C++ Reference Card

C++ Data Types

Looping
while Loop Example
while (x < 100) cout << x++ << endl; while (x < 100) { cout << x << endl; x++; } while (expression) statement; while (expression) { statement; statement; }

Pointers
A pointer variable (or just pointer) is a variable that stores a memory address. Pointers allow the indirect manipulation of data stored in memory. Pointers are declared using *. To set a pointer's value to the address of another variable, use the & operator. Example
char c = 'a'; char* cPtr; cPtr = &c;

Description boolean (true or false) character ('a', 'b', etc.) character array (C-style string if null terminated) C++ string (from the STL) integer (1, 2, -1, 1000, etc.) long integer single precision floating point double precision floating point

do-while Loop
do statement; while (expression); do { statement; statement; } while (expression);

Example
do cout << x++ << endl; while (x < 100); do { cout << x << endl; x++; } while (x < 100);

These are the most commonly used types; this is not a complete list.

Use the indirection operator (*) to access or change the value that the pointer references. Example
// continued from example above *cPtr = 'b'; cout << *cPtr << endl; // prints the char b cout << c << endl; // prints the char b

Operators
The most commonly used operators in order of precedence: 1 ++ (post-increment), -- (post-decrement) 2 ! (not), ++ (pre-increment), -- (pre-decrement) 3 *, /, % (modulus) 4 +, 5 <, <=, >, >= 6 == (equal-to), != (not-equal-to) 7 && (and) 8 || (or) 9 = (assignment), *=, /=, %=, +=, -=

for Loop
for (initialization; test; update) statement; for (initialization; test; update) { statement; statement; }

Array names can be used as constant pointers, and pointers can be used as array names. Example
int numbers[]={10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; int* numPtr = numbers; cout << numbers[0] << endl; // prints cout << *numPtr << endl; // prints cout << numbers[1] << endl; // prints cout << *(numPtr + 1) << endl; // prints cout << numPtr[2] << endl; // prints 10 10 20 20 30

Example

Console Input/Output
cout << cin >> cerr <<

console out, printing to screen console in, reading from keyboard console error

for (count = 0; count < 10; count++) { cout << "count equals: "; cout << count << endl; }

Dynamic Memory
Allocate Memory
ptr = new type;

Example:
cout << "Enter an integer: "; cin >> i; cout << "Input: " << i << endl;

Functions
Functions return at most one value. A function that does not return a value has a return type of void. Values needed by a function are called parameters.
return_type function(type p1, type p2, ...) { statement; statement; ... }

Examples
int* iPtr; iPtr = new int; int* intArray; intArray = new int[5];

ptr = new type[size];

File Input/Output
Example (input):
ifstream inputFile; inputFile.open("data.txt"); inputFile >> inputVariable; // you can also use get (char) or // getline (entire line) in addition to >> ... inputFile.close();

Deallocate Memory
delete ptr; delete [] ptr;

Examples
delete iPtr; delete [] intArray;

Once a pointer is used to allocate the memory for an array, array notation can be used to access the array locations. Example
int* intArray; intArray = new int[5]; intArray[0] = 23; intArray[1] = 32;

Examples
int timesTwo(int v) { int d; d = v * 2; return d; } void printCourseNumber() { cout << "CSE1284" << endl; return; }

Example (output):
ofstream outFile; outfile.open("output.txt"); outFile << outputVariable; ... outFile.close();

Structures
Declaration
struct name { type1 element1; type2 element2; };

Decision Statements
if
if (expression) statement;

Example
struct Hamburger { int patties; bool cheese; };

Example
if (x < y) cout << x;

if / else
if (expression) statement; else statement;

Example
if (x < y) cout << x; else cout << y;

Passing Parameters by Value

Definition
name varName; name* ptrName;

Example
Hamburger h; Hamburger* hPtr; hPtr = &h;

switch / case

Example

Passing Parameters by Reference

switch(int expression) switch(choice) { { case int-constant: case 0: statement(s); cout << "Zero"; break; break; case int-constant: case 1: statement(s); cout << "One"; break; break; default: default: statement; cout << "What?"; } }

Accessing Members
varName.element=val;

Example
h.patties = 2; h.cheese = true; hPtr->patties = 1; hPtr->cheese = false;

Default Parameter Values

ptrName->element=val;

Structures can be used just like the built-in data types in arrays.

