Laboratory Values of Clinical Importance

Reference Values for Laboratory Tests
Table 1 Hematology and Coagulation
Analyte Activated clotting time Activated protein C resistance (factor V Leiden) ADAMTS13 activity ADAMTS13 inhibitor activity ADAMTS13 antibody Alpha2 antiplasmin Antiphospholipid antibody panel PTT-LA (lupus anticoagulant screen) Platelet neutralization procedure Anticardiolipin antibody IgG IgM Antithrombin III Antigenic Functional Anti-Xa assay (heparin assay) Unfractionated heparin Low-molecular-weight heparin Danaparoid (Orgaran) Autohemolysis test
Specimen SI Units WB P 70180 s Not applicable
Conventional Units 70180 s Ratio >2.1
P 0.67 P P P Not applicable 0.4 U Not applicable 18 U 0.871.55 87155% 67%
P P
Negative Negative Negative 015 arbitrary units 015 arbitrary units
Negative Negative Negative 015 GPL 015 MPL
Dilute viper venom screen P S
P 220390 mg/L 0.71.30 U/L P 0.30.7 kIU/L 0.51.0 kIU/L 0.50.8 kIU/L WB 0.0040.045 0.30.7 IU/mL 0.51.0 IU/mL 0.50.8 IU/mL 0.44.50% 2239 mg/dL 70130 %
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Autohemolysis test with glucose Bleeding time (adult) Bone marrow: Clot retraction Cryofibrinogen D-dimer Differential blood count Neutrophils Bands Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Absolute counts: Neutrophils Bands Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils WB Erythrocyte count Adult males Adult females Erythrocyte life span Normal survival Chromium labeled, halflife (t1/2)
WB
0.0030.007 <7.1 min
0.30.7% <7.1 min 50100%/2 h Negative 220740 ng/mL FEU
WB P P
0.501.00/2 h Negative 220740 ng/mL FEU 0.400.70 0.00.05 0.200.50 0.040.08 0.00.6 0.00.02
Relative counts: 4070% 05% 2050% 48% 06% 02%
1.426.34x109/L 14206340/mm3 00.45x109/L 0450/mm3 0.714.53x109/L 7104530/mm3 0.140.72x109/L 140720/mm3 00.54x109/L 00.18x109/L WB 4.305.60x1012/L 4.305.60x106/mm3 4.005.20x1012/L 4.005.20x106/mm3 WB 120 days 2535 days 120 days 2535 days 0540/mm3 0180/mm3
Erythrocyte sedimentation WB rate Females Males Euglobulin lysis time Factor II, prothrombin Factor V Factor VII P P P P 020 mm/h 015 mm/h 720014400 s 0.501.50 0.501.50 0.501.50 020 mm/h 015 mm/h 120240 min 50150% 50150% 50150%
Factor VIII Factor IX Factor X Factor XI Factor XII Factor XIII screen Factor inhibitor assay Fibrin(ogen) degradation products Fibrinogen Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (erythrocyte) Ham's test (acid serum) Hematocrit Adult males Adult females Hemoglobin Plasma Whole blood: Adult males Adult females Hemoglobin electrophoresis Hemoglobin A Hemoglobin A2 Hemoglobin F Hemoglobins other than A, A2, or F Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibody
P P P P P P P P P WB
0.501.50 0.501.50 0.501.50 0.501.50 0.501.50 Not applicable <0.5 Bethesda Units 01 mg/L
50150% 50150% 50150% 50150% 50150 % Present <0.5 Bethesda Units
01 2.334.96 g/L <2400 s <40 min
g/mL
233496 mg/dL
WB WB
Negative 0.3880.464 0.3540.444
Negative 38.846.4 35.444.4 0.65.0 mg/dL 13.316.2 g/dL 12.015.8 g/dL
P WB
650 mg/L 133162 g/L 120158 g/L
WB 0.950.98 0.0150.031 00.02 Absent P Negative 9598% 1.53.1% 02.0% Absent Negative
Immature platelet fraction WB (IPF) Joint fluid crystal Joint fluid mucin JF JF
0.0110.061 Not applicable Not applicable
1.16.1% No crystals seen Only type I mucin present
Leukocytes Alkaline phosphatase (LAP) Count (WBC) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) WB 0.21.6 kat/L WB WB 13100 /L
3.549.06x109/L 3.549.06x103/mm3 26.731.9 pg/cell 26.731.9 pg/cell 323359 g/L 32.335.9 g/dL
Mean corpuscular WB hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin of reticulocytes (CH) WB
2436 pg
2436 pg
Mean corpuscular volume WB (MCV) Mean platelet volume (MPV) Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes Direct Indirect Partial thromboplastin time, activated Plasminogen Antigen Functional Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 Platelet aggregation P P p WB WB
7993.3 fL 7993.3 9.0012.95 fL 9.0012.95
m3
0.00350.0045 0.00300.0065 26.339.4 s
0.350.45% 0.300.65% 26.339.4 s
84140 mg/L 0.701.30 443 PRP g/L
8.414.0 mg/dL 70130% 443 ng/mL
Not applicable
>65% aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, collagen, ristocetin, and arachidonic acid 165415x103/mm3 6.411.0 m3
Platelet count Platelet, mean volume Prekallikrein assay Prekallikrein screen Protein C Total antigen Functional Protein S
4
WB WB P P P
165415x109/L 6.411 fL 0.501.5
50150% No deficiency detected
0.701.40 0.701.30 P
70140% 70130%
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Total antigen Functional Free antigen P Prothrombin gene mutation G20210A Prothrombin time Protoporphyrin, free erythrocyte WB P WB
0.701.40 0.651.40 0.701.40 Not applicable 12.715.4 s 0.280.64 mol/L of red blood cells <0.145 1623.6 s P WB
70140% 65140% 70140% Not present 12.715.4 s 1636 g/dL of red blood cells
Red cell distribution width WB Reptilase time Reticulocyte count Adult males Adult females Reticulocyte hemoglobin content Ristocetin cofactor (functional von Willebrand factor) Blood group O Blood group A Blood group B Blood group AB P Serotonin release assay Sickle cell test Sucrose hemolysis Thrombin time Total eosinophils Transferrin receptor Viscosity Plasma Serum S WB WB P WB S, P P p S WB P
