:jk
g]kfn b'O{ k6s;Dd ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] ;b:odf ;d]t lgjf{lrt eof]. ;+o'Qm
/fi6;\3n] j]nfa]nfdf u7g u/]sf] ;ldltxdf klg g]kfn ;+nUg ePsf]
5. c;+nUg k//fi6 gLltn] ljZj ;d'bfoaLrdf g]kfnsf] ;sf/fTds k|efj
kf/]sf] 5. ;+o'Qm /fi6;\3sf] o'g]:sf], 8An'=Pr=cf]=h:tf lgsfoxsf]
;b:otf klg g]kfnn] kfPsf] 5. c;+nUg cfGbf]ngsf] Ps ;+:yfks ;b:o
ePsf] gftfn] g]kfn ljZjzflGtsf] sfdgf ub{5. k|hftGqsf] k'g:yfkgfkl5
cfPsf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, cv08tf
/ :jtGqtfnfO{ sfod /fvL cGt{/fli6o ;DaGw lgb]{lzt x'g] s'/f pNn]v
u/]sf] lyof]. ;+o'Qm /fi6;\3sf] a8fkq, c;+nUgtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt,
cGt/f{li6o sfg'g / ljZj zflGtsf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] k//fi6
gLlt ;~rfng x'g] ljifo g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ;d]t pNn]v
u/]sf] kfOG5. l5d]sL ldq /fi6x / c ;a} d'n'sxl;t cfly{s, ;fdflhs
P+j cGo If]qdf ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df ;xof]ufTds ;';DaGw sfod u/L
g]kfndf zflGtnfO{ cGt/f{li6o dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfut ub}{ hfg] gLlt
/fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 eGg] Joj:yf u/L b]zsf] k//fi6 gLlt / cGt/f{li6o
;DaGw cufl8 a9fpg g]kfn k|lta4 /x]sf] k|i6 x'G5.

!)=@ g]kfnsf] k//fi6 gLlt / o;sf d"n cfwf/x

/f0ffsfn ;' x'g'eGbfcl3 g]kfn clt b'u{d d'n'ssf] kdf /x]sfn] g]kfnsf]
j}b]lzs ;DaGw km}lng kfPg. klxnf /f0ff k|wfgdGqL haxfb'/ /f0ffn]
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro239

/f0ff zf;gnfO{ cIf'0f / lr/:yfoL agfpg c\u|]hxnfO{ v'zL kfg]{ gLlt

ckgfPsf lyP. o;} p2]Zon] pgn] ef/tnufot a]nfotsf] ;d]t e|d0f
u/]sf lyP. haxfb'/ /f0ffn] ckgfPsf] gLltnfO{ pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lxn]
klg ckgfP. t/ ;g\ !($& df c\u|]hx ef/taf6 lkmtf{ x'g afWo ePkl5
g]kfnsf /f0ff zf;sx cgfy / c;xfo em}+ aGg' kof]. kl/0ffd:jk
/f0ffzfxLsf] ktg eO{ g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf eof]. @))& ;fn;Dd
ef/t, a]nfot, k|mfG; / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf u/L rf/ d'n'sx;Fu bf}To
;DaGw sfod e};s]sfn] /f0ffsfnsf] cGTolt/ j}b]lzs ;DaGw lj:tf/df
s]xL ljljwLs/0f b]lvP klg k//fi6 gLltsf] 7f]; cfwf/ eg] tof/ ePsf]
lyPg. /f0ffzf;gsf] ktg eO{ k|hftGqsf] pbo ePkl5 tTsfnLg Psnsf6]
gLltdf kl/jt{g cfof] / g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6o ;ef ;Dd]ngdf ;lqmotfsf
;fy efu lng yfNof]. ;+o'Qm /fi6;\3sf] d"No / dfGotfk|lt cf:yf,
c;+nUgtf Pj+ l5d]sL d'n'sx;Fu d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGw g} g]kfnsf] k//fi6
gLltsf k|d'v cfwf/x x'g\.

g]kfnsf] k//fi6 gLltsf k|d'v cfwf/xnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M

!= c;+nUgtf
s'g} zlQm /fi6sf]] ;}lgs u7aGwgdf ;+nUg g/xL cGt/f{li6o 36gfqmdk|lt
lg/k]If jf t6:y b[li6sf]0f cjnDag ug'{ g} c;+nUgtf xf]. c;+Ungtf
eg]sf] s'g} u7aGwgaf6 :jtGq /xg' xf]. t/ ljZj 36gfk|lt df}gbz{s aGg'
sbflk xf]Og. g]kfn k|f/Deb]lv g} c;+nUg cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo kdf ;xefuL
x'Fb} cfPsf] 5.
@= k~rzLnk|lt cf:yf
cGt/f{li6o ;DaGw lj:tf/sf] qmddf k~rzLnsf] lgDg % a'FbfxnfO{ k|d'v
cfwf/sf kdf lnOPsf] 5 h'g g]kfnsf] k//fi6 gLltsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{
cfwf/ xf].
!= Psn] csf] { d' n'ssf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ ef} ldstf / If] qLo cv08tfsf] ;Ddfg ug] { ,
@= csf{sf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k gug]{,
#= ;dfgtf / kf/:kl/s lxt sfod ug]{,
$= cgfqmd0f -Psn] csf]{ d'n'slj4 cfqmd0f gug]{_
%= zflGtk"0f{ ;xcl:tTjsf] efjgfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{.
240g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

#= ;+o'Qm /fi6;\3k|lt cf:yf

;+o'Qm /fi6;\3k|lt cf:yf / ljZjf; /fVb} ljZj zflGt / /fi6/fi6aLr d}qL
/ ;xof]u clej[l4 ug{ o;sf] e"ldsf / k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8
lbOFb} cfPsf] 5. ljZjzflGtsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6;\3cGt{ut n]jgfg
/ Oh/fonsf] ;LdfIf]q, o'uf]:nfleof / ;f]dflnof cflb d'n'sxdf zflGt
;]gf v6fOPsf] 5.
$= If]qLo ;xof]u clej[l4 ug{ hf]8
l5d]sL d'n'sxaLr ;xof]u / ;dembf/L a9fpg ;g\ !(*% df :yflkt
blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;\u7g -;fs{_ pko'Qm x'g] x'Fbf o;sf]
k|efjsfl/tf / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu g]kfnn] hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5. ;fs{
;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf g]kfndf x'g'nfO{ o;} kl/k|]Iodf x]g{ ;lsG5.
%= lgMz:qLs/0f
z:qf:qsf] xf]8afhLnfO{ Go"g u/L To; If]qdf eO/x]sf] cyfx wg/flznfO{
lzIff, :jf:Yo cflb If]qdf nufgL u/L ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] :t/ a9fpg'kg]{
Pj+ cf0fljs xftxltof/ x6fpg] s'/fdf g]kfnn] cfgf] cfjfh a'nGb
agfPsf] 5.
^= e"kl/j]li6t d'n'ssf] xslxtsf] ;'/Iff
g]kfn Ps ;fgf] tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n's ePsf]n] ;a} e"kl/j]li6t d'n'sxn]
Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] ;d:ofsf] plrt kdf lg/fs/0f ub}{ oL d'n'sxsf] xs lxt
;'/lIft ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5.
&= ;fgf tyf cljsl;t d'n'sxsf] xslxtsf] ;'/Iff
g]kfn Ps ;fgf] tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n's ePsfn] o;n] cfkm"h:tf d'n'sxsf]
xslxt clej[l4 ug{ If]qLo / cGt/f{li6o d~rxdf hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5.
*= ;d:ofsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg
s'g} klg cGt/f{li6o ljjfbxsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lb+b}
an k|of]u, wDsL tyf o'4 s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] :yfoL ;dfwfg xf]Og eGg]
s'/fdf g]kfn ljZj:t 5.
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro241

(= c;n l5d]sLkgsf] efjgf

g]kfn b'O{ 7"nf7"nf d'n's -ef/t / rLg_ f/f 3]l/Psf] ;fgf] d'n's ePsfn]
oL b'j} d'n's;Fu ;dfg / ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod ub}{ ljZjsf cGo d'n'sx;Fu
klg d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGw sfod ug]{ gLlt g]kfnn] lnPsf] 5.
!)= bafa / e]befjsf] lj/f]w
g]kfnn] ;fd|fHojfb, pklgj]zjfb, gjpklgj]zjfb, lj:tf/jfb, hft tyf
/e]befj, k|e'Tjjfb cflbsf] v'Nnf kdf lj/f]w ub}{ :jflwgtf Pj+ /e]blj/f]wL
cfGbf]ngsf] ;dy{g ub}{ cfPsf] 5.
!!= :jtGq k//fi6 gLlt
g]kfnn] ljZj /d~rdf s;}sf] cg'ofoL geO{ cfgf] Goflos dg / ljj]ssf]
k|of]u u/L :jtGq kdf cfgf] :ki6 cjwf/0ff /fVb} cfPsf] x'Fbf g]kfn
c;+Ung /fi6 eP klg ljZj36gfxk|lt ;+j]bgzLn x'Fb} cfPsf] 5.

!)=# ;+o'Qm /fi6;\3 / g]kfn

;+o'Qm /fi6;\3sf] :yfkgf @$ cS6f]a/ !($% df ePsf] xf]. ljZjdf
;d:t dfgjsf] lxtnfO{ x]/L o;sf] 3f]if0ff kqdf zflGt, ;dfgtf, ;xof]u
/ ;Dks{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5. g]kfnn] !$ l8;]Da/ !(%% df ;o'Qm
/fi6;\3sf] ;b:otf k|fKt uof]. ;b:otf k|fKt u/]b]lv g} ;+o'Qm /fi6;\3df
g]kfnsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf / of]ubfg /xFb} cfPsf] 5. O{=;= !(^# df
cf]dfgsf] k|ZgnfO{ lnP/ u7g ePsf] kfFr ;b:oLo ;ldltdf g]kfn klg
/x]sf] lyof]. g]kfn O{=;= !(^& df /e]b;DaGwL ljif]z ;ldltsf] pkfWoIfdf
/ kl5 sf=d'= cWoIf;d]t ePsf] lyof]. g]kfn ;g\ !(^(&) / !(***(
u/L @ k6s ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] c:yfoL ;b:odf lgjf{lrt ePsf] lyof]. o:t}
;g\ !(&$ / !(*& df o'g]:sf] sfo{sfl/0fL kl/ifb\df tyf ljleGg ;ldltdf
/x]/ sfo{ ug]{ cj;/ g]kfnn] kfPsf] 5. ljZjdf zflGt / ;'/Iff sfod /fVg
g]kfn k|x/L / g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6;\3Lo zflGt ;]gfdf ;g\ !(%*
b]lv g]kfnn] v6fpFb} cfPsf] 5. ;g\ !(*! sf] ;]K6]Da/df k]l/;df cfof]lht
cNkljsl;t b]zxsf] /fi6;\3Lo d'n'sxsf] tkm{af6 /fhf jL/]Gb|af6
dxTjk"0f{ ;Daf]wg ePsf] lyof]. c/a Oh/fonaLrsf] o'4 lj/fdsf] /]vb]v
ug{ g]kfnn] ;}lgs k7fPsf] lyof]. ;g\ !((@ b]lv o'uf:nfleofdf zflGt
242g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

:yfkgfy{ s]xL k|x/L clws[txsf] 6f]nL k7fpFb} cfPsf] 5 eg] ;+o'Qm

/fi6;\3sf] cfJxfgdf ljZjsf ljleGg b]zxdf zflGt :yfkgf ug{ g]kfnL
;]gfn] ljz]if e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] 5. h;sf] ljZj ;d'bfoaf6 pRr
d"Nof\sg eO/x]sf] 5. xfn;Dd hDdf !) hgf JolQmxn] ;+o'Qm
/fi6;\3sf nflu :yfoL k|ltlglw eO{ sfo{ ul/;s]sf 5g\. uf}td a'4sf]
hGd:yn n'lDagLnfO{ ljZjJofkL lrgfpg] p2]Zon] ;+o'Qm /fi6;\3n] ;g\
!(*# df ljZj zflGt jif{ ;d]t dgfPsf] lyof].
tflnsf g+= !)=!
g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6;\3sf ljleGg lgsfoxsf] ;b:otf lnPsf] ldlt
qm=;+= ;+:yf

ldlt

!=

;o'Qm /fi6 ;\3 (UNO)

!$ l8;]Da/ !(%%

@=

cGt/fli6o >d ;\u7g

(ILO)

!(^^

#=

vfB tyf s[lif ;\u7g

(FAO)

$=

;+o'Qm /fi6;\3Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs /

;f+:s[lts ;\u7g

@& gf]e]Da/ !(%!

(UNESCO)

! d] !(%#

%=

ljZj :jf:Yo ;\u7g

^=

ljZj a}Fs ;d"x (IBRD)

&=

cGt/f{li6o ljsf; ;+:yf

*=

cGt/f{li6o ljQ lgud

(=

cGt/f{li6o d'b|f sf]if

!)=

cGt/f{li6o gful/s p8\8og ;\u7g (ICAO)

@( h'nfO{ !(%^

!!=

ljZj x'nfs ;\3

!! h'nfO{ !(%^

!@=

cGt/f{li6o x'nfs ;\3

!#=

ljZj xfjfkfgL lj1fg ;\u7g

!$=

cGt/f{li6o ;fd'lb|s ;\u7g

;"rgf ljefu

!) d] !(%$

(WHO)

^ ;]K6]Da/ !(^!
^ dfr{ !(^#

(IDA)

& hgj/L !(^^

(IFC)

^ ;]K6]Da/ !(^!

(IMF)

(UPU)

% l8;]Da/ !(%&

(ITU)
(WMO)

(IMO)

% d] !(&*
#! hgj/L !(&(
g]kfn kl/ro243

!%=

s[ lif ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6o sf]if (IFAD) % d] !(&*

!^=

;+o'Qm /fi6 ;\3Lo cf}Bf]lus ljsf;

;\u7g

!&=

(UNIDO)

ax'kIfLo nufgL ;+/If0f ;+ :yf (MIGA)

& l8;]Da/ !(*#

@# ;] K6] Da/ !((@

!)=$ ;fs{ / g]kfn

;g\ !(*% sf] l8;]Da/ & / * df a+unfb]zsf] /fhwfgL 9fsfdf /fi6WoIf
tyf k|d'vxn] efu lnPsf] k|yd zfs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] blIf0f PlzofnL
/fi6xsf] If]qLo ;xof]u ;\u7g -SAARC_ sf] ljlwjt :yfkgf u/L ;fs{
a8fkqsf] cg'df]bg uof]. blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;\u7g ;fs{df
a+unfb]z, ef/t, g]kfn, kfls:tfg, e'6fg, >Ln+sf, dflNbK; / ckmuflg:tfg
u/L * /fi6x /x]sf 5g\. ;fs{sf] ;lrjfno sf7df8fF}df /x]sf] 5.
o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(*^ df ePsf] xf].

;fs{ ;lrjfno, sf7df8f}F

244g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

;fs{sf] :yfkgfkZrft\ o; If]qsf /fi6xaLr ;xof]u, ;dembf/L, ;dfgtf

/ ;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ePsf] 5. g]kfnn] ;fs{sf] k|jw{gnfO{ cfgf]
k//fi6 gLlts} cleGg c\u agfPsf] 5 / g]kfn ;fs{sf] k|jw{gk|lt lgi7fjfg
/x]sf] 5. ;fs{sf] ;kmntfaf6 g]kfnn] o; If]qdf b]vfk/]sf ;a} ;femf
;d:ofx ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb5g\ eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVb5.
tflnsf g+= !)=#
xfn;Dd ePsf ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngx
qm=;+= :yfg
!
@
#
$
%
^
&
*
(
!)
!!
!@
!#
!$
!%
!^
!&

9fsf, a+unfb]z
a}+unf]/, ef/t
sf7df8f}F, g]kfn
O:nfdfjfb, kfls:tfg
dfn], dfnlbE;
sf]nDaf], >Ln+sf
9fsf, a+unfb]z
gofF lbNnL, ef/t
dfn], dfnlbE;
sf]nDaf], >Ln+sf
sf7df8fF}, g]kfn
O:nfdfjfb, kfls:tfg
9fsf, a+unfb]z
gofF lbNnL, ef/t
sf]nf]Daf], >Ln+sf
lyDk', e'6fg
c8\8' ;x/, dflNbE;

g]kfnsf] tkm{af6
efu lng] JolQm
/fhf jL/]Gb|
/fhf jL/]Gb|
/fhf jL/]Gb|
/fhf jL/]Gb|
s[i0fk|;fb e/fO{
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf
dgdf]xg clwsf/L
nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf
;"o{axfb'/ yfkf
/fhf 1fg]Gb|
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf
dfwjs'df/ g]kfn
8f=afa'/fd e/fO{

ldlt
;g\ !(*% l8;]Da/ & / *
;g\ !(*^ gf]e]Da/ !& / !*
;g\ !(*& gf]e]Da/ @$
;g\ !(** l8;]Da/ @(#!
;g\ !(() gf]e]Da/ @)#)
;g\ !((! l8;]Da/ @!
;g\ !((# clk|n !)!!
;g\ !((% dO{ @$
;g\ !((& dO{ !@!$
;g\ !((* h'nfO{ @(#!
;g\ @))@ hgj/L %^
;g\ @))$ hgj/L $^
;g\ @))% gf]eDa/ !@!#
;g\ @))& clk|n $$
;g\ @))* cui6 @#
;g\ @)!) clk|n @*@(
;g\ @)!! gf]e]Da/ !)

k/:k/df sltko leGgtfx xF'bfx'Fb} klg blIf0f PlzofnL /fi6x ul/aL

lgjf/0f Pj+ cfly{ s ljsf;;d]tsf ;femf p2]Zoxsf] kl/k"lt{sf] lglDt kf/:kl/s
;xof]usf] lj:tf/ ug{ jrga4 ePsf 5g\ / To;cg';f/ blIf0f Pl;ofnL
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro245

/fi6xaLrsf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGwnfO{ a9L ;'b[9 / ;xh agfpg] lx;fan]

Jofkf/ ;x'lnot;DaGwL ;fK6f ;Demf}tf ug{;d]t ;kmn ePsf 5g\. kf/:kl/s
;xof]u / ;DaGwnfO{ cem} a9L ;'wf/ / lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ / ug{ ;lsg] s'/fdf
;d]t ;fs{ /fi6xsf] aLrdf dt}So g} b]lvG5. o;n]ubf{ ;fs{ eljiodf cem
a9L pknlAwd"ns / ;zQm ;+:yf x'g] ljZjf; lng ;lsG5.
g]kfnn] ;fs{sf] s'n vr{sf] !)=&@ k|ltzt lx:;f Joxf]b{5. ;fs{ If]qLo
;+:yfxcGtu{t ;fs{ Ifo/f]u s]Gb| / ;fs{ ;"rgf s]Gb| g]kfndf /x]sf] 5.
g]kfn;Fu ;j{k|yd bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf] ;fs{ d'n's ef/t -;g\ !($&
h'g !#_ xf] eg] kl5Nnf] e'6fg -;g\ !(*# h'g #_ xf] . If]qkmnsf] lx;fan]
g]kfn ;fs{sf] rf}yf] 7"nf] /fi6 xf]. g]kfnn] klxnf] / cf7f}F blIf0f Pl;ofnL
v]ns"b cfof]hgf ul/;s]sf] 5.

