2012 BAR EXAMINATIONS

MERCANTILE LAW
21 October 2012 8:00 A.M. - 10 A.M.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)
INSTRUCTIONS
The following questionnaire consists of one hundred (100) MCQs
numbered 1 up to 100 contained in TWENTY FOUR (24) pages.
Answer each question on the MCQ Answer Sheet by shading
completely the appropriate circle corresponding to the letter you
have chosen. (Read the Marking Instructions on the Answer Sheet)
A void erasures on the Answer Sheet. If you need to make
corrections, erase completely the answer you want to change.
Do not explain your answers in the MCQ portion of the exam. You
will not earn any credit for that.
Keep the Answer Sheet clean. Do not make unnecessary marks on
it. Do not fold, roll, scratch, crumple or tear it.
You may write on the questionnaire and use it as scratch paper but
make sure to transfer your answer to the Answer Sheet. Provide
ample time to transfer the answers if you choose to do this.
Answer first the MCQs completely before going to the essay-type
questions.
HAND IN YOUR ANSWER SHEET. THERE IS NO NEED TO
RETURN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE TO THE HEAD WATCHER.
GOOD LUCK!!!
Chairperson
2012 Bar Examinations Committee
PLEASE CHECK THAT THIS SET CONTAINS TWENTY FIVE (25)
PAGES (INCLUDING THIS PAGE).
WARNING: NOT FOR SALE OR UNAUTHORIZED USE
____________________ __
1. Letters of Credit are financial devices in commercial transactions which will
ensure that the seller of the goods is sure to be paid when he parts with the
goods and the buyer of the goods gets control of the goods upon payment.
Which statement is most accurate?
a) The use of the Letter of Credit serves to reduce the risk of non-
payment of the purchase price in a sale transaction.
b) The Letters of Credit can only be used exclusively in a sales transaction.
c) The Letters of Credit are issued for the benefit of the seller only.
d) (a), (b) and (c) are all correct.
2. Letter of Credit which is used in non-sale transaction, where it serves to reduce
the risk of non-performance is called ---
a) irrevocable letter of credit;
b) standby letter of credit;
c) confirmed letter of credit;
d) None of the above.
3. At the instance of CCC Corporation, AAA Bank issued an irrevocable Letter of
Credit in favor of BBB Corporation. The terms of the irrevocable Letter of Credit
state that the beneficiary must presfmt certain documents including a copy of
the Bill of Lading of the importation for the bank to release the funds. BBB
Corporation could not find the original copy of the Bill of Lading so it instead
presented to the bank a xerox copy of the Bill of Lading. Would you advise the
bank to allow the drawdown on theLetter of Credit?
a) No, because the rule of strict compliance in commercial transactions
involving letters of credit, requiring documents set as conditions for the
release of the fund ,has to be strictly corn plied with or else funds will not
be released.
b) Yes, because an irrevocable letter of credit means that the issuing bank
undertakes to release the fund anytime when claimed by the beneficiary,
regardless of the kind of document presented.
c) Yes, because the issuing bank can always justify to CCC Corporation that
xerox copies are considered as faithful reproduction of the original copies.
d) Yes, because the issuing bank really has no discretion to determine
whether the documents presented by the beneficiary are sufficient or not.
4. AAA Carmakers opened an irrevocable Letter of Credit with BBB Banking
Corporation with CCC Cars Corporation as beneficiary. The, irrevocable Letter
of Credit was opened to pay for the importation of ten (1 0) units of Men::edes
Benz S class. Upon arrival of the cars, AAA Carmakers found out that the cars
were all not in running condition and some parts were missing. As a
consequence, AAA Carmakers instructed BBB Banking Corporation not to allow
drawdown on the Letter of Credit. Is this legally possible?
a) No, because under the "Independence Principle", conditions for the
drawdown on the Letters of Credit are based oniy on documents, lik.e
shipping documents, and not with the condition of the goods subject of the
importation.
b) Yes, because the acceptance by the importer of the goods subject of
IMercantiie Law Page 3 of25 J
importation is material for the drawdown of the Letter of Credit.
c) Yes, because under the "Independence Principle", the seller or the
beneficiary is always assured of prompt payment if there is no breach in
the contract between the seller and the buyer.
d) No, because what was opened was an irrevocable letter of credit and not
a confirmed letter of credit.
5. For a fee, X deposited 1,000 sacks of corn in the warehouse owned by Y. Y is in
the business of warehousing. Y issued a warehouse receipt as proof of the
possession of the 1,000 sacks of corn. The warehouse receipt states as follows:
"Deliver to X or bearer 1,000 sacks of corn." X wanted to use the warehouse
receipt as payment of his debt in favor of Z. How can the ownership of the
goods covered by the warehouse receipt be transferred?
a) Negotiate the warehouse receipt by just delivering the warehouse receipt
tol.
b) Assign the warehouse receipt to Z to transfer ownership of the goods.
c) Negotiate the warehouse receipt by specifically indorsing it to Z.
d) The warehouse receipt in this case is non-negotiable.
6. The warehouseman, by issuing the warehouse receipt, acknowledges that the
goods are in his possession, but he can refuse to deliver the goods to the holder
of tht3 warehouse receipt covering the goods if ---
a) the warehouse receipt covering the goods is not presented.
b) the lien of the warehouseman is not satisfied.
c) the said holder presents a materially altered warehouse receipt.
d) All of the above.
7. The legal remedy of the warehouseman in case of conflicting claill!s is to ---
a) file an action for interpleader.
b) give the goods to the first one who first presented the warehouse receipt.
c) use his discretion as to who he believes has the prior right.
d) keep the goods and appropriate them to himself.
8. BBB Banking Corporation issued a Letter of Credit in the amount of P5Million,
for the purchase of five (5) tons of corn by X. Upon arrival of the goods, the
goods were delivered to the warehouse of X. Thereafter he was asked to sign a
Trust Receipt covering the goods. When the goods were sold, X did not deliver
the proceeds to BBB Banking Corporation, arguing that he will need the fund for
the subsequent importation. Is there sufficient basis to sue for criminal action?
a) Yes, because X's failure to turn over the proceeds to the bank is a
violation of the Trust Receipt Law.
b) No, because the trust receipt was signed only after the delivery of the
goods. When the trust receipt was signed, the ownership of the goods
was already with X.
c) Yes, because violation of Trust Receipt Law is mala prohibita, intention is
irrelevant.
d) No, because X has a valid reason not to deliver the proceeds to BBB
Banking Corporation.
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9. X secured a loan from BBB Bank to pay for the importation of some dried fruits.
Upon arrival of the goods consisting of dried fruits imported by X but before
delivery to him, a trust receipt was executed by X to cover the transfer of the
dried fruits to his possession. The dried fruits were so saleable but instead of
turning over the proceeds of the sale, X used the funds to pay for the medical
expenses of his mother who was sick of cancer of the bone. Which statement is
most accurate?
a) X cannot be held criminally liable because although he did not pay the
bank he used the proceeds for a good reason.
b) Fraud or deceit is a necessary element to hold X criminally liable for non
-payment under the Trust Receipts Law.
c) X can be held criminally liable under the Trust Receipts Law regardless of
the purpose or intention for the use of the proceeds.
d) X cannot be held criminally liable because the underlying obligation is one
of simple loan.
10. X is the President of AAA Products Corporation. X signs all the Trust Receipts
documents for certain importations of the company. In the event of failure to
deliver the proceeds of the sale of the goods to the bank, which statement is
most accurate?
a) The criminal liability will not attach to X as President because of separate
juridical personality.
b) For violation of Trust Receipts Law, the law specifically provides for the
imposition of penalty upon directors I officers of the corporation.
c) The officer will not be held criminally accountable because he is just
signing the trust receipt for and in behalf of the corporation.
d) The officer of the corporation will be held liable provided it is clear that
the officer concerned participated in the decision not to pay.