<14.5% 1623.6 s
0.0080.023 red 0.82.3% red cells cells 0.0080.020 red 0.82.0% red cells cells >26 pg/cell >26 pg/cell
0.75 mean of normal 1.05 mean of normal 1.15 mean of normal 1.25 mean of normal <0.2 release Negative <0.1 15.318.5 s 150300x106/L
75% mean of normal 105% mean of normal 115% mean of normal 125% mean of normal <20% release Negative <10% hemolysis 15.318.5 s 150300/mm3
9.629.6 nmol/L 9.629.6 nmol/L 1.72.1 1.41.8 1.72.1 1.41.8
von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen (factor VIII:R antigen) Blood group O Blood group A Blood group B Blood group AB P von Willebrand factor multimers White blood cells: see "Leukocytes" P 0.75 mean of normal 1.05 mean of normal 1.15 mean of normal 1.25 mean of normal Normal distribution 75% mean of normal 105% mean of normal 115% mean of normal 125% mean of normal Normal distribution
Abbreviations:JF, joint fluid; P, plasma; PRP, platelet-rich plasma; S, serum; WB, whole blood. Table 2 Clinical Chemistry and Immunology
Analyte Acetoacetate Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) Albumin Aldolase Aldosterone (adult)
Specimen* SI Units P 49294 P S 0.120.70 S S 4050 g/L 26138 nkat/L <443 pmol/L 111858 pmol/L 08.5 g/L kat/L mol/L 1.316.7 pmol/L
Conventional Units 0.53.0 mg/dL 6.076.0 pg/mL 741 U/L 4.05.0 mg/dL 1.58.1 U/L <16 ng/dL 431 ng/dL 08.5 ng/mL
Supine, normal sodium diet S, P Upright, normal Alpha fetoprotein (adult) Alpha1 antitrypsin Ammonia, as NH3 Amylase (method dependent) Androstendione (adult)
6
S, P S S P
1.02.0 g/L 1135 mol/L kat/L
100200 mg/dL 1960 2096 U/L g/dL
S 0.341.6 S
Males Females Premenopausal Postmenopausal Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Anion gap Apolipoprotein A-1 Male Female Apolipoprotein B Male Female Arterial blood gases [HCO3] PCO2 pH P O2 Aspartate aminotransferase S (AST, SGOT) Autoantibodies Anti-centromere antibody IgG Anti-double-strand (native) DNA Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies Qualitative IgG, IgA S WB S S
0.813.1 nmol/L 0.917.5 nmol/L 0.462.9 nmol/L 0.151.1 S S 716 mmol/L 0.941.78 g/L 1.011.99 g/L kat/L
2389 ng/dL 26214 ng/dL 1382 ng/dL 967 U/L 716 mmol/L 94178 mg/dL 101199 mg/dL
0.551.40 g/L 0.551.25 g/L
55140 mg/dL 55125 mg/dL
2230 mmol/L 4.36.0 kPa 7.357.45 9.613.8 kPa
2230 meq/L 3245 mmHg 7.357.45 72104 mmHg
1238 U/L 0.200.65 kat/L 29 AU/mL 29 AU/mL <25 IU/L <25 IU/L Negative Negative >19 AU/mL 19 AU/mL <1.0 U >29 AU/mL <1.0 U >29 AU/mL <20 Units <1:20 >19 AU/mL
Quantitative IgG antibody Not applicable Anti-histone antibodies Not applicable
Anti-Jo-1 antibody Anti-mitochondrial antibody Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies Serine proteinase 3 antibodies Myeloperoxidase antibodies
>19 AU/mL >19 AU/mL Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
>19 AU/mL Negative at 1:40 None detected <1.0 U <1.0 U <1.0 U <1.0 U <1.0 U Negative <40 IU/mL <35 IU/mL
Antinuclear antibody Not applicable Anti-parietal cell antibody Not applicable Anti-RNP antibody Not applicable Anti-Scl 70 antibody <40 KIU/L Anti-Smith antibody <35 KIU/L Antismooth muscle antibody Anti-SSA antibody Anti-SSB antibody Anti-thyroglobulin antibody Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) P Age and gender specific: Age and gender <100 ng/L specific: <100 pg/mL Not applicable 3.319.4 mg/L 5.726.3 mg/L Free kappa 0.261.65 Free lambda K/L ratio Beta-2-microglobulin S 1.12.4 mg/L 1.12.4 mg/L 0.261.65 None detected 0.331.94 mg/dL 0.572.63 mg/dL
Bence Jones protein, serum S qualitative Bence Jones protein, serum S quantitative
Bilirubin Total Direct Indirect C peptide C1-esterase-inhibitor protein CA 125 CA 19-9 CA 15-3 CA 27-29 Calcitonin Male Female Calcium Calcium, ionized Carbon dioxide content (TCO2) Carboxyhemoglobin (carbon monoxide content) Nonsmokers
S 5.122 1.76.8 3.415.2 S S S S S S S mol/L
0.31.3 mg/dL 0.10.4 mg/dL mol/L mol/L 0.83.5 ng/mL 2139 mg/dL <35 U/mL <37 U/mL <33 U/mL 040 U/mL 07.5 pg/mL 05.1 pg/mL 0.20.9 mg/dL
0.271.19 nmol/L 210390 mg/L <35 kU/L <37 kU/L <33 kU/L 040 kU/L 07.5 ng/L 05.1 ng/L
S WB P (sea level) WB
2.22.6 mmol/L 1.121.32 mmol/L 2230 mmol/L 0.00.015 0.040.09 >0.50
8.710.2 mg/dL 4.55.3 mg/dL 2230 meq/L 01.5% 49% >50%
Smokers Loss of consciousness and death Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Nonsmokers 0.05.0 Smokers Ceruloplasmin Chloride Cholesterol: see Table 5 Cholinesterase S 512 kU/L 512 U/mL S S 250630 mg/L 102109 mmol/L 2563 mg/dL 102109 meq/L g/L S 0.03.0 g/L 0.05.0 ng/mL 0.03.0 ng/mL
Chromogranin A Complement C3 C4 Complement total Cortisol Fasting, 8 A.M.12 noon 12 noon8 P.M. 8 P.M.8 A.M. C-reactive protein C-reactive protein, high sensitivity
S 050 S g/L 0.831.77 g/L 0.160.47 g/L 60144 CAE units
050 ng/mL 83177 mg/dL 1647 mg/dL 60144 CAE units
138690 nmol/L 525 138414 nmol/L 0276 nmol/L 515 010 g/dL g/dL g/dL
S S
<10 mg/L Cardiac risk Low: <1.0 mg/L Average: 1.03.0 mg/L High: >3.0 mg/L
<10 mg/L Cardiac risk Low: <1.0 mg/L Average: 1.03.0 mg/L High: >3.0 mg/L 39238 U/L
Creatine kinase (total) Females Males Creatine kinase-MB Mass
S 0.664.0 0.87 5.0 S 0.05.5 00.04 g/L kat/L
51294 U/L kat/L 0.05.5 ng/mL 04.0%
