WELL TESTI NG

( 1) PRODUCTI VI TY TESTS ( 1) PRODUCTI VI TY TESTS

t o det er mine t he perfor mance of a well, i. e. t he flow r at es t hat can be
produced under an imposed pressure dr op
Oil= > Product ivit y I ndex ( PI ) Gas= > Wel l del i ver abi l i t y
( 2) DRAWDOWN TESTS
early t ransient st at e early t ransient st at e ( k , S)
t ransient st at e t ransient st at e - - single rat e ( k , S or S )
- t wo rat es ( k , S, D)
pseudo pseudo- - st eady st at e st eady st at e ( k , V
p
)
( RESERVOI R LI MI T TEST RESERVOI R LI MI T TEST)
t o evaluat e t he average paramet er s of t he r eser voir rock, and t o assess
t he degree of damage or st imulat ion in t he vicinit y of t he wellbore
FLOW REGI ME
(3) BUILDUP TESTS
t o evaluat e t he average per meabilit y of t he reservoir rock, and aver age
reservoir pr essure ( k , ) p
Deliverabilit y Test s for Gas Wells
Back pressure t est
qsc
p
SPURGO
t
T T T T
qsc1
qsc2
qsc3
qsc4
pwf1
pwf2
pwf3
pwf4
T > ts
p
CLEAN-
UP
q
SC
q
SC1
q
SC2
q
SC3
q
SC4
T T T T
T> t
s
t
p
p
p
w f 1
p
w f 2
p
w f 3
p
w f 4
Empirical relat ionship of Empirical relat ionship of Rowlins Rowlins - - Schellardt Schellardt
0. 5< n< 1
Tur bul ent
f l ow
Lami nar
f l ow
AOF AOF ( Absol ut e Open Fl ow ) : ( Absol ut e Open Fl ow ) : maximum producing rat e which
could be t heoret ically obt ained for p
max
, i. e. when p
wf
is zero
n
2
wf
2
sc
p p C q
|
.
|

\
|
=
logq
sc
AOF AOF
logp
2
)
p p
log(
2
wf
2

logC
1/ n
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= ' S 2
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
T
p
kh 2
T q
) p ( m ) p ( m
2
w A sc
sc sc
w
Rigorous equat ion for gas flow under pseudo pseudo- - st eady st at e st eady st at e
condit ions:
a
b
SC
q
) p ( m
SC
q
sc
sc
w
bq a
q
) p ( m ) p ( m
+ =

Deliverabilit y Test s for Gas Wells

I sochronal t est
qsc
p
SPURGO
t
T 2T T
T
qsc1
qsc2
qsc3
qsc4
pwf1
pwf2
pwf3
pwf4
2T 2T
EXTENDED FLOW
p
CLEAN-
UP
q
SC
q
SC1
q
SC4
q
SC3
q
SC2
T T T 2T 2T 2T
EXTENDED
FLOW
p
p
p
w f 1
p
w f 4
p
w f 3
p
w f 2
t
Empirical relat ionship of Empirical relat ionship of Rowlins Rowlins - - Schellardt Schellardt
2h 4h 8h
pseudo pseudo- - st eady st at e st eady st at e
)
p p
log(
2
wf
2

sc
q log
n
2
wf
p
2
p C
sc
q
|
.
|

\
|
=
1/ n
1/ n
Deliverabilit y Test s for Gas Wells
Modified isochronal t est
n
2
w f
2
sc
p p C q
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
For t he first producing rat e: For t he first producing rat e:
( (( ( ) )) )
n
2
w f
2
w s sc
p p C q = == =
For t he rat es following t he first : For t he rat es following t he first :
qsc
p
SPURGO
t
T T
T
qsc1
qsc2
qsc3
qsc4
pwf1
pwf2
pwf3
pwf4
EXTENDED FLOW
T
T T
pws4
pws3
pws2
p
t
CLEAN-
UP
q
SC
q
SC1
q
SC4
q
SC3
q
SC2
T
EXTENDED
FLOW
p
p
p
w f 1
p
w f 4
p
w f 3
p
w f 2
T T T T T
p
w s2
p
w s3
p
w s4
Product ivit y t est s for oil wells
qoST
p
SPURGO
t
qoST
pwf
T > ts
p
T
CLEAN-
UP
q
OST
q
OST
T
T> t
s
t
p
p
p
w f
wf
ST o
p p
q
PI