11. Who is the Entrustee in a Trust Receipt arrangement?
a) the owner of the goods;
b) the one who holds the goods and receives the proceeds from the sale of
the goods;
c) the person to whom goods are delivered for sale and who bears the risk of
the loss;
d) the party who acquires security interest in the goods.
12. Which phrase best completes the statement -- In accordance with the Trust
Receipt Law, purchasers of the goods from the Entrustee will:
a) get the goods only as a collateral;
b) not get good title to the goods;
c) only get security interest over the goods;
d) get good title to the goods.
13. X acted as an accommodation party in signing as a maker of a promissory note.
Which phrase best completes the sentence -- This means that X is liable on the
instrument to any holder for value:
IMercantile Law Page 5 of25
a) for as long as the holder does not know that X is only an accommodation
party.
b) even though the holder knew all along that X is only an accommodation
party.
c) for as long as X did not receive any consideration for acting as
accommodation party.
d) provided X received consideration for acting as accommodation party.
14. X issued a promissory note which states, "I promise to pay Y or order
Php1 00,000.00 or one (1) unit Volvo Sedan." Which statement is most
accurate?
a) The promissory note is negotiable because the forms of payment are
clearly stated.
b) The promissory note is non-negotiable because the option as to which
form of payment is with the maker.
c) The promissory note is an invalid instrument because there is more than
one form of payment.
d) The promissory note can be negotiated by way of delivery.
15. X issued a promissory note which states "I promise to pay Y or bearer the
amount of HK$50,000 on or before December 30, 2013." Is the promissory
note negotiable?
a) No, the promissory note becomes invalid because the amount is in foreign
currency.
b) Yes, the promissory note is negotiable even though the amount is stated
in foreign currency.
c) No, the promissory note is not negotiable because the amount is in
foreign currency.
d) Yes, the promissory note is negotiable because the Hong Kong dollar is a
known foreign currency in the Philippines.
16. X delivered a check issued by him and payable to the order of CASH to Y in
payment for certain obligations incurred by X in favor of Y. Y then delivered the
check to Z in payment for certain obligations. Which statement is most
accurate?
a) Z can encash the check even though Y did not indorse the check.
b) Z cannot encash the check for lacking in proper endorsement.
c) Y is the only one liable because he was the one who delivered
the check to Z.
d) The negotiation is not valid because the check is an instrument
payable to order.
17. A stale check is a check ---
a) that cannot anymore be paid although the underlying obligation still exists.
b) that cannot anymore be paid and the underlying obligation under the
check is also extinguished.
c) that can still be negotiated or indorsed so that whoever is the holder can
JMercantile Law Page 6 of25
d) which has not been presented for payment within a period of thirty (30)
days.
18. In payment for his debt in favor of X, Y gave X a Manager's Check in the amount
of Php1 00,000 dated May 30, 2012. Which phrase best completes the
s t a t ~ m e n t --A Manager's Check:
a) is a check issued by a manager of a bank for his own account.
b) is a check issued by a manager of a bank in the name of the bank
against the bank itself for the account of the bank.
c) is like any ordinary check that needs to be presented for payment also.
d) is better than a cashier's check in terms of use and effect.
19. Which phrase best completes the statement -- A check which is payable to
bearer is a bearer instrument and:
a) negotiation can be made by delivery only;
b) negotiation must be by written indorsement;
c) negotiation must be by specific indorsement;
d) negotiation must be by indorsement and delivery.
20. As payment for a debt, X issued a promissory note in favor of Y but the
promissory note on its face was marked non-negotiable. Then Y instead of
indorsing the promissory note, assigned the same in favor of Z to whom he
owed some debt also. Which statement is most accurate?
a) Z cannot claim payment from X on the basis of the promissory note
because it is marked non-negotiable.
b) Z can claim payment from X even though it is marked non-negotiable.
c) Z can claim payment from Y because under the Negotiable Instrument
Law, negotiation and assignment is one and the same.
d) Z can claim payment from Y only because he was the endorser of the
promissory note.
21. Negotiable instruments are used as substitutes for money, which means---
a) that they can be considered legal tender.
b) that when negotiated, they can be used to pay indebtedness.
c) that at all times the delivery of the instrument is equivalent to delivery of
the cash.
d) that at all times negotiation of the instruments requires proper
indorsement.
22. The signature of X was forged as drawer of a check. The check was deposited
in the account of Y and when deposited was accepted by AAA Bank, the
drawee bank. Subsequently, AAA Bank found out that the signature of X was
actually forged. Which statement is most accurate?
a) The drawee bank can recover from Y, because the check was deposited
in his account.
b) The drawee bank can recover from X, because he is the drawer even
though his signature was forged.
lMercantile Law Page 7 of25 )
c) The drawee bank is estopped from denying the genuineness of the
signature of the X, the drawer of the check.
d) The drawee bank can recover from Y because as endorser he warrants
the genuineness of the signature.
23. A issued a check in the amount of Php20,000 payable to B. B endorsed the
check but only to the extent of Php1 0,000. Which statement is most accurate?
a) The partial indorsement is not a valid indorsement, although will result in
the assignment of that part.
b) The partial indorsement will invalidate the whole instrument.
c) The endorsee will be considered as a holder in due course.
d) The partial indorsement is valid indorsement up to the extent of the
Php10,000.
24. A promissory note which does not have the words "or order" or "or bearer" will
render the promissory note non-negotiable, and therefore ---
a) it will render the maker not liable;
b) the note can still be assigned and the maker made liable;
c) the holder can become holder in due course;
d) the promissory note can just be delivered and the maker will still be liable.
25. A check is---
a) a bill of exchange;
b) the same as a promissory note;
c) is drawn by a maker;
d) a non-negotiable instrument.
26. A check was issued to Tiger Woods. But what was written as payee is the word
"Tiger Woods". To validly endorse the check---
a) Tiger Woods must sign his real name.
b) Tiger Woods must sign both his real name and assumed name.
c) Tiger Woods can sign his assumed name.
d) the check has become non-negotiable.
27. Y, as President of and in behalf of AAA Corporation, as a way to accommodate
X, one of its stockholders, endorsed the check issued by X. Which statement is
most acurate?
a) It is an ultra vires act.
b) It is a valid indorsement.
c) The corporation will be held liable to any holder in due course.
d) It is an invalid indorsement.
28. In a negotiable instrument, when the sum is expressed both in numbers and in
words and there is discrepancy between the words and the numbers ---
a) the sum expressed in words will prevail over the one expressed in
numbers.
IMercantile Law Page 8 of25 I
b) the sum expressed in numbers will prevail over the one expressed in
words.
c) the instrument becomes void because of the discrepancy.
d) this will render the instrument invalid.
29. A promissory note which is undated is presumed to be---
a) dated as of the date of issue;
b) dated as of the date of the first indorsement;
c) promissory note is invalid because there is no date;
d) dated on due date.
30. An insurance contract is an aleatory contract, which means that---
a) the insurer will pay the insured equivalent to the amount of the premium
paid.
b) the obligation of the insurer is to pay depending upon the happening of an
uncertain future event.
c) the insured pays a fixed premium for the duration of the policy period and
the amount of the premiums paid to the insurer is not necessarily the
same amount as what the insured will get upon the happening of an
uncertain future event.
d) . the obligation of the insurer is to pay depending upon the happening of an
event that is certain to happen.