Fraction of total activity (by electrophoresis) Creatinine Female Male Cryoglobulins Cystatin C Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (adult) S S S 53>106 mol/L None detected 0.51.0 mg/L 1801250 ng/dL 130980 ng/dL S 4480 mol/L 0.61.2 mg/dL 0.50.9 mg/dL
Not applicable 0.51.0 mg/L 6.243.4 nmol/L 4.534.0 nmol/L
Male Female Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate Male (adult) 1205350 Female (adult, premenopausal) Female (adult, postmenopausal) 11-Deoxycortisol (adult)(compound S) Dihydrotestosterone Male Female Dopamine Epinephrine Supine (30 min) Sitting Standing (30 min) Erythropoietin Estradiol Female Menstruating: Follicular phase Midcycle peak Luteal phase Postmenopausal Male Estrone S, P <555 pmol/L <150 pg/mL S S, P 427 U/L 74532 pmol/L 4111626 pmol/L 74885 pmol/L 217 pmol/L 74 pmol/L 427 U/L <20145 pg/mL 112443 pg/mL <20241 pg/mL <59 pg/mL <20 pg/mL P P 0130 pmol/L <273 pmol/L <328 pmol/L <491pmol/L 020 pg/mL <50 pg/mL <60 pg/mL <90 pg/mL S S, P 0.344.56 nmol/L 1.032.92 nmol/L 0.140.76 nmol/L 12158 ng/dL 3085 ng/dL 422 ng/dL 3002600 g/L g/L 12535 30260 g/dL g/dL S 1006190 g/L 10619 g/dL
Female Menstruating: Follicular phase Luteal phase Postmenopausal Male Fatty acids, free (nonesterified) Ferritin Female Male Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Female S, P P S
<740 pmol/L 11118 pmol/L 33133 pmol/L
<200 pg/mL 332 pg/mL 936 pg/mL
0.10.6 mmol/L
2.816.8 mg/dL 10150 ng/mL
10150 29 248
g/L 29248 ng/mL g/L 3.020.0 mIU/mL 9.026.0 mIU/mL 1.012.0 mIU/mL 18.0153.0 mIU/mL 1.012.0 mIU/mL
3.020.0 IU/L 9.026.0 IU/L 1.012.0 IU/L
Menstruating 18.0153.0 IU/L Follicular phase 1.012.0 IU/L Ovulatory phase Luteal phase Postmenopausal Male Fructosamine S <285 umol/L 0.150.99 Gastrin Glucagon Glucose Glucose (fasting) Normal S P WB P <100 ng/L 40130 ng/L 3.65.3 mmol/L 4.25.6 mmol/L 5.66.9 mmol/L kat/L <100 pg/mL 40130 pg/mL 6595 mg/dL 75100 mg/dL 100125 mg/dL <285 umol/L 958 U/L Gamma glutamyltransferase S
Increased risk for diabetes Diabetes mellitus
Fasting >7.0 mmol/L A 2-hour level of >11.1 mmol/L during an oral glucose tolerance test A random glucose level of >11.1 mmol/L in patients with symptoms of hyperglycemia
Fasting >126 mg/dL A 2-hour level of >200 mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test A random glucose level of >200 mg/dL in patients with symptoms of hyperglycemia 05 ng/mL
Growth hormone Hemoglobin Alc Pre-diabetes Diabetes mellitus
S 05 WB g/L 0.040.06 HgB fraction 0.057-0.064 HgB fraction A hemoglobin A1c level of >0.065 Hgb fraction as suggested by the American Diabetes Association
4.05.6% 5.76.4% A hemoglobin A1c level of >6.5% as suggested by the American Diabetes Association
Hemoglobin A1c with estimated average glucose (eAg) High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (see Table 5) Homocysteine Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Nonpregnant female
WB
eAg mmoL/L = 1.59xHbA1c 2.59
eAg (mg/dL) = 28.7xHbA1c 46.7
P 4.410.8 S <5 IU/L 9130 IU/L 752600 IU/L mol/L 4.410.8 <5 mIU/ml 9130 mIU/mL 752600 mIU/mL 85020,800 mIU/mL 4000100,200 mIU/mL 11,500289,000 mIU/mL 18,300137,000 mIU/mL 140053,000 mIU/mL mol/L
12 weeks postconception 85020,800 IU/L 23 weeks postconception 4000100,200 IU/L 34 weeks postconception 11,500289,000 IU/L 45 weeks postconception 18,300137,000 IU/L 510 weeks postconception 140053,000 IU/L 1014 weeks post conception 94060,000 IU/L
Second trimester Third trimester >-Hydroxybutyrate 17-Hydroxyprogesterone (adult) Male 1.058.7 nmol/L Female Follicular phase Luteal phase Immunofixation Immunoglobulin, quantitation (adult) IgA S IgD S IgE S IgG S IgG1 S IgG2 S IgG3 S IgG4 IgM Insulin Iron Iron-binding capacity Iron-binding capacity saturation Joint fluid crystal
14
94060,000 mIU/mL
P 60170 S mol/L <4.17 nmol/L 0.452.1 nmol/L
0.61.8 mg/dL <139 ng/dL 1570 ng/dL 35290 ng/dL
S S S
Not applicable 0.703.50 g/L 0140 mg/L 187 KIU/L 7.017.0 g/L 2.717.4 g/L 0.36.3 g/L 0.133.2 g/L 0.116.2 g/L 0.503.0 g/L
No bands detected 70350 mg/dL 014 mg/dL 187 IU/mL 7001700 mg/dL 2701740 mg/dL 30630 mg/dL 13320 mg/dL 11620 mg/dL 50300 mg/dL
S, P S
14.35143.5 pmol/L 220 725 mol/L mol/L 41141 251406 1635% <85 U/mL No crystals seen U/mL g/dL g/dL
S 4573 S 0.160.35 <85 KU/L Not applicable
Ischemia modified albumin S JF
Joint fluid mucin Ketone (acetone) Lactate
JF S P, arterial P, venous
Not applicable Negative 0.51.6 mmol/L 0.52.2 mmol/L 2.03.8 kat/L
Only type I mucin present Negative 4.514.4 mg/dL 4.519.8 mg/dL 115221 U/L 343 U/L
Lactate dehydrogenase Lipase Lipids: see Table 5 Lipoprotein (a) Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (see Table 5) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Female Menstruating Follicular phase Ovulatory phase Luteal phase Postmenopausal Male Magnesium Metanephrine
S S 0.510.73 S 0300 mg/L kat/L
030 mg/dL
S, P
2.015.0 U/L 22.0105.0 U/L 0.619.0 U/L 16.064.0 U/L 2.012.0 U/L
2.015.0 mIU/mL 22.0105.0 mIU/mL 0.619.0 mIU/mL 16.064.0 mIU/mL 2.012.0 mIU/mL
S P
0.620.95 mmol/L <0.5 nmol/L <100 pg/mL
1.52.3 mg/dL
Methemoglobin Myoglobin Male Female Norepinephrine Supine (30 min) Sitting
WB S
0.00.01 20>71 25>58 g/L g/L
01% 20>71 25>58 g/L g/L
6502423 pmol/L 7094019 pmol/L 7394137 pmol/L
110410 pg/mL 120680 pg/mL 125700 pg/mL