=
St abilized Product ivit y I ndex ( for single phase flow only) St abilized Product ivit y I ndex ( for single phase flow only)
PI
Flusso bifase
qoST
pwf
p
Flusso monofase
p
sat
Single phase flow Single phase flow
p
sat
p
w f
p
q
ost
PI
Two phase flow Two phase flow
Product ivit y t est s for oil wells
Drawdown t est s for oil wells
qoST
p
t
p(rw,t)
p
q
p
q
OST
q
p
p( r
w
,t )
t
The reservoir is assumed as an infinit e act ing syst em
( radial geomet ry)
Hy pot hesi s of const ant f l ow r at e q Hy pot hesi s of const ant f l ow r at e q
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
D
w
i w
t , 1
r
r
P
kh 2
q
p ) t , r ( p

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t
r c
k
t
p
q
kh 2
t , 1
r
r
P
2
w
D
D
w
Early t ransient st at e Early t ransient st at e:
100 t
D
< << <

+

=
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t log
r c
k
log t log
p log
q
kh 2
log t , 1
r
r
P log
2
w
D
D
w
On a l og- l og gr aph
) t ( f t , 1
r
r
P ) t ( f p
D D
w
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
Mat ch point
t
D
|
.
|

\
|
=
D
w
t , 1
r
r
P
t
p
Mat ch point
t
p
t
D
|
.
|

\
|
=
D
w
t , 1
r
r
P
*
M
*
M
Mat ch point
Any point M chosen in t he superposit ion area of t he t wo diagrams
has t wo coordinat e set s, one for each graph. The coordinat e
values, read on t he corresponding axes, allow t he calculat ion of
t he const ant s by which t he t wo curves are t ranslat ed and,
t herefore, t he evaluat ion of t he paramet ers of t he r eservoir rock paramet ers of t he r eservoir rock:
M D
M
2
w
M
M
D
w
t
t
r
k
c
p
t , 1
r
r
P
2
q
k h

= == =

| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |


\ \\ \
| || |
= == =


= == =
Wellbore St orage
surface flowrat e
sandface flowr at e
drawdown
q
t ime
q
wh
q
sf
< q
wh
Wellbore St orage
w
cV
p
V
C =

=
t q V = t
C
q
p =
The w el l bor e st or age coef f i ci ent depends on The w el l bor e st or age coef f i ci ent depends on : :
! fluid compressibilit y
! wellbore dimension
and
! format ion per meabilit y: low per meabilit y format ions induce more
relevant wellbore st or age effect s
p is a linear funct ion of t , and it will be demonst r at ed t hat on a
dimensionless log- log graph t he slope is equal t o unit y.
2
w
D
hr c 2
C
C

=
Dimensionless wellbore st orage coefficient Dimensionless wellbore st orage coefficient
Type- Curves of Agarwal et al. ( 1970)
The t y pe The t y pe- - cur ves obt ai ned by cur ves obt ai ned by Agar w al Agar w al et al . et al .
)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
D D
w
D
C , S , t , 1
r
r
P f P
descr ibe t he pr essur e decline at t he wellbore in dimensionless t er ms as
a funct ion of wellbore st or age and skin fact or.
Again, t he mat ch point met hod allows t he evaluat ion of kh ( and c) :
M D
M
2
w
M
M D
t
t
r
k
c
p
P
2
q
kh

=
Type- Curves of Agarwal et al. ( 1970)
P
D
t
D
Transient st at e Transient st at e:
D D
D
C ) S 5 . 3 60 ( t
100 t
+ ++ +

Pressure dat a can be assumed free from wellbore st orage effect s
( ) S 2 t 25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
D i w
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

+

= S 2 81 . 0
r c
k
ln t ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
2
w t
i w
Transient st at e
m
ln t
p(rw,t)
Transient St at e
p
ln t
p
p( r
w
, t )
m
k h 4
q
m


= == =
( ) S 2 t 25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
D i w
+

=
Transient St at e
(

=
= 0 . 9
r c
k
ln
m
p ) h 1 t , r ( p
2
1
S
2
w t
i w
At t = 1 hour
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

= = S 2 0 . 9
r c
k
ln
kh 4
q
p ) h 1 t , r ( p
2
w t
i w
Det erminat ion of t he skin fact or S Det erminat ion of t he skin fact or S
Reservoir Limit Test
Pseudo Pseudo- - st eady st at e condit ions st eady st at e condit ions
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