31. An Insurance Contract is a contract of adhesion, which means that in resolving
ambiguities in the provision of the insurance contract, ---
a) the general rule is that, the insurance contract is to be interpreted strictly
in accordance with what is written in the contract.
b) are to be construed liberally in favor of the insured and strictly against the
insurer who drafted the insurance policy.
c) are to be construed strictly against the insured and liberally in favor of the
insurer.
d) if there is an ambiguity in the insurance contract, this will invalidate the
contract.
32. X is the common law wife of Y. Y loves X so much that he took out a life
insurance on his own life and made her the sole beneficiary. Y did this to
ensure that X will be financially comfortable when he is gone. Upon the death of
Y, --..,.
a) X as sole beneficiary under the life insurance policy on the life of Y will be
entitled to the proceeds of the life insurance.
b) despite the designation of X as the sole beneficiary, the proceeds of the
life insurance will go to the estate of Y.
c) the proceeds of the life insurance will go to the compulsory heirs of Y.
d) the proceeds of the life insurance will be divided equally amongst X and
the compulsory heirs of Y.
33. X, in January 30, 2009, or two (2) years before reaching the age of 65, insured
his life for Php20Million. For reason unknown to his family, he took his own life
IMercantile Law Page 9 of25 I
two (2) days after his 65th birthday. The policy contains no excepted risk. Which
statement is most accurate?
a) The insurer will be liable.
b) The insurer will not be liable.
c) The state of sanity of the insured is relevant in cases of suicide in order to
hold the insurer liable.
d) The state of sanity of the insured is irrelevant in cases of suicide in order
to hold the insurer liable.
34. X, a minor, contracted an insurance on his own life. Which statement is most
accurate?
a) The life insurance policy is void ab initio.
b) The life insurance is valid provided it is with the consent of the beneficiary.
c) The life insurance policy is valid provided the beneficiary is his estate or
his parents, or spouse or child.
d) The life insurance is valid provided the disposition of the proceeds will be
subject to the approval of the legal guardian of the minor.
35. The "incontestability clause" in a Life Insurance Policy means ---
a) that life insurance proceeds cannot be claimed two (2) years after the
death of the insured.
b) that two (2) years after date of issuance or reinstatement of the life
insurance policy, the insurer cannot anymore prove that the policy is void
ab initio or rescindable by reason of fraudulent concealment or
misrepresentation of the insured.
c) that the insured can still claim from the insurance policy after two (2) years
even though premium is not paid.
d) that the insured can only claim proceeds in a life insurance policy two (2)
years after death.
36. For both the Life Insurance and Property Insurance, the insurable interest is
required to be---
a) existing at the time of perfection of the contract and at the time of loss.
b) existing at the time of perfection and at the time of loss for property
insurance but only at the time of perfection for life insurance.
c) existing at the time of perfection for property insurance but for life
insurance both at the time of perfection and at the time of loss.
d) existing at the time of perfection only.
37. A house and lot is covered by a real estate mortgage (REM) in favor of ZZZ
Bank. The bank required that the house be insured. The owner of the policy
failed to endorse nor assign the policy to the bank. However, the Deed of Real
Estate Mortgage has an express provision which says that the insurance policy
is also endorsed with the signing of the REM. Will this be sufficient?
a) No, insurance policy must be expressly endorsed to the bank so that the
bank will have a right in the proceeds of such insurance in the event of
I n ~ ~
JMercantile Law Page 10 of25 I
b) The express provision contained in the Deed of Real Estate Mortgage to
the effect that the policy is also endorsed is sufficient.
c) Endorsement of Insurance Policy in any form is not legally allowed.
d) Endorsement of the Insurance Policy must be in a formal document to be
valid.
38. X is a passenger of a jeepney for hire being driven by Y. The jeepney collided
with another passenger jeepney being driven by Z who was driving recklessly.
As a result of the collision, X suffered injuries. Both passenger jeepneys
are covered by Comprehensive Motor Vehicular Insurance Coverage. If X
wants to claim under the "no fault indemnity clause", his claim will lie---
a) against the insurer of the jeepney being driven by Z who was the one at
fault.
b) the claim shall lie against the insurer of the passenger jeepney driven by Y
because X was his passenger.
c) X has a choice against whom he wants to make his claim.
d) None of the above.
39. X insured the building she owns with two (2) insurance companies for the same
amount. In case of damage, ---
a) X can not claim from any of the two (2) insurers because with the double
insurance, the insurance coverage becomes automatically void.
b) the two (2) insurers will be solidarily liable to the extent of the loss.
c) the two (2) insurers will be proportionately liable.
d) X can choose who he wants to claim against.
40. When X insured his building, X indicated in the application that it is a residential
building, but actually the building was being used as a warehouse for some
hazardous materials. What is the effect on the insurance policy, if any?
a) The insurance policy can be cancelled because of the change in the use.
b) The insurance policy will automatically be changed.
c) The insurance policy need not be changed.
d) The insurance policy is fixed regardless of the change in the use.
41. X owned a house and lot. X insured the house. The house got burned. Then he
sold the partially burnt house and the lot to Y. Which statement is most
accurate?
a) X is not anymore entitled to the proceeds of the insurance policy because
he already sold the partially burnt house and lot.
b) X is still entitled to the proceeds of the insurance policy because what is
material is that at the time of the loss, X is the owner of the house and lot.
c) No one is entitled to the proceeds because ownership over the house and
lot was already transferred.
d) Y will be the one entitled to the proceeds because he now owns the
partially burnt house and lot.
42. X, while driving his Toyota Altis, tried to cross the railway tract of Philippine
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IMercantile Law Page II of25
approached Blumentritt Avenida Ext., applied its horn as a warning to all the
vehicles that might be crossing the railway tract, but there was really nobody
manning the crossing. X was listening to his lpod touch, hence, he did not hear
the sound of the horn of the train and so his car was hit by the train. As a result
of the accident, X suffered some injuries and his car was totally destroyed as a
result of the impact. Is PNR liable?
a) PNR is not liable because X should have known that he was crossing a
place designated as crossing for train, and therefore should have been
more careful.
b) PNR is liable because Railroad companies owe to the public a duty of
exercising a reasonable degree of care to avoid injury to person and
property at railroad crossings which means a flagman or a watchman
should have been posted to warn the public at all times.
c) PNR is not liable because it blew its horn when it was about to cross the
railway along Blumentritt Avenida Ext.
d) PNR is not liable because X was negligent, for listening to his lpod touch
while driving.
43. The AAA Bus Company picks up passengers along EDSA. X, the conductor,
while on board the bus, drew his gun and randomly shot the passengers inside.
As a result, Y, a passenger, was shot and died instantly. Is AAA Bus Company
liable?
a) The bus company is not liable for as long as the bus company can show
that when they hired X, they did the right selection process.
b) The bus company cannot be held liable because what X did is not part of
his responsrbility.
c) The bus company is liable because common carriers are liable for the
negligence or willful act of its employees even though they acted beyond
the scope of their responsibility.
d) The bus company is not liable because there is no way that the bus
company can anticipate the act of X.
44. X is a trader of school supplies in Calapan, Oriental Mindoro. To bring the
school supplies to Calapan, it has to be transported by a vessel. Because there
were so many passengers, the two (2) boxes of school supplies were loaded but
the shipping company was not able to issue the Bill of Lading. So, on board, the
Ship Captain issued instead a "shipping receipt" to X indicating the two (2)
boxes of school supplies being part of the cargo of the vessel. Which phrase
therefore, is the most accurate?
a) the owner of the vessel is not liable because no bill of lading was issued
to X hence, no contract of carriage was perfected.
b) it is possible to have a contract of carriage of cargo even without a bill of
lading, and the "shipping receipt" would be sufficient.
c) the only acceptable document of title is a Bill of Lading.
d) None of the above.