Standing (30 min) N-telopeptide (crosslinked), NTx Female, premenopausal Male BCE = bone collagen equivalent NT-Pro BNP S, P <125 ng/L up to 75 years <125 pg/mL up to 75 years <450 ng/L >75 years <450 pg/mL >75 years 011 U/L 0.000.19 Osmolality Osteocalcin Oxygen content Arterial (sea level) Venous (sea level) Oxygen saturation (sea level) Arterial 0.600.85 Venous, arm Parathyroid hormone (intact) Phosphatase, alkaline Phosphorus, inorganic Potassium Prealbumin Procalcitonin Progesterone Female: Follicular S S 0.561.63 S S S S <0.1 S, P g/L <1.0 ng/mL 320 ng/mL <1.0 ng/mL <3.18 nmol/L 9.5463.6 nmol/L <3.18 nmol/L
6.219.0 nmol BCE 5.424.2 nmol BCE
6.219.0 nmol BCE 5.424.2 nmol BCE
5> Nucleotidase
S kat/L P S 1150 WB 1721 1016 g/L 275295 mOsmol/kg serum water
275295 mOsmol/kg serum water 1150 ng/mL 1721 vol% 1016 vol%
WB
Fraction: 0.941.0
Percent: 94100% 6085% 851 pg/mL 3396 U/L kat/L 2.54.3 mg/dL 3.55.0 meq/L 1734 mg/dL <0.1 ng/mL
851 ng/L
0.811.4 mmol/L 3.55.0 mmol/L 170340 mg/L
Midluteal Male Prolactin Male Female Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Prostate-specific antigen, free S 0.04.0 S g/L With total PSA between 4 and 10 ng/mL and when the free PSA is: >25% decreased risk of prostate cancer <10% increased risk of prostate cancer Protein fractions: Albumin Globulin Alpha1 Alpha2 Beta Gamma 0.71.7 g/dL (1323%) Protein, total Pyruvate Rheumatoid factor Serotonin Serum protein electrophoresis Sex hormonebinding globulin (adult) S P 40130 S WB S S <15 kIU/L 0.281.14 umol/L Not applicable 1180 nmol/L 30135 nmol/L
53360 mIU/L 40530 mIU/L
2.517 ng/mL 1.925 ng/mL
0.04.0 ng/mL With total PSA between 4 and 10 g/L and when the free PSA is: >0.25 decreased risk of prostate cancer <0.10 increased risk of prostate cancer
3555 g/L 2035 g/L 24 g/L 59 g/L 611 g/L 717 g/L
3.55.5 g/dL (5060%) 2.03.5 g/dL (4050%) 0.20.4 g/dL (4.2 7.2%) 0.50.9 g/dL (6.8 12%) 0.61.1 g/dL (9.3 15%)
6786 g/L mol/L
6.78.6 g/dL 0.351.14 mg/dL <15 IU/mL 50200 ng/mL Normal pattern 1180 nmol/L 30135 nmol/L
Male Female Sodium Somatomedin-C (IGF1)(adult) 16 years 193731 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years 127424 2125 years 116358 2630 years 3135 years 3640 years 4145 years 4650 years 5155 years 5660 years 6165 years 6670 years 7175 years 7680 years 8185 years 81225 75212 69200 g/L g/L g/L 94252 87238 g/L g/L 119204 101267 g/L g/L 117329 115307 g/L g/L g/L 117329 ng/mL 115307 ng/mL 119204 ng/mL 101267 ng/mL 94252 ng/mL 87238 ng/mL 81225 ng/mL 75212 ng/mL 69200 ng/mL 64188 ng/mL 59177 ng/mL 55166 ng/mL g/L 116358 ng/mL 163584 141483 g/L g/L 141483 ng/mL 127424 ng/mL g/L 163584 ng/mL S S 226903 g/L 193731 ng/mL 136146 mmol/L 136146 meq/L 226903 ng/mL
64188 59177 55166 Somatostatin Testosterone, free Female, adult Male, adult Testosterone, total, Female Male Thyroglobulin Thyroid-binding globulin Thyroid-stimulating hormone Thyroxine, free (fT4) Thyroxine, total (T4) Thyroxine index (free) Transferrin Triglycerides (see Table 5) S 1.3>31.8 S S S S S S S 1330 mg/L S P S <25 ng/L
g/L g/L g/L <25 pg/mL 319 pg/mL 90300 pg/mL
10.465.9 pmol/L 3121041 pmol/L
0.212.98 nmol/L 9.3637.10 nmol/L
686 ng/dL 2701070 ng/dL
1.331.8 ng/mL g/L 1.33.0 mg/dL 0.344.25 9.016 pmol/L 70151 nmol/L 5.411.7 6.710.9 2.04.0 g/L 0.342.26 mmol/L 3.76.5 pmol/L 1.22.1 nmol/L 00.04 g/L 6.710.9 200400 mg/dL 30200 mg/dL 2.44.2 pg/mL 77135 ng/dL 00.04 ng/mL g/dL 0.71.24 ng/dL IU/mL
0.344.25 mIU/L
Triiodothyronine, free (fT3) S Triiodothyronine, total (T3) S Troponin I (method dependent) 99th percentile of a healthy population Troponin T 99th percentile of a healthy population Urea nitrogen Uric acid
19
S,P
S,P 00.01 g/L
00.01 ng/mL
S S
2.57.1 mmol/L 0.150.33 mmol/L
720 mg/dL 2.55.6 mg/dL
Females Males Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide Zinc protoporphyrin P WB
0.180.41 mmol/L
3.17.0 mg/dL
060 ng/L
060 pg/mL
0400 Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP)- WB to-heme ratio 069 heme
g/L mol ZPP/mol
040
g/dL
069 mol ZPP/mol heme
Abbreviations:P, plasma; S, serum; WB, whole blood. Table 3 Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Therapeutic Range Drug Acetaminophen 66199 mol/L Amikacin Peak Trough 3451 mol/L 017 mol/L Amitriptyline/nortriptyline (total drug) Amphetamine Bromide Mild toxicity Severe toxicity Lethal 430900 nmol/L 150220 nmol/L 9.418.7 mmol/L SI Units
Toxic Level Conventional SI Units Units >1320 1030 g/mL mol/L >200 g/mL Conventional Units
2030 g/mL 010 g/mL 120250 ng/mL 2030 ng/mL
>60 mol/L >17 mol/L >1800 nmol/L >1500 nmol/L
>35 >10
g/mL g/mL
>500 ng/mL >200 ng/mL >150 mg/dL 51150 mg/dL
75150 mg/dL >18.8 mmol/L 6.418.8 mmol/L >18.8 mmol/L >37.5
>150 mg/dL >300 mg/dL
mmol/L Caffeine 25.8103 520 mol/L Carbamazepine 1742 mol/L Chloramphenicol Peak Trough 1531 mol/L Chlordiazepoxide 1.710 mol/L Clonazepam Clozapine 0.62.1 mol/L Cocaine >3.3 mol/L Codeine Cyclosporine Renal transplant 06 months 166250 nmol/L 200300 ng/mL 100150 ng/mL 250350 ng/mL 150250 ng/mL 100150 ng/mL 300450 >250 nmol/L >125 nmol/L >291 nmol/L >208 nmol/L >125 nmol/L >374 >450 ng/mL 43110 nmol/mL 208312 nmol/L 1333 ng/mL 250375 ng/mL >3700 nmol/mL >312 nmol/L >1.0 g/mL 32240 nmol/L 0.53.0 g/mL 1075 ng/mL 200700 ng/mL >17 mol/L >320 nmol/L >3.7 mol/L >5.0 g/mL 510 g/mL >46 mol/L 3162 mol/L 1020 g/mL >77 mol/L >25 >15 g/mL g/mL 410 g/mL > 85 mol/L >20 g/mL g/ml >206 mol/L >40 g/mL
