MTCTCE

MikroTik Certified Traffic Control Engineering

SatGate-Iraq 2012

Instructor
Mr.Ali Sami, SatGate-Iraq - General Manager of SatGate-Iraq Company - Networking Specialist for more than 10 years - Specialization:Routing,Firewall,QoS,PPP - Certified MTCNA,MTCTCE,MTCWE,MikroTik Trainer

Housekeeping
Course materials Routers, cables Break times and lunch Restrooms and smoking area locations

Course Objective
Provide knowledge and hands-on training for MikroTik RouterOS basic and advanced traffic control capabilities for any size networks Upon completion of the course you will be able to plan, implement, adjust and debug traffic control configurations implemented by MikroTik RouterOS.

Introduce Yourself
Please, introduce yourself to the class
Your name Your Company

Your previous knowledge about RouterOS

Your previous knowledge about networking What do you expect from this course?

Please, remember your class XY number.

(X is number of the row, Y is your seat number in the row)

My number is:________

Class Setup Lab

Create an 192.168.XY.0/24 Ethernet network between the laptop (.1) and the router (.254)

Connect routers to the AP SSID ap_RB_adv Assign IP address 10.1.1.XY/24 to the wlan1 Main GW and DNS address is 10.1.1.254 Gain access to the internet from your laptops via local router
Create new user for your router and change admin access rights to read

Class Setup

Class setup Lab (cont.)

Set system identity of the board and wireless radio name to XY_<your_name>. Example: 00_Ali

Upgrade your router to the latest MikroTik RouterOS version 3.x

Upgrade your Winbox loader version Set up NTP client use 10.1.1.254 as server Create a configuration backup and copy it to the laptop (it will be default configuration)

Packet Flow Diagram

Packet flow diagram is The Big Picture of RouterOS It is impossible to properly manage and maintain complex configurations without the knowledge what happens when and why? Packet flow Diagram consist of 2 parts - Bridging or Layer-2 (MAC) where Routing part is simplified to one "Layer-3" box - Routing or Layer-3 (IP) where Bridging part is simplified to one "Bridging" box

So heres the plan: 1- Mark by traffic type in prerouting 2- Limit by traffic type in global-in 3- Remark by IP address in forward 4- Limit in global-out

Overview:
Working with packets for bandwidth management is done in this order:

1. Mangle chain prerouting 2. HTB global-in 3. Mangle chain forward 4. Mangle chain postrouting 5. HTB global-out 6. HTB out interface

Firewall
Filter/NAT/Mangle

Firewall/Filter

Firewall Filters Structure

Firewall filter rules are organized in chains There are default and user-defined chains There are three default chains
input processes packets sent to the router output processes packets sent by the router forward processes packets sent through the router

Every user-defined chain should subordinate to at least one of the default chains
17

Firewall Filter Structure Diagram

Connection Tracking
Connection Tracking (or Conntrack) system is the heart of firewall, it gathers and manages information about all active connections. By disabling the conntrack system you will lose functionality of the NAT and most of the filter and mangle conditions. Each conntrack table entry represents bidirectional data exchange Conntrack takes a lot of CPU resources (disable it, if you don't use firewall)

Conntrack Placement

Conntrack Winbox View

Condition: Connection State

Connection state is a status assigned to each packet by conntrack system:
New packet is opening a new connection Established packet belongs to already known connection Invalid packet does not belong to any of the known connections Related packet is also opening a new connection, but it is in some kind relation to already known connection

Connection state TCP state

TCP connection State

State
New Established Related INVALID

Explanation
The new state tells us that the packet is the first that we see.
The ESTABLISHED state has seen the traffic in both directions and will then continuously match those packets. The RELATED state is one of the more tricky states. a connection is considered related when it is related to another already ESTABLISHED connection

The INVALID state means that the packet cant be identified or that it does not have any state, this can be for several reasons, such as the system running out of memory

First Rule Example

Chain Input
Protection of the router allowing only necessary services from reliable source with agreeable load.

Chain Input Lab

Create 3 rules to ensure that only connectionstate new packets will proceed through the input filter
Drop all connection-state invalid packets Accept all connection-state related packets Accept all connection-state established packets

Create 2 rules to ensure that only you will be able to connect to the router
Accept all packets from your local network Drop everything else

Firewall Action Log

The log action is used to log any firewall activity that you want to track If you want to track a specific rule in the firewall you would create a rule with identical matching parameters but with action log The log rule must be placed above the rule you want to track You can prefix the log to make it easier to identify. Like passthrough,the log action does not affect the packet in any way. Log id often used just before action "drop to determine what is being dropped by the firewall.