45. X took Philippine Airlines Flight PR 102 to Los Angeles, USA. She had two (2)
luggage checked-in and was issued two (2) baggage checks. When X reached
I nc:. AnnA lAc:. nnA ( 1 \ nf thA twn (?\ l"'hPI"'kPri-in h J n n : : ~ n p I"'OJJirl not hP foun
IMercantile Law Page 12 of 25 I
Which statement is most accurate?
a) PAL is liable for the loss of the checked- in luggage under the provisions
of the Warsaw Convention on Air Transport.
b) PAL is liable for the loss only if the baggage check expressly states that
the airline shall be liable in case of loss.
c) PAL cannot be held liable because that is the risk that a passenger takes
when she checks- in her baggage.
d) PAL can only be held liable if it can be proven that PAL was negligent.
46. X owns a passenger jeepney covered by Certificate of Public Convenience. He
allowed Y to use its Certificate of Convenience for a consideration. Y therefore
was operating the passenger jeepney under the same Certificate of Public
Convenience (Kabit System) under the name of X. The passenger jeepney
met an accident. Who will be liable?
a) Y, the one actually operating the jeepney, will be liable to the injured party.
b) X will be the one liable to the injured party despite the fact that it is Y who
is actually operating the jeepney, because while the Kabit System is
tolerated, the public should not be inconvenienced by the arrangement.
c) X will not be held liable if he can prove that he is not the owner anymore.
d) Public Policy dictates that the real owner, even not the registered one, will
be held liable.
47. X owns a fleet of taxicabs. He operates it through what is known as
boundary system. Y drives one of such taxicabs and pays X a fixed
amount of Php1 ,000 daily under the boundary system. This means that
anything above Php1 ,000 would be the earnings of Y. Y, driving recklessly, hit
an old lady crossing the street. Which statement is most accurate?
a) X as the owner is exempt from liability because he was not the one
driving.
b) X as the owner is exempt from liability because precisely the arrangement
is one under the "boundary system".
c) X will not be exempt from liability because he remains to be the registered
owner and the boundary system will not allow the circumvention of the law
to avoid liability.
d) Y is the only one liable because he drove recklessly.
48. The Articles of Incorporation of AAA Corporation was approved by the
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). After the receipt of the
Certificate of Approval from the SEC, AAA Corporation decided to immediately
start the operation of its business despite the fact that it has no approved By-
Laws. What is the legal status of the AAA Corporation?
a) A de jure corporation;
b) A de facto corporation;
c) A corporation by estoppel;
d) An unregistered corporation.
49. X, the President of ZZZ Corporation, was authorized by the Board of
Directors of ZZZ Corporation to obtain a loan from YYY Bank and to sign
{jWercantile Law Page 13 of 25 I
documents in behalf of the corporation. X personally negotiated for the loan and
got tile loan at very low interest rates. Upon maturity of the loan, ZZZ
Corporation was unable to pay. Which statement is most accurate?
a) Because X was personally acting in behalf of the Corporation, he can be
held personally liable.
b) X, as President, cannot be personally held liable for the obligation of the
corporation even though he signed all the loan documents, because the
loan was authorized by the Board.
c) YYY Bank can choose as to who it wants to hold liable for the loan.
d) If ZZZ Corporation cannot pay, X can be held subsidiarity liable.
50. X owns 99% of the capital stock of SSS Corporation. X also owns 99% of TTT
Corporation. SSS Corporation obtained a loan from VW Bank. On due date,
SSS Corporation defaulted. TTT Corporation is financiallyhealthy. Which
statement is most accurate?
a) X being a controlling owner of SSS Corporation can automatically be
held personally liable for the loan of SSS Corporation.
b) TTT Corporation, owned 99% by X, can automatically be held liable.
c) SSS Corporation and TTT Corporation, although both are owned by X,
are two (2) distinct corporations with separate juridical personalities
hence, the TTT Corporation cannot automatically be held liable for the
loan of SSS Corporation.
d) The principle of piercing the veil of corporate fiction can be applied in
this case.
51. A corporation generally can issue both par value stock and no par value stock.
These are all fixed in the Articles of Incorporation of the corporation. Which of
the following corporations may not be allowed to issue no par value shares?
a) Insurance companies;
b) Banks;
c) Trust companies;
d) All of the above.
52. Father X, an American priest who came from New York, registered the Diocese
of Bacolod of the Roman Catholic Church which was incorporated as a
corporation sole. There were years when the head of the Diocese was a
Filipino, but there were more years when the heads were foreigners. Today, the
head is an American again. Y donated a piece of land located in Bacolod City
for use as a school. Which statement is most accurate?
a) The Register of Deeds of Bacolod City can refuse to register and transfer
the title because the present head of the corporation sole is not a Filipino.
b) The nationality of a corporation sole depends upon the nationality of the
head at any given time.
c) A corporation sole, regardless of the nationality of the head, can acquire
real property either by sale or donation.
d) A corporation sole is not legally allowed to own real property.
tmhPr nf th,:. nf Tn IC:t,:\,::.c: nf nnn_nrnfit orl r-:stinn-:sl
IMercantile Law Page 14 of25 I
institution should be ---
a) five (5) only
b) any number for as long as it is not less than five (5) and no more than
eleven (11)
c) any number in multiples of five (5), for as long as it is not less than five (5)
and no more than fifteen (15).
d) not less than five (5) nor more than ten (1 0) in multiples of five (5).
54. X subscribed 10,000 shares in the capital stocks of AAA Corporation. He paid
50% of the 10,000 shares. X asked the Corporate Secretary to issue him the
corresponding stock certificate representing the 50% of what he already paid.
The Corporate Secretary of the corporation refused. Was the Corporate
Secretary correct?
a) The Corporate Secretary is correct because the Corporation Code
provides that no certificate of stock shall be issued to a subscriber until
the shares as subscribed have been fully paid.
b) The Corporate Secretary cannot refuse because a Stock Certificate can
be issued corresponding to the percentage of shares which were paid.
c) The Corporate Secretary cannot refuse because a Certificate of Stock can
be issued provided it is indicated in the Certificate the actual percentage
of what has been paid.
d) The Corporate Secretary cannot refuse because it is his legal duty to
issue a stock certificate corresponding to the number of shares actually
subscribed regardless of the actual payment.
55. XXX Corporation and YYY Corporation have agreed to be merged into one
corporation. To facilitate the merger, both corporations agreed that the merger
be made effective on May 31,2012. The Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) approved the Articles of Merger on June 30, 2012. Which
statement is most accurate?
a) The effective date of the merger is May 31, 2012, the date stipulated by
the parties as the effective date.
b) The effective date of the merger is always the date of the approval of the
Articles of Merger by the SEC.
c) The effective date of the merger would be the date approved by the Board
of Directors and the stockholders.
d) The stockholders and the Board of Directors can set the effective date of
the merger anytime after the approval of the SEC.
56. AAA Corporation is a wholly owneq subsidiary of BBB Corporation. To support
the business of AAA Corporation, BBB Corporation agreed to give its
corporate guarantee to the loan of AAA Corporation. What is required so that
the corporate guarantee will be valid?
a) It only requires the approval of the Board of Directors of BBB Corporation.
b) The Articles of Incorporation must provide such power and be approved
by the Board of Directors.
c) Providing corporate guarantee to another corporation is a necessary
exercise of power of a corporation.
IMercantile Law Page 15 of25 I
d) It would require both the approval of the Board of Directors and the
stockholders on record.