!)=% g]kfn ef/t ;DaGwsf P]ltxfl;s ;lGw ;Demf}tfx

;'uf}nL ;lGw
g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ !*!% d] @* df u' uh/fh ld> Pj+ rGb|z]v/
pkfWofonfO{ cfgf] k|ltlglw agfP/ sDkgL ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw a|f8zfl;t
;lGwjftf{ rnfpg ;'uf}nL k7fPsf] lyof]. t/ a|f8zfn] /fv]sf] sl7g zt{n]
ubf{ g]kfnn] ;lGwjftf{ rnfpg c:jLsf/ u/]kl5 of] jftf{ c;kmn ePsf]
lyof]. g]kfnnfO{ ;aeGbf a9L cfklQ /]l;8]G6 /fVg] s'/fdf lyof], lsgeg]
c\u|]h b"tnfO{ ;fd|fHosf] cu|b"t 7fg]sf] lyof]. To:tf] b"t pkTosfdf
g/xFbf t c\u]|hsf] x:tIf]k eO/x]sf] lyof] eg] b"t /x]df s] ug]{5 eGg]
z\sf lyof]. bf];|f] cfklQsf] s'/f t/fO{ If]q lng' lyof]. ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q
lnP/ g]kfnnfO{ kxf8df dfq ;Lldt /fVGf] gLlt k|i6 b]lvGYof]. t/ sDkgL
;/sf/n] /]l;8]06 jf o'4dWo] Ps dfGg} kg]{ s/ nufof]. t/fO{ If]qsf] ;f
jif]{gL =@ nfv lbg sDkgL ;/sf/n] :jLsf/ uof]. o:tf] l:yltdf bf];|f]rf]l6
;lGw jftf{ ;' eof] / @ l8;]Da/ !*!% df ;'uf}nL ;lGw eof].
of] ;lGwdf !% lbgleq g]kfnsf /fhfsf] :jLs[lt x'g'kg]{ lyof]. sDkgL
;/sf/n] o; ;lGwdf !*!% l8;]Da/ ( df g} :jLs[lt lbO;s]sf] lyof] t/
g]kfn b/af/df 5nkmn x'Fbfx'Fb} ;dofjlw gfF3]sf]n] ;g\ !*!^ km]a|'j/L df
cS6/nf]gLsf] g]t[Tjdf ljzfn kmf}h g]kfnl;t o'4 ug{cufl8 a9\of].
dsjfgk'/df ;fwf/0f k|lt/f]wkl5 cS6/nf]gL dftxtsf] ;]gf pkTosflt/
246g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

a9\of]. la|l6z ;]gf sf7df8fF} cfpFb} 5 eGg] r]tfjgL lbFb} Pp6f kq g]kfnsf]
/fhf;dIf k7fOsf] lyof]. o:tf] l:yltdf /fhwfgLdfly g} vt/f cfpg
nfu]sf]n] g]kfnn] ;lGw :jLs[t u/]/ rGb|z]v/ pkfWofonfO{ ;'uf}nL k7fof].
:jLs[lt ePsf] ;lGwkq ;g\ !*!^ dfr{ $ sf lbg lbpF;f] @M#) ah] cS6/nf]gLsf]
xftdf a'emfPkl5 ;g\ !*!$ gf]e]Da/ ! df ;' ePsf] o'4 !*!^ dfr{df
;dfKt eof]. o; ;lGwdf pNn]lvt wf/fx lgDgfg';f/ 5g\
!= cg/]an O:6 Ol08of sDkgL / g]kfnsf /fhfaLr ;bfsfn zflGt Pj+
d}qL ;DaGw sfod /xg]5 .
@= o'4k"j{ b'j} /fHoaLrsf] ljjfbu|:t e"efudfly g]kfnsf /fhfn] bfaL
TofUg' kg]{5 / tL e"efudfly sDkgL ;/sf/sf] clwsf/nfO{ :jLsf/
ug]{5.
#= g]kfnsf /fhfn] tn pNn]lvt ;Dk"0f{ e"efu ;bfsfnsf] nflu sDkgL
;/sf/nfO{ ;'Dkg]5 M
s= sfnL / /fKtL gbLaLrsf] ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q.
v= /fKtL / u08saLrsf] ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q -a'6jn vf;afx]s_
u= u08s / s';faLrsf] ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q, hxfF la|l6z zf;gsf] clwsf/
k|f/De eO;s]sf] 5 jf x'g] l:yltdf 5.
3= d]rL / l6i6f gbLaLrsf] ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q.
= d]rL gbLk"j{sf] ;Dk"0f{ If]q Pj+ df]/b]]lv kxf8lt/ hfg] gu/sf]6
dfu{ / To; ghLssf] ;d:t e"efu x:tfIf/ ePsf] ldltb]lv $)
lbgleq uf]vf{nL ;]gfn] vfnL ug'{kg]{5.
$= dflysf wf/fcg';f/ lnOPsf e"efuf/f xfgLdf k/]sf g]kfn /fHosf
;/bf/ Pj+ ef/bf/xsf] Ifltk"lt{ ug{ la|l6z ;/sf/n] ;fnfvfnf = @
nfv k|ltjif{ lbg] / of] /sd cfgf] thaLhcg';f/ g]kfnsf /fhf afF8\g
:jtGq x'g]5g\. k]G;gsf] nflu ujg{/ hg/nsf] d'b|f / x:tfIf/;lxtsf]
;gb k|bfg ul/g]5.
%= g]kfnsf /fhf / pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lxn] sfnLb]lv klZrdsf k|b]z /
ToxfFsf lgjf;Lx;Fu s'g} ;DaGw /fVg kfpg]5}gg\.
^= g]kfnsf /fhfn] l;lSsdsf /fhfsf] cwLg ePsf] s'g} efupk/ s'g}
lsl;dsf] bfjf ug{ kfpg]5}gg\ / g]kfnsf /fhf Pj+ l;lSsdsf /fhfaLr
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro247

jf b'a}sf k|hfaLr s'g} ljjfb p7]df ljjfbf:kb ljifo la|l6z ;/sf/sf]

dWo:ytfsf] nflu k]|lift ul/g]5 / p;sf] lg0f{o g]kfn ;/sf/n]
dfGg'kg]{5.
&= la|l6z ;/sf/sf] cg'dltljgf g]kfnsf /fhfn] s'g} la|l6z, o'/f]k]nL jf
cd]l/sLnfO{ cfgf] gf]s/Ldf /fVg kfpg]5}gg\.
*= b'a} /fi6aLr sfod ePsf] ldqtf Pj+ zflGtsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{
Pj+ pGGflt ug{ Ps csf{sf] /fHodf Pqm]l86]8 ldlg:6/ /xg]5g\.
(= gf}j6f wf/f ePsf] of] ;lGwdf g]kfnsf /fhfn] !% lbgleq :jLs[lt k|bfg
u/L n]km\l6g]G6 sg{n a|f8zfnfO{ a'emfpg]5g\ / pgn] @) lbgleq jf
;Dej eP o;eGbf klg lz3| g} uj{g/ hg/nsf] :jLs[lt lbnfpg]5g\.

;g\ !(%) sf] zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGw

;g\ !(%) h'nfO{ #! -!^ >fj0f @))&_ sf lbg g]kfn ef/taLr Ps zflGt
tyf d}qL ;lGw ;DkGg ul/of]. o; ;lGw kqdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 k|wfgdGqL
df]xg zdz]/ / ef/tsf] tkm{af6 g]kfnsf nflu ef/tLo /fhb"t ;L=kL= Pg=
l;+xn] x:tIf/ u/]sf lyP. o; ;lGwdf lgDg lnlvt zt{x 5g\ M
!= g]kfn tyf ef/t ;/sf/aLr ;bfsfn zflGt tyf d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGw
/lx/xg]5. b'j} ;/sf/x Ps csf{sf] b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, k"0f{ ;Dk|e'tf,
If]qLo cv08tf / :jtGqtfsf] /Iff Pj+ cfb/ ug{ sl6a4 /xg]5g\
@= s'g} klg sf/0faf6 b'O{ b]zaLr ljjfb pTkGg ePdf b'j} ;/sf/xn]
ldqjt kdf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{5g\.
#= dfly wf/f ! df pNn]lvt ;DaGwnfO{ :yfloTj Pj+ dfGotf lbgsf nflu
b'j} ;/sf/x cfk;df s"6gLlts ;DaGw sfod /fVg / nfdf] ;do;Dd
sfd ug{sf] nflu cfjZos k/]sf] k|ltlglw /fVgsf] nflu;d]t d~h'/
ub{5g\. v6fOPsf k|ltlglw tyf pgsf ;xof]uLxn] b'j} ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf]
jf cGt/f{li6o sfg'gadf]lhdsf] s"6gLlts ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{5g\.
$= b' j} ;/sf/x dxfjfl0fHob"t (Consule-General) jfl0fHob" t
(Consule), pkjfl0fHob"t (Vice-conculs) tyf cGo b"txsf] lgo'Qm
ug{ /fhL x'g]5g\ / logLx b'j} ;/sf/n] lglZrt u/]sf] ;x/, aGb/ufx
/ cGo 7fpFdf /xg ;Sg]5g\. dfly pNn]lvt kb k|fKt ug]{xnfO{
248g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

lgo'lQm ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/, ;x'lnot / cGo ;'ljwfx csf]{ /fHosf]

;f]xL txsf] JolQmn] kfP;/x kfpg]5g\.
%= g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ef/t If]qaf6 cyjf ;f] /fHo If]qsf] af6f] u/L
g]kfnsf] ;'/Iffsf lgldQ rflxg] xftxltof/ snk"hf{, uf]nL u7\7f,
v/vhfgf cflb dfn;fdfgsf] k}7f/L ug]{ clwsf/ 5. b'O{ ;/sf/n]
k/:k/df ;Nnfx u/L of] aGbf]a:tnfO{ rfn" u/fpg] sfo{jfxLsf] to
ug]{5g\.
^= ef/t / g]kfnsf] l5d]sL d}qLefjsf] k|lts:jk b'j} ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf]
/fHoIf]qdf /x]sf] csf]{ ;/sf/sf gful/snfO{ cfkm\gf] d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus
/ cfly{s ljsf; tyf To:tf] ljsf;;DaGwL l/ofot / 7]Ssfxdf efu
lngnfO{ /fli6o Jojxf/ lbg] saf]n ub{5g\.
&= g]kfn ;/sf/ / ef/t ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf /fHoIf]qdf /x]sf csf]{ d'n'ssf
gful/snfO{ lgjf;, ;DklQsf] dfu, Jofkf/, jfl0fHodf efu lng, lx88'n
ug]{ / c o:t} k|sf/sf ljz]ifflwsf/xsf ljifodf kf/:kl/s tj/n]
;dfg ljz]ifflwsf/ lbgnfO{ sa'n ub{5g\.
*= hxfF;Dd oxfF :ki6 ul/Psf s'/fxsf] ;DaGw 5, tL ;a}df of] ;lGwkqn]
ef/tsf tkm{af6 la|l6z ;/sf/ tyf g]kfn ;/sf/aLrdf ePsf cl3sf
;a} ;lGwkq, :jLsf/kq / sa'ngfdfxnfO{ vf/]h ub{5.
(= of] ;lGwkq b'j} ;/sf/n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] ldltb]lv nfu" x'g]5.
!)= s'g} Ps d'n'sn] Ps jif{sf] efsf lbO{ of] ;lGwsf] cGTo ug{ gvf]h];Dd
of] ;lGw hf/L /xg]5.
of] ;lGwkqdf @))& ;fn >fj0f !^ ut] -!(%), h'nfO{ #!_ sf lbg
sf7df8f}Fdf ;xL5fk ePsf] b]lvG5.
lj=;= @)#$ r}qdf Jofkf/, kf/jxg tyf cglws[t Jofkf/ ljrng lgoGq0f
;xof]u -;ft jif]{_ ;Demf}tf u/L tLg k|sf/sf ;lGw ePsf] lyof]. o;
;lGwcg';f/ g]kfndf pTkflbt j:t'nfO{ ef/tLo ahf/df ;x'lnot k|bfg
ug]{ tyf Pscfk;df cfjZos j:t' pknAw u/fpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{
;xdlt eof]. kf/jxgtkm{ g]kfnaf6 ef/t x'Fb} t];|f] d'n'sdf j:t'x
9'jfgLdf oftfoftsf] ;x'lnot k|fKt x'g] / cgflws[t Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf % jif{
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro249

/ kf/jxg ;lGwsf] cjlw & jif{ tf]lsof]. o;kl5 lj=;= @)#( df g]kfn /
ef/t Jofkf/ ;lGw tyf cglws[t Jofkf/sf] /f]syfd;DaGwL ;Demf}tf kfFr
jif{ yk ul/of]. ;lGwdf g]kfnef/t Jofkf/ k|jfxdf j[l4sf nflu sltko
j:t'df ladf ;'ljwf k|f]kmd{ / eG;f/sf ;fy} 6flG;kd]G6h:tf ;'ljwfx
pknAw ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] kfOG5.

!)=^ g]kfn / rLgltAat ;DaGwsf P]ltxfl;s ;lGw ;Demf}tfx

g]kfnsf] ltAat / rLg;Fu Hofb} k'/fgf] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5. lnR5ljsfnLg 7s'/L
/fhf c+z'jdf{sf] ;dob]lv ;'b[9 aGb} cfPsf] g]kfnrLgtLAat ;DaGw kl5sf
jif{xdf cem ;'b[9 aGb} cfPsf] kfOG5. g]kfnrLgltAataLr ;g\ !&**,
;g\ !&(! / ;g\ !*%% df u/L tLgk6s 7"nf o'4x eP. k|yd o'4 lj=;+=
!*$^ h]7 - ;g\ !&*( h'g @_ df ePsf] s] ;lGw, bf]>f] o'4 lj=;+= !*$(
efb| ^ -;g\ !&(@_ df ePsf] a]qfjtL ;lGw / t]>f] o'4 lj=;+=!(!@ r}q -;g\
!*%^ dfr{ @^_ df ePsf] yfkfynL ;lGwn] cGTo u/]sf] lyof].
g]kfn / rLgltAat ;DaGwsf s]xL P]ltxfl;s ;Demf}tfxnfO{ lgDgfg';f/
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

s] ;lGw
d"nt lrlgofF kIfn] ltAatnfO{ o'4 gu/L jftf{sf] dfu{ cFufNg ;Nnfx
lbPkl5 g} k|yd g]kfnltAat o'4sf] cGTo u/L jftf{nfk ePsf] lyof]. o;
jftf{df ltAatsf tkm{af6 sfnf]g 3f]l/, ;flsof nfdf, 6];' nfdf / g]kfnsf]
tkm{af6 ad zfx, xl/x/ pkfWofo / g/l;+x zfxL d'Vo lyP. ltAatsf]
s]df ePsf] o; 5nkmndf k|f/Dedf g]kfnn] o'4df ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ Joo /
k|tfkl;+x zfxsf] ;dodf ePsf] ;lGw pNn\3g u/]afkt %) wfgL{ ;'gsf]
dfu /fVof]. t/, ltAatn] g]kfnsf] o; dfuk|lt af/Daf/ c;xdlt hgfof].
cGTodf @ h"g, !&*( df s] ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ eof]. @ dlxgf;Ddsf]
5nkmnkl5 ;DkGg ePsf] s] ;lGw gfdaf6 k|rlnt o; ;lGwdf lgDg
a'Fbfx /x]sf 5g\ M
!= g]kfn kmf}h cfkm"n] sAhf u/]sf] ltAatL If]qaf6 x6\g d~h'/ eof].
@= pk|fGt g]kfnn] ef]6dfly cfqmd0f ug]{5}g.
#= ef]6n] Ps lglZrt /sd ;fnfgf g]kfnnfO{ a'emfpg]5.
$= ltAat / ef/taLrsf] Jofkf/ g]kfnsf] af6f] eP/ dfq} ul/g] / tL b'j}
250g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

b]znfO{ hf]8\g] l;lSsd tyf e"6fgsf dfu{x aGb ug]{.