>100 ng/mL >1200 ng/mL
>1100 ng/mL (lethal) >375 ng/mL >300 ng/mL >150 ng/mL >350 ng/mL >250 ng/mL 150 ng/mL
612 months after transplant 83125 nmol/L >12 months 208291 nmol/L Cardiac transplant 06 months 612 months after transplant >12 months Lung transplant 06 months 83125 nmol/L 250374 125208 nmol/L
Liver transplant Initiation Maintenance
nmol/L 208291 nmol/L 83166 nmol/L
ng/mL 250350 ng/mL 100200 ng/mL 100300 ng/mL 0.21.0 g/mL 0.11.8 g/mL
nmol/L >291 nmol/L >166 nmol/L >1880 nmol/L >7.0 mol/L >9.2 mol/L
>350 ng/mL >200 ng/mL
Desipramine Diazepam (and metabolite) Diazepam Nordiazepam
3751130 nmol/L 0.7 3.5 mol/L 0.4 6.6 mol/L
>500 ng/mL
>2.0 >2.5
g/mL g/mL
Digoxin Disopyramide
0.642.6 nmol/L 5.314.7 mol/L
0.52.0 ng/mL >5.0 nmol/L >20.6 25 g/mL mol/L
>3.9 ng/mL
>7
g/mL
Doxepin and nordoxepin Doxepin Nordoxepin
0.360.98 mol/L 0.381.04 mol/L
101274 ng/mL 106291 ng/mL
>503 ng/mL >1.8 mol/L >1.9 mol/L >4.3 mmol/L 17 mmol/L >54 mmol/L >20 mg/dL 80 mg/dL >531 ng/mL
Ethanol Behavioral changes Legal limit Critical with acute exposure
>250 mg/dL
Ethylene glycol Toxic Lethal Ethosuximide 280700 mol/L Everolimus

22
>2 mmol/L >20 mmol/L 40100 g/mL 38 ng/mL >700 mol/L >12.5
>12 mg/dL >120 mg/dL
>100
g/mL
3.138.35
>12 ng/mL
nmol/L Flecainide 0.52.4 mol/L Gentamicin Peak Trough 0>4.2 mol/mL Heroin (diacetyl morphine) 02 10>21 mol/mL 510 g/mL 0.21.0 g/mL
nmol/L >3.6 mol/L >25 mol/mL g/mL >4.2 mol/mL >700 mol/L >200 ng/mL (as morphine) >1.5 g/mL
>12 >2
g/mL g/mL
Ibuprofen 49243 mol/L Imipramine (and metabolite) 3751130 nmol/L Desimipramine 5631130 nmol/L Total imipramine + desimipramine Lamotrigine 11.754.7 mol/L Lidocaine 5.121.3 mol/L Lithium Methadone 1.03.2 mol/L Methamphetamine 0.070.34 mol/L Methanol Methotrexate Low-dose 0.010.1 mol/L 0.010.1 mol/L 0.01>0.05 g/mL mol/L >6 mmol/L >0.1 mmol/L >20 mg/dL >0.1 mmol/L 0.31.0 g/mL >6.5 mol/L >3.35 >0.5 g/mL >2 g/mL 0.51.3 mmol/L 1.25.0 g/mL mol/L 0.51.3 meq/L >2 mmol/L >2 meq/L 314 g/mL mol/L >38.4 >9.0 g/mL 1050 g/mL 100300 ng/mL 150300 ng/mL >970 mol/L >1880 nmol/L >1880 nmol/L >58.7 >15 g/mL >200 g/mL
>500 ng/mL >500 ng/mL
High-dose (24h) High-dose (48h) High-dose (72h) <0.50 mol/L <0.10 mol/L Morphine 232286 mol/L Mycophenolic acid 3.110.9 mol/L Nitroprusside (as thiocyanate) Nortriptyline Phenobarbital 65172 mol/L Phenytoin 4079 mol/L Phenytoin, free % Free 4.07.9 g/mL 0.080.14 Primidone and metabolite Primidone Phenobarbital 65172 mol/L Procainamide Procainamide NAPA (Nacetylprocainamide) 1742 mol/L 2272 mol/L 410 g/mL 6>20 >43 mol/L g/mL >126 mol/L >10 >35 g/mL g/mL 1540 g/mL >215 mol/L 2355 mol/L 512 g/mL >69 mol/L >15 7gt;50 g/mL g/mL 12 814 g/mL g/mL 1020 g/mL >158 mol/L >13.9 >3.5 g/mL >40 g/mL 1540 g/mL >258 mol/L >60 g/mL 103499 mol/L 190569 nmol/L 629 g/mL 1.03.5 ng/mL >37 mol/L 860 mol/L >50 g/mL <0.50 mol/L <0.10 mol/L 6580 ng/mL >720 mol/L >12 ng/mL >0.5 mol/L >0.1 >0.1 mol/L >200 ng/mL mol/L <5.0 mol/L <5.0 mol/L >5.0 mol/L >5.0 >0.5 mol/L mol/L
50150 ng/mL >1900 nmol/L
>500 ng/mL
Quinidine 6.215.4 mol/L Salicylates 1452100 mol/L mol/L Sirolimus (trough level) Kidney transplant Tacrolimus (FK506) (trough) Kidney and liver Initiation Maintenance Heart Initiation Maintenance Theophylline 56111 g/mL Thiocyanate After nitroprusside infusion Nonsmoker Smoker 1769 mol/L 52206 mol/L Tobramycin Peak Trough 04.3 Valproic acid 346693 mol/L 50100 g/mL >693 mol/L >100 g/mL g/L 02 g/mL >4.3 g/L 1122 g/L 510 g/mL >26 g/L >12 >2 g/mL g/mL 14 312 g/mL g/mL 103499 mol/L 629 g/mL 860 mol/L >50 g/mL 1020 g/mL >168 g/mL >30 g/mL 1219 nmol/L 1015 ng/mL 612 nmol/L 510 ng/mL >25 nmol/L >25 nmol/L >20 ng/mL >20 ng/mL 4.415.4 nmol/L 414 ng/mL >16 nmol/L >15 ng/mL 2.05.0 g/mL 229 mg/dL >19 mol/L >2900 >6 g/mL
>40 mg/dL
1925 nmol/L 1520 ng/mL 612 nmol/L 510 ng/mL
Vancomycin Peak Trough 3.510.4 mol/L Table 4 Vitamins and Selected Trace Minerals 515 g/mL >14 mol/L 1428 mol/L 2040 g/mL >55 mol/L >80 >20 g/mL g/mL
Reference Range Specimen Aluminum Arsenic Cadmium Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) Analyte SI Units S <0.2 WB 0.030.31 WB P 4331532 S -Carotene Copper Folic acid Folic acid Lead (adult) Mercury Selenium Vitamin A Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) S 1122 RC S S <0.5 WB S S 0.73.5 S S P S S 2357 Vitamin D3,1,25-dihydroxy, total S, P
Conventional Units mol/L mol/L <5.41 223 <5.0 g/L mol/L mol/L 4331532 477 70140 g/dL g/dL g/L g/L g/L g/L
<44.5 nmol/L
0.071.43
3401020 nmol/L cells 150450 ng/mL cells 12.240.8 nmol/L mol/L 5.418.0 ng/mL <10 0.659 0.82.0 umol/L 63160 mol/L 20100 02 106638 nmol/L 424 20121 nmol/L 206735 pmol/L mol/L 1575 pg/mL g/dL 530 ng/mL 279996 pg/mL 0.41.0 mg/dL 36180 pmol/L g/L g/dL g/dL g/dL g/L
3.0294 nmol/L
075 nmol/L
Vitamin D3,25-hydroxy, total Vitamin E Vitamin K Zinc
P S
75250 nmol/L 1242 mol/L
30100 ng/mL 518 g/mL
S S
0.292.64 nmol/L 11.518.4 mol/L
0.131.19 ng/mL 75120 g/dL
Abbreviations: P, plasma; RC, red cells; S, serum; WB, whole blood. Table 5 Classification of LDL, Total, and HDL Cholesterol
LDL Cholesterol <70 mg/dL <100 mg/dL 100129 mg/dL 130159 mg/dL 160189 mg/dL 190 mg/dL Total Cholesterol <200 mg/dL 200239 mg/dL 240 mg/dL HDL Cholesterol <40 mg/dL 60 mg/dL Low High Desirable Borderline high High Therapeutic option for very high risk patients Optimal Near optimal/above optimal Borderline high High Very high