Action log

RouterOS v3 Services

RouterOS Service Lab

Create a chain services Create rules to allow necessary RouterOS services to be accessed from the public network Create a jump rule from the chain input to the chain services Place a jump rule accordingly Write comment for each firewall rule Ask your neighbour to check the setup

Important Issue
Firewall filter do not filter MAC level communications You should turn off Mac-telent and MAC-winbox features at least on the public facing interface You can disable the network discovery feature so that the router does not reveal itself

MAC telent and MAC-winbox

Chain Forward
Protection of the customers from the viruses and protection of the Public network from the clients

Virus Port Filter

At the moment the are few hundreds active Trojans and less than 50 active worms You can download the complete virus port blocker chain (~330 drop rules with ~500 blocked virus ports) from ftp://[email protected] Some viruses and Trojans use standard services ports and can not be blocked.

Chain Forward Lab

Create 3 rules to ensure that only connectionstate new packets will proceed through the input filter
Drop all connection-state invalid packets Accept all connection-state related packets Accept all connection-state established packets

Import the viruses.rsc file into the router Create a jump rule to the chain viruses

Bogon IPs
There are ~4,3 billion IPv4 addresses There are several IP ranges restricted in public network There are several of IP ranges reserved (not used at the moment) for specific purposes There are lots of unused IP ranges!!! You can find information about all unused IP ranges judy google for bogon IPs

Address List Options

Instead of creating one filter rule for each IP network address, you can create only one rule for IP address list. Use Src./Dst. Address List options Create an address list in /ip firewall address-list menu

Address List Lab

Make an address list of most common bogon IPs

Adv. Address Filtering Lab

Allow packets to enter your network only from the valid Internet addresses Allow packets to enter your network only to the valid customer addresses Allow packets to leave your network only from the valid customers addresses Allow packets to leave your network only to the valid Internet addresses Place the rules accordingly

Advanced Protection
ICMP Ping Flood , PSD , D(DOS)

ICMP protocol
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is basic network troubleshooting tool - it should be allowed to bypass the firewall A typical IP router uses only five types of ICMP message (type: code) - for PING- message 0:0 and 8:0 - For TRACEROUTE message 11:0 and 3:3 - For path MTU discovery message 3:4 Every other type of ICMP message should be blocked

ICMP Message Rule Example

ICMP Jump Rule

ICMP Chain Lab

Create a new chain ICMP - Accept the 5 necessary ICMP messages for PING messages 0:0 and 8:0 For TRACEROUTE messages 11:0 and 3:3 For path MTU discovery message 3:4 Drop all other ICMP packets

Move all ICMP packets to ICMP chain Create an action jump rule in the chain Input Place it accordingly Create and action jump rule in the chain Forward Place it accordingly

Do you require a return rule for this chain?

Network Intrusion Types

Network intrusion is a serious security risk that could result in not only the temporal denial ,but also on total refusal of network services We can point out 4 major network intrusion types: - Ping flood - DOS attack - DDOS attack In addition there are the TCP half-scan attack

Ping Flood
Ping floods usually consist of volumes of random ICMP messages sent to the router We can use the limit condition to set rule match rate to a given limit - We can specify a rate/time as well as burst to allow for occasional higher traffic This condition is often used with the action log Dst. Limit can be used to set the rate on a per client or network basis - This is useful for forward chain limitation

Port Scan
Port scan is sequential TCP and UDP port probing PSD (port scan detection) is possible only for TCP protocol. - UDP is connectionless Ports are wieghted according to their number - Low ports from 0 to 1023 - High ports from 1024 to 65535 Since low ports usually identify more critical services they are afforted a higher cost per probe attempt

Intrusion Protection
Adjust all 5 accept rules in the chain ICMP to match a rate of 5 packets per second with a 5 packet burst. Create port scan protection - create a PSD drop rule in the chain virus - place it accordingly This makes sense since it is only a TCP service and will be more efficiently processed via that chain ( even though it is not a virus as such) Note that some types of network monitoring services look like port attempts(e.g. The Dude) - You should exclude PCs running the Dude from the PSD rule

DoS Attack
The mail target of DoS attack is consumption of resources ,such as CPU ,time, or bandwidth, so that standard services or valid systems requesting resources will get denial of service Usually the router is flooded with TCP/SYN (connection request) packets causing the server to respond with a TCP/SYN-ACK packet, and waiting for a TCP/ACK packet Mostly DoS attackers are virus infected customers.