= S 2 t 4
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
A D
2
w A
i w
* m c
q
Ah V
t
p
= =
Pore volume drained by t he well: Pore volume drained by t he well:
m*
t
p(rw,t) p( r
w
,t )
t
t
Ah c
q
S 2
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
t
2
w A
i w

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
Ah c
q
* m
t

= == =
(

= =
=
m
) 0 t , r ( p ) h 1 t , r ( p
exp
* m
m
3600
4
c
w w
A
Diet z Shape Fact or c
A
I t is obt ained by combinat ion of t he analysis of t he drowdown t est run
under bot h t ransient condit ions [ from which m and p( r
w
, t ) at t = 1h are
known] and pseudo- st eady condit ions [ from which m* and p( r
w
, t ) at
t = 0 are known] .

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

= =
S 2
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) 0 t , r ( p
S 2 0 . 9
r c
k
ln
kh 4
q
p ) h 1 t , r ( p
2
w A
i w
2
w t
i w
The calculat ed value for c
A
can t hen be compared wit h t he Diet z shape
fact or s present ed for a var iet y of different geomet r ical configur at ions
t o infer t he shape of t he drainage ar ea and t he well locat ion wit hin t he
drainage area.
Drawdown Test s for Gas Wells
I n t he case of gas wells single rat e drawdown t est s can be perfor med t o
evaluat e t he paramet ers of t he pr oducing for mat ion paramet ers of t he pr oducing for mat ion j ust as for oil wells
provided t hat t he appr opr iat e gas flow equat ions are used for
int er pret at ion.
) ' S 2 81 . 0
r c
k
ln t ( ln
T
p
kh 2
T q
) p ( m ) p ( m
2
w t sc
sc sc
i w
+ +

+

=
Transient st at e flow equat ion Transient st at e flow equat ion
Pseudo Pseudo- - st eady st at e flow equat ion st eady st at e flow equat ion
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+

= ' S 2 t
A c
k
4
r c
A
25 . 2 ln
T
p
kh 2
T q
) p ( m ) p ( m
t
2
w A sc
sc sc
i w
However , t w o si ngl e r at e i sochr onal t est s are usually perfor med in
gas well t est ing. I n fact , int er pret at ion of t he lat e t ransient pressure
dat a allows t he det er minat ion of t he apparent skin fact or only, but t wo
flow rat es are needed t o det ermine bot h S and D.
Drawdown Test s for Gas Wells
qsc1
p
t
p(rw,t)
p
q
qsc2
T T 2T
q
p
p
q
SC1
q
SC2
p( r
w
,t )
T T 2T
t
ln t
m(pw)
m
1
m
2
m p ( )
ln t
m( p
w
)
m( p)
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
sc
sc 2 sc
2
T
p
kh 2
T q
m
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
sc
sc 1 sc
1
T
p
kh 2
T q
m
For t = 1h

(
(

= +
(
(

= +
=
=
0 . 9
r c
k
ln
m
) p ( m ) p ( m
2
1
Dq S
0 . 9
r c
k
ln
m
) p ( m ) p ( m
2
1
Dq S
2
w t 2
i 2
h 1 t
w
2 sc
2
w t 1
i 1
h 1 t
w
1 sc
Buildup Test s for Oil Wells
The well is shut in, i. e. q= 0, aft er producing at a const ant flow rat e for a cert ain t ime.
Pressure variat ions occur under t ransient condit ions.
p( r
w
,t )
q
OST
t
p
+ t
t
p
p
I f t he well has been produced at a const ant flow rat e t hen t is t he product ion t ime
prior t o shut - in. I f t he well has been produced at different flow rat es t hen t he
effect ive product ion t ime t
eq
is t o be used
ST o
p
eq
q
N
t = == =
t = 0
cumulat ive volume of oil since beginning of product ion
final flow rat e
) S 2 t 25 . 2 ( ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
D
*
w
+

=
Flow equat ion which ext end t he flow equat ion derived for an infinit e act ing syst em
( radial geomet ry) t o t he case of a finit e, irregularly- shaped drainage area:
i
*
p p =
I f t he well is new:
F
kh 4
q
p p
*

+ =
I f t he well has been produced:
The equat ion applies when t he flow rat e q is const ant . The superposit ion t heorem
is applied:
+ q
- q
t
p
+ t
t
p
| |
(

+ + + +

= S 2 81 . 0 ) t t ln(
r c
k
ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
p
2
w t
*
w
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +

S 2 81 . 0 t ln
r c
k
ln
kh 4
q
2
w t
t
t t
ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
p *
w

=
" " Hor ner pl ot Hor ner pl ot
k h 4
q
m


= == =
p
w
t
t t
ln
p

+
m
p
*
" " Bui l dup equat i on or Hor ner equat i on Bui l dup equat i on or Hor ner equat i on
Horner Plot
mF p p
*
=
The pressure p
*
, from which t he volume averaged reservoir pressure p can be
det ermined, is evaluat ed at an infinit e shut - in t ime t :
surface flowrat e
sandface flowr at e
build- up
q
t ime
q
wh
= 0
q
sf
> 0
Aft erflow
The solut ion is derived wit h respect t o an ideal well, and in addit ion S does not appear
in t he buildup equat ion. However, t he skin effect s as well as t he aft er flow effect s due
t o shut t ing t he well in at t he surface rat her t han downhole have t o be t aken int o
account .
HORNER PLOT HORNER PLOT
t
t t
ln
p

+
p
w
m
Aft er flow Aft er flow
Skin effect Skin effect
*
p
Horner Plot
Det erminat ion of t he Skin Fact or
at at t = 0, i.e.at t he product ion t ime t t = 0, i.e.at t he product ion t ime t
) S 2 t 25 . 2 ( ln
kh 4
q
p ) 0 t , r ( p
D
*
w
+

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

+

= = S 2 81 . 0
r c
k
ln t ln
kh 4
q
p ) 0 t , r ( p
2
w t
i w
at at t = 1 hour t = 1 hour
) 3600 ln t ( ln
kh 4
q
p ) h 1 t , r ( p
*
w

= =
h 1 t if t t t = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +

=
= =
3600 ln S 2 81 . 0
r c
k
ln
kh 4
q
p p
2
w t
h 1 t w 0 t w
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= =
9
r c
k
ln
m
p p
2
1
S
2
w t
0 t w h 1 t w
Oil Well
Buildup Test s for Gas Wells
) ' S 2 t 25 . 2 ( ln
T
p
kh 2
T q
) p ( m ) p ( m
D
sc
sc sc
*
w
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
t
t t
ln
T
p
kh 2
T q
) p ( m ) p ( m
p
sc
sc sc
*
w
" " Bui l dup equat i on or Hor ner equat i on Bui l dup equat i on or Hor ner equat i on
t
t t
ln
p

+
" " Hor ner Pl ot Hor ner Pl ot
m( p
w
)
m
sc
sc sc
T
p
k h 2
T q
m

= == =
m( p
*
)
Det erminat ion of t he Skin Fact or
(

=
= =
0 . 9
r c
k
ln
m
) p ( m ) p ( m
2
1
' S
2
w t
0 t w h 1 t w
Gas Well
Type- Curves of Agarwal et al. ( 1970)
The t ype The t ype- - curves obt ained by curves obt ained by Agarwal Agarwal et al et al . .
)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
D D
w
D
C , S , t , 1
r
r
P f P
represent solut ions t o t he drawdown equat ion t o describe t he pressure decline at t he
wellbore, expressed in dimensionless t erms, as a funct ion of wellbore st orage effect s
and skin fact or.
However, t he use of t he t ype- curves t o int erpret also buildup t est s could be j ust ified
provided t hat t he producing t ime prior t o well shut - in was sufficient ly large so t hat
t he rat e of pressure decline could be assumed negligible during t he shut - in period. I f
t his assumpt ion was sat isfied t he buildup curve would be a mirror image of t he
drawdown curve, and as such analyzed.
Furt hermore, Agarwal has empirically found t hat by plot t ing t he buildup pressure
dat a:
) 0 t , r ( p ) t , r ( p
w w
=
on a log- log graph versus an equivalent expression of t ime, defined as follows:
t t
t t
t
p
p
e
+

=
t he t ype- curve analysis can be made wit hout t he requirement of a long drawdown
period.
Type- Curves
)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
D D
w
D
C , S , t , 1
r
r
P f P The Agarwal t ype curves:
can be writ t en as a funct ion of: t
C
kh 2
C
t
D
D

=
t
r c
k
t
2
w t
D

=
2
w t
D
hr c 2
C
C

=
I nfinit e act ing radial flow equat ion for fluid flux occurring in a homogeneous porous
medium under t ransient condit ions:
( ) S 2 t 25 . 2 ln
kh 4
q
p ) t , r ( p
D i w
+