Abbreviations: LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein. Source: Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:248697. Implications of Recent Clinical Trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. SM Grundy et al for the Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program: Circulation 110:227, 2004. Reference Values for Specific Analytes Table 6 Cerebrospinal Fluida
Reference Range Constituent Osmolarity Electrolytes Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride CO2 content PCO2 pH Glucose Lactate Total protein: Lumbar Cisternal Ventricular Albumin IgG IgG index
b
SI Units 292297 mmol/kg water 137145 mmol/L 2.73.9 mmol/L 1.01.5 mmol/L 1.01.2 mmol/L 116122 mmol/L 2024 mmol/L 67 kPa 7.317.34 2.223.89 mmol/L 12 mmol/L 0.150.5 g/L 0.150.25 g/L 0.060.15 g/L 0.0660.442 g/L 0.0090.057 g/L 0.290.59 <2 bands not present in matched serum sample 1547 mol/L mol/L g/L
Conventional Units 292297 mOsm/L 137145 meq/L 2.73.9 meq/L 2.13.0 meq/L 2.02.5 meq/L 116122 meq/L 2024 meq/L 4549 mmHg 4070 mg/dL 1020 mg/dL 1550 mg/dL 1525 mg/dL 615 mg/dL 6.644.2 mg/dL 0.95.7 mg/dL
Oligoclonal bands (OGB) Ammonia
2580
g/dL
Creatinine 44168 Myelin basic protein <4 CSF pressure CSF volume (adult) 150 mL Red blood cells Leukocytes Total 05 mononuclear cells per Differential L 0
0.51.9 mg/dL
50180 mmH2O
Lymphocytes Monocytes Neutrophils
6070% 3050% None
Since cerebrospinal fluid concentrations are equilibrium values, measurements of the same parameters in blood plasma obtained at the same time are recommended. However, there is a time lag in attainment of equilibrium, and cerebrospinal levels of plasma constituents that can fluctuate rapidly (such as plasma glucose) may not achieve stable values until after a significant lag phase. bIgG index = CSF IgG (mg/dL) x serum albumin (g/dL)/serum IgG (g/dL) x CSF albumin (mg/dL). Table 7a Differential Nucleated Cell Countsof Bone Marrow Aspiratesa(See Chaps. 57, e17)
Observed Range (%) Blast cells Promyelocytes Neutrophil myelocytes Eosinophil myelocytes Metamyelocytes Neutrophils Males Females Eosinophils Eosinophils plus eosinophil myelocytes Basophils Erythroblasts Male Females Lymphocytes Plasma cells Monocytes Macrophages M:E ratio 4.622.6 01.4 03.2 01.8 1.14.0 1.65.4
29
95% Range (%) 03.0 3.212.4 3.710.0 02.8 2.35.9 21.942.3 28.845.9
Mean (%) 1.4 7.8 7.6 1.3 4.1 32.1 37.4
03.2 3.613.2 421.4 05.0 17.0 21.045.6 29.646.6
0.44.2 0.97.4 00.8 18.039.4 14.031.8
0.34.2 0.76.3 00.4 16.240.1 13.032.0
2.2 3.5 0.1 28.1 22.5
6.020.0 01.2 02.6 01.3 1.14.1 1.65.2
13.1 0.6 1.3 0.4 2.1 2.8
Males Females
Based on bone marrow aspirate from 50 healthy volunteers (30 men, 20 women).
Abbreviation: M:E, myeloid to erythroid ratio. Source: BJ Bain: Br J Haematol 94:206, 1996. Table 7b Bone Marrow Cellularity
Age Under 10 years 1019 years 2029 years 3039 years 4049 years 5059 years 6069 years 7079 years
Observed Range 59.095.1% 41.586.6% 32.083.7% 30.381.3% 16.375.1% 19.773.6% 16.365.7% 11.347.1%
95% Range 72.984.7% 59.269.4% 54.161.9% 41.154.1% 43.552.9% 41.251.4% 40.850.6% 22.635.2%
Mean 78.8% 64.3% 58.0% 47.6% 48.2% 46.3% 45.7% 28.9%
Source: From RJ Hartsock et al: Am J Clin Pathol 1965; 43:326, 1965. Table 8 Stool Analysis
Reference Range SI Units Alpha-1-antitrypsin Amount Coproporphyrin Fat Adult Adult on fat-free diet Fatty acids Leukocytes Nitrogen
Conventional Units >54 mg/dL 100200 g/24 h 4001200 <7 g/d <4 g/d g/24 h
>540 mg/L 0.10.2 kg/d 6111832 nmol/d
021 mmol/d None <178 mmol/d
06 g/24 h None <2.5 g/24 h
pH Potassium Occult blood Osmolality Sodium Trypsin Urobilinogen
7.07.5 14102 mmol/L Negative 280325 mOsm 772 mmol/L 14102 mmol/L Negative 280325 mOsm 772 mmol/L 2095 U/g 50300 mg/24 h 85510 mol/d 1040 g/24 h 1248 nmol/d <0.75 <75%
Uroporphyrins Water
Source: Modified from: FT Fishbach, MB Dunning III: A Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, 7th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004. Table 9 Urine Analysis and Renal Function Tests
Reference Range SI Units Acidity, titratable Aldosterone Normal diet: 625 Low-salt diet: 1744 g/d High-salt diet: 06 Aluminum 0.191.11 Ammonia Amylase Amylase/creatinine clearance ratio 15 [(Clam/Clcr) x 100] Arsenic 0.070.67 Bence Jones protein, urine, qualitative Bence Jones protein, urine, quantitative
Conventional Units 2040 meq/d g/d Normal diet: 625 Low-salt diet: 1744 g/d g/d High-salt diet: 06 530 g/L g/d g/d
2040 mmol/d
mol/L
3050 mmol/d
3050 meq/d 4400 U/L 15
mol/d
550
g/d
Not applicable 1.424.2 mg/L
None detected 0.142.42 mg/dL
Free Kappa Free Lambda K/L ratio Calcium (10 meq/d or 200 mg/d dietary calcium) Chloride Citrate Copper
0.26.7 mg/L 2.0410.37
0.020.67 mg/dL 2.0410.37
<7.5 mmol/d 140250 mmol/d 3201240 mg/d <0.95 mol/d
<300 mg/d 140250 mmol/d 3201240 mg/d <60 g/d
Coproporphyrins (types I and III) 020 mol/mol creatinine Cortisol, free Creatine, as creatinine <760 Female Male Creatinine Dopamine Eosinophils Epinephrine Glomerular filtration rate <380 mol/d 1.01.6 g/d 60440 <100 eosinophils/mL 0109 nmol/day 020 >60 mL/min/1.73 m
2
020 mol/mol creatinine 2070 <100 mg/d g/d
55193 nmol/d
mol/d <50 mg/d