%= pk|fGt ld;fxf 6s / gofF 6saLrsf] ;6xL b/ sfod ubf{ b'O{ ld;fxf
6s a/fa/ Ps gofF 6s sfod ul/g]5.

a]qfjtL ;lGw
g]kfnltAataLr ePsf] s] ;lGwn] pNn]Vo ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;ls/x]sf]
lyPg. To; ;lGwkqdf Nxf;f b/af/ / lrlgofF ;d|f6sf] :jLs[lt lnOPsf]
lyPg. ltAatn] ;f] s] ;lGwcg';f/ g]kfnnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ klxnf] ls:tfdfq}
lt/]/ ;lGwsf] pNn\3g ug{ yfNof]. s] ;lGw ePsf] @ jif{ k'Ubf gk'Ub} ;g\
!&(!(@ df g]kfn ltAataLr k'gM o'4 ;' eof]. bf];|f]k6ssf] o'4df
ltAatsf] kIfaf6 rLgn] ;d]t x:tIf]k u/]sf] lyof], h;n] ubf{ g]kfnn]
ltAatsf] gfd ePklg rLg;Fu o'4 ug'{kof]. o;} qmddf ;g\ !&(@ cS6f]a/
% df a]qfjtLsf] n8fOdf b'j} kIfaLr 7"nf] Iflt ePsf] lyof]. of] Ifltkl5
g]kfnltAatrLgaLr Ps ;lGw ;DkGg eof]. lj=;= !*$( efb| ^ -;g\
!&(@ cui6 _ df ;DkGg pQm ;lGw a]qfjtL ;lGwsf] gfdn] lrlgG5.

g'jfsf]6sf] a]qfjtLdf /x]sf] 9'\uf . o;}dfly a;]/ j]qfjtL ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] dflgG5 .

a]qfjtL ;lGwdf b]xfoadf]lhd ;t{x pNn]v ePsf lyP M

!= g] kfn / ltAatn] cfkm"aLrsf] zq'tf TofuL ldqjt\ ;DaGw sfod ug]{5g\ .
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro251

@= g]kfnn] lrlgofF afbzfxsf] ;Ddfgfy{ k|To]s kfFr jif{df Pp6f lzi6d08n

pkxf/;lxt k]ls k7fpg]5. ;fy}, rLgn] klg ;fdf pkxf/x k7fpg]
/ pQm d08nsf] vr{ Pj+ oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf a]xf]g]{5.
#= eljiodf sf7df8f}F / Nxf;fsf] aLrdf s'g} k|sf/sf] ljjfb pTkGg
ePdf To;sf]] ;dfwfg Nxf;fl:yt lrlgofF cDafaf6 x'g]5.
$= s'tL / s] If]qdf lrlgofF clwsf/Ln] /]vfg u/]sf] ;LdfgfnfO{
g]kfnn] dfGotf lbg]5.
%= g]kfndfly s'g} k|sf/sf] ljb]zL cfqmd0f ePdf rLgn] g]kfnsf] d2t
ug]{5.
^= g]kfnn] tfzLnDk'df n'6]sf] ;DklQ / zdkf{ nfdfsf] cjz]if Pjd\
pgsf ;dy{s Pjd\ ;xof]uLxnfO{ lkmtf{ ug]{5.
&= g]kfnn] d'b|f;DaGwL ;d:of pk|fGt gp7fpg'sf ;fy} s]sf] ;lGwdfly
s'g} k|sf/sf] bfjL ug]{5}g.

yfkfynL ;lGw
lj=;+= !(!! kmfu'g -dfr{ !*%%_ df g]kfn rLgaLr t];|f] o'4sf] 3f]if0ff
eof]. of] o'4sf] cjlw 5f]6f] eP klg Hofb} 3fts lyof]. o;df b'j} kIfsf]
wghgsf] 7"nf] Iflt eof]. b'j} kIfn] o'4 /f]Sg rfx]sfn] lj=;+= !(!@ k';df
;lGwjftf{ ;' ul/of]. jftf{sf] nflu ltAattkm{sf] g]t[Tj ub}{ snf]g zfq
sf7df8f}F cfOk'u]sf lyP. of] ;lGw x'g'k"j{ sl/a @ dlxgf;Dd jftf{ rn]sf]
lyof]. cGTodf ;g\ !*%^ dfr{ @$ df tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf; tyf
sfof{no yfkfynL b/af/df !) ;"qLo ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ul/of]. yfkfynL
b/af/df x:tfIf/ ul/Psf]n] pQm ;lGwnfO{ yfkfynL ;lGw gfd lbOPsf] xf].
pQm ;lGwsf ;t{x lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf lyP M
!= ltAatn] g]kfnnfO{ k| ltjif{ = !),))) ;nfdL:jk a' emfpg] k| lt1f ub{5.
@= g]kfn ltAatdfly s'g} ljb]zL zlQmn] cfqmd0f u/]sf] v08df ltAatnfO{
;xof]u ug{ tTk/ /xg]5.
#= Nxf;f ;/sf/n] g]kfnL Jofkf/Lxdfly hut dx;'n -eG;f/ s/_
glng] lgwf] uof].
$= ;lGwdf pNn]lvt ;t{x sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 g]kfn o'4sfndf cfkm"n]
sAhf u/]sf] s'tL, s], em'\uf If]qx ltAatnfO{ lkmtf{ ug{ afWo
252g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

x'g]5. ;fy}, o'4sfndf g]kfnsf] sAhfdf cfPsf ef]6] l;kfxL / e]8f

Rof\u|f OToflb;d]t g]kfnn] lkmtf{ ug]{5. To:t} ltAatn] klg g]kfnL
tf]kx / ;g\ !*$! df ltAat / 8f]u|fxsf aLrdf ePsf] o'4tfsf
s}bdf k/]sf l;v aGbLxnfO{;d]t 5f8\g]5.
%= xfn;Dd Nxf;fdf g] kfnsf] k|ltlglwsf] kdf gfos jf jlsn
/xLcfPsf]df o;kl5 b"t /xg]5.
^= Nxf;fdf g]kfnn] cfgf] Jofkfl/s sf]7L vf]Ng kfpg] eof] / pQm sf]7LnfO{
xL/f, df]tL Pj+ cGo u/uxgfx / cGgsf] Jofkf/ ug]{ clwsf/ lbOof].
&= Nxf;fdf a;f]af; ug]{ uf]/vfnL / slZd/Lxsf] aLrdf s'g} k|sf/sf]]
emu8f ePdf ;f]sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ clwsf/ g]kfnL ef/bf/nfO{ g} lbg].
t/ g]kfnL / ltAatLxsf] aLrdf rflxF s'g} k|sf/sf] ljjfb pTkGGf
ePdf b'j} ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwxsf] ;+o'Qm 5nkmnaf6 lg0f{o ul/g]
Joj:yf ul/of]. ltAatLxaLrsf] cfGtl/s dfdnfdf eg] g]kfnL
ef/bf/n] x:tIf]k ug{ gkfpg] eof].
*= b'j} b]zn] cfgf]cfgf] b]zdf efu]/ cfpg] ck/fwLnfO{ ;DalGwt
b]zdf g} a'emfpg]5g\.
(= Nxf;fdf /xg] g]kfnL Jofkf/Lxsf] wghgsf] ;'/Iff ltAat ;/sf/n]
k|bfg ug]{5. To:t} g]kfnL Jofkf/Lxdfly s'g} k|sf/sf] n'6 ePdf
n'l6Psf] ;DklQ ltAat ;/sf/n] g} c;'npk/ ul/lbg]5. s]xLu/L
c;'npk/ u/fpg g;s]df ;f]sf] Ifltk"lt{ ltAat ;/sf/n] g} lbg]5.
g]kfndf ltAatLxsf] hLpwgsf] lglDt klg ltAat ;/sf/ p:t} k|sf/sf]
Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff /fVb5.
!)= o'4sfndf zq' kIfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ gful/ssf] wghgsf] ;'/Iff ug{ b'a}
;/sf/x ;xdt eP.

;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro253

kl/R5]b M P3f/

P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s tyf

ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn]
g]kfnsf dxTjk"0f{ :yfgx
sf7df8f} pkTosf
g]kfnsf] dWokxf8LIf]qdf rf/}lt/ kxf8n] 3]/]sf] ;d'b| ;txb]lv !##& ld6/
prfOdf /x]sf] ;dy/ e"efudf sf7df8f}F pkTosf cjl:yt 5. oxfF
;dlztf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5. sf7df8f}F g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL ePsf]n] oxfF
hg;\Vofsf] rfk cTolws 5. o; d'n'ssf] /fhwfgL /x]sf] :yfgsf] kdf
eGbf k|frLgsfnsf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] dlGb/}dlGb/ / rf8kj{xsf] afx'No
ePsf] :yfgsf] kdf lng'kb{5.
ltAataf6 cfPsf dxfd~h">Ln] 7"nf] tnfp /x]sf] :yfgdf j/bf / df]Ifbf
eGg] zlQm :yfkgf u/L rf]ef/8fF8f sf6]/ kfgL aflx/ k7fO{ ;'Gb/ zx/sf]
l;h{gf u/]/ sf7df8f}F gu/sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] eGg] ls+jbGtL /x]sf] 5. o;
pkTosfdf /x]sf sf7df8f}F b/af/ :Sjfo/, eQmk'/ b/af/ :Sjfo/, kf6g
b/af/ :Sjfo/, :joDe":t'k, af}4:t'k / rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/;d]tsf Vofltk|fKt
P]ltxfl;s :ynx ljZj ;Dkbf;"rLdf ;d]t k/]sf 5g\. sf7df8f}F pkTosfnfO{
v'Nnf ;\u|xfnosf] kdf g} lng ;lsG5. sf7df8f}Fdf @) ls=ld=sf] b"/Ldf
ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf & j6f ;Dkbfx /x]sf 5g\. oL ;Dkbfxsf]
pkl:yltn] sf7df8f}F pkTosfnfO{ ljZjk|l;4 zx/sf] kdf :yflkt u/]sf]
254g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

5. oL ;Dkbfxsf] plrt ;+/If0fn] o; pkTosfnfO{ cgGt sfn;Dd

ljZjsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ko{6g s]Gb|sf] kdf k|ltli7t agfO/xg] ;Defjgf
af]s]sf] b]lvG5.
ef}uf]lns ljefhgcg';f/ sf7df8f}F g]kfnsf] sl/a sl/a dWokxf8L v08df
kb{5. oxfFsf k|d'v gbLx afudtL / lji0f'dtL x'g\. kz'kltgfy, u'x]Zj/L,
:joDe", af}4, a'9flgns07, blIf0fsfnL, xg'dfg9f]sf, uf]s0f{, 6]s", zflngbL
cflb oxfF cjl:yt k|d'v tLy{wfd x'g\. sf7df8f}F /fhwfgL zx/ x'g'sf] ;fy}
b]zsf] k|frLg snf, sf}zn, ;+:s[lt, ;Dotf Pj+ P]ltxfl;s >f]tsf] e08f/
klg xf]. o;sf] cltl/Qm b]zsf] k|d'v z}lIfs ;+:yfx, cfw'lgs hgzlQm
Pj+ pks/0fo'Qm c:ktfnx tyf b]zsf] Psdfq cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn;d]t
o;} zx/df cjl:yt ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ klg :jb]zL tyf ljb]zLxsf] nflu
of] cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| aGg k'u]sf] 5. jl/kl/af6 gu/sf]6, gfufh'{g, lzjk'/L,
rGb|flu/L / km'Nrf]sL;d]tsf dgf]/d kxf8xn] 3]l/Psf] o; pkTosfsf]
;'Gb/tfnfO{ oL kxf8xsf] pkl:yltn] cem} a9fPsf] 5.
g]kfnsf] &% lhNnfxdWo] sf7df8f}F klg Pp6f xf]. ;fdfGotof sf7df8f}F,
nlntk'/ / eQmk'/;d]tsf # j6f lhNnf ;d]l6Psf] ;dtn / jl/kl/af6
kxf8n] 3]l/Psf] xf]rf] efunfO{ sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] gfdn] lrGg] ul/G5.
o; pkTosfeGbfaflx/sf dflg;xn] d"ntM o; pkTosfnfO{ g} sf7df8f}Fsf]
gfdn] lrGg] ub{5g\. sf7df8f}F lhNnfdf kg]{ sf7df8f}F zx/ g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL
zx/ / dWodf~rn ljsf; If]qsf] ;b/d'sfd klg xf]. o; lhNnfsf]
If]qkmn #(% ju{ ls=ld= 5. P]ltxfl;s b/af/ xg'dfg 9f]sfsf] glhsdf
/xsf] sf7}sf7n] ag]sf] sfi7d08ksf] cfwf/df sf7df8f}Fsf] gfd /xg uPsf]
xf] eGg] ljfgxsf] egfO /x]sf] 5. P]ltxfl;s ejg l;+xb/af/ k|d'v
k|zf;sLo s]Gb| xf] . ;fs{ ;lrjfno, sf7df8f}Fl:yt ljleGg ljb]zL
/fhb" tfjf;x, g]kfn /fi6a}\s tyf cGo s]Gb|Lo sfof{nox klg
sf7df8f}Fleq g} /x]sf 5g\. To;}n] sf7df8f}F g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts /fhwfgLsf]
kdf dfq geO{ ljQLo, z}lIfs, Goflos, wfld{s, tyf s"6gLlts /fhwfgLsf]
kdf ;d]t /xsf] 5. jL/ c:ktfn tyf l6lr xl:k6nh:tf b]zsf 7"nf
/ ;fwg ;DkGg c:ktfnx klg /x]sf 5g\. sf7df8f}FnfO{ lqe'jg /fhky,
sf]bf/L -c/lgsf]_ /fhky / k[YjL/fhky, alb{jf; w'lnv]nh:tf nf]sdfu{xn]
aflx/L If]qxl;t hf]8]sf 5g\.
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sf7df8f}Faf6 eujfg uf}tda'4sf] hGd:yn n'lDagL / z'4f]wgsf] /fhwfgL

ltnf}/fsf]6 slknj:t'sf] glhsdf /x]sf] e}/xjf Pj+ b]zsf] dxTjk"0f ko{6g
s]Gb| kf]v/f / ;u/dfysf] sfvdf cjl:yt /x]sf] gfDr]h:tf b]zsf ljleGg
If]qxl;t xjfO{ ;Dks{ /x]sf] 5. d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Ddsf k|d'v zx/xdf
k'Ug] b}lgs /fqLa; ;]jfx klg lgoldtkn] ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\.
/]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehgsf s]Gb|Lo sfof{nox / :6]zgxsf] ;fy;fy} g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no klg sf7df8f}Fd} /x]sf] / g]kfnaf6
k|sflzt cfwfeGbf a9L b}lgs tyf ;fKtflxs ;dfrf/ kqklqsfx klg
sf7df8f}Faf6} k|sflzt x'g] ePsfn] sf7df8f}FnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;~rf/sf] /fhwfgL
klg eGg ;lsG5. ;f]N6L, cGgk"0f{, ofs P08 olt, Pe/]i6h:tf kfFrtf/]
xf]6nx;d]t o; dxfgu/df /x]sf 5g\. xsaf6 k|sflzt x'g] Plzofsf]
k|l;4 cfly{s klqsf ASIA WEEK sf] ;g\ !((* lb;Da/ !! sf] c\sdf
Plzofsf] a:gsf] lglDt ;a}eGbf pko'Qm $) j6f k|d'v zx/xdf sf7df8f}Fsf]
gfd @& cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] s'/f pNn]v 5.

sf]bf/L
g]kfnsf] ef/tl;t ul/g] Jofkf/sf] d'Vo s]Gb| jL/u~h ePh:t} rLgsf]
:j;fl;t If]q ltAatl;tsf] Jofkf/sf] k|d'v s]Gb|sf] kdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf]
k|d'v Jofkfl/s gfsf sf]bf/L xf]. ltAatsf] ;LdfjtL{ ahf/ vf;faf6 cfpg]
;fdfgx / g]kfnaf6 vf;flt/ lgof{t ul/g] j:t'xsf] cfoft lgof{t ug]{
;LdfjtL{ Jofkfl/s s]Gb| sf]bf/LnfO{ g]kfnsf] Pp6f k|d'v /fhdfu{sf] kdf
/x]sf] sf]bf/L -c/lgsf]_ /fhdfu{n] sf7df8f}F;Fu hf]8]sf] 5. sf]bf/L afudtL
c~rnsf] l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] pQ/L ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf kb{5.
sf+s8lef
of] g]kfnsf] k"jL{ ;Ldfgfg]/ /x]sf] ahf/ If]q xf]. of] d]rL c~rnsf] emfkf
lhNnfdf kb{5. oxfFaf6 km"naf/Ldfu{ x'Fb} anfb]z hfg] dfu{ v'n]sfn]
o;sf] dxTj a9\g k'u]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] k"jL{ ;Ldfgfsf] dxTjk"0f{ k|j]z
dfu{df /x]sfn] o;nfO{ k"j{sf] 9f]sf klg elgG5. oxfF d]rL eG;f/ sfof{no
/x]sfn] o;n] o; If]qsf] lgsf;L k}7f/Ldf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] b]lvG5.
sf+sf8lef d]rL gu/kflnsfdf kb{5.
kz'kltgu/f/f ef/tsf] v;f{, l;nLu'9L / bflh{ln;Fu Jofkfl/s ;Dks{
256g]kfn kl/ro