57. The capital stock of ABC Corporation is divided into common shares and
preferred shares. Preferred shares are preferred as to dividends and common
shares are those shares which have the regular and ordinary attributes of a
share of a corporation. Which statement is most accurate?
a) This kind of classification may not be allowed or else it will violate the
Doctrine of Equality of shares.
b) Classifications of shares may be allowed for as long as it is clearly stated
as such in the Articles of Incorporation of the Corporation.
c) Classifications of shares is mainly for business purpose to attract
investors.
d) Classifications of shares may be allowed with the approval of the
stockholders and the Board of Directors.
58. ABC Corporation declared stock dividends to its stockholders. The stock
dividends were approved by the Board of Directors of ABC Corporation. In the
subsequent year however, the Board again approved the redemption of all stock
dividends and to pay the shareholdings in cash. Which statement is most
accurate?
a) The redemption of the stock dividends can be validly approved by the
Board without any conditions.
b) The redemption of stock dividends may only be allowed if there are
sufficient earnings and should not be violative of the trust fund doctrine.
c) The redemption of the shares may be taken from the existing property and
other assets of the corporation.
d) None of the above.
59. X sold all his shares in AAA Hotel Corporation toY. X owns 99% of AAA Hotel
Corporation. As the new owner, Y wanted a reorganization of the hotel which
is to include primarily the separation of all existing employees and the hiring of
new employees. Which statement is most accurate?
a) With the change in ownership, in effect there is a new juridical entity and
therefore all employees are cons;dered separated.
b) Despite the change in shareholder, there is actually no change in the
juridical entity and therefore existing employees can not automatically be
considered separated.
c) Y, as the new shareholder, has the right to retain only those employees
who in his judgment are qualified.
d) For as long as the existing employees are given their separation pay, they
can be termjnated.
60. South China Airlines is a foreign airline company. South China Airlines tickets
are sold in the Philippines though Philippine Airlines as their general agent.
South China Airlines is not registered to do business as such with the Philippine
Securities and Exchange Commission. Which statement is most accurate?
a) Although unlicensed to do business in the Philippines, South China
lMercantile Law Page 16 of25 I
Airlines can sue before the Philippine Courts and can also be sued.
b) South China Airlines can sue but cannot be sued.
c) South China Airlines cannot sue and cannot be sued also.
d) South China Airlines can be sued in Philippine Courts but cannot sue.
61. So that ABC Corporation could venture into more projects, it needed to raise
funds by issuing new shares to increase its capitalization. X, Y, Z, J and G are
the five existing shareholders of the company. They hold 20% each. How will
the additional shares be divided among the existing shareholders?
a) The existing shareholders can subscribe to the new shares equivalent
to their existing shareholdings because the Corporation Code provides
that each of the existing stockholders will have preemptive rights to the
extent of their existing shareholdings.
b) The existing shareholders' preemptive rights is equivalent to the
percentage that they want.
c) Each of the existing shareholder can exercise their right of first refusal
against each other.
d) Preemptive rights and right of first refusal are one and the same.
62. If ABC Corporation will increase its authorized capital stock, the Corporation
C o d ~ requires ---
a) the approval of the majority of the Board of Directors only.
b) the approval of the majority of the stockholders and the Board of
Directors.
c) the approval of 2/3 of the shareholders of the outstanding capital stock as
well as the approval of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
d) the approval of the majority of the Board of Directors and approval of the
shareholders holding 2/3 share of the outstanding capital stock.
63. X is a minority stockholder of CCC Corporation. Y is a member of the Board of
Directors of CCC Corporation and at the same time he is the President. X
believes that Y is mismanaging CCC Corporation hence, as a stockholder and in
behalf of the other stockholders, he wanted to sue Y. Which statement is most
accurate?
a) X can institute a derivative suit in behalf of himself as a stockholder.
b) A derivative suit must be instituted in behalf of the corporation.
c) Derivative suit is an exclusive remedy that X can institute.
d) Derivative suit is not the remedy in this situation.
64. The term GGG Corporation in accordance with its Articles of Incorporation
ended last January 30, 2012. The term was not extended. What will happen to
the corporation?
a) The corporation is dissolved ipso facto.
b) There is a need to pass a board resolution to formally dissolve the
corporation.
c) The Board of Directors must pass a resolution for the corporation to
formally go into liquidation.
d) The stockholders must pass a resolution to dissolve the corporation.
IMercantile Law Page 17 of25 I
65. The term of one (1) year of the Board of Directors of AAA Corporation
expired last February 15, 2012. No new election of the Board of Directors
was called, hence, the existing members of Board continue as Directors in hold
over capacity. VVhich statement is most accurate?
a) This is allowed provided there is a valid and justifiable reason for not
calling for an election of the new members of the Board.
b) This is not allowed because the term of the directors must only be for one
(1) year.
c) The positions of the members of the Board of Directors will be
automatically declared vacant.
d) Acting as members of the Board of Directors in a hold over capacity must
be ratified by the stockholders.
66. AAA Corporation is a foreign corporation that wants to operate a
representative office here in the Philippines. As required by the Corporation
Code, there is a need to appoint a Resident Agent as a condition precedent to
the issuance of a license to transact business in the Philippines. After two
(2) years, AAA Corporation removed its Resident Agent and did not appoint
anyone anymore. Which statement is the most accurate?
a) This can be a ground for revocation or suspension of its license to do
business.
b) There is no more effect in the license because anyway at the time of
registration, a resident agent was appointed.
c) This can be a ground for suspension only.
d) This will result in automatic revocation of its license to do business in the
Philippines.
67. The _By-laws of ABC Corporation is silent as to when a stockholder can be
qualified to attend the meeting of the stockholders. The Corporate Secretary
sent out the notice of the stockholders meeting two (2) days before the
meeting and at that time X was not yet a stockholder. On the day of the
meeting, however, X became a shareholder which was duly recorded in the
stock and transfer book. Which statement is most accurate?
a) X is a stockholder of ABC Corporation as of the time of meeting of the
stockholders for the purpose of electing the members of the board.
b) X is not qualified to elect members of the board because at the time the
notice of the meeting was sent, she was not yet a stockholder.
c) Qualifications as to who are considered as stockholders on record for
purposes of being able to elect members of the board are to be
determined by the By-laws alone.
d) None of the above.
68. X, who is the Executive Vice President of ABC Corporation, a listed company,
can be held liable or guilty of insider trading if, he ---
a) bought shares of ABC Corporation when it was planning to acquire
another company to improve its asset base, the news of which increased
the orice of the shares in the Stock Exchange.
IMercantile Law Page 18 of25 J
b) bought shares of XYC Corporation, a sister company of ABC Corporation
when he learned that XYC Corporation was about to also list its share in
the Philippine Stock Exchange.
c) bought shares of ZZZ Corporation when he learned that ABC Corporation
would acquire ZZZ Corporation.
d) All of the above ..
69. The purpose of the "Tender Offer" Rule is to---
a) ensure an even playing field for all sharehoiders of a company in terms of
opportunity to sell their shareholdings.
b) ensure that minority shareholders in a publicly listed company are
protected in the sense that they wi!l equally have the same opportunity as
the majority shareholders in terms of selling their shares.
c) ensure that the shareholders who would also want to sell their
shareholdings will have the opportunity for a better price.
d) All of the above.
70. Section 38 of The Securities Regulation Code defines an independent
director as a person who must not have a relation with the corporation which
would interfere with his exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the
resp.onsibilities of a director. To ensure independence therefore, he must be --
a) nominated and elected by the entire shareholders;
b) nominated and elected by the minority shareholders;
c) nominated and elected by the majority shareholders;
d) appointed by the Board.