DoS attack protection

All IPs with more than 10 connections to the router(input) should be considered as Dos attackers. With every dropped TCP connection we will allow the attacker to create a new connection We should implement DoS protection into 2 steps: - Detection creating a list of DoS attackers on the basis of connection-limit - Suppression applying restrictions to the detected DoS attackers Connection limit allows you to match a number of connections by netmask size(/32 to match per IP)

DoS Attack Detection

DoS Attack Suppression

To prevent the attacker from creating a new connections, we will use action=tarpit Tarpit sends a SYN-Ack back to the attacking system ,but silently discards the connection We must place this rule before the detection rule otherwise the address-list entry rewrite continuously

Network Address Translation (NAT)

Destination NAT, Source NAT, NAT traversal

NAT Types
As there are two IP addresses and ports in an IP packet header, there are two types of NAT
The one, which rewrites source IP address and/or port is called source NAT (src-nat) The other, which rewrites destination IP address and/or port is called destination NAT (dst-nat)

Firewall NAT rules process only the first packet of each connection (connection state new packets)

Firewall NAT Structure

Firewall NAT rules are organized in chains There are two default chains
dstnat processes traffic sent to and through the router, before it divides in to input and forward chain of firewall filter. srcnat processes traffic sent from and through the router, after it merges from output and forward chain of firewall filter.

There are also user-defined chains

IP Firewall Diagram

Dst-nat
Action dst-nat changes packet's destination address and port to specified address and port This action can take place only in chain dstnat Typical application: ensure access to local network services from public network

Dst-nat Rule Example

Redirect
Action redirect changes packet's destination address to router's address and specified port This action can take place only in chain dstnat Typical application: transparent proxying of network services (DNS,HTTP)

Redirect Rule Example

Redirect Lab
Capture all TCP and UDP port 53 packets originated from your private network 192.168.XY.0/24 and redirect them to the router itself. Set your laptops DNS server to the random IP address Clear your router's and your browser's DNS cache Try browsing the Internet Take a look at DNS cache of the router

Dst-nat Lab
Capture all TCP port 80 (HTTP) packets originated from your private network 192.168.XY.0/24 and change destination address to 10.1.2.1 using dst-nat rule Clear your browser's cache on the laptop Try browsing the Internet

Other NAT functions

We are already familiar with the standard NAT functions - Srcnat/masqurade-modify the source IP and/or port - Dst/redirect- modify the destination IP and/or port There are other NAT actions we can examine - Netmap create bulk range nat - Same maintain the same natting per client ip/dst pair

NAT action Netmap

Can be used in both srcnat and dstnat chains used to create address range to address range NAT only with one rule It is possible to masqurade 192.168.0.3- 192.168.0.103 (100 address) to 88.188.32.3 88.188.32.103 only with one rule It is possible to redirect 88.188.32.3-88.188.32.103 (100 addresses)to 192.168.0.103 with the second rule

NAT Action same

Can be used in both srcnat and dstnat chains Ensures that client will be NATed to the same address from the specified range every time it tries to communicate with destination that was used before If client got 88.188.32.104 from the range when it communicate to a particular server-all future communication with this server will use the same address

Source NAT Drawbacks

Hosts behind a NAT-enabled router do not have true end-to-end connectivity:
connection initiation from outside is not possible some TCP services will work in passive mode src-nat behind several IP addresses is unpredictable same protocols will require so-called NAT helpers to work correctly (NAT traversal)

NAT Helpers
You can specify ports for existing NAT helpers, but you can not add new helpers

Src-nat Lab
You have been assigned one public IP address 172.16.0.XY/32 Assign it to the wireless interface Add src-nat rule to hide your private network 192.168.XY.0/24 behind the public address Connect from your laptop using winbox, ssh, or telnet via your router to the main gateway 10.1.1.254 Check the IP address you are connecting from (use /user active print on the main gateway)

Firewall Mangle
IP packet marking and IP header fields adjustment

What is Mangle?
The mangle facility allows to mark IP packets with special marks. These marks are used by other router facilities like routing and bandwidth management to identify the packets. Additionally, the mangle facility is used to modify some fields in the IP header, like TOS (DSCP) and TTL fields.