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sfod /x]sf] / lrof pTkfbgsf] lglDt g]kfnsf] k|l;4 Onfd lhNnf / emfkf
lhNnf Ps csf{;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'gfn] sfFs8lef / Onfdsf] aLrdf /x]sf] b"/L
Tolt w]/} g/x]sf] s'/f :jtM :ki6 x'G5.
s]r gfsng
k"jL{ t/fO{sf] emfkf lhNnfdf kg]{ s]rgfsngnfO{ g]kfnsf]
xf]rf] :yfgdWo]sf] Ps xf] . of] ;d'b|L ;txaf6 ^) ld6/sf]
prfO{df cjl:yt 5 . s]rgfsng emfkfsf] ;b/d'sfdaf6
s]r gfsngdf /x]sf] :tDe
!) ls=ld= blIf0fdf kb{5 .
ssgL
sf7df8f}Fsf] s]Gb|af6 @( ls=ld= b"/Ldf ^,&&* lkm6sf] prfOdf ssgL eGg]
/d0fLo :yfg 5. g'jfsf]6 lhNnfdf kg]{ of] 7fpFnfO{ /f0ffsfndf a;GtL afu
elgGYof]. o;sf] glhs} tfdf\ hfltsf] 7"nf] a:tL 5. o;sf cltl/Qm k|x/L
tflnd s]Gb|, tf/f ufpF cltly u[x, yfO Po/j]hf/f lgld{t :d[ltkfs{,
afujfgL kmfd{n] klg ssgLsf] zf]ef a9fPsf 5g\.
vKt8
8f]6L, c5fd, aemf / afh'/f;d]t rf/ lhNnfdf km} lnPsf] vKt8 sl/a !!,)))
lkm6sf] prfOdf /x]sf] 5. rf/j6} lhNnfx?sf] ;\ud:yndf /x] sf] of] pRr

vKt8 dlGb/
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro257

kxf8L e" efudf y'Dsfy'DsL, rp/x -kf6g_ / ;fgf;fgf vf]nfx 5g\ . of] pRr
kxf8L d} bfgL e"efusf] ;/b/ rf}8fO{ % lsnf]ld6/ / nDjfO{ ;/b/ !) lsnf]ld6/
5 . lxpF n] 5f] lkPsf] ;] tf 8fF 8f / agh\un cfkm} Fdf dgdf] xs b]lvG5g\ . lxpF n]
5f]8]kl5 /\uL lj/\ uL km" n}km"nsf] ;dy/ e"efu :ju{ em} F nfUb5 . vKt8 k|fs[lts
;' Gb/tfsf] kof{osf] kdf /x]sf] 5. vKt8sf] ko{6sLo b[li6n] ljsf; ug{ ;s] df
klZrd g] kfnsf] ljsf;df o;af6 dxTjk" 0f{ of]ubfg k'Ug]5.
v'Da'If]q
;u/dfyf c~rnsf] ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf kg]{ v'Da' If]q kj{tf/f]x0f / kbofqfsf
nflu k|l;4 5. oxfF ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf;lxt l56f] tyf ;/n
kj{tf/f]x0fsf nflu k|l;4 ^^^$ ld6/ cUnf] d]/f lks klg 5. o;afx]s oxfF
uf]Sof] lks, lks] 8fF8f, 6f;LnfKrf, sfnfkTy/, cfdfnfKrf qm;, b"w s'08
cflb bz{gLo :ynx 5g\.
uf]/vf
uf]/vf k[YjLgf/fof0f zfxn] g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofg cf/De ug'{k"j{ zfx
/fhfxaf6 zfl;t Ps ;fgf] kxf8L /fHo lyof]. uf]vf{sf] k"j{df wflb,
klZrddf tgx'F, nDh', dgf / pQ/df rLgsf] ltAat k|b]z / blIf0fdf
lrtjg lhNnf /x]sf 5g\. pQ/kl Ujfnf eGHof / >[+uL lxdfn, gf/b
kf]v/L -s'08_, b/f}+bLsf] lz/, blIf0fkl lqz"nL, k"j{kl a'9L u08sL / klZrdkl
d:of{bL, r]k] rDkfjtL tyf dgf;n' z[\vnf uf]/vf lhNnfsf k|fs[lts
;Ldfgf x'g\. uf]/vsfnLsf] blIf0f kfvf]df cjl:yt uf]/vf ahf/ jf kf]v/fyf]s
o; lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd xf]. pQ/af6 blIf0flt/ aUg] b/f}FbL uf]/vf lhNnf
eO{ aUg] k|d'v gbL xf]. P]ltxfl;s dxTj / hnzlQmsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t
b/f}bL k|d'v cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| /x]sf] 5.
uf]/vf ahf/ /x]sf] kxf8sf] 6fs'/fdf cjl:yt uf]vf b/af/ k}uf]8f z}nLdf
ag]sf] 5 / snfTds ofn, 9f]sfxaf6 ;';lHht /x]sf] 5. P]ltxfl;s
ynf]sf kdf /x]sf] uf]/vf b/af/ ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] klg cToGt} dxTjk"0f{
5. b/af/ kl/;/df sfnL dlGb/ / uf]/vgfysf] dlGb/sf] ;fy;fy} c
b]jLb]jtfsf d"lt{x klg oqtq 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\. uf]/vf b/af/sf] ;fy;fy}
uf]/vf ahf/df ;'Gb/ snfTds z}nLdf lgld{t b/af/ klg 5g\ . g'jfsf]6 b/
af/ klg o;} z}nLdf lgld{t 5 . uf]/vfdf k|frLg ;\u|xfno /x]sf] 5 . ahf/
If]qdf k|fo; g]jf/ hfltxsf] a;f]af; ePsf] x'gfn] oxfF g]jf/ ;Dk|bfon]
258g]kfn kl/ro

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dfGg] ;Dk"{0f hfqfx ug]{ k|rng 5.

o; If]qaf6 lxdfnosf ;'Gb/ b[Zox b]lvg] ePsf]n] of] If]q ko{6sLo
b[li6sf]0faf6 clt cfsif{s 5 eg] nfs]{kf; x'Fb} dgf hfg] k|d'v af6f]sf]
kdf klg k|Voft 5. g]kfnsf] pQ/L lhNnfxh:t} uf]/vf klg of;f{u'Dafsf]
nflu k|l;4 5 . uf]/vf lhNnfdf /x]sf] dgsfdgfsf] dlGb/ lxGb"xsf] k|l;4
wfld{s :yndfq geP/ Pp6f dgf]/d ko{6g :yn klg xf]. k[YjL /fhdfu{df
kg]{ r]/];b]lv dgsfdgf;Ddsf] ofqfnfO{ dgsfdgf s]an sf/sf] ;~rfngn]
cToGt ;/n, ;xh, 5f]6f] / dgf]/Ghs agfPsf] 5.
uh'/d'vL b]jL
Onfd lhNnfsf $ k|d'v gbLxdWo] Ps b]pdfO{ gbLsf] klZrd lsgf/df
cf]9f/h:tf] 7fpFdf ljleGg cfsf/sf k|:t/sf] b]jL d"lt{xnfO{ uh'/d'vL b]jL
elgG5. oxfF lnDa" hfltsf] k'hf/L x'G5g\. uh'/d'vL b]jLsf] k"hf cfr{gf ugf{n]
nf6f af]Ng ;Sg], alx/f ;'Gg ;Sg] x'G5g\ eGg] hgljZjf; 5. sflt{s k"l0f{dfsf
lbg oxfF d]nf nfUb5. klxn] cf]9f/ cfsf/sf] ynf]nfO{ hg;xof]uaf6 dlGb/sf]
k lbPsf] kfOG5. oxfF lzj dlGb/ / wd{zfnf cflb klg agfOPsf] 5.
u'x\o]Zj/L dlGb/
kz'klt dlGb/sf] glhs} afUdtL gbLsf] t6df cjl:yt wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s,
;f+:s[lts Pj+ snfTds b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ of] dlGb/ lxGb" wdf{jnDaLxsf]
cf:yfsf] s]Gb|sf kdf /x]sf] 5. u'Xo]Zj/L zlQmkL7sf] :yfkgf lnR5ljsfndf
/ dlGb/sf] lgdf0f{ dNnsfndf ePsf] dflgg] x'Fbf oxfF lnR5ljsfnLg d"lt{snf
tyf dNnsfnLg sfi7snfsf ljlzi6 gd"gf b[li6uf]r/ x'G5. rf/}lt/ kf6L
kf}jfxn] 3]l/Psf] d08k z}nLdf Zn]idfGts jg;Fu} afUdtL gbLsf]
blIf0ft6df lgld{t of]] eujfg lzjsf] ;xwld{0fL ;tLb]jL -kfjtL{_ sf] dlGb/
ePsf] dflgG5. k|frLgsfndf cfBu' z+s/frfo{ oxL 7fpFsf] cjnf]sg
ug{ oxfF cfpg' eO{ u'Xo]Zj/Lsf] pkf;gf / k|fygf ug'{ePsf] klg cfVofg
5. tflGqs ah|ofg af}4 k/Dk/fcg';f/ u'Xo]Zj/Lsf] k"hf cr{gf ul/g] x'bfF
of] :yn lxGb" / af}4 b'j} ;d'bfosf] nflu k"hgLo dflgG5.
3fGb|'s
u08sL c~rnsf] sf:sL lhNnfcGt{ut cGgk"0f{ / df5fk'5] lxdfnsf]
sfvdf kf]v/faf6 $@ ls=ld pQ/df cjl:yt 3fGb|'s u' ;+:s[lt /
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro259

hLjg z}nLnfO{ hLjGt kdf k|:t't ug{ ;Ifd k|d'v u' a:tL xf] . of]
7fpF kj{tf/f]xL, kbofqLsf cltl/Qm :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ko{6sxsf nflu
dxTjk"0f{ cfsif{s :yn dflgG5. oxfF k|To]s jif{ sl/a %) xhf/ ko{6sx
e|d0f ug]{ ub{5g\.
rGbggfy dlGb/
h'Dnf lhNnfdf /x]sf] rGbgfysf] dlGb/df eujfg bQfq]osf] d"lt{ :yflkt
5. oxfF a}lbs ljlw ljwfgcg';f/ k|ft, dWofGx / ;GWofsfndf u/L lbgsf]
tLgk6s k"hf ul/G5. cf7 ztfAbLcufl8 lgld{t of] dlGb/df eujfg
bQfq]osf] r/0fkfb'sf /x]sf] 5. rGbgfyn] :yfkgf u/]sf] dlGb/ ePsf]n]
o; dlGb/sf] gfd rGbgfy /x]sf] xf]. oxfF of]uL -lu/L, k"/L cflb_ ;d'bfosf]
JolQm k'hf/L x'G5g\.
rfu'gf/fo0f
eQmk'/ lhNnfsf] k"jf]{Q/ efudf bf]nfb|L -bf]nflu/L_ gfdsf] cUnf] kxf8sf]
y'Dsf]df cjl:yt eujfg lji0f'sf] d"lt{ :yflkt of] dlGb/ g]kfnsf] k|frLgtd\
dlGb/xdWo] Ps dflgG5. of] dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f slxn] / s;n] u/fPsf] xf]
eGg] af/]df :ki6 hfgsf/L geP klg xl/bQ jdf{ gfdsf JolQmn] ;g\ #@#

rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/
260g]kfn kl/ro

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-lj=;+= #*)_ df pkTosfsf $ gf/fo0fx -rfFu'gf/fo0f, z]ifgf/fo0f,

ljz+v'gf/fo0f / Or+u"gf/fo0f_ sf] :yfkgf ug]{ qmddf rfFu'gf/fo0f :yfkgf
u/]sf] eGg] cfVofg 5. ;s\ ;+jt\ #*^ -lj=;+= %@!_ df /fhf dfgb]jn] k"j{
/ klZrdsf ;fdGtxnfO{ lgoGq0f u/L rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] k"hf cr{gf u/L
u8;lxtsf] :tDe v8f u/fPsf] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5.
lrtjg jGohGt' ;+/If0f If]q
lrtjg jGohGt' ;+/If0f If]qsf] kdf lrtjgnfO{ lnOPsf] 5. oxfF b'n{e
jGohGt' Pj+ r/fr'L /x]sf 5g\. Ps l;\u] u}8f, a+ufnL af3 / xfQLnfO{
:yndf kfOg] b'n{e hgfj/xsf kdf lnOPsf] 5. of] :yfg jGohGt'
cWoog ug]{ cg';Gwfg stf{x / jGohGt' cjnf]sg ug{ rfpg] ko{6sxsf]
d'Vo ynf] x'g uPsf] 5.
hgsk'/
hgsk'/nfO{ k|frLg ldlynf /fHosf] /fhwfgLsf] kdf lnOPsf] 5. oxfF
/x]sf k|fo; ;Dk"0f{ dflg;x d}lynL efiff af]N5g\ / oxfF d}lynL ;flxTosf]
ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5. hgsk'/df d}lynL efiffsf slj ljBfklt sf]lsnsf]
zflns klg /x]sf] 5. lxGb" gf/Lsf] cfb{zsf] kdf /x]sf] ;Ltfsf] hGdynf]sf]
kdf hgsk'/ VoftL k|fKt 5. o; kljq :yndf ljjfx k~rdLsf lbg
g]kfn tyf ef/tsf lxGb"wdf{jnDaLx hgsk'/ wfdsf] kl/qmdf ub{5g\ .
hfgsL dlGb/sf] bz{gsf] nflu 7"nf] d]nf nfUg] ub{5.
ljjfx k~rdLdf hfgsL dlGb/df lxGb" wdf{jnDaLxsf] 7"nf] eL8 nfUb5.
:jb]zsf dfq geO{ ljb]zaf6 klg oxfF 7"nf] ;\Vofdf lxGb"wdf{jnDaLx
/fdhfgsLsf] bz{g ug{ cfpg] / ldlynfsf] ofqfkydf ofqfsf] ;fy;fy} k|blIf0ff
ug]{ ub{5g\. hgsk'/sf] hfgsL dlGb/ lxGb"xsf] Pp6f k|Voft / d'Vo wfld{s
ynf]sf] kdf /x]sf] 5. hfgsL dlGb/sf] ;fy;fy} o; If]qdf c ljleGg
kljq wfld{s :ynx 5g\. wg'iff ;fu/ / /Tg;fu/ cflb kljq ;fu/xnfO{
klg hgsk'/sf cd"No lglwxsf] kdf lnOG5.
k/d 1fgL /fhf hgsn] zf;g u/]sf] d'n's ePsf]n] g} o; :yfgsf] gfd
hgsk'/ /x]sf] xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljfgx ;xdt b]lvG5g\. o; ;xdltn]
/fhf hgsn] lxGb"dfqsL cf/fWob]jL ;Ltfsf] oxL hgsk'/df eujfg /fdl;t
ljjfx ul/lbPsf x'g\ eGg] s'/fsf] klg k'li6 ub{5. k|l;4 lxGb" ljfg tyf
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro261

:d[ltsf/ of1jNSo;d]tsf ljfgxn] /fhf hgssf] b/af/df ;Ddfg

kfPsf] s'/fn] k|frLgsfnb]lv g} hgsk'/n] cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] s]Gb|sf]
kdf ;d]t cfkm"nfO{ lrgfpFb} cfPsf] tYo k|s6 x'g cfpF5
hfgsL dlGb/
ef/tsf] dWok|b]z /fHosf] nf]xfu9sf ;'/lszf]/ bf; xfn hfgsL dlGb/
/x]sf] If]qdf a:bf ToxfF /fdhfgsL d"lt{ k|fb'ef{j ePsL b]v]sfn] ;f]xL
7fpFdf 5fk|f] agfO{ dlGb/ k lbg'ePsf] lyof]. of] dlGb/ clt ;'Gb/ / eJo
5. o; dlGb/nfO{ gf}nvf dlGb/ eGg] rng klg 5. l;+ud{d/sf] e'O{ tyf
cfsif{s uh"/xsf] ;fy;fy} ljjfx d08k / l;+udd{/sf b]jb]jL tyf
Clifd"lgxsf d"lt{xn] o; dlGb/sf] zf]ef a9fPsf 5g\. of] If]q ldlynf
;:s[lt, e]ife'iff / /xg ;xg Pj+ rf8kj{sf] HjnGt pbfx/0fsf] kdf /x]sf]
5. of] dlGb/df g]kfn ef/tsf bz{gfyL{xsf] hd36 eO/xG5.

hfgsL dlGb/

lh/L
bf] vnf lhNnfsf] bf] ;|f] dxTjk" 0f{ ahf/ lh/Lsl/a ^ xhf/ lkm6sf] prfOdf cjl:yt
5. ko{ 6sLo b[ li6sf] 0fn] lh/LnfO{ dxTjk" 0f{ u| fdL0f ;x/sf] kdf lnOG5.
262g]kfn kl/ro

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tfg;]g
dWokxf8L e"efudf cjl:yt tfg;]g g]kfn clw/fHos} clt /d0fLo ko{6sLo
Pj+ dxTjk"0f{ Jofkfl/s s]Gb| xf]. kfNkf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd tfg;]gdf
cToGt /d0fLo Pj+ dgdf]xs b[Zosf] cjnf]sg;d]t ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn]
o;sf] dxTj a9\bf]5. cToGt cfgGbbfoL xfjfkfgL ePsf] o; gu/df du/
tyf g]jf/ hfltsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] kfOG5. /f0ffsfndf tfg;]g nfO{
sf7df8f}Fkl5sf] dxTjk"0f{ /fhg}lts tyf k|zf;lgs cv8fsf] kdf :yflkt
ul/Psf] kfOG5. 9fsf6f]kL tyf sjf;d]tsf wft'sf ;fdu|Lsf nflu k|l;4
tfg;]t dw]z tyf kxf8aLrsf] k|d'v Jofkfl/s :yn;d]t xf]. ;kmf df};dsf
lbg tfg;]gaf6 wjnflu/L, cGgk"0f{, dgf:n', uf}/Lz+s/ tyf cGo s}of}F
lxdlzv/xsf] dgf]/d b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5. g]kfn PsLs[t x'g'eGbf
cufl8;Dd kfNkf Pp6f k[ys / zlQmzfnL /fHosf] kdf /x]sf] lyof] .
>Lgu/ 8fF8fsf] sfvdf ;d'b| ;txaf6 !#&! ld6/ prfOdf cjl:yt kfNkf
lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd tfg;]g k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfn] el/k"0f{ 5. k|fs[lts
snfsf}znsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;d[4 tfg;]g cfw'lgs ;Eotftkm{ pGd'v 5.
k'/fgf] ;dodf ;]gj+zL zf;sxsf] /fhwfgL;d]t /x]sf] tfg;]g zx/
P]ltxfl;s vf]h / cGj]if0fsf] k|tLIffdf 5.
cd/l;+x yfkfaf6 ;g\ !*)& O{=df lgld{t cd/ gf/fo0f dlGb/, ;g\ !(@&
df k|tfd zDz]/ h=j=/f=af6 lgld{t tfg;]t b/af/, v8\u zDz]/af6 lgld{t
zLtnkf6L - uf]n3/_, la|l6z ef/tLo kmf}hnfO{ k/flht u/]sf] :d[ltdf ;g\
!*!$ df phL/ l;+x yfkff/f agfOPsf] eujtL dlGb/, kfNkf lhNnfsf]
;aF}eGbf k'/fgf] af}4 ljxf/sf] kdf kl/lrt cfgGb ljxf/nufotsf dxfr}To
ljxf/, dxfjf]wL ljxf/, jL/]Gb| km"njf/L cflb o; zx/sf k|d'v ko{6sLo
dxTjsf ;Dkbf x'g\. ;fy}, tfg;]g zx/af6 sl/a * ls=ld blIf0fdf /x]sf]
;TojtL tfn / k|jf; tfndf km"ln/x]sf sdnsf km"nxn] tfg;]g e|d0f
ug{ ko{6sxnfO{ af/Daf/ nf]EofO/xG5.
tftf]kfgL
DofUbL lhNnfsf] kf]v/fd':tf ;8sdf kg]{ tftf]kfgL / l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf]
sf]bf/L /fhdfu{ rLgsf] ;Ldfglhs} /x]sf] tftf]kfgL ko{6sLo b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{
:yfgsf] kdf /x]sf 5g\.
;"rgf ljefu