71. "Securities" issued to the public are required by law to be registered with---
a) the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas;
b) the Philippine Stock Exchange;
c) the Securities and Exchange Commission;
d) the Securities and Exchange Commission and
the Philippine Stock Exchange.
72. The government agency granted with the power of supervision and examination
over banks and non-bank financial institutions performing quasi-banking
functions, to ensure that the conduct of its business is on a sound financial
basis that will provide continued solvency and liquidity is --
a) The Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation;
b) The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas;
c) The Anti-Money Laundering Council;
d) The Securities and Exchange Commission.
73. X maintains a savings deposit in the amount of Php1 Million with ABC Bank
Corporation. X also has obtained a loan from ABC Bank Corporation in the
amount of Php1 Million. In case of default,
a) ABC Bank can set-off the loan from the savings account being
maintained by X with ABC Bank.
IMercantile Law Page 19 of25
b) Set-off is not possible because legal compensation is not allowed in
banking transaction.
c) Deposit accounts are usually earmarked for specific purpose hence off-
setting is not legally possible.
d) Off -setting is not possible because the obligation of X is a "simple loan".
74. XYZ Corporation is engaged in lending funds to small vendors in various public
markets. To fund the lending, XYZ Corporation raised funds through
borrowings from friends and investors. Which statement is most accurate?
a) XYZ Corporation is a bank.
b) XYZ Corporation is a quasi-bank.
c) XYZ Corporation is an Investment Company.
d) XYZ is none of the above.
75. XXX Bank Corporation and ZZZ Corporation were merged into XX ZZ Bank
Corporation. So as not to create any unnecessary conflict, all the former
directors of both banks wanted to be appointed /elected as members of the
Board of Directors of the merged bank. Each bank used to have eleven (11)
members of the board. The maximum number of directors of the merged bank
is ---
a) 15;
b) 22;
c) 21;
d) 11.
76. All senior officers of ABC Bank are entitled to obtain a housing loan. X is an
Executive Vice President for Operations of ABC Bank. She obtained a
housing loan with the ABC Bank. Which statement is most accurate?
a) The housing loan of X requires a guarantor from somebody who is not
connected with the bank.
b) The housing loan of X requires the approval of the Board of Directors of
the bank.
c) The housing loan of X, being a benefit for employees, does not require
(a) but will require (b).
d) The housing loan of X, being a benefit for employees, will not require (a)
and (b).
77. ABC Holdings Company, a Hong Kong company, owns 10% of XYZ Bank.
Because of the peace and order situation in the Philippines, ABC Holding
Company wanted to sell its shareholdings in XYZ Bank. Unfortunately, nobody
is interested to buy a 1 0% shareholdings in a bank. The board of directors of
XYZ Bank thought that it would be a good idea to buy back the shares owned
by ABC Holding Company. Which statement is most acurate?
a) Buying back the shares by XYZ Bank is absolutely not allowed.
b) Buying back the shares may be allowed provided it is with the approval of
the Monetary Board and disposed of within six (6) months.
c) Buying back the shares may be allowed provided such shares 'will be
disposed of within ten (1 0) years.
'Mercantile Law
Page 20 of25
d) Buying back the shares may be done anytime provided the Board of
Directors will approve the same.
78. X is being charged for violation of Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices because he
is suspected of having accumulated unexplained wealth. X maintains deposit
accounts with ABC Bank. The Ombudsman filed criminal cases against X
before the Sandiganbayan. Can the Court issue subpoenas against ABC Bank
to produce all documents pertaining to all the deposit accounts of X?
a) Yes, because there is already a pending case and provided the subpoena
must be specific as to which account.
b) Yes, it is enough that the specific bank is identified.
c) No, because the issuance of the subpoena has no real legal basis.
d) Even without a subpoena, information about the deposit accounts of X
can be submitted to the Sandiganbayan because it will be used in a
pending case.
79. X, a private individual, maintains a dollar deposit with ABC Bank. X is
suspected to be the leader of a Kidnap for Ransom Gang and he is suspected
of depositing all ransom money in said deposit account which are all in US
Dollars. The police want to open said account to know if there are realiy
deposits in big amounts. Which statement is most accurate?
a) The same rules under Secrecy of Bank Deposit Act will apply.
b) An approval from the Monetary Board is necessary to open the account.
c) Because the deposit is in US Dollars, it is covered by the Foreign
Currency Deposit Act which allows disclosure only upon the written
persmission of the depositor.
d) Approval from the Court is necessary to order disclosure of the account.
80. X is a depositor of AAA Bank. She has three (3) deposit accounts all under her
name. One, in checking account, one in saving account and another one in
time deposit account. Each account has a balance of Php250,000. AAA Bank
became insolvent. Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation closed the Bank.
X therefore is unable to withdraw from all of the accounts. She then filed her
claims with the Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation. Which statement is
most accurate?
a) X can claim a total of Php500,000 for all the three (3) accounts.
b) X can only claim from one (1) account of Php250,000.
c) X can claim a total of Php750,000 from all the three (3) accounts.
d) X cannot claim anything from any of the deposit accounts.
81 . The Bank Secrecy Law (RA 1405) prohibits disclosing any information about
deposit records of an individual without court order except ---
a) in an examination to determine gross estate of a decedent.
b) in an investigation for violation of Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices.
c) in an investigation by the Ombudsman.
d) in an impeachment proceeding.
A? ')( w n r k ~ ~ ~ ~ research comouter enqineer with the Institute of Computer
'Mercantile Law Page 21 of25 J
Technology, a government agency. When not busy with his work, but during
office hours, he developed a software program for law firms that will allow
efficient monitoring of the cases, which software program is not at all related to
his work. Assuming the program is patentable, who has the right over the
patent?
a)
b)
c)
d)
x ,
Institute of Computer Technology;
Neither X nor the Institute of Computer Technology can claim patent right
over the invention;
X and the employer of X will jointly have the rights over the patent.
83. The "test of dominancy" in the Law on Trademarks, is a way to determine
whether there exists an infringement of a trademark by ---
a) determining if the use of the mark has been dominant in the market.
b) focusing on the similarity of the prevalent features of the competing marks
which might create confusion.
c) looking at the mark whether they are similar in size, form or color.
d) looking at the mark whether there is one specific feature that is dominant.
84. X's painting of Madonna and Child was used by her mother to print some
personalized gift wrapper. As part of her mother's efforts to raise funds for
Bantay Bata, the mother of X sold the wrapper to friends. Y, an entrepeneur,
liked the painting in the wrapper and made many copies and sold the same
through National Bookstore. Which statement is most accurate?
a) Y can use the painting for his use because this is not a copyrightable
material.
b) X can sue Y for infringement because artistic works are protected from
moment of creation.
c) Works of art need to be copyrighted also to get protection under the law.
d) Y can use the drawing even though not copyrighted because it is already
a public property having been published already.
85. Compulsory Licensing of Inventions which are duly patented may be
dispensed with or will be allowed exploitation even without agreement of the
patent owner under certain circumstances, like national emergency, for
reason of public interest, like national security, etc. The person who can grant
such authority is ---
a) the Director General of the Intellectual Property Office;
b) the Director of Legal Affairs of the Intellectual Property Office;
c) the owner of the Patent right;
d) any agent of the owner of the Patent right.
86. The Fair Use Doctrine allows others to utilize copyrighted works under certain
conditions. The factors to consider whether use is fair or not would be the
purpose and character of the use, nature of the copyrighted work, amount and
substantiality of the portions used, and what else?
~ \ PffP.d of the use upon the creator of the work.