Mangle Structure
Mangle rules are organized in chains There are five built-in chains:
Prerouting- making a mark before Global-In queue Postrouting - making a mark before Global-Out queue Input - making a mark before Input filter Output - making a mark before Output filter Forward - making a mark before Forward filter

New user-defined chains can be added, as necessary

Mangle and Queue Diagram (simple)

Mangle actions
There are 7 more actions in the mangle:
mark-connection mark connection (only first packet) mark-packet mark a flow (all packets) mark-routing - mark packets for policy routing change MSS - change maximum segment size of the packet change TOS - change type of service change TTL - change time to live strip IPv4 options

Marking Connections
Use mark connection to identify one or group of connections with the specific connection mark Connection marks are stored in the connection tracking table There can be only one connection mark for one connection. Connection tracking helps to associate each packet to a specific connection (connection mark)

Mark Connection Rule

Marking Packets
Packets can be marked Indirectly. Using the connection tracking facility, based on previously created connection marks (faster) Directly. Without the connection tracking - no connection marks necessary, router will compare each packet to a given conditions (this process imitates some of the connection tracking features)

Mark Packet Rule

Mangle Packet Mark Lab

Mark all connections from 192.168.XY.100 address (imaginary VIP 1) Mark all packets from VIP 1 connections Mark all connections from 192.168.XY.200 address (imaginary VIP 2) Mark all packets from VIP 2 connections Mark all other connections Mark packets from all other connections

Mangle View

Bandwidth Management
Simple Queues Bursting

Estimating Bandwidth
A wireless link will only be able to provide half its link speed as actual data throughput Throughput is a measurement of data rate over time.22mbps means 22 megabits can flow through the link in 1 second If more than the available data rate tries to flow through, the system will queue up the waiting bits. This will lead to lag or slower download rates. The latency of a link is how long the bits have to queue for before being allowed to transit Since normally wireless links will not provide the same level of bandwidth and latency as wired links, we can employ QoS mechanisms to ensure fair use of (usually) contended wireless network.

Quality of Service
Quality of service (QoS) means that the router should prioritize and shape network traffic QoS is not so much about limiting,it is more about providing quality service to the network users. Some features of MikroTik routerOS traffic controls,ports,and other parameters - limit peer-to-peer traffic - prioritize some packet flows over thers - use queue bursts for faster web browsing - apply queues on fixed time intervals - share available traffic among users equally ,or depending on the load of the channel

Whos going to be limited

Limitation to apply

Burst
Burst is one of the means to ensure enhanced (better)QoS Bursts are used to allow higher data rates(exceeding the max-rate)for a short period of time Bursts can give clients the impression of higher speed service and better browsing experience while still limiting data rates on bigger downloads To calculate burst you need to know the average data rate (calculated over a burst-time period)and how it relates to the burst threshold.

Average data Rate

Average data rate is calculated as follows: - burst-time is being divided into 16 periods - router calculates the average data rate of each class over these small periods Note that the actual burst period is not equal to the burst-time.it can be several times shorter than the bursttime depending on the max-limit,burst-limit,burstthreshold,and actual data rate history To work out actual time from zero rate use the formula: actual time=burst_time(burst_limit/burst_threshold)

Limitation with Burst

If the average data rate is less than the burst-threshold,burst can be used(actual data rate can reach burst-limit)

Burst Exercise
Limit your laptops upload/download - max-limit to 128kbps/128kbps - burst-lomit up to 256kbps/256kbps - burst-time 12 seconds Test the limitations Change the burst limit to 2048k and compare the results Change burst-threshold to 1024kbps/1024kbps-compare the results Change burst-threshold to 70kbps/70kbps and burst time to 60 second-compare the results

Universal Plug-and-Play
RouterOS allow to enable uPnP support for the router. UPnP allow to establish both-directional connectivity even if client is behind the NAT, client must have uPnP support There are two interface types for UPnP-enabled router: internal (the one local clients are connected to) and external (the one the Internet is connected to)