8.814 mmol/d 3922876 nmol/d
g/d
<100 eosinophils/mL g/day
>60 mL/min/1.73 m2
For African Americans For African Americans multiply the result by 1.21 multiply the result by 1.21 Glucose (glucose oxidase method) 0.31.7 mmol/d 5-Hydroindoleacetic acid [5HIAA] Hydroxyproline 53>328 Iodine, spot urine >100 WHO classification of iodine deficiency: 50100 Not iodine deficient g/L 50100 g/L g/L >100 g/L mol/d 53328 mol/d 078.8 mol/d 50300 mg/d 015 mg/d
Mild iodine deficiency 2049 Moderate iodine deficiency Severe iodine deficiency Ketone (acetone) 17 Ketosteroids Metanephrines 30350 Metanephrine Normetanephrine Microalbumin Normal Microalbuminuria Clinical albuminuria Microalbumin/creatinine ratio Normal Microalbuminuria Clinical albuminuria >300
2-Microglobulin
g/L g/L
2049 <20 Negative 312 mg/d
g/L g/L
<20 Negative
312 mg/d g/d g/d
30350 50650 030 mg/d
g/d g/d
50650 0.00.03 g/d
0.030.30 g/d >0.3 g/d
30300 mg/d >300 mg/d
03.4 g/mol creatinine 030 3.434 g/mol creatinine >34 g/mol creatinine 30300 creatinine g/mg g/mg creatinine
g/mg creatinine g/L g/d
0160
g/L
0160 1580
Norepinephrine
89473 nmol/d 1794 nmol BCE/mmol creatinine 26124 nmol BCE/mmol creatinine 2183 nmol BCE/mmol creatinine
N-telopeptide (cross-linked), NTx 1794 nmol BCE/mmol creatinine Female, premenopausal 26124 nmol BCE/mmol creatinine Female, postmenopausal Male BCE = bone collagen equivalent Osmolality Oxalate 80500 Male mol/d 2183 nmol BCE/mmol creatinine
500800 mOsmol/kg water 500800 mOsmol/kg water 744 mg/d 431 mg/d
Female 45350 pH Phosphate (phosphorus) (varies with intake) Porphobilinogen Potassium (varies with intake) Protein Protein/creatinine ratio 5.09.0 12.942.0 mmol/d None 25100 mmol/d <0.15 g/d Male: 1568 mg/g Female: 10107 mg/g Sediment Red blood cells White blood cells Bacteria Crystals Bladder cells Squamous cells Tubular cells Broad casts Epithelial cell casts Granular casts Hyaline casts Red blood cell casts Waxy casts White cell casts Sodium (varies with intake) Specific gravity: After 12-h fluid restriction 1.003 After 12-h deliberate water
mol/d 5.09.0 4001300 mg/d None 25100 meq/d <150 mg/d Male: 1568 mg/g Female: 10107 mg/g
02/high-power field 02/high-power field None None None None None None None None 05/low-power field None None None
100260 mmol/d >1.025
100260 meq/d >1.025 1.003
intake Tubular reabsorption, phosphorus 0.790.94 of filtered load Urea nitrogen Uric acid (normal diet) Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) <30 Special Function Tests Table 10 Normal Pressures in Heart and Great Vessels mol/d 214607 mmol/d 1.494.76 mmol/d 7994% of filtered load 617 g/d 250800 mg/d <6 mg/d
Pressure (mmHg) Right Atrium Mean a wave c wave x wave v wave y wave Right Ventricle Peak systolic End-diastolic Pulmonary Artery Mean Peak systolic End-diastolic Pulmonary Artery Wedge Mean Left Atrium Mean a wave v wave Left Ventricle Peak systolic End-diastolic Brachial Artery Mean Peak systolic
35
Average 2.8 5.6 3.8 1.7 4.6 2.4 25 4 15 25 9 9 7.9 10.4 12.8 130 8.7 85 130
Range 15 2.57 1.56 05 27.5 06 1732 17 919 1732 413 4.513 212 416 621 90140 512 70105 90140
End-diastolic
70
6090
Source: Reproduced from: MJ Kern The Cardiac Catheterization Handbook, 4th ed., Philadelphia, Mosby, 2003. Table 11 Circulatory Function Tests
Results: Reference Range Test Arteriovenous oxygen difference Cardiac output (Fick) Contractility indexes Max. left ventricular dp/dt (dp/dt) 220 kPa/s (176250 kPa/s) 1650 mmHg/s (13201880 mmHg/s) DP when DP = 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg) (DP, developed LV pressure) (37.6 12.2)/s 3.32 0.84 end-diastolic volumes per second (37.6 12.2)/s 3.32 0.84 end-diastolic volumes per second SI Units (Range) 3050 mL/L 2.53.6 L/m2 of body surface area per min Conventional Units (Range) 3050 mL/L 2.53.6 L/m2 of body surface area per min
Mean normalized systolic ejection 1.83 0.56 circumferences 1.83 0.56 circumferences rate (angiography) per second per second Mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (angiography) Ejection fraction: stroke volume/end-diastolic volume (SV/EDV) End-diastolic volume End-systolic volume Left ventricular work Stroke work index Left ventricular minute work index Oxygen consumption index Maximum oxygen uptake Pulmonary vascular resistance Systemic vascular resistance
0.67 0.08 (0.550.78)
0.67 0.08 (0.550.78)
70 20.0 mL/m2 (6088 mL/m2) 25 5.0 mL/m2 (2033 mL/m2) 50 20.0 (gm)/m2 (30 110) 1.86.6 [(kgm)/m2]/min 110150 mL 35 mL/min (2060 mL/min) 212 (kPas)/L 77150 (kPas)/L
70 20.0 mL/m2 (6088 mL/m2) 25 5.0 mL/m2 (2033 mL/m2) 50 20.0 (gm)/m2 (30 110) 1.86.6 [(kgm)/m2]/min 110150 mL 35 mL/min (2060 mL/min) 20130 (dyns)/cm5 7701600 (dyns)/cm5
Source: E Braunwald et al: Heart Disease, 6th ed. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co., 2001. Table 12 Normal Echocardiographic Reference Limits and Partition Values in Adults
Women Mildly Refere Abnor nce mal Range Left ventricular dimensions Septal thickness, cm Posterior wall thickness, cm Diastolic diameter, cm
Moderat ely Abnorm al
Severel y Abnor mal
Men Mildly Refere Abnor nce mal Range
Moderat ely Abnorm al
Severel y Abnor mal
0.60.9 1.01.2 1.31.5 1.6 0.60.9 1.01.2 1.31.5 1.6
0.61.0 1.11.3 1.41.6 1.7 0.61.0 1.11.3 1.41.6 1.7