IMercantile Law Page 22 of 25 I
b) effect of the use upon the potential market of the work.
c) effect of the use upon the public in general.
d) effect of the use upon the class in which the creator belongs.
87. Which phrase best completes the statement -- A chattel mortgage can be
constituted to secure:
a) obligations both past and future;
b) obligations existing at the time the mortgage is constituted;
c) future obligations only;
d) past obligations only.
88. Which phrase best completes the statement -- A chattel mortgage can cover:
a) only property described in the deed without exception;
b) can also cover substituted property;
c) properties described in the deed except in case of stock in trade being a
substitute;
d) after acquired property.
89. phrase best completes the statement -- The Deed of Chattel mortgage, if
not registered with the Register of Deeds where debtor resides:
a) is not valid, hence not binding between the mortgagor and the mortgagee;
b) is binding between the mortgagor and the mortgagee but will not affect
third party;
c) to be valid between the mortgagor and the mortgagee, it must be coupled
with the delivery of the subject matter of the chattel mortgage;
d) is as if a non-existent chattel mortgage.
90. Which phrase best completes the statement -- To bind third parties, a
chattel mortgage of shares of stock must be registered:
a) with the Register of Deeds where the debtor resides;
b) with the Register of Deeds where the principal office of the corporation is;
c) in the Stock and Transfer Book of the corporation with the Corporate
Secretary;
d) with the Register of Deeds where the debtor resides and th.e principal
office of the corporation.
91. Which phrase best completes the statmenent -- The affidavit of good faith in a
Deed of Chattel Mortgage is:
a) an oath where the parties swear that the mortgage is made for the
purpose of securing the obligations specified and that the obligation is just
and valid;
b) an affidavit, the absence of which will vitiate the mortgage between the
parties;
c) necessary only if the chattel being mortgaged are growing crops;
d) a certification from the mortgagor that he is the mortgagor of the chattel.
a, v in hie with Y Y extra-iudicial foreclosure of the
IMercantile Law Page 23 of 25 I
property subject of a real estate mortgage that secured the loan. X has one
year within which to redeem the property. After the foreclosure, X filed an
action questioning the validity of the extra- judicial foreclosure sale. Which
statement is most accurate?
a) The one (1) year period within which to redeem will be interrupted by the
filing of an action questioning the validity of the foreclosure.
b) The one (1) year period will not be interrupted by the filing of the action.
c) The one(1) year period will be extended for another year because of the
filing of an action questioning the validity of the foreclosure sale.
d) If the action which questions the validity of the foreclosure prospers, the
period will be interrupted.
93. What is the effect if the. proceeds in an extra-judicial foreclosure sale is not
sufficient to pay for the obligation?
a) the mortgagee can claim for deficiency judgment from the debtor.
b) the mortgagee can claim for deficiency judgment from the mortgagor even
though it is a third party mortgage.
c) the mortgagee has no more recourse or claim against the debtor.
d) the mortgagee cannot claim for deficiency judgment from the debtor
because its an extrajudicial foreclosure.
94. X mortgaged her residential house and lot in favor of ABC Bank. X defaulted in
her loan and so the bank foreclosed the real estate mortgage on the residential
house. Y then bought the residential house and lot before the expiration of the
redemption period. Can Y now take possession of the property?
a) No, because it is still covered by the redemption period and the purchaser
is not yet entitled as a matter of right to take possession of the property.
b) Yes, the purchaser is now entitled to the possession of the house.
c) No, because there is a need to talk to X to leave the house.
d) No, because Y was not the one who foreclosed the mortgage on the
property.
95. Which phrase best completes the statement-- When a debt is secured by a real
estate mortgage, upon default of the debtor:
a) the only remedy of the creditor is to foreclose the real estate mortgage;
b) another remedy is filing an action for collection and then foreclose if
collection is not enough;
c) the creditor can foreclose the mortgage and demand collection for any
deficiency;
d) None of the above.
96. XYZ Corporation bought ten (1 0) units of Honda Civic from CCC Corporation.
ABC Bank granted a loan to XYC Corporation which executed a financing
agreement which provided for the principal amount, the installment payments,
the interest rates and the due dates. On due dates of the installment payments,
XYZ Corporation was asked to pay for some handling charges and other fees
which were not mentioned in the Financing Agreement. Can XYC Corporation
refuse to oav the same?
'Mercantile Law
Page 24 of25
a) No, because handling charges and other fees are usual in certain banking
transactions.
b) Yes, because ABC Bank is required to provide XYZ Corporation not only
the amount of the monthly installments but also the details of the finance
charges as required by the Truth in Lending Act.
c) No, because the Finance Agreement is a valid document to establish the
existence of the obligation.
d) Yes, because legally, finance charges are never allowed in any banking
transaction.
97. Which of the following is an exception to the secrecy of bank deposits which are
in Philippine Pesos, but NOT an exception to the secrecy of foreign currency
deposits?
a) Upon Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (SSP) inquiry into or examination of
deposits or investments with any bank, when the inquiry or examination is
made in the course of the SSP's periodic special examination of said bank
to ensure compliance with the Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA);
b) Upon Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation (PDIC) and SSP inquiry
into and examination of deposit acounts in case there is a finding of
unsafe or unsound banking practice;
c) Upon inquiry in cases of impeachment;
d) Upon inquiry by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue in the event a
taxpayer files an application to compromise his tax liabilities on the ground
of financial incapacity.
98. The Anti-Money Laundering Law is a law that seeks to prevent money
laundering activities by providing for more transparency in the Philippine
Financial System, hence the following institutions are covered by the law,
except:
a) bank and any financial institutions;
b) pawnshops;
c) casino operators;
d) All of the above.
99. For purposes of determining violation of the prov1s1ons of Anti-Money
Lauodering Law, a transaction is considered as a "Suspicious Transaction" with
"Covered Institutions" regardless of the amount involved, where which the
following circumstances exist/s?
a) the amount involved is not commensurate with the client's business or
financial capacity;
b) there is no underlying legal or trade obligation, purpose or economic
justification;
c) client is not properly identified;
d) All of the above.
100. The main feature of the Foreign Investment Act of 1991 is to introduce the
concept of "Negative Lists". Under the said law, what is a "Negative List"?
IMercantile Law Page 25 of25
a) It is a list of business activities or enterprises in the Philippines that
foreigners are disqualified to engage in.
b) It is a list of business activities or enterprises in the Philippines that
foreigners are qualified to engage in.
c) It is a list of business activities or enterprises that are open to foreign
investments provided it is with the approval of the Board of Investment.
d) It is a list of business activities or enterprises that are open to foreign
investments provided it is with the approval of the Securities and
Exchange Commission.
- NOTHING FOLLOWS -
HAND IN YOUR ANSWER SHEET.
THERE IS NO NEED TO RETURN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE
TO THE HEAD WATCHER.



II.. --------
..-;
2 1 October 20 12
2012 BAR EXAMINATIONS
LAW
ESSAY-TYPE ()UESTI{lNS
INSTRUCTIONS
10A.M.-12NN.
The following questionnaire consists of ten (1 0) questions
(nwnhen-:d I to X) contained in FIVE (5) pages.
Begin your answer to each nurnbered question on a separate page;
an answer to a sub-question/s under the smne nurnber may be
written continuousJy on the same page and succeeding pages until
completed.
Answer the question directly and concisely. Do not repeat the
question. Write legibly.
HAND IN YOUR NO'fEBOOK. THERE IS NO NEED TO
RETURN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE TO TJ-fE HEAD WATCHER.
GOOD LUCK!!!