UPnP

First VIP clients

Situation:
You have public IP address and /30 subnet of public addresses, You sometimes reach ISP speed limitation (5Mbps/5Mbps)

Clients: I love my ISP Webserver VIP client 2 VIP client 1

Requirements:

Public IP address for VIP clients Guaranteed speed for VIP clients

HTB
Hierarchical Token Bucket

HTB
All Quality of Service implementation in RouterOS is based on Hierarchical Token Bucket HTB allows to create hierarchical queue structure and determine relations between parent and child queues and relation between child queues RouterOS support 3 virtual HTBs (global-in, global-total, global-out) and one more just before every interface

Mangle and HTBs

HTB (cont.)
When packet travels through the router, it passes all 4 HTB trees When packet travels to the router, it passes only global-in and global-total HTB. When packet travels from the router, it passes global-out, global-total and interface HTB.

HTB Features - Structure

As soon as queue have at least one child it become parent queue All child queues (don't matter how many levels of parents they have) are on the same bottom level of HTB Child queues make actual traffic consumption, parent queues are responsible only for traffic distribution Child queues will get limit-at first and then rest of the traffic will distributed by parents

HTB Features - Structure

HTB Features Dual Limitation

HTB has two rate limits:
CIR (Committed Information Rate) (limit-at in RouterOS) worst case scenario, flow will get this amount of traffic no matter what (assuming we can actually send so much data) MIR (Maximal Information Rate) (max-limit in RouterOS) best case scenario, rate that flow can get up to, if there queue's parent has spare bandwidth

At first HTB will try to satisfy every child queue's limit-at only then it will try to reach max-limit

Dual Limitation
Maximal rate of the parent should be equal or bigger than sum of committed rates of the children
MIR (parent) CIR(child1) +...+ CIR(childN)

Maximal rate of any child should be less or equal to maximal rate of the parent
MIR (parent) MIR(child1) MIR (parent) MIR(child2) MIR (parent) MIR(childN)

HTB - limit-at

HTB - max-limit

Parent Queue
It is hard for your router to detect the exact speed of your Internet connection
To optimize usage of your Internet resource and to ensure desired QoS operation and should assign the maximal available connection speed manually.

To do so , you should create one parent queue with strict speed limitation and assign all your queues to this parent queue.

HTB Features - Priority

Work only for child queues to arrange them 8 is the lowest priority, 1 is the highest Queue with higher priority will get chance to satisfy its max-limit before other queues Actual traffic prioritization will work only if limits are specified. Queue without limits will not prioritize anything

Parent Queue

Dual Limitation
Delete all other queues Create a parent queue (main _queue) with max-limit of 768kbps/768kbps Create one parent for limiting your laptops communication with the first test server - limit-at 256kbps/256kbps,max-limit to 512kbps/512kbps, dst-address:10.1.1.254 Create one queue for limiting your laptops communication with the second test server - limit-at 256kbps/256kbps,max-limit to 512kbps/512kbps, dst-address:10.5.1.2 Download from both test servers at once check the results Adjust priorities-give child 1 higher priority check the results

HTB limit-at of the Parent

HTB limit-at > parent's max-limit

Queue Tree
Advanced queue structures

Queue Tree
Queue tree is direct implementation of HTB Each queue in queue tree can be assigned only in one HTB Each child queue must have packet mark assigned to it

Queue Tree and Simple Queues

Tree queue can be placed in 4 different places:
Global-in (direct part of simple queues are placed here automatically) Global-out (reverse part of simple queues are placed here automatically) Global-total (total part simple queues are placed here automatically) Interface queue

If placed in same place Simple queue will take traffic before Queue Tree

HTB Lab
Create Queue tree from the example Extend mangle and queue tree configuration to prioritize ICMP and HTTP traffic over all other traffic only for regular clients
Replace regular client packet mark with 3 traffic type specific marks Create 3 child queues for regular client queue in queue tree Assign packet marks to queues

(optional) Create the same queue tree for client upload

HTB Lab (cont.)