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ltdfn
sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] sfgk'/ uf=lj=;=af6 ;' eO{ kf]v/L gf/fo0f
:yfgnufot afx| ufpF ;d]6\g] dgf]/d ltdfn d'Votof tfdf\xsf] a:tL
ePsf] If]q xf]. sf]6sfnLsf, sfgk'/sfnLsf dlGb/ /x]sf] o; If]qsf] Psflt/
;'gsf]zL / csf]{lt/ /f]zL gbL /x]sf] 5. ltdfnsf] dWoefu kf]v/L
gf/fo0f:yfgdf hg} k"l0f{dfsf lbg lgs} 7"nf] d]nf nfUb5.
lbkfon
lbkfon ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf] ;b/d'sfd xf]. ;]tL gbLsf] lsgf/df
/x]sf] lbkfon ahf/sf] glhs} ToxL gbLsf] csf]{ lsgf/tkm{ /x]sf] clnslt
cUnf] 8fF8f /fhk'/df clwsf+z If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox /x]sf 5g\. /fhk'/
lbkfon k'/fgf] 8f]6L /fHosf] /fhwfgL zx/sf] kdf /x]sf] lyof] eGg] s'/f
P]ltxfl;s tYoxn] cf}FNofPsf] kfOG5.
;] tL c~rnsf] aemf, afh'/f, 8f]6L tyf c5fd lhNnfsf] ;fFwdf kg] { dgf] /d
ko{6sLo / k|l;4 wfld{s :yn vKt8;Dd lbkfon l;nu9Laf6 k}bn lx8] / klg
Pslbgdf k'Ug ;lsg] / vKt8 /fli6 o lgs'~hdf /x]sf b' n{e / ;'Gb/ km" n,
h8La' 6L, jGohGt' x, tfn / v08v08 k/]sf /d0fLo kf6g -d}bfg_ xsf]
cjnf] sg ug] { cj;/ kfOg] x' gfn] klg lbkfonl;nu9Lsf] dxTj a9\ g uPsf] 5.
bfgf;fu'
h'Dnf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd vnfb]lv k"jf]{Q/ efudf tLnf gbL / hjfgbLsf]
;d:ynnfO{ bfgf;fFu' elgG5. o; :yfgdf uf]bfg, e"ldbfg, cGgbfg,
:j0f{bfg, /Tgbfg, ceobfg cflb ljljw bfg lbOPsf]n] of] 7fpFsf] gfd
bfgf;fFu' /x]sf] xf]. tLh, dxflzj/fqL, gj/fqL, j}zfv k"l0f{df, ufbzx/f,
r08Lk"l0f{df, u' k"l0f{dfdf 7"nf] d]nf nfUb5.
bfpGg] u9L bfpGg] b]jL
gjnk/f;L lhNnfdf r'/] kxf8sf] sfvdf dx]Gb| /fhdfu{sf] a'6jn gf/fo0fu9
v08df bfpGg] 8fF8fdf bfpGg] b]jLsf] :yfg 5. o; 7fpFdf k|frLg sfndf
k/z'/fdsf] cf>d tyf ;fwgf:yn lyof] eGg] ls+jbGtL 5. gjnk/f;L
lhNnfsf] k|d'v b'O{ If]q gjnk'/ / k/f;Lsf] 7Ls aLrdf bfpGg]u9L kb{5.
gjnk'/ a:tL gjnl;+xn] :yfkgf u/]sf] dflgG5 eg] k/z'/fd zAbaf6 k/fz',
k/;f] x'Fb} k/f;L ag]sf] / b'j}sf] ;+o'Qm kdf gjnk/f;L ePsf] dflgG5.
264g]kfn kl/ro

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b]j3f6
tgx'F lhNnfsf] b]j3f6 uflj;cGtu{t kg]{ lxGb"xsf] kljq tLy{:yn b]j3f6df
;KTfu08sL gbLsf] ;\ud x'g] x'Fbf of] 7fpFdf :gfg ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ kfkxaf6
d'lQm kfOg], oxfF k|f0fTofu ubf{ s}jNo d'lQm kfOg] s'/f g]kfn dxfTDodf
pNn]v 5. xl/u\uf -sfnL u08sL _ / x/u\uf -lqz'nL_ gbL;d]tsf]
;\ud ePsf] ;Ktu08sLsf] gbLsf] t6df cjl:yt cyf{t cl/u\uf /
x/u\uf gbLsf] t6df cjl:yt ePsfn] o;nfO{ xl/x/ If]q klg elgG5.
st}st} o;nfO{ cflbk|ofu;d]t eg]sf] kfOG5. of] 7fpFdf df3] ;\qmflGtsf
lbg 7"nf] d]nf nfUb5. wfld{s b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ of] 7fpFsf] Jojl:yt ljsf;sf
nflu tgx'F, gjnk/f;L / lrtjg lhNnfsf s]xL efu ldnfO{ b]j3f6 If]q
ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5.
b]jL3f6
g'jfsf]6 lhNnfsf] a6\6f/sf] 5]pdf /;'jf lhNnfsf] uf];fOs'08af6 cfpg]
lqz'nL gbL / /;'jfsf] ;"o{s'08af6 cfpg] tfbL vf]nf -;"o{dtL gbL_sf]
;\ud:yndf b]jL3f6 tLy{:yn /x]sf] 5. o;} 7fpFdf k|l;4 hfNkf b]jLsf]
dlGb/ 5. oxfF k|To]s jif{ r}q z'Snk"l0f{df / xl/af]lwgL PsfbzLsf lbg 7"nf]
d]nf nfUb5.
blIf0fsfnL
sf7df8f}F kmlk{ If]qsf] blIf0fsfnLdf df]n d'vfs[lt ePsL sflnsf b]jLsf]
d"lt{ 5. of] 7fpF sf7df8f}Fsf] s]Gb|af6 @) ls=ld= blIf0fdf kb{5. /d0fLo
pBfg, jgkfvf;lxtsf] of] dlGb/df dnjf/ / zlgjf/sf lbg 7"nf] d]nf
nfUb5.
wg'iffwfd
q] tfo'udf eujfg /fdrGb|n] ;Ltf;Fu :joDa/sf] qmddf /e" lddf lzj wg' if
k| of] u ubf{ 6' lqmPsf] wg'ifsf] 6'qmf v;] sf] 7fpFnfO{ wg'iff elgof]. hgsk'/af6 !$
ls=ld= pQ/df cjl:yt wfld{s dxTjsf] tLy{:yn wg'iffwfddf df3 dlxgfsf]
k| To] s cfOtjf/sf lbg g] kfn ef/tsf >4fn'xsf] 7"nf] d]nf nfUb5.
wgs'6f
wgs'6f k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qsf] ;b/d'sfd xf]. wgs'6f gu/kflnsf sf]zL
;"rgf ljefu

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c~rnsf] wgs'6f lhNnfdf kb{5. dgdf]xs k|fs[lts b[ZofjnL / dgf]/d

xfjfkfgL ePsf] x'gfn] wgs'6f ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t cToGt dxTjk"0f{
:yfg xf]. ;'g;/L lhNnfsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] / g]kfnsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ /
bz{gLo zx/sf] kdf /x]sf] w/fgb]lv wgs'6f x'Fb} ;\v'jf;ef;Dd k'Ug]
sf]zL /fhdfu{n] wgs'6fsf] ofqfnfO{ ;xh agfPsf] 5.
w' lnv]n
sf7df8f}Fb]lv #) ls=ld= k"j{df sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf kg]{ k|frLg ;x/
w'lnv]n g]jf/ hfltsf] k/dk/fut k|frLg a:tLsf] kdf k|Voft 5. oxfFaf6
k"j{ s]l/of]n' / klZrddf lxdfnr'nLsf lxdz[\vnfsf] dgf]/d b[Zo b]Vg
;lsG5. ;fy} oxfFaf6 uf}/Lz+s/ lxdfn / cGo kxf8L z[\vnfx ;'gsf]zL
/ /f]zL vf]nfsf] ;\udsf] ;'Gb/ b[Zo b]lvG5. oxfF ltdfn gf/fo0fsf] dlGb/
5, hxfF eujfg lji0f'sf] d"lt{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5.
g]kfnu~h
dx]Gb| /fhdfu{df /x]sf] sf]xnk'/ eGg] :yfgaf6 dWoklZrd If]qsf] 7"nf]
zx/ g]kfnu~h glhs} /x]sf] 5. g]kfnu~h afFs] lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd xf].
of] gu/ z}lIfs, cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s s]Gb| klg xf]. g]kfnu~h ;d'Gb|
;txaf6 sl/a ^)) lkm6sf] prfOdf cjl:yt 5. oxfF pi0f k|b]zLo
xfjfkfgL kfOG5. oxfF dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q s} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] / /fd|f]
ahf/ 5. s0ff{nL, e]/L / /fKtL c~rn lgjf;Lx cfgf] s[lif, ag tyf
3/]n' pTkfbgx laqmL ug{ / cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] nQf sk8f, g"g, t]n tyf
cGo pkef]Uo j:t'x v/Lb ug{ cfjthfjt ug]{ x'gfn] g]kfnu~h o;
If]qs} 7"nf] / dxTjk"0f{ Jofkfl/s s]Gb|sf] kdf lbgk/lbg ljsf; x'Fb}
uO/x]sf] 5.
wfld{s b[li6sf]0faf6 klg g]kfnu~h dxTjk"0f{ :yfg xf]. oxfFsf] >L afu]Zj/
dlGb/ k|l;4 5. of] dlGb/df /fdgjdL / a8fbz}Fsf] gjdLdf 7"nf] d]nf
nfUb5. oxfF /x]sf afu]Zj/L kf]v/L / /fgL tnfp klg k|l;4 5g\. g]kfnu~hdf
xjfO{ oftfoft / ;8s oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf 5. oxfF rfdn, sf7, ;nfO{,
sTyf, la:s'6 cflb lgdf{0f ug]{ sf/vfgfx ;~rflnt 5g\.
gf/fo0fu9
g]kfn clw/fHosf k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Ddsf /fhwfgL sf7df8f}F
266g]kfn kl/ro

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/ dgf]/d ko{6sLo :yn kf]v/f tyf x]6f}8f;d]tsf ljleGg :yfgl;t

;8s oftfoftf/f hf]l8Psf] g]kfn clw/fHoleqsf] cfjfudgsf] k|d'v
s]Gb| xf], gf/fo0fu9. gf/fo0fu9 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;aeGbf ulx/f] gbL
gf/fo0fLsf] lsgf/df cjl:yt 5. k|l;4 wfld{s:yn b]j3f6 klg gf/fo0fu9
ahf/sf] glhs} gf/fo0fL gbLsf] lsgf/fdf /x]sf] 5. k|l;4 tLy{:yn lqj]0fLsf]
klg glhs /x]sf] of] zx/af6 k|To]s lbg cg]sfF} ;jf/L ;fwgx b]zsf
ljleGg efudf k'Ub5g\. dxfsfnL c~rnsf] dx]Gb|gu/b]lv sf7df8f}F;Dd
cfpg] / d]rL c~rnsf] sfs8leQfb]lv sf7df8f}F / kf]v/f;Dd cfpg]
;jf/L ;fwgx gf/fo0fu9 eP/ cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ ug]{ ePsf]n] gf/fo0fu9sf]
Jofkfl/s dxTj cToGt} a9\b} uPsf] 5. csf{lt/ ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z
ePsf] lrtjg /fli6o lgs'~h gf/fo0fu9l;t hf]l8Psf] 5. gf/fo0fu9af6
;f}/fxf, s;/f, r08Le~Hof, 6fOu/6K;h:tf ko{6sLo If]q yf]/}dfq b"/Ldf
/x]sf 5g\.
Goftkf]n b]jn
/fhf e"ktLGb| dNnf/f lj=;= !&%( df kfFrtn] Kofuf]8f z}nLdf lgld{t of]
dlGb/df b]jL nIdLsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5. of] dlGb/sf ljleGg tnfdf
ljleGg b]jL b]jtfxsf d"lt{x 5g\ eg] dlGb/sf] k|j]zf/df of]4f, af3,
alwgL, l;+xsf d"lt{x /x]sf 5g\.
gS;fn eujtL
nR5ljsfndf knf~rf]s eujtLsf] d"lt{ agfpg]n] g} gS;fn eujtLsf] klg
d"lt{ agfO{ :yfkgf u/]sf] hg>'lt 5. /0faxfb'/ zfxsf 6S;f/L eLd jdf{
vjf;n] lj=;= !*#( df k"hf u/L dlGb/sf] lh0ff]{4f/ u/]sf] / lrtfO{sf] sfd
k|]dlu/L v;fO{n] u/]sf] s'/f lznfn]vdf pNn]vt 5.
gu/sf]6
sf7df8f}F ;x/b]lv #@ ls=ld= sf] b"/Ldf eQmk'/ lhNnf kg]{ &@)) lkm6 @!&% ld=_ sf] prfOdf cjl:yt of] 7fpFaf6 ;"of]{bo / ;"of{:tsf] dgf]/d
b[io b]lvG5. oxfFaf6 sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] dgf]/d b[Zofjnf]sg, kj{tLo
b[ Z ofjnf] s g x' g ' s f] ;fy} ;u/dfyf, s~rgh\ 3 f, cGgk" 0 f{ cflb
lxdlzv/xsf] dgf]/d 56f b]lvg] x'Fbf oxfF ko{6sxsf] hd36 x'G5.
elgG5, gu/sf]6df Ps} lbgdf rf/j6f l;hgsf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5. ;fy},
;"rgf ljefu

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oxfFaf6 klZrd pQ/df sf7df8f}F / blIf0ftkm{ eQmk'/ ;x/sf] b[Zo b]lvG5.

oxfF ljleGg :t/sf xf]6n / l/;f]6{ 5g\.
kf]v/f
kf]v/f klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf] ;b/d'sfd xf]. u08sL c~rnsf] sf:sL
lhNnfdf kg]{ kf]v/f zx/nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ko{6g s]Gb|sf]
kdf / b]zsf] ko{6g /fhwfgLsf] kdf lng] ul/G5. km]jftfn / a]ugf;
tfnh:tf k|l;4 tfnx, df5fk'R5|] lxdfnsf] b[Zo, ljGWojfl;gLsf] dlGb/,
zx/sf] aLraf6 ;fFu'/f] / ulx/f] eP/ au]sf] ;]tL gbL, dx]Gb| u'kmf / 8]la8
kmn -5fFuf]_ cflbnfO{ kf]v/fsf dxTjk"0f{ bz{gLo :ynsf] kdf lng] ul/G5.
a9L kfgL kg]{ ePsf]n] kf]v/fnfO{ g]kfnsf] r]/fk'~hL klg elgG5. kf]v/fnfO{
l;4fy{ /fhdfu{n] tfg;]g tyf a'6jnl;t / k[YjL /fhdfu{n] d'uln tyf
sf7df8f}F;Fu hf]8]sf] 5. d'ulnaf6 gf/fo0fu9 x'Fb} g]kfnsf klZrd Pj+
k" j L{ t/fO{ s f c zx/x;F u sf] ;8s ;Dks{ klg sfod
ePsf] 5.
klZrdf~rn If]qsf] ;b/d'sfd, u08sL c~rnsf] ;b/d'sfd / sf:sL
lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfdsf] kdf eGbf g]kfnsf] k|d'v ko{6g s]Gb|sf] kdf
k|l;l4 kfPsf] kf]v/fsf] cjnf]sg e|d0fnfO{ g]kfn cfpg] ljb]zL ko{6sxn]
klg 7"nf] k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOG5
kfyLe/f b]jLsf] dlGb/
;d'b| ;txb]lv #&($ ld6/sf] prfOdf
g] kfnsf] k" jL{ kxf8L lhNnf tfKn]h'df kg]{
of] dlGb/ kfyLe/f r'nLsf] lzv/df /x]sf]
5. kfyLe/fnfO{ b] jLsf] ;fIft :jk dfg] /
;'v ;+a[l4sf] sfdgf ub}{ b] jLsf] bz{g
k" hf, cf/fwgf ug] { rng 5. dgdf kfk
ePsf] dfG5] , ue{jtL dlxnfn] b]jLsf] bz{g
u/]df clgi6 x' G5 eGg] hgljZjf; 5.
tfKn] h' lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfdb]lv !) sf] z
kfyLe/f b]jL
k" jf] {Q/ efudf wfgsf] kfyL h:t} r'lnPsf]
kxf8df b]jLsf] dlGb/ /x]sf]n] of] dlGb/sf] gfd kfyLe/f /x]sf] xf] .
268g]kfn kl/ro