Chairperson
2012 Bar l!.xaminations Committee
PLEASE CHECK THAT THIS SET CONTAJNS SIX (6) PAGES
(INCLUDING THIS PAGE).
WARNING: NOT J1"'0R SALE OR UNAUTHORIZED
ABC Company filed a Petition for Rehabilitation with the Court. An
Order was issued by the Court, ( 1) staying enforcement of all claims,
whether money or otherwise against ABC Company, its guarantors and
sureties not solidarily liable with the company; and (2) prohibiting ABC
Company from making payments of its liabilities, outstanding as of the date
of the filing of the Petition. XYC Cornpany is a holder of an irrevocable
Standby Letter of Credit which was previously procured by ABC Company
in favor of XYC Company to secure performance of certain obligations. In
the light of the Order issued by the Court,
a) Can XYC Company still be able to draw on their
irrevocable Standby Letter of Credit when due? Explain
your answer. (5%)
b) Explain the nature of Letters of Credit as a financial
devise. (5%)
II
CCC Car, Inc. obtained a loan from BBB Bank, which fund was used
to import ten (1 0) units of Mercedes Benz S ciass vehicles. Upon arrival of
the vehicles and before release of said vehicles to CCC Car, Inc., X and Y,
the President and Treasurer, respectively, of CCC Car, Inc. signed the Trust
Receipt to cover the value of the ten ('1 0) units of Mercedes Benz S class
vehicles after which, the vehicles were all delivered to the Car display room
of CCC Car, Inc. Sale of the vehicles were slow, and it took a month to
dispose of the ten (1 0) units. CCC Car, Inc. wanted to be in business and
to save on various documentations required by the bank, decided that
instead of turning over the proceeds of the sales, CCC Car, Inc. used the
proceeds to buy another ten (10) units of BMW 3 series.
a) Is the action of CCC Car, Inc. legally justified?
Explain your answer. (5%)
b) Will the corporate officers of CCC Car, Inc. be held liable
under the circumstances? Explain your answer. (5/o)
Ill
X borrowed money from Y in the amount of Phpl Million and as
payment, issued a check. Y then indorsed the check to his sister Z for no
consideration, VVhen Z deposited the check to her account, U1e check was
dishonored for insufficiency of funds.
a) Is Z a holder in due course? Explain your answer. (5%)
b) Who is liable on the check. The drawer or the indorser?
Explain your answer. (5%)
IV
Indicate and explain whether the prorn1ssory note IS negotiable or
non-negotiable.
a) I prornise to pay f\ or bearer Php 100,000 frorn rny
inheritance which I will get after the death of my father.
(20/c))
b) I promise to pay A or bearer PhpH)O,OOO plus the interest
rate of ninety (90) day treasury bills. (2%)
c) I promise to pay A or bearer Php1 00,000 it A passes the
2012 bar exarns. (2%)
d) I promise to pay A or bearer tile sum of Php1 00,000 on or
before December 30, 2012. (2'%)
e) I prornise to pay A or bearer the sum of PhpIOO,OOO. (2%)
v
X borrowed from CCC Bank. She mortgaged her house and lot in
favor of the bank. X insured her house. Tt1e bank also got the house
insured.
a) Is this double insurance? Explain your answer. (3%)
b) Is this legally valid? Explain your answer. (3/o)
c) In case of damage, can X and CCC Bank separately claim
for the insurance proceeds? (4/c))
VI
X is a Filipino immigrant residing in Sacramento, California. Y is a
Filipino residing in Quezon City, Philippines. Z is a resident alien residing
in Makati City. GGG Corporation is a domestic corporation - 40% owned
by foreigners and 60/o owned by Filipinos, with T as authorized
representative. CCC Corporation is a foreign corporation registered with
the Philippine Securities and Exchange Commission. KKK Corporation is a
domestic corporation ( 100%) Filipino owned. S is a Filipino, 16 years of
age, arid the daughter of Y.
a) Who can be incorporators? Who can be subscribers?
(2%)
b) What are the differences between an incorporator and a
subscriber, if there are any? (2/o)
c) Who are qualified to become members of the board of
directors of the corporation? (2/o)
d) Who are qualified to act as Treasurer of the company?
(2/o)
e) Who can be appointed Corporate Secretary? (2%)
VII
X obtained a loan for Php50Million from SSS Bank. The collateral is
his vacation house in Baguio City under a real estate mortgage. X needed
more funds for his business so he again borrowed another Php1 OMillion,
this time from BBB Bank, another bank, using the same collateral. The
loan secured from SSS Bank fell due and X defaulted.
a) If SSS Bank forecloses the real estate mortgage, what
rights, if any, are left with 888 Bank as mo1igagee also?
(2/o)
b) If the value of the Baguio property is less than the amount
of loan, what would be the recourse of SSS Bank? BBB
Bank? (2%)
c} If the value of the property is rnore that the amount of the
loan, who will benefit from the excess value of the
property? (2/o)
d) If X defaulted with its loan in favor of BBB Bank but fully
paid his loan with SSS Bank, can BBB Bank foreclose the
real mortgage executed in its favor? (2/o)
e) Does X have any legal remedy after the foreclosure in the
event that later on he has the rnoney to pay for the loan?
( 1 cyo)
f) If SSS Bank and BBB Bank abandon their rights under the
real estate mortgage, is there any legal recourse
available to them? ( 1%)
VIII
X obtained a Php10Million loan from BBB Banking Corporation. The
loan is secured by Real Estate Mortgage on his vacation house in Tagaytay
City. The original Deed of Real Estate Mortgage for the Php 1 OMillion was
duly registered. The Deed of Real Estate Mortgage also provides that "The
mortgagor also agrees that this mortgage will secure the payment of
additional loans or credit accommodations that may be granted by the
mortgagee ... " Subsequently, because he needed more funds, he obtained
another Php5Million loan. On due dates of both loans, X failed to pay the
Php5Million but fully paid the Php1 OMillion. BBB Banking Corporation
instituted extrajudicial foreclosure proceedings.
a) Will the extrajudicial foreclosure prosper considering that
the additional Php5Million was not covered by the
registration? (5/o)
b) What is the meaning of a "dragnet clause" in a Deed of
Real Estate Mortgage? Under what circumstances will the
"dragnet clause" be applicable? ( 5/o)
IX
A, B, C, 0, E are all duly elected members of the Board of Directors
of XYZ Corporation. F, the general manager, entered into a supply contract
with an American firm. The contract was duly approved by the Board of
Directors. However, with the knowledge and consent of F, no deliveries
were made to the American firm. As a result of the non-delivery of the
promised supplies, the American firm incurred damages. The American
firm would like to file a suit for damages. Can the American firm sue:
a) The members of the Board of Directors individually,
because they approved the transaction? (2%)
b) The corporation? (2%)
c) F, the general manager, personally, because the non-
delivery was with his knowledge c:u1d consent? (2%)
d) Explain the rules on liabilities of a corporation for the act of
its corporate officers and the liabilities of the corporate
officers and Board of Directors of a corporation acting in
behalf of the corporation. (4%)
X
AAA Corporation is a bank. -rhe operations of AAA Corporation as a
bank was not doing well. So, to avert any bartk run, AAA Corporation, with
the approval of the Monetary Board, sold all its assets and liabilities to BBB
Banking Corporation which includes all deposit accounts. In effect then,
BBB Corporation will service all deposits of all depositors of AAA
Corporation.
a) Will the sale of all assets and liabilities of AAA Corporation
to BBB Banking Corporation automatically dissolve or
terminate the corporate existence of AAA Corporation?
Explain your answer. (5%)
b) What are the legal requirements in order that a corporatiort
may be dissolved? (5%)
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