Classes
Declaration
class classname { public: classname(params); ~classname(); type member1; type member2; protected: type member3; private: type member4; };

Inheritance
Example
class Square { public: Square(); Square(float w); void setWidth(float w); float getArea(); private: float width; };

Exceptions
Example
try { // code here calls functions that might // throw exceptions quotient = divide(num1, num2); // or this code might test and throw // exceptions directly if (num3 < 0) throw -1; // exception to be thrown can // be a value or an object } catch (int) { cout << "num3 can not be negative!"; exit(-1); } catch (char* exceptionString) { cout << exceptionString; exit(-2); } // add more catch blocks as needed

Inheritance allows a new class to be based on an existing class. The new class inherits all the member variables and functions (except the constructors and destructor) of the class it is based on. Example
class Student { public: Student(string n, string id); void print(); protected: string name; string netID; }; class GradStudent : public Student { public: GradStudent(string n, string id, string prev); void print(); protected: string prevDegree; };

public members are accessible from anywhere the class is visible. private members are only accessible from the same class or a friend (function or class). protected members are accessible from the same class, derived classes, or a friend (function or class). constructors may be overloaded just like any other function. You can define two or more constructors as long as each constructor has a different parameter list.

Definition of Member Functions

Visibility of Members after Inheritance Inheritance Access Specifier in Base Class Specification private protected public private private private protected protected protected public protected public

Function Templates
Example
template <class T> T getMax(T a, T b) { if (a>b) return a; else return b; }

Examples
Square::Square() { width = 0; } void Square::setWidth(float w) { if (w >= 0) width = w; else exit(-1); } float Square::getArea() { return width*width; }

Operator Overloading
C++ allows you to define how standard operators (+, -, *, etc.) work with classes that you write. For example, to use the operator + with your class, you would write a function named operator+ for your class. Example Prototype for a function that overloads + for the Square class:
Square operator+ (const Square &); // example calls to the function template int a=9, b=2, c; c = getMax(a, b); float f=5.3, g=9.7, h; h = getMax(f, g);

Class Templates
Example
template <class T> class Point { public: Point(T x, T y); void print(); double distance(Point<T> p); private: T x; T y; };

Definition of Instances
classname varName;

Example
Square s1(); Square s2(3.5); Square* sPtr; sPtr=new Square(1.8);

If the object that receives the function call is not an instance of a class that you wrote, write the function as a friend of your class. This is standard practice for overloading << and >>. Example Prototype for a function that overloads << for the Square class:
friend ostream & operator<< (ostream &, const Square &);

classname* ptrName;

Accessing Members
varName.member=val; varName.member(); ptrName->member=val; ptrName->member();

Example
s1.setWidth(1.5); cout << s.getArea(); cout<<sPtr->getArea();

Make sure the return type of the overloaded function matches what C++ programmers expect. The return type of relational operators (<, >, ==, etc.) should be bool, the return type of << should be ostream &, etc.

// examples using the class template Point<int> p1(3, 2); Point<float> p2(3.5, 2.5); p1.print(); p2.print();

Suggested Websites
C++ Reference: C++ Tutorial: C++ Examples:
http://www.cppreference.com/ http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/ http://www.fredosaurus.com/notes-cpp/ http://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_gaddis_sowcso_6/videos ftp://ftp.aw.com/cseng/authors/gaddis/CCSO5 (5th edition) http://www.informit.com/guides/guide.aspx?g=cplusplus http://www.sparknotes.com/cs/

Gaddis Textbook: Video Notes Source Code

Developed for Mississippi State University's CSE1284 and CSE1384 courses Download the latest version from http://cse.msstate.edu/~crumpton/reference

February 17, 2009