Consume all the available traffic using bandwidth-test (through the router) and check the ping response times Set highest priority to ICMP Check the ping response times

Queue Types
RouterOS have 4 queue types:
FIFO First In First Out (for Bytes or for Packets) RED Random Early Detect (or Drop) SFQ Stochastic Fairness Queuing PCQ Per Connection Queuing (MikroTik Proprietary)

Each queue type have 2 aspects:

Aspect of the Scheduler Aspect of the Shaper

100% Shaper

100% Scheduler

Default Queue Types

 Behaviour: What comes in first is handled first, what comes in next waits until the first is finished. Number of waiting units (Packets or Bytes) is limited by queue size option. If queue is full next units are dropped

FIFO

RED
Behaviour: Same as FIFO with feature additional drop probability even if queue is not full.
This probability is based on comparison of average queue length over some period of time to minimal and maximal threshold closer to maximal threshold bigger the chance of drop.

SFQ
Behaviour: Based on hash value from source and destination address SFQ divides traffic into 1024 sub-streams Then Round Robin algorithm will distribute equal amount of traffic to each sub-stream

SFQ Example
SFQ should be used for equalizing similar connection Usually used to manage information flow to or from the servers, so it can offer services to every customer Ideal for p2p limitation, it is possible to place strict limitation without dropping connections,

PCQ
Behaviour: Based on classifier PCQ divides traffic into substreams. Each sub-stream can be considered as FIFO queue with queue size specified by limit option

After this PCQ can be considered as FIFO queue where queue size is specified by total-limit option.

Queue Type Lab

Try all queue types on Other-download queue in your queue tree. Use band-width test to check it. Adjust your QoS structure with proper queue type Create a packet mark for all p2p traffic and create SFQ queue for it Change HTTP queue type to PCQ

DNS client /cache

- Basic configuration - Static DNS entry

DNS Client and Cache

DNS Client and Cache

DNS client is used only by router in case of webproxy or hotspot configuration

Enable Allow Remote Requests option to transform DNS client into DNS cache
DNS cache allows to use your router instead of remote DNS server, as all caches - it minimizes resolution time

DNS cache also can act as DNS server for local area network address resolution

Static DNS Entry

Each Static DNS entry will add or override (replace existing) entry in the DNS cache

DNS Cache Lab

Configure your router as DNS cache. Use 10.1.1.254 as primary server

Add static DNS entry www.XY.com to your router's Local IP address (XY your number)
Add static DNS entry www.XY.com to neighbour router's Public IP address (XY your neighbours number)

Change your laptops DNS server address to your routers address

Try the configuration and monitor cache list

DHCP client/relay/server

DHCP
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used for dynamic distribution of network setting such as:
IP address and netmask Default gateway address
DNS and NTP server addresses More than 100 other custom option (supported only by specific DHCP clients)

DHCP is basically insecure and should only be used in trusted networks

DHCP Communication scenario

DHCP Discovery
src-mac=<client>, dst-mac=<broadcast>, protocol=udp, src-ip=0.0.0.0:68, dst-ip=255.255.255.255:67

DHCP Offer
src-mac=<DHCP-server>, dst-mac=<broadcast>, protocol=udp, srcip=<DHCP-server>:67, dst-ip=255.255.255.255:67

DHCP Request
src-mac=<client>, dst-mac=<broadcast>, protocol=udp, src-ip=0.0.0.0:68, dst-ip=255.255.255.255:67

DHCP Acknowledgement
src-mac=<DHCP-server>, dst-mac=<broadcast>, protocol=udp, srcip=<DHCP-server>:67, dst-ip=255.255.255.255:67

DHCP Client Identification

DHCP server are able to track lease association with particular client based on identification

The identification can be achieved in 2 ways

Based on caller-id option (dhcp-client-identifier from RFC2132)
Based on MAC address, if caller-id option is not specified

hostname option allow RouterOS clients to send additional identification to the server, by default it is system identity of the router

DHCP Client

DHCP Server
There can be only one DHCP server per interface/relay combination on the router
To create DHCP server you must have
IP address on desired DHCP server interface

Address pool for clients Information about planned DHCP network

All 3 options must correspond Lease on Disk should be used to reduce number of writes to the drive (useful with flash drives)

DHCP Networks
In DHCP Networks menu you can configure specific DHCP options for particular network.