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km"nrf]sL
nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfdb]lv !) ls=ld= blIf0fk"j{df / sf7df8f}Fsf]
s]Gb|af6 !% ls=ld= b"/Ldf /x]sf] km"nrf]sL 8fF8fsf] prfO @&^% ld6/
/x]sf] 5. oxfF ;]tf, /ftf /sf u'/fF;sf km"nx 9sdSs eO{ km'Ng] x'Fbf
;+:s[tdf km"nf]Rr lu/L elgPsf]df kl5 cke|D; eO{ km"Nrf]sL x'g uPsf]
xf] eGg] kfOG5. cl3 q]tfo'udf cg'kd gfdsf] :yfgaf6 gfubxnfO{
3]g]{dWo] Ps of] kxf8sf] 6'Kkf]df a;L ToxfF kfOg] Ps nfv km"nxn]
eujfg :joDe"sf] k"hf cr{gf u/L km"n}km"nsf] 7"nf] /f; agfPsf]n] of]
7fpFsf] gfd km'nf]Rr lu/L x'Fb} km"Nrf]sL aGof]. o;}sf] 5]pdf uf]bfj/L
s'08 /x]sf], oxfF !@ jif{df uf]bfj/L d]nf nfUg] u/]sf] / rf/}lt/ uf]bfj/Lsf
km"nx km'Ng] u/]sf]n] km"Nrf]sLnfO{ uf]bfjf/L r'r'/f] klg elgG5. oxfF
sl/a ^) nfv d]l6s6g l8kf]lh6 ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kmnfd
vfgL ePsf]n] o;sf] cfly{s dxTj klg /x]sf] 5.
afnfh', afO;wf/f / /fgLjg
sf7df8f}Fsf] klZrdf]Q/ efudf cjl:yt /d0fLo :yfg afnfh' 5. of]
pBfgleq eujfg gf/fo0fsf] d"lt{ ePsf]n] To;nfO{ a"9f gf/fo0f jf afn
gf/fo0fsf] d"lt{ ePsf]n] ;f]xL gfdn] 7fpFsf] gfd /flvPsf]df kl5 of] zAb
cke|D; eO{ afnfh' aGof]. o;} 7fpFdf k|tfk dNnn] @! wf/f / /0faxfb'/n]
agfPsf] ;'gsf]] 7"nf] wf/f;lxt @@ wf/f ePsf]n] o;sf] gfd afO;wf/f
eGg] /x\of].
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sf7df8f}F ;x/sf] s]Gb|af6 & ls=ld= k"jf]{Q/ efudf cjl:yt eujfg a'4sf]
7"nf] :t"knfO{ af}4gfy elgG5. kfrf}F ztfAbLdf lnR5lj /fhf dfgb]jn]
lgdf{0f u/]sf] of] d7 ljZjsf k|frLg ljzfntd :t'kxdWo] Ps dflgG5.
lxGb" / af}4 wdf{nDaLx bz{gfy{ cfpg] of] d7 wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf] k|tLs
dflgG5. o;nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5.
lj/f6gu/
lj/f6gu/ df] / lhNnfsf] ;b/d' s fd xf] . oxfF ljleGg lsl;dsf
pBf]uwGbfx km:6fPsfn] o;nfO{ cf}Bf]lus zx/;d]t elgG5. of] k"jf{~rnsf]
Jofkfl/s Pj+ cf}wf]lus s]Gb|;d]t xf]. 3gf cfjfbL / 7"nf] zx/ ePsfn]
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o;nfO{ pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5.

sf]zL c~rnsf] df]/ lhNnfdf kg]{ o; zx/df lj/f6gu/ h'6ldn ;d]tsf
g]kfnsf k'/fgf / dxTjk"0f{ sf/vfgf tyf pBf]ux /x]sf 5g\. To;}n]
lj/f6gu/nfO{ g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus /fhwfgL klg eGg] ul/G5.
jL/u~h
dw'jgsf] kf/;gfy dlGb/sf] gfdaf6 kf/; gfd /xg uPsf] k;f{ lhNnfsf]
;b/d'sfd jL/u~h xf]. g]kfnsf] d'Vo k|j]zf/sf] kdf kl/lrt jL/u~h
gu/ g]kfnsf] cfly{s /fhwfgLsf] kdf ;d]t :yflkt x'Fb} cfPsf] 5.
cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkfl/s zx/ jL/u~hsf] df}lns kl/ro /x]sf] 5. jL/u~h
g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] sfo{:yn klg xf].
jL/u~hsf] k|l;4 dlGb/ uxjf dfO{yfg d'Vo ahf/;Fu} /x]sf] 5. jL/u~h
gu/sf] lgs6jtL{ l;d/f}gu9, u9LdfO{, ljGWofjfl;gL dlGb/, kf/;gfy d7
cflbn] jL/u~hsf] P]ltxfl;s tyf wfld{s dxTj :yflkt u/]sf 5g\. jL/u~h
gu/sf] Pp6f cfsif{0f o; gu/sf] s]Gb|df /x]sf] 306f3/ xf].
xfn o;n] pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] kdf cfkm"nfO{ :yflkt u/fPsf] 5.
jL/u~hnfO{ ;aeGbf klxn] lqe'jg /fhkyn] sf7df8f}F;Fu hf]8]sf] lyof].
g]kfnaf6 lgof{t ul/g] j:t'x / g]kfndf cfoft ul/g] j:t'xdWo] w]/}
j:t'xsf] 9'jfgL jL/u~hsf] af6f]af6 x'g] ePsf]n] jL/u~hnfO{ ;'Vvf aGb/ufx
-Dry Port_ sf] kdf ljsf; ug]{ cjwf/0ffn] an kfpg yfn]sf] kfOG5.
afUn'sflnsf dlGb/
afUn' lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd afUn' ahf/b]lv k"j{df sfnLu08sL / sf7]vf]nfsf]
;\udsf] pRr ;d:ynL -6f/_ xfQL;'F8] h\unleq sflnsf b]jLsf] eJo
;'Gb/ dlGb/ 5. kfNkfsf /fhf d's'Gb;]gn] cfgL 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx tTsfnLg
kj{tsf /fhf k|tfkgf/fo0f dNn;Fu ul/lbPkl5 bfOhf]sf] kdf sflnsfsf]
d"lt{ lbPsf]df ToxL d"lt{ g} dlGb/df :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] eGg] hg>'lt 5.
dlGb/df r}qfi6dLsf lbg k~raln r9fO{ d]nf eg]{ rng 5. xfn afUn'
ahf/nfO{ sflnsf gu/kflnsf egL gofF gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5.
aGbLk'/
tgx'F lhNnfdf kg]{ aGbLk'/ wfld{s tyf k|fs[lts b[li6n] /d0fLo :yn dflGfG5.
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u|fdL0f ;+:s[lt, pQ/tkm{sf] d:of{\bL pkTosf lxdfnL kj{tz[\vnf, ;;fgf
kj{t r'r'/fx, u0f]z lxdfn, df5fk'R5|] cflb lxdz[\vnfsf] dgf]/d
b[Zofnf]sg oxfFaf6 ug{ ;lsG5. aGbLk'/af6 kbofqf ;' u/L b]j3f6 x'Fb}
lrtjg /fli6o lgs'~h k'lug] x'Fbf klg o;sf] ko{6sLo dxTj a9]sf] 5.
a"9fgLns07
sf7df8f}F zx/b]lv * ls=ld= klZrd pQ/df lzjk'/L kxf8sf] sfvdf Pp6f
;fgf] kf]v/Lsf] aLr z]ifzfoL eujfg gf/fo0fsf] k|:t/ d"lt{ 5. o;sf]
lgdf0f{ lnR5ljsfndf kfFrf}F ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ ePsf]n] o;n] lnR5ljsfnLg
d"lt{snfsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5.

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ag]sf] :yfgnfO{ a"9f;'Aafsf] :yfg elgG5. dlGb/sf k'hf/L du/ hfltsf
5g\ . a"9f;'Aaf /fO{ jf du/ hfltsf l;4 k'if lyP h;n] u'n]nLn] lzsf/
u/L lxF8\by]. lzsf/ v]Ng] qmddf lxF8\b} hfFbf o; 7fpFdf cfO{ u'n]nLnfO{
e'OFdf uf8]/ d6of\u|fnfO{ e'FOdf /fvL ;dflw:y eP eGg] ls+jbGtL 5.
ToxfFsf] afF;sf] emf a"9f;'Aafn] uf8]sf] u'n]nLaf6 pd|]sf] / u'n]nLsf] 6'Kkf]
gx'g] x'Fbf oxfFsf] afF;sf] klg 6'Kkf] gePsf] eGg] hgljZjf; 5. s;}nfO{ k]6
b'v]df lzsf/L -a'9f;'Aaf_ nfu]sf] elgg] / d6\of\u|f 3f]6]/ v'jfPdf lgsf]
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x'G5 eGg] hgljZjf; 5. j}zfv k"l0f{dfsf lbg 7"nf] d]nf nfUg] of] :yfgdf
;'Fu'/ / af]sfsf] aln lbOG5.
a/fx If]q
sf]zL c~rn cGt{utsf] ;'g;/L lhNnfdf sf]zL gbL / sf]sf gbLsf] kljq
;\uddf a/fx If]q gfdsf] dgf]/d tLy{:yn 5. ef/tsf] s'If]q, g]kfnsf
xl/x/ If]q -b]j3f6_, d'lQmIf]q -d'lQmgfy d':tf_, If]q -u'NdL_ h:t}
a/fx If]qsf] klg ljlzi6 wfld{s dxTj /x]sf] 5. a/fx If]qsf af/]df a/fx
k'/f0fsf] !$) cf}F cWofodf / !!) cf}F cWofodf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5. oxfF u0f]z
a/fx, u' a/fx, ;"o{ a/fx, sf]sf a/fx, OGb| a/fx, ufoqL, ;/:jtL,
gf/fo0fsf d"lt{x / dlGb/xsf ;fy} u0f]z dlGb/, nIdL dlGb/ / wd{zfnfx
/x]sf 5g\.
/fd dlGb/
hgsk'/wfddf hfgsL dlGb/kl5sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ dlGb/ /fd dlGb/ xf].
;/bf/ cd/l;+x yfkfn] lj=;= !*#( df Kofuf]8f z}nLdf hfgsL dlGb/
glhs} /fd, ;Ltf, nId0f;lxtsf] ljzfn /fd dlGb/ agfPsf lyP. dlGb/dfly
lkQndf ;'gsf] hnk nufPsf] ljzfn uh'/ >L # rGb| zdz]/n] r9fPsf
lyP. dlGb/ kl/;/df xg'dfg dlGb/, lzj dlGb/, eujfg lji0f' tyf
bzfjtf/sf d"lt{x;d]t 5g\. oxfF /fdgjdLsf lbg k"hf cr{gf ug'{sf
;fy} 7"nf] d]nf;d]t nfUb5.
a+unfd'vL dlGb/
sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf ljleGGf wfld{s :ynxdWo] nlntk'/ s'De]Zj/l:yt
a+unfd'vL dlGb/ klg dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5. g]jf/ hfltsf skfnL ;d'bfosf
dflg;x oxfFsf k"hf/L x'G5g\.
j}hgfy wfd
j}hgfy wfd c5fd lhNnfsf] ;fkm] vf]nfsf] lsgf/df kb{5. lzj/fqLsf]
;dodf oxfF 7"nf] d]nf nfU5. g]kfnsf ljleGg :yfgb]lv ef/t;Ddaf6
>4fn'sf] 7"nf] eL8 nfUb5.
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o;sf] dxTj lgs} a9]sf] 5. klZrdf~rn If]qsf] lgs;L k}7f/L oxL :yfgaf6
ef/ttkm{ x'g] ub{5.
e}/xjfnfO{ l;4fy{ /fhdfu{n] kf]v/fl;t hf]8]sf] 5. of] zx/ eujfg
uf}tda'4sf] hGd:yfg n'lDanLaf6 yf]/} ls=ld=sf] b"/Ldf /x]sf] 5 eg]
slknj:t'sf] /fhwfgL ltnf}/fsf]6 klg e}/xjfeGbf Tolt w]/} 6f9f 5}g.
e}/xjfdf uf}tda'4 ljdfg:yn /x]sf] s'/f klg lj;{g ldNb}g. a'4sf] dfjnL
ufpF /fdu|fd klg e}/xjfaf6 glhs} kb{5. e}/xjfnfO{ l;4fy{gu/ gu/kflnsf
gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5.
eb|sfnL b]jLsf] dlGb/
sf7df8f}F ;x/sf] aLr efudf l;+xb/af/sf] cufl8 k|Voft zlQmlk7 eb|sfnL
b]jLsf] dlGb/ /x]sf] 5. O{;fsf] ;ftf}F ztfAbLlt/ tflGqs ah|frfo{ zfZjt
ah|n] j}i0fjL kL7df sflnsf b]jLsf] ;fwgf u/L b]jLsf] :yfkgf u/]kl5 o;
:yfgnfO{ eb|sfnL :yfg eGg yflnof]. g]jf/L efiffdf o;nfO{ n'dwL elgG5.
efiff j+zfjnLdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ /fhf u'0fsfdb]jn] sf7df8fF}{ zx/sf]
lgdf{0f u/]kl5 o;sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu zx/sf] k"jL{ lbzfdf eb|sfnL kL7sf]
:yfkgf u/]sf lyP. eb|sfnL :yfgdf ljhof bzdL -a8fbz}F_ sf] a]nf 7"nf]
d]nf nfUg] ub{5.
dx]Gb| u'kmf
sf:sL lhNnfsf] kf]v/f pkTosfdf /x]sf] of] u'kmf af3n] ufO{a:t' vfg
yfn]kl5 To;nfO{ dfg{ k5\\ofpFb} hfg]] qmddf lj=;= @)!@ ;fndf kQf
nfu]sf] xf] eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] kfOG5. lj=;= @)!^ ;fndf >L % dx]Gb|af6
u'kmfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ cfb]z ePkl5 af3, :ofn cflb h\unL hgfj/sf
af;:yfgsf kdf /x]sf] of] u'kmfnfO{ dx]Gb| u'kmf egL gfdfs/0f ul/of].
d'lQmgfy
d':tf lhNnfsf] lxdfnL e"efudf d'lQmgfysf] dlGb/ 5. d'lQmgfy @*)
@$ cfIff+; / *#) #) b]zfGt/df cjl:yt 5. k|fo jif}{e/L rL;f] xfjfkfgL
axg] d'lQmgfy If]qnfO{ hf8f] ofddf lxpFn] 9fSg] ub{5.
d' lQmgfy lxGb"xsf] kljq wfld{s :ynsf] kdf /x]sf] 5. jif]{ gL
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c;\Vo eQmhgx 6f9f 6f9faf6 d'lQmgfysf] bz{g ug{ cfpF5g\.

ef/tsf s'gfs'gfaf6 klg lxGb" wdf{ jnDaLx d'lQmgfysf] bz{g ug{
cfpg] x'gfn] d'lQmgfy g]kfnsf] dfq geP/ ;Dk"0f{ lxGb"xsf] tLy{:ynsf]
kdf :yflkt ePsf] kfOG5. k|fs[lts /d0fLotfsf] sf/0fn] klg jif]{gL
7"nf] ;\Vofdf kbofqLx o; If]qdf cfpFb5g\. o; If]qdf tk:of
u/]sf] v08df d'lQm k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] o; If]qnfO{ d'lQmIf]q elgPsf]
xf] eGg] hgljZjf; /x]sf] kfOG5. cjnf]lst]Zj/sf] d"lt{ tyf j0f
b]jtfsf] kdf k'lhg] x/avt cfuf] aln/xg] :yfg / Pp6f u'Daf klg
d'lQmgfy If]qsf] cfsif{0fsf] kdf /x]sf 5g\.
dgsfdgf b]jL dlGb/
uf]vf{ lhNnfdf cjl:yt of] dlGb/df b'uf{ ejfgLsf] d"lt{ 5. /fhf /fdzfxsL
/fgL b]jLsf] zlQm ePsf] gf/L lyOg\. /fgLsf] d[To'kl5 l;4 nvg yfkfn] g}
dgsfdgf b]jLsf] :yfkgf u/L k"hfsf] rng rnfPsf]n] cBflk dgsfdgf
dlGb/df du/ hfltsf k'hf/L g} lgo'Qm ul/G5. k[YjL/fhdfu{sf] s'l/g6f/b]lv
dgsfdgf dlGb/;Dd s]jnsf/ ;]jf ;~rflnt 5 .
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dfOkf]v/L
Onfd ahf/b]lv !# ls=ld= pQ/df kg]{ kljq tLy{:yn dfOkf]v/Ldf lzj
kfj{tLn] jgljxf/ / hnlqm8f ug]{ u/]s]f egL :sGb k'/f0fdf jl0f{t ynf] oxL
xf] eGg] egfO 5. oxfF :gfg u/]df k'0onfe x'G5 eGg] hgljZjf; 5. oxfF
lj=;+= !(%$ df :jfdL ;f]d]Zj/fgGbn] lgdf{0f u/fPsf] lzj dlGb/ klg 5.
oxfF xl/zogL PsfbzL / xl/af]lwgL PsfbzLsf lbg 7"nf] d]nf nfUb5.
h}ljs ljljwtfo'Qm o; kf]v/LnfO{ /fd;f/ dxf;lGwcg';f/ /fd;f/ l;d;f/_ If]qsf kdf ;g\ @))* df 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof].
dfOj]gL
b'O{ gbLsf] ;d j]0fL, j]gL, bf]efg / tLg gbLsf] ;d lqj]0fLx g]kfndf
cg]sf}F 5g\ h'g wfld{s b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5g\. Onfd ahf/b]lv $%
ls=ld= k"j{df dfO{ gbL / hf]udfO{ gbLsf] ;dnfO{ dfOj]gL elgG5. of]
gbLnfO{ sGsfO{ gbL elgG5.
dfO{:yfg
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cufl8sf] 9'fnfO{ On+uf 9'f elgG5. of] dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f sfhL x]dbn yfkf
-lj=;==!*&^!(@@_ n] u/fO{ b]jLsf] kdf dfO{ gbLsf] lznf :yfkgf u/]sf
lyP. xfn dfO:yfgdf Kofuf]8f z}nLsf] dlGb/ ag]sf] 5. dlGb/ glhs}
u0f]z, 8flsgL / l;+xjflxgLsf ;;fgf dlGb/x klg /x]sf 5g\.
dx]Gb|gu/
dx]Gb|gu/ g]kfnsf] ;'b"/klZrdL ;Ldfgfsf] glhsdf /x]sf] ahf/ xf]. of]
s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf ;fy} dxfsfnL c~rnsf] ;b/d'sfd;d]t xf]. of] If]q
k|d'v Jofkfl/s If]qsf ;fy} cf}Bf]lus If]q;d]t xf]. g]kfnsf] ;'b"/klZrd
If]qaf6 ef/t;Fu x'g] lgsf;L k}7f/L a9L dfqfdf oxL If]qaf6 x'g] u/]sf]n]
o;sf] dxTj a9\g k'u]sf] 5.
g]kfn / ef/tsf] ;Ldfgfsf] kdf /x]sf] dxfsfnL gbLdf lgld{t zf/bf tyf
6gsk'/ afFwx dx]Gb|gu/sf] glhs} /x]sf 5g\. o;af6 6gsk'/ afFwsf] k"jL{
PKnS; a08sf] glhs} g]kfnL e"efudf /x]sf] a|Dxb]j ahf/ / zf/bf afFwsf]
glhs} /x]sf] jgjf;f klg dx]Gb|gu/sf] glhs /x]sf] s'/f :jt :ki6 x'G5.
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lkm6sf] prfOdf /fdf/;'g gfdsf] wfld{s b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ / ko{6sLo
b[li6n] ;'/Do :yfg 5. jgh\un, vf]nfgfnf, tfn tn}ofxf/f ;'zf]let
of] 7fpFdf afx| j08 c7f/ v08 elgg] !@ j6f tfn / !* j6f
y'Dsfy'DsLx 5g\. !@ j6f tfnxdWo] $)) ld6/ nDafO / #))
ld6/ rf}8fO ePsf] lhlnu]+ tfn ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dflgG5. /fdf/;'gsf
jgh\undf 8fFkm], d'gfn, sflnh cflb kG5Lxn] af; u/]sf 5g\.
/fdf/;'geGbfdfly a8Ldflnsf b]jLsf] k|frLg dlGb/ 5. oxfF >fj0f
dlxgfsf] k"0f{dfsf lbg 7"nf] d]nf nfUb5.
If]q jf tLy{
u'NdL, kfNkf / :of\hf lhNnfsf] ;Ldfgfdf u\uf / sfnLu08sL gbLsf]
k"jL{t6df cjl:yt ljleGg b]jL b]jtfxsf] dlGb/ /x]sf] kljq tLy{:yn tyf
/d0fLo hnnfO{ If]q elgG5. o; 7fpFdf Ps cgfy aflnsfnfO{
gfdsL xl/0fLn] b"wkfg u/fO{ x'sf{PsL sGofn] 7"nf] tk:of u/L oxfFsf]
e"ldnfO{ kljq tkf]do agfPsf]n] o;nfO{ If]q elgPsf] xf] eGg] hgwf/0ff
kfOG5. oxfF df3] ;\qmflGtsf lbg 7"nf] d]nf nfUb5.
/;'jf u9L
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;d'b| ;txb]lv ^))) lkm6sf] prfOdf cjl:yt of] u9Lsf] lgdf{0f g]kfn
rLg o'4sf] a]nfdf g]kfnLxn] agfPsf lyP. P]ltxfl;s, ko{6sLo cfly{s
dxTjsf] of] u9L sf7df8f}Fsf] ;a}eGbf glhs kg]{ ltAattkm{sf] Jofkfl/s
gfsf xf]. oxfFaf6 ltAattkm{sf] s] ahf/ hfg ;lsG5.
/];'\uf
u'NdL lhNnfsf] /];'f gfdsf] kj{tsf] lzv/df ;d'b|L ;txaf6 &^*@ lkm6sf]
prfOdf cjl:yt lxGb"xsf] kljq tLy{:yn /];'f /x]sf] 5. oxfF sZok
Clifsf gflt ljef08s Clifsf 5f]/f l;4 tkZjL >[+uL Clifn] tk:of u/]sfn]
pgsf] :d[ltdf of] 7fpFdf >[L jf >[f /flvPsf]df of] zAb cke|+z eO{ /];'f
gfd /x]sf] xf]. oxfF e[u', k'n:o, k'nx Clifxsf ;fy} tk:jL nIdLgf/fo0f,
:jfdL zlzw/, /];'f dxfk|e' -ob'sfgGb_, kf/;fgGbn] tk:of u/L l;l4
276g]kfn kl/ro