=
( ) S 2 t 25 . 2 ln
2
1
P
D D
+ =
obt ained from
( )
(

+ + =
S 2
D
D
D
D
e C ln 81 . 0
C
t
ln
2
1
P
By subst it ut ion:
Type- Curves Plot
D
D
D
C
t
P =
( i.e. , unit slope)
0.1
1
10
100
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
t
C
D
D
P
D C e
D
S 2
10000
0
.1
P
D
C
D
e
2S
10000
0
.
1
t
D
C
D
When pure wellbore st orage flow occur s:
Pressure Derivat ive Met hod
According t o t his met hod, which is largely based on t he solut ions obt ained by
Agarwal et al. , t he t ype- curves are redrawn in t erms of t he derivat ive of t he
dimensionless pressure P
D
:
) C / t ( d
dP
' P
D D
D
D
=
The dimensionless pressure values are plot t ed on a log- log graph as follows:
) C / t ( f ) C / t ( ' P
D D D D D
=
The drawdown t est int erpret at ion is carried out by mat ching t he field pressure dat a
p( r
w
, t ) , expressed in t erms of pressure derivat ive:
dt
) p p ( d
' p
wf i

=
) t ( f t ' p =
and plot t ed on a log- log graph as follows:
wit h t he t ype- curves of t he derivat ive of t he dimensionless pressure.
I n t he case of a buildup t est t he field t ime- pressure dat a p( r
w
, t ) are plot t ed on a log-
log graph as follows:
) t ( f
t
t t
t ' p =
+

Type- Curve Derivat ives
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
D
D
D
'
D
C
t
d
dP
P
PURE WELLBORE STORAGE PURE WELLBORE STORAGE
1
C
t
d
dP
P
D
D
D
'
D
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
I NFI NI TE ACTI NG RADI AL FLOW ( I .A. R.F.) I NFI NI TE ACTI NG RADI AL FLOW ( I .A. R.F.)
FOR A HOMOGENEOUS POROUS MEDI UM FOR A HOMOGENEOUS POROUS MEDI UM
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.
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=
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.
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D
D
D
D
D
'
D
C
t
5 . 0
C
t
d
dP
P
Type- Curves and Type- Curve Derivat ives
10
- 2
10
- 3
10
- 1
1 10
t ( hr)
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
4

p
(
p
s
i
a
)

&

p

Wellbore
St orage
Radial Flow
C
D
e
2S
10
30
10
12
10
6
10
- 1
10
2
t ( hr)

p
(
p
s
i
a
)

&

p

10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
- 1
10
- 2
10
- 1
1 10 10
2
10
3
10
4
10
3
Log Log p p
Der i vat i ve Der i vat i ve
10
4
Real dat a vs t ype- curves
Superposit ion real dat a & t ype- curves
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
- 2
10
- 3
10
- 1
1 10 10
1
10
4
t ( hr)

p
(
p
s
i
a
)

&

p

I nt erpret at ion Result

C C gi v es
2
w t
D
hr c 2
C
C

Cur ve Mat ch Cur ve Mat ch

S 2
D
e C

Sk i n Sk i n
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.
|

\
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=
D
S 2
D
C
e C
ln
2
1
S
Pr essur e Mat ch Pr essur e Mat ch k h k h
p
qB
kh 4
P
o
D

Ti me Mat ch Ti me Mat ch C C
t
C
kh 2
C
t
D
D

=
Drawdown Test Analysis
Pr essur e
L
o
g


p

Log t
Pr essur e vs t i me
Pr essur e der i vat i ve vs t i me
Log t
Log t
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
L
o
g


p

Pr essur e vs Hor ner t i me

Pr essur e der i vat i ve vs t i me
Buildup Test Analysis
I nt erpret at ion wit h t he Pressure Derivat ive Met hod
The derivat ives of t he t ype- cur ves exhibit a linear dependency on t ime of
pressure dat a point s. Linearit y can occur according t o different yet
charact er ist ic slopes which ar e a funct ion of flow geomet ry:
FLOW TYPE FLOW TYPE PRESSURE PRESSURE SLOPE SLOPE
linear linear
bilinear bilinear
radial radial
spherical spherical
( hemispherical) ( hemispherical)
) t ( f p =
) t ( f p
4
=
) t ( ln f p =
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=
t
1
f p
1/ 2 1/ 2
1/ 4 1/ 4
- - 1/ 2 1/ 2
horizont al horizont al
st raight line st raight line