Same of the options are integrated into RouterOS, others can be assigned in raw form (specified in RFCs)
Additional information at:
http://www.iana.org/assignments/bootp-dhcp-parameters

DHCP server is able to send out any option DHCP client can receive only implemented options

DHCP Options
Implemented DHCP options
Subnet-Mask (option 1) - netmask

Router (option 3) - gateway

Domain-Server (option 6) - dns-server Domain-Name (option 15) - domain

NTP-Servers (option 42) - ntp-server

NETBIOS-Name-Server (option 44) - wins-server

Custom DHCP options (Example:)

Classless Static Route (option 121) - 0x100A270A260101 = network=10.39.0.0/16 gateway=10.38.1.1

Custom DHCP Option

IP Address Pool
IP address pools are used to define range of IP addresses for dynamic distribution (DHCP, PPP, Hotspot)

Address pool must exclude already occupied addresses (such as server or static addresses)
It is possible to assign more that one range to the pool

It is possible to chain several pools together by using Next Pool option

IP Address Pools

Address Pool in Action

Other DHCP Server Settings

Src.address specifies DHCP servers address if more than one IP on DHCP server's interface

Delay Threshold prioritize one DHCP server over another (bigger delay less priority)
Add ARP For Leases allow to add ARP entries for leases if interface ARP=reply-only

Always Broadcast allow communication with nonstandard clients like pseudo-bridges

Bootp Support, Use RADIUS (obvious)

Authoritative DHCP Server

Authoritative allow DHCP server to reply on unknown client's broadcast and ask client to restart the lease (client send broadcasts only if unicast to the server fails when renewing the lease)

Authoritative allow to:

Prevent rouge DHCP server operations
Faster network adaptation to DHCP configuration changes

DHCP Server

DHCP Relay
DHCP Relay is just a proxy that is able to receive a DHCP discovery and request and resend them to the DHCP server

There can be only one DHCP relay between DHCP server and DHCP client
DHCP communication with relay does not require IP address on the relay, but relay's local address option must be the same with server's relay address option

DHCP Relay

DHCP Lab
Interconnect with your neighbour using Ethernet cable

Create 3 independent setups:

Create DHCP server for your laptop
Create DHCP server and relay for your neighbour laptop (use relay option)

Create a bridged network with 2 DHCP servers and 2 DHCP clients (laptops) and try out authoritative and delay threshold options

Web proxy

Web-Proxy
Web-proxy have 3 mayor features
HTTP and FTP traffic caching DNS name filtering DNS redirection

Web-proxy have two operation modes

Regular browser must be configured to use this proxy Transparent this proxy is not visible for customers NAT rules must be applied

Web-Proxy Caching
No caching
Max-cache-size = none

Cache to RAM
Max-cache-size none Cache-on-disk = no

Cache to HDD
Max-cache-size none Cache-on-disk = yes

Cache drive

Web-Proxy Options
Maximal-clientconnections number of connections accepted from clients Maximal-serverconnections number of connections made by server

Web-Proxy Options
Serialize-connections use only one connection for proxy and server communication (if server supports persistent HTTP connection) Always-from-cache - ignore client refresh requests if the cache content is considered fresh
Max-fresh-time - specifies how long objects without an explicit expiry time will be considered fresh

Cache-hit-DSCP specify DSCP value for all packets generated from the web-proxy cache

Web-Proxy Statistics

Proxy Rule Lists

Web-proxy supports 3 sets of rules for HTTP request filtering
Access List dictates policy whether to allow specific HTTP request or not Direct Access List list works only if parent-proxy is specified dictates policy whether to bypass parent proxy for specific HTTP request or not. Cache List dictates policy whether to allow specific HTTP request be cached or not

Proxy Rules
It is possible to intercept HTTP request based on:
TCP/IP information URL HTTP method

Access list also allow you to redirect denied request to specific page

URL Filtering
http://www.mikrotik.com/docs/ros/2.9/graphics:packet_flow31.jpg Destination host Destination path

Special characters
* - any number of any characters ? - any character
www.mi?roti?.com www.mikrotik* * mikrotik*

Regular Expressions
Place : at the beginning to enable regular expression mode
^ - show that no symbols are allowed before the given pattern $ - show that no symbols are allowed after the given pattern *....+ - A character class matches a single character out of all the possibilities offered by the character class \ (backslash) followed by any of [\^$.|?*+() suppress their special meaning.

Web-Proxy Lab
Teacher will have proxy, that redirects all requests to separate web-page on 10.1.1.254 Enable transparent web-proxy on your router with caching to the memory Create rules in access list to check its functionality Create rules in direct access list to check its functionality Create rules in Cache list to check its functionality