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k|fKt u/]sfn] oxfF pgLxsf d"lt{ / dlGb/x 5g\. /];'f dxfk|e'n] g} h'4
zdz]/nfO{ /fhkf6 Tofu]/ jfgk|:yL x'g k|]l/t ug'{ePsf] lyof]. /];'f dxfk|e'sf]
lgwg lj=;= @)@* ;fndf ePsf] lyof]. /];'fsf] lzv/ / To;sf] jl/kl/
If]qnfO{ lji0f'kfb'sf elgG5. oxfF k6sk6s 7"nf 7"nf o1 of1flb x'Fb]}
cfPsf 5g\. xfn of] 7fFpnfO{ /d0fLo lgs'~h / tkf]jgsf kdf ljsf; ug]{
nIo /flvPsf] 5. oxfF ehgd08k, :gfgkf]v/L, ;Gtxsf] ;ef, wd{zfnf
cflb ag]sf 5g\.
Nxf] dGyf -d':tf_
d':tf\ lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd hf]d;f]db]lv !)% ls=ld= pQ/df ;d'b|L ;txb]lv
sl/a !@))) lkm6sf] prfOdf cjl:yt $)) 3/ / ()) hg;\Vof /x]sf]
Nxf] ufpF u|fdL0f ko{6gsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5. lsNnf jf kvf{nleqsf]
zx/ egL lrlgPsf] Nxf] dGyf\ rf/}lt/ ;;fgf ;'Vvf 8fF8fxn] 3]l/Psf]
pAhfp of]Uo ;dy/ e"ld xf]. kGw|f}F ztfAbLlt/ :yflkt of] a:tL k|frLg Nxf]
/fHosf] /fhwfgL klg xf]. Nxf] dGyf\sf] cfsif{0f k'/fgf] b/af/ / k'/fgf #
j6f u'Dafx g} x'g\. ;g\ !#*& df /fhf cd]kfnn] :yfkgf u/]sf] cltk|frLg
emDkf u'Dafsf leQfxdf lrq / cIf/x :j0ff{If/f/f c\lst ul/Psf]n]
clt cfsif{s / dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5.
n'lDagL
n'lDagL eujfg uf}td a'4sf] hGd:ynsf] kdf ljZje/ k|Voft 5.
n'lDagL g]kfndfq xf]Og ljZjs} nflu kljq tLy{ wfd xf] . Ozfk"j{ ^@# df
r'/]sf] kL7sf] ;dy/ e"efudf a'4sf] hGd ePsf] eGg] Oltxf;sf/xsf]
egfO 5. k|Voft lrgLof wfld{s ofq' x'ofg ;f / kmfOXofgn] klg a'4
hGd]sf] k[YjLsf] :ju{sf] kdf lng ;lsg] 7fpFdf cToGt ;'Gb/ dlGb/x
/ kxf8x 5g\ eg]/ o; If]qsf] j0f{g u/]sf lyP. lj=;+= !**^ df /f0ff
k|wfgdGqL jL/ zDz]/sf efO v8\u zDz]/n] u/fPsf] n'lDagLsf] pTvgg\af6
n'lDagL a'4sf] hGd:yn xf] eGg] tYo k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf] s'/f k'/ftTjljb
/ Oltxf;sf/xn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\. v8\u zDz]/n] cfkmF} a;]/ pTvgg
u/fO/x]sf] ;dodf ;f] 7fpFdf k'u]sf ef/tLo k'/ftTj ;j]{If0f ljefucGtu{tsf
Ps k'/ftTjljb\ sd{rf/L hd{g gful/s 8f= km'x//n] pQm :yfgdf s'FlbPsf]
clen]sf] kmf]6f] lvr]/ To;sf] ptf/ lnPsf lyP / ef/tdf kms]{/ cfgf]
k|ltj]bg k|sflzt u/fPsf lyP. o;/L v8\u zDz]/n] a'4sf] hGd:yn
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro277

n'lDagLdf /x]sf] czf]s :tDesf] sf/0fn] a'4sf] hGd:yn Plsg ug{ d2t
k'u]sf] b]lvG5. /fhf czf]s cfgf] u2L cf/f]x0fsf] @) cfF} jflif{sf]T;j
dgfpg n'lDagL cfPsf lyP / n'lDagLdf czf]s:tDe v8f u/]sf lyP.
czf]s :tDedf a|XdlnkLsf clen]v s'lbPsf 5g\.
a'4sf] hGd:yfgsf rf/}lt/ To;a]nfsf k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf eUgfjz]if
tyf d08nx oqtq 5l/Psf 5g\. n'lDagLdf /x]sf] dfofb]jLsf] dlGb/df
dfofb]jLn] vsf] xfFuf ;dftL a'4nfO{ hGdlbPsf] / hGdgf;fy ;ftkfOnf
lxF8]sf] b[Zo c\lst d"lt{ /x]sf] 5. a'4 hGd]/ kfOnf 6]Sg'cufl8 g} sdnsf]
km"n pTklQ ePsf] wf/0ff /x]sf] kfOG5. xfn;fn} n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if /
hfkfgsf ljz]if1f/f ;+o'Qmkn] dfofb]jL dlGb/ /x]sf] :yfgdf pTvgg\
sfo{ ul/of]. To;qmddf a'4sf] hGd ePsf] 7fpFsf] lrgf]sf] kdf /flvPsf]
lznf k|fKt ePsf] / dfofb]jLsf] zog d'b|fsf] kmf]6f]sf] ;fydf /fx'n / l;4fy{
uf}tdsf] lrq;d]t /x]sf] 6]/fsf]6fsf] d"lt{ kfOPsf] oyf{yn] n'lDagLnfO{
a'4sf] hGd:yn xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof}{n ug{ k|ofKt k|df0f k|fKt ePsf] 5.
a'4 hGd:ynsf] lrgf]sf] kdf k|fKt k|:t/ / To; kl/;/sf k'/ftflTjs
If]qxnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ oyfl:yltdf ;+/lIft u/L ;'Gb/ dfofb]jL dlGb/sf]
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5. eljiodf o; :yfgdf cg';Gwfgstf{xnfO{ k'/ftflTjs
cWoog ug{ d2t k'Ug hfg] b]lvG5.
a'4sf] hGd:ynsf] glhs} /x]sf] cToGt /d0fLo kf]v/LnfO{ k'isl/0fL eg]/
lrlgG5. a'4nfO{ hGdlbg'eGbfcufl8 dfofb]jLn] o; kf]v/Ldf kljq :gfg
u/]sf] atfOG5. n'lDagLsf] @& lsnf]ld6/ klZrd slknj:t'df ljleGg
k'/ftflTjs j:t'x /x]sf 5g\. sljnj:t' g} /fhf z'4f]wgsf] /fHosf]
kdf /x]sf] / ;f] /fHosf] /fhwfgL ltnf}/fsf]6df /fhf z'4f]wgsf] b/af/
/x]s]f s'/f P]ltxfl;s tYoxn] k'li6 u/]sf 5g\. lt/f}nfsf]6df c;\Vo
k'/ftflTjs eUgfjz]ifx /x]sf 5g\. rt/fb]j eGg] :yfgdf e'if0fsfnLg
efF8fs'F8fx k|fKt ePsf 5g\. o;af6 To; :yfgdf kf}/fl0fs zx/sf]
cl:tTj /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5. uf]tLZj/df czf]s :tDesf] k|ltd"lt{sf] kdf
:tDe lgdf{0f ePsf] kfOG5. xfn pQm :tDe vl08t kdf /x]sf] 5.
o;afx]s k'/ftflTjs If]qxdf lglUnxjf klg kb{5 . oxfF do"/ cfs[lt /
b]jgfu/L lnkLdf cf]d dl0f kb\d] x'd lbk' dnO rL/g bo't !@#$ eGg]
pNn]v ePsf] czf]s :tDen] klg P]ltxfl;s dxTjnfO{ k|ltljlDat u/]sf] 5.
278g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

n'lDagL

;+o'Qm /fi6;\3sf dxf;lrj pyfGt g]kfn e|d0fsf] cj;/df n'lDagL

uPsf lyP. pgn] ;f] cj;/df n'lDagLsf] cGt/f{li6o af}4 ;+:s[ltsf] s]Gb|sf]
kdf ljsf; x'g'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf 5g\. ;f]xL cg'k hfkfgsf
k|Voft jf:t'snfljb\ s]Ghf] 6fFu]n] n'lDagL lsf;sf lglDt u'of]hgfsf]
kl/sNkgf u/]. ;f]xL u'of]hgfcg';f/ n'lDagL xfn cGt/f{li6o ko{6g
s]Gb|sf] kdf ljsl;t x'Fb}5. o; u'of]hgfdf n'lDagL u|fd, wfld{s :yn
/ kljq au}Frfsf] kl/sNkgf 5. n'lDagLsf] ljsf;sf] nflu n'lDagL ljsf;
sf]ifsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ePsf] 5. n'lDagLdf ljleGg b]zxn] cfcfg}
z} n Ldf af} 4 :t'k x agfpg] cEof; klg ePsf] b] l vG5. n' l DagL
ljsf;sf]ifcGt/ut n'lDagL ljsf;sf] u'of]hgfcg';f/ qmdzM ljsf;
eO/x]sf] 5. n'lDagLsf] czf]s:tDe / dfofb]jL dlGb/ /x]sf] :yfgnfO{
kljq au}Frf Pj+ kljq wfld{s :ynsf] kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5. u'of]hgfdf
pNn]v ePsf] af}4do dlGb/sf] If]qdf ljZjsf af}4 wd{sf cg'ofoL b]zxaf6
cfcfg} b]zsf jf:t'snfn] el/k"0f{ ljxf/, dlGb/ tyf :t'kxsf] lgdf{0f
ePsf 5g\. rLgsf] ljxf/, tf/fkmfp08];g4f/f lgld{t xf]6; :t'kf, Dofgdf/sf]
ljxf/, dgf u'Daf, yfO{ ljxf/, leotgfd ljxf/, hfkfgf/f lgld{t lgkf]n
Dxf]xf]hf lk; k]uf]8f, sf]l/og ljxf/, dxfaf]wL ;dfh ljxf/, cflb pNn]vgLo
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro279

:ynx oxfF /x]sf 5g\. o;af6 cGt/f{li6o af}4 wdf{jnDaLxsf] d'Vo

tLy{:ynsf] kdf ljsf; ug{ 7"nf] 6]jf k'Ug uPsf] 5.
n'lDagL u'of]hgf If]qdf n'lDagL cGt/f{li6o cg';Gwfg ;+:yf :Yffkgf
ePsf]n] af}4 / af}4 bz{g;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug]{ /fli6o Pj+ cGt/f{li6o
lj4fgxnfO{ cWoogsf] ynf] ePsf] 5. o; cGt/f{li6o ;+:yfdf af}4
bz{g;DaGwL k':ts, u|Gy, l;=8L / dfOqmf]lkmNd cflb ax'd"No ;fdu|Lx
;\u|x ul/Psf 5g\.
xfn} bf]>f] ljZj af}4 ;Dd]ng ;';DkGg ePsf] 5 / af}4 ljZj ljBfno
:yfkgf ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] 5. o; If]qdf zflGtLk klg k|HHjlnt 5.
ko{6sLo lx;fan] klg ljsf; ug{ o; If]qdf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x hf/L
g} 5g\. s]xL u]i7 xfp; tyf xf]6nxsf] ;~rfng klg ePsf] 5.
j}zfv k"0fL{dfsf lbg eJotfsf ;fy a'4hoGtL dgfpg] k|rng 5. n'lDagLsf]
;fy;fy} z'4f]wgsf] b/af/ /x]sf] ltnf}/fsf]6 / a'4sf] dfjnL u|fdsf] kdf
kl/lrt /x]sf] /fdu|fd;d]t a'4sf] hLjgl;t 3gLi7 kn] ufFl;Psf kGb]xL,
slknj:t' / gjnk/f;L lhNnfdf kg]{ k'/ftflTjs s]Gb|xsf] PsLs[t 9\uaf6
ljsf; ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] b]lvG5. cem kfl0fgL C[lifsf] tkf]e"ldsf]
kdf kl/lrt, b'jf{;fn] tk:of u/]sf] b'jf{;f u'kmf / dxfef/tsfnLg ufyfsf]
ul/df af]s]sf] pn's tyf aNsf]6, c3f{vfFrLsf] P]ltxfl;s kf}jf / u'NdLsf]
/];'f Pj+ k|l;4 tLy{:yn If]qsf] ;fy;fy} dgf]/d zx/ tfg;]g, snfTds
/fgL3f6 b/af/ / b]j3f6nufotsf n'lDagLsf] j/k/sf ko{6sLo / wfld{s
dxTjsf If]qx;d]tsf] PsLs[t ljsf; ug{ ;s]df n'lDagL If]qn] d'n's /
;+;f/s} Pp6f uf}/jk"0f{ ko{6g s]Gb|sf] cfsf/ lng ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf]
s'/fdf z\sf ug'{kg]{ 7fpF b]lvFb}g.
ljqmd afaf
lrtjg /fli6o lgs'~hleq gf/fo0fu9af6 em08} @! lsnf]ld6/ blIf0ftkm{
gbLsf] lsgf/f s;/fdf ljqmd afafsf] yfg 5. ljqmd afaf yf hfltsf
x'g\. ;f] :yfgdf r}t] bz}Fsf] cj;/df b]jeQm yfsf] ;Demgfdf 7"nf] hfqf
nfUb5. hfqfdf ndh', tgx'F, sf:sL, uf]/vf, dsjfgk'/, sf7df8f}F,
gjnk/f;Lnufot b]zsf ljleGg :yfgaf6 >4fn'x cfpg] ub{5g\. oxfF
ljz]ifu/L gjljjflxt hf]8Lx cfpg] u5{g\.
280g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

jL/]Gb|gu/
jL/] G b| g u/
dWo
klZrdf~rn ljsf;
If]qsf] ;b/d'sfd xf].
jL/]Gb|gu/ gu/kflnsf
e] / L c~rnsf] ;' v ] { t
lhNnfdf kb{5. a'Na'n]
tfn jL/] G b| g u/sf]
dxTjk"0f{ bz{gLo :yn
xf] . jL/] G b| g u/l;t
hf] l 8Psf] nf6Lsf] OnL
uf=lj=;=df kg] { sfF q m]
ljxf/nfO{ klg oxfF s f]
k| l ;4 kf} / fl0fs /
;'v]{t 6fj/
P] l txfl;s dxTjsf]
bz{gLo :ynsf] kdf
lng ;lsG5. b]ptL aHo}sf] dlGb/ oxfFsf] k|l;4 wfld{s :yn xf].
a8L dflnsf
afh'/f lhNnfsf] !%,))) lkm6sf] prfOdf cjl:yt a8Ldflnsfsf] dlGb/df
efb| z'Sn kIfsf] lbgdf 7"nf] d]nf nfUb5. oxfF c5fd, 8f]6L, aemfnufot
b]zsf ljleGg efuaf6 bz{gfyL{x cfpg] ub{5g\.
;u/dfyf
k[YjLsf] ;+/rgfdf ;a}eGbf cUnf] :jk lnP/ /x]sf] ;u/dfyf ;Dk"0f{ dfgj
hfltsf] cfsif{0f / cToGt} ;fx;L ofqfsf] s]Gb| ePsf] 5. dxfn\u'/
lxdfno >[vnfdf cjl:yt o; lxdlzv/sf] prfO **$* ld6/ /x]sf]
5. ;u/dfyf c~rnsf] ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf /x]sf] of] lxdlzv/ cf/f]x0fsf]
nflu ;g\ !($( df v'nf ul/P kZrft\ ;j{k|yd d] @(, !(%# df g]kfnsf
t]lGh gf]u]{ tyf Go"lhNof08sf P8d08 lxnf/Ln] ;kmn cf/f]x0f u/]kl5
;u/dfyf ljZj rrf{sf] ljifo aGof]. ;g\ !(%^ df g]kfnsf Oltxf;
lz/f]d0fL afa'/fd cfrfo{n] o; lzv/nfO{ g]kfnL gfd ;u/dfyf lbPsf
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro281

x'g\. a]nfotsf ;a]{o/ hh{ Pe/]i6n] g]kfnsf lxdlzv/xsf] ;j]{If0f

u/]sf]n] ;g\ !(^% df pgs} gfddf ;u/dfyfnfO{ c\u|]hL gfd dfp06
Pe/]i6 k|bfg ul/Psf] / cGt/f{li6o hutdf o; lzv/nfO{ ;fdfGot oxL
gfdaf6 lrGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5. lrlgofF efiffdf emf]df]nf]\df / ltAatL
efiffdf ldl6u'6L rfk'nf]\df elgg] o; lzv/sf] cf/f]x0f ug]{ k|yd dlxnf
hfkfgsL >LdtL h'Gsf] tfj]O{ x'g\. g]kfndf k|yd k6s kf;f Nxfd' z]kf{n]
;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/f]0f u/L g]kfn / g]kfnL dlxnfsf] uf}/j a9fPsL
lyOg\.
ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf jf:tjdf k|s[ltsf] cg'kd pkxf/ xf]
;Dk"0f{ dfgj ;d'bfosf] nflu uf}/j / cfsif{0fsf] k|tLssf] kdf /x]sf] o;
lzv/n] g]kfnnfO{ aflx/L ;+;f/df ;u/dfyfsf] b]zsf] kdf ;d]t lrgfpg
of]ubfg lbPsf] 5. ;u/dfyfsf] f/ pkgfdn] ;'kl/lrt lxdfnL If]qsf]
k|l;4 ahf/ gfDr] eP/ k'Ug'kg]{ ;u/dfyfs} xf/fxf/Ldf Nxf]T;], Nxf]T;];f/,
g'K;]h:tf lxdlzv/x;d]t /x]sf 5g\. ljZjs} ;jf]{Rr :yfgdf /x]sf] af}4
u'Daf Tofaf]r] / ljZjs} ;jf]{Rr :yfgdf /x]sf] ljdfg:yn :ofaf]r];d]t
;u/dfyfsf] sfvdf cjl:yt 5g\.
:ju{f/L
Ko"7fg lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd vnfaf6 em08} @^ ls=ld=klZrdtkm{ s/La
^(^) lkm6 prfO ePsf] n]sdf cjl:yt k|l;4 wfld{s :yn g} :ju{4f/L xf].
k/fk"j{sfndf Clifd'lgxn] hktk u/L :ju{ k'u]sf] eGg] hg>'ltcg';f/ g}
o; :yfgsf] gfd :ju{f/L /xg uPsf] xf] eGg] ljfgxsf] ljZjf; /x]sf]
kfOG5. wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ o; :ju{f/Ldf
l;dd{/dfly lzjln /fvL lgdf{0f ul/Psf] kSsL dlGb/ /x]sf] 5 eg] o;sf]
j/k/ ;of}Fsf] ;\Vofdf ufOkfNg] ufO{ uf]7, /d0fLo u'kmf, o1zfnf tyf
kf]v/Lx /x]sf 5g\. x/]s jif{sf] j}zfv k"l0f{df / sflt{s k"l0f{dfsf lbg
oxfF ljzfn wfld{s d]nf nfUb5. g]kfnsf ljleGg :yfg tyf ef/taf6
;d]t xhf/f}sf] ;\Vofdf tLy{ofqLx d]nfdf ;xefuL x'g oxfF cfp5g\.
:ju{f/Ldf ToxfFsf dxfk|e'n] sl/a !!& jif{cl3 ;' u/]sf] cv08 xf]d
clxn] klg hf/L /x]sf] 5. :ju{f/Ldf ;+:s[t kf7zfnf / j]b ljBf>dsf]
;~rfng ePsf] klg kfOG5 / j]b tyf wd{sd{sf] cWoog ug{sf] lglDt 6f9f
6f9faf6 cfpg] ljBfyL{xnfO{ vfgkLg / a;fOsf] lgMz'Ns Joj:yf;d]t
282g]kfn kl/ro

;"rgf ljefu

/x]sf] kfOG5. bfdf To; cf>dsf] u'7Lsf] kdf w]/} hldg /x]sf] 5.
leu|L eGg] ahf/sf] glhs}af6 s]xL 306fsf] psfnf] k}bn lxF8]/ :ju{f/L
cf>ddf k'Ug ;lsG5.
l;Ghf pkTosf
h'Dnf lhNnfdf kg]{ l;Ghf pkTosf dWosfndf gfu/fhn] :yfkgf u/]sf]
v; dNn /fHosf] /fhwfgLsf] kdf /x]sf] lyof]. To;}n] g]kfnsf] /fi6efiff
g]kfnLsf] pTklt :ynsf] kdf ;d]t kl/lrt /x]sf] l;Ghf pkTosfnfO{
k|frLg ;+:s[lt / ;Dkbfsf] s]Gb|sf] kdf ;d]t lng'kg]{ b]lvG5. s0ff{nL
k|b]zsf] v; dNn /fHon] cfgf] ;Ldf sf7df8f}Fsf] ;LdfjtL{ If]q;Dd g}
lj:tf/ u/]sf] s'/f P]ltxfl;s 36gfqmdxn] k'li6 ug]{ x'Fbf l;Ghf pkTosfdf
s]Gb| /x]sf] v; dNn /fHo cToGt zlQmzfnL lyof] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5.
o; pkTosfsf] glhs} d'u' lhNnfdf g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] tfn /f/f /x]s]f
of] pkTosfn] g]kfnsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ko{6g s]Gb|sf] kdf ljsl;t x'g]
k|z:t ;Defjgfx af]s]sf] b]lvG5.

l;Ghf pkTosf
;"rgf ljefu

g]kfn kl/ro283

;nx]z
l;/xf lhNnf, nxfg ahf/b]lv # ls=ld=
blIf0f klZrddf kg]{ Ps km"naf/Ldf gofF
jif{sf] klxnf] lbgdfq} xf/dsf] vdf
dfnf cfsf/df km"n km'N5. km"naf/Lsf]
aLrdf dflngLsf] dlGb/ 5. h' g
ko{6ssf nflu cfsif{s dflgPsf] 5.
of] km" n nfO{ /fhf ;nx] z / bf} g f
dflngLsf] rL/ k|]dsf] k|tLs dflgG5.

dflngLsf] dlGb/

>Lgu/
kfNkf lhNNffsf] zf]ef, ;f}Gbo{ jf d's'6sf kdf >Lgu/nfO{ lnOG5. atf;]8fF8f
gfdsf] j[IfxLg z'is s'k pRr y'Dsfdf ;Nnf cflb ljleGg lsl;dsf v
lajfx /f]k]/ /d0fLo pBfgdf kl/0ft ePkl5 atf;]8fF8f g} >Lgu/ egL
k'gM gfds/0f ul/Psf] xf]. oxfF dlGb/, a'4sf] d"lt{ / afuau}Frfx;d]t
5g\. em08} !%)) /f]kgL If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] >Lgu/ zfGt, ;'/Do h\un,
cg's"Nf :j:Yos/ xfjfkfgL ePsfn] of] af3, lrt'jf, v/fof], b'D;L cflb
hgfj/x sflnh, ltqf, sf]OnL k|hfltsf kG5Lxsf] ;'/Do a;f]af; ag]sf]
5. jgljxf/ / jgef]hsf nflu k|Voft of] 7fpFaf6 df5fk'R5]|, lxdfnr'nL,
cGgk"0f{, sf~hL/f]jf, dgf:n', u0f]z lxdfn cflb lxdfnxsf] ;'Gb/
b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5. o;sf cltl/Qm ;"of]{bo, df8L pkTosf / ;kmf
df};ddf ef/tsf] pQ/L efu uf]/vk'/;Ddsf] /]nxsf] /f]df~rs cjnf]sg
ug{ ;lsG5. oxfF cfw'lgs uNkm v]n d}bfg agfOPsf]n] :jb]zL ljb]zL uNkm
v]nf8Lxsf nflu of] yk cfsif{s 7fFp ag]sf] 5.
zxLb :df/s jf g]kfn :df/s
g]kfndf k|hftGq :yfkgfsf nflu ljlzi6 of]ubfg ug]{ JolQmx >L %
lqe'jg, zxLb z'qm/fhzf:qL, wd{eQm, u+ufnfn, bz/y rGbsf] :d[ltdf /
cGo 1ft c1ft zxLbxsf] ;Ddfg / ;Demgfdf l;+xb/af/ / w/x/fsf]
aLrdf snfTdsf/sf] cfsf/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf] of] :df/ssf] jf:tljs
gfd g]kfn :df/s xf]. hdLgsf] ;txb]lv $) lkm6 cUnf] g]kfn :df/s
-zxLb :df/sf/_ sf] l8hfOg O=z+s/gfy l/dfnaf6 ul/Psf] xf] eg] lgdf{0f
284g]kfn kl/ro

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ePsf] xf].
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cwf{lgL ;tLb]jLsf] bflxg] cfFvf ktg ePsf]n] of] 7fpFnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ zlQmkL7
dfg]/ dlGb/ lgdf{0f u/L b]jLsf] k|ltdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5. o;sf] glhs}
eujfg dxfb]jsf]] dlGb/ klg lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5.
;"o{ljgfos
eQmk'/ lhNnfl:yt ;"o{ljgfossf] dlGb/df u0f]zsf] d"lt{ :yflkt 5. oxL
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eQmk'/ zx/ / rf/}lt/ ;'Gb/ lxdfnxsf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] / oxfF
;'Gb/ jgs'~h;d]t ePsf]n] jgef]hsf nflu g]kfnLx / b[Zofjnf]sg ug{
ljb]zLx;d]t hfg] x'Fbf of] 7fpFsf] dxTj a9\g uPsf] 5.
;/fsf]6
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nflu ;/f\sf]6sf] 7"nf] dxTj 5. sf:sL lhNnfdf kg]{ ;/f\sf]6 kf]v/fsf]
klZrdf]Q/ efudf kb{5. of] 7fpFaf6 cGgk"0f{, df5fk'R5], wf}nflu/L, kf]v/f
pkTosf / kf] v/fsf] km]j ftfnnufotsf ljleGg tfnxsf] dgf]/ d
b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5.
:joDe"
sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] klZrdL efudf kg]{ d08klu/L gfdsf] kxf8sf] 6'Kkf]df
ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ePsf] k|l;4 af}4 dlGb/ / :t'k 5. :joDe"
eujfgsf] pTklQ o;} :yfgdf ePsf] elgG5. a'4 hGd]sf], a'4sf] 1fg k|fKt
u/]sf] / a'4sf] lgjf{0f k|fKt u/]sf] j}zfv z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf lbg oxfF 7"nf]
dxf]T;j cfof]hgf ul/G5. :joDe"sf] cfgGbs'6L dxfljxf/df eujfg a'4n]
kljq cl:ywft' -xf8_ ;'/Iff;fy /flvPsf] 5. rf]/L ePkl5 klxn]sf] cl:ywft'
>Ln+sfaf6 lj=;+= @)%! df k|fKt ePkl5 lj=;+= @)%% j}zfv z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf
lbg klxnf]k6s gu/ kl/qmdf u/fOPsf] lyof]. :joDe"af6 sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf]
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hfltsf] kftfnf] a:tL /x]sf] 5.
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prfO;Dd k|fs[lts kdf lgld{t lzjln cfsf/sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ xn];L
dxfb]j elgG5. aflx/L rf/j6f 9f]sf /x]sf] of] u'kmfleq lgik cGwsf/
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lbg ef]6] hfltsf dflg;x oxfF cfP/ ;'lDgdf kf/f]xf\sfsf] kdf
lzj kfj{tLsf] k"hf ub{5g\ eg] afnfrt'b{zLsf lbg oxfF 6f9f6f9faf6
dflg;x cfP/ ztaLh 5b{5g\.
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lrtjg lhNnfsf] blIf0fL k"jL{ efudf ubL{ uf=lj=;= cGtu{t :j0f{eb|f, td;f
/ gf/fo0fL gbLsf] lqj]0fLdf gf/fo0fL gbLkf/L jf k"j{t6df dxfd'gL tyf
;+:s[t ;flxTosf cflbslj /fdfo0fsf /rlotf dxli{fsf] cf>d 5. oxL g}
jfNdLlsn] /fdfo0f u|Gysf] /rgf u/]sf lyP. oxfF k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf
k|frLg d"lt{, dxlif{ jfNdLlsf/f :yflkt xl/x/ dlGb/, o1zfnf, njs'z
kf7zfnf, ;Ltfs'6L, ;Ltfs"k / cf>dx 5g\. oxfF df3] cf}FzLsf] lbg 7"nf]
d]nf nfUb5. kljq tLg gbLxsf] ;\ud lqj]0fLdf :gfg u/]df kfkdf]rg
x'g] / oxfF b]xTofu u/]df df]If k|fKt x'g] wfld{s ljZjf; /x]sf]n] of] :yfg
sNkjf;Lxsf] cf>d:yn ag]sf] 5.
lqk'/f;'Gb/L b]jL
a}t8L lhNnfsf] of] k|d'v tLy{:yndf eujtL b]jLsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf ul/Psf]
5. kf}/fl0fssfndf eujtLn] lqk'/f;'/ gfdsf] b}Tosf] jw u/L b]jtf tyf
dfgj hfltsf] b'Mv lgjf/0f u/]sf]n] logsf] gfd lqk'/f;'Gb/L b]jL /x]sf]
dflgG5. oL b]jLnfO{ :yfgLo jfl;Gbf /f0ffzogL eujtL klg eGb5g\.
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;Kt/L lhNnfsf] l5Ggd:tf ufpFljsf; ;ldltdf kb{5. l5Ggd:tf ejutL
dgf]sfdgf k"/f ug]{ zlQmkL7xdWo] Ps kL7 dflgPsf] x'Fbf g]kfn / ef/tsf
hgtfsf] 7"nf] cf:yf 5. k|frLg Oltxf; / lsDjbGtL cg';f/ sgf{6j+zL
/fhf Gofob]jsf] kfFrf}F k':tfsf zqml;+xb]j l;d|f}gu9sf /fhf ePsf lyP.
pgL gfjfns 5f]/f xl/l;+xb]jnfO{ /fhu2Ldf /fvL lgjf{l;t hLjg latfpg
;Kt/L cfP. To;a]nf h\unn] 9flsPsf] o; :yfgdf h\un ;kmf ubf{
e]l6Psf] eujtL d"lt{nfO{ pgn] cfkm\gf] s'nb]jLsf] ?kdf :yfkgf u/L cfkm\gf]
gfdaf6 b]jLsf] gfd zqm]Zj/L /fv] eGg] egfO 5. b]jLsf] z/L/ gePsf]n]
s]xL ;dokl5 l5Ggd:tf eujtL eGg yflnPsf] dflgG5.

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vqL, 8f= k|]d, g]kfnL ;+:s[lt / ;dtf.
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bfxfn, k]zn / vltj8f, ;f]dk|;fb, g]kfnLsf] snf / jf:T'fsnf.
lg/f}nf, vu]Gb|, g]kfn kl/ro.
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kfF8], /fds'df/, g]kfn kl/ro.
kfF8], /fds'df/, g]kfnsf] dfgj e"uf]n.
kfF8], /fds'df/, g]kfnsf] ef}lts e"uf]n.
kf]v/]n, a'l4k|;fb, g]kfnsf] ef}lts, cfly{s / ;f:s[lts e"uf]n.
ah|frfo{, wgah|, k"j{dWosfnsf clen]v.
ld>, dgf]hafa', ljZj snfsf] Oltxf;.
nfld5fg], 8f= ofbj k|sfz, g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTo.
lji6, 8f]/axfb'/, ;a} hftsf] km"naf/L.
;'j]bL, vu]Gb|k|;fb, d'b|f, a}\ls, /fhZj / cGt/f{li6o Jofkf/ tyf
g]kfnsf] cy{zf:q.
If]qL, 8f=u0f]z /fodfemL, /fdrGb|, g]kfnsf] Oltxf;.
If]qL, 8f= u0f]z /fodfemL, /fdrGb|, g]kfnL snf, jf:t'snf / k|ltdf
nIf0f.

Chaudhary, Mahesh, 2012; Hidden Treasures of the

Lowland Nepal .

Foreign Policy of Nepal : Challenges and

Opportunities, Institute of Foreign Affairs.
288g]kfn kl/ro

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 National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National

Report), Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal.

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