3.95.3 5.45.7 5.86.1 6.2
4.25.9 6.06.3 6.46.8 6.9 2.23.1 3.23.4 3.53.6 3.8 2.43.3 3.43.5 3.63.7 3.7 3.8 3.7
Diastolic 2.43.2 3.33.4 3.53.7 diameter/BS A, cm/m2 Diastolic 2.53.2 3.33.4 3.53.6 diameter/hei ght, cm/m Left ventricular volumes Diastolic, mL 56104 105 117 7686 5059 3136 118130 131 8796
67155 156 178 3575 97 2258 70 1230 43 7686 5970 3136
179201 202 8796 97 7182 83 3742 43
Diastolic/BS 3575 A, mL/m2 Systolic, mL 1949 Systolic/BS 1230 A, mL/m2 Left ventricular mass, 2D method
37
6069 3742
Mass, g
66150 151 171 4488
172182 183
96200 201 227 50102 103 116
228254 255 117130 131
Mass/BSA, g/m2 Left ventricular function
89100 101112 113
Endocardial 2745 fractional shortening (%)? Midwall fractional shortening (%) Ejection fraction, 2D method (%) Right heart dimensions (cm) Basal RV diameter Mid-RV diameter 1523
2226
1721 16
2543
2024
1519 14
1314
1112 10
1422
1213
1011 9
4554 55
3044 29 55
4554
3044 29
2.02.8 2.93.3 3.43.8 3.9 2.73.3 3.43.7 3.84.1 4.2
2.02.8 2.93.3 3.43.8 3.9 2.73.3 3.43.7 3.84.1 4.2 7.17.9 8.08.5 8.69.1 9.2 2.52.9 3.03.2 3.33.5 3.6 3.6 9.2
Base-to7.17.9 8.08.5 8.69.1 apex length RVOT 2.52.9 3.03.2 3.33.5 diameter above aortic valve RVOT diameter above pulmonic valve Pulmonary artery diameter below pulmonic valve Right
38
1.72.3 2.42.7 2.83.1 3.2
1.72.3 2.42.7 2.83.1 3.2
1.52.1 2.22.5 2.62.9 3.0
1.52.1 2.22.5 2.62.9 3.0
ventricular size and function in 4-chamber view Diastolic area, cm2 Systolic area, cm2 1128 7.516 2932 1719 2531 3337 38 2022 23 1824 17 3260 2531 1824 17 7.516 1719 2022 23 1128 2932 3337 38
Fractional 3260 area change, % Atrial sizes LA diameter, cm
2.73.8 3.94.2 4.34.6 4.7
3.04.0 4.14.6 4.75.2 5.3 1.52.3 2.42.6 2.72.9 3.0 2.94.5 4.64.9 5.05.4 5.5 5.5 1.72.5 2.62.8 2.93.1 3.2 3.2 <20 41 1858 73 1628 40 2030 5968 2933 3040 41 6978 79 3439 40 3.0
LA 1.52.3 2.42.6 2.72.9 diameter/BS A, cm/m2 RA minor axis, cm RA minor axis/BSA, cm/m2 LA area, cm2 2.94.5 4.64.9 5.05.4 1.72.5 2.62.8 2.93.1
<20
2030 5362 2933
3040 6372 3439
LA volume, 2252 mL LA volume/BS A, mL/m2 Aortic stenosis, classificatio n of severity Aortic jet velocity, m/s Mean gradient, mmHg Valve area, cm2 Indexed
39
1628
2.62.9 3.04.0
>4.0
2.62.9 3.04.0
>4.0
<20
2040
>40
<20
2040
>40
>1.5 >0.85
1.0 1.5<1.0 0.60 <0.6
>1.5
1.01.5 <1.0 >0.85 0.60 <0.6
valve area, cm2/m2 Velocity ratio Mitral stenosis, classificatio n of severity Valve area, cm2 Mean gradient, mmHg Pulmonary artery pressure, mmHg Aortic regurgitatio n, indices of severity Vena contracta width, cm Jet width/LVO T width, % Jet CSA/LVOT CSA, % Regurgitant volume, mL/beat Regurgitant fraction, % Effective regurgitant orifice area, cm2 Mitral regurgitatio n, indices of severity Vena
40
0.85 >0.50 0.25 0.50 <0.25 >0.50
0.85 0.25 0.50 <0.25
>1.5 <5
1.01.5 510
<1.0 >10
>1.5 <5
1.01.5 510
<1.0 >10
<30
3050
>50
<30
3050
>50
<0.30
0.30 0.60 2564
<0.30 0.60 <25 65
0.30 0.60 2564
0.60 65
<25
<5
559 60
<5
559 60
<30
3059 60
<30
3059 60
<30 <0.10
3049 50 0.10 0.29
<30 <0.10 0.30
3049 50 0.10 0.29
0.30
<0.30
0.30
<0.30
0.30
contracta width, cm Regurgitant volume, mL/beat Regurgitant fraction, % Effective regurgitant orifice area, cm2 <30
0.69 3059
0.70 <30 60
0.69 3059
0.70
60 <30 3049 50 <0.20 0.20 0.39
<30 <0.20
3049 50 0.20 0.39
0.40
0.40
Abbreviations: BSA, body surface area; CSA, cross-sectional area; LA, left atrium; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract; RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; 2D, 2-dimensional. Source: Values adapted from: American Society of Echocardiography, Guidelines and Standards. http://www.asecho.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3317. Accessed Feb 23, 2010. Table 13 Summary of Values Useful in Pulmonary Physiology
Typical Values Symbol Man Aged 40, 75 kg, 175 Woman Aged 40, cm Tall 60 kg, 160 cm Tall
Pulmonary Mechanics Spirometryvolume-time curves Forced vital capacity FVC 5.0 L 4.0 L 80% 3.4 L 2.8 L 78% 3.2L/s 6.1 L/s Forced expiratory volume in FEV1 1s FEV1/FVC FEV1%
Maximal midexpiratory flow MMEF (FEF 4.1 L/s rate 2575) Maximal expiratory flow rate MEFR (FEF 9.0 L/s 2001200) Spirometryflow-volume curves Maximal expiratory flow at Vmax 50 (FEF 5.0 L/s 50% of expired vital capacity 50%) Maximal expiratory flow at Vmax 75 (FEF 2.1 L/s 75% of expired vital capacity 75%) Resistance to airflow:
41
4.0 L/s 2.0 L/s
Pulmonary resistance Airway resistance Specific conductance Pulmonary compliance
RL (RL) Raw SGaw
<3.0 (cmH2O/s)/L <2.5 (cmH2O/s)/L >0.13 cmH2O/s 25 5 cmH2O 0.2 L cmH2O 0.1 L cmH2O 0.25 0.05 L/cmH2O
Static recoil pressure at total Pst TLC lung capacity Compliance of lungs (static) CL Compliance of lungs and thorax Dynamic compliance of 20 breaths per minute Maximal static respiratory pressures: Maximal inspiratory pressure MIP Maximal expiratory pressure MEP Lung Volumes Total lung capacity Functional residual capacity Residual volume Inspiratory capacity Expiratory reserve volume Vital capacity Gas Exchange (Sea Level) Arterial O2 tension Arterial CO2 tension Arterial O2 saturation Arterial blood pH Arterial bicarbonate Base excess PaO2 PaCO2 SaO2 pH HCO3 BE
C(L + T) C dyn 20
>110 cmH2O >200 cmH2O 6.9 L 3.3 L 1.9 L 3.7 L 1.4 L 5.0 L 12.7 0.7 kPa (95 5 mmHg) 5.3 0.3 kPa (40 2 mmHg) 0.97 0.02 (97 2%) 7.40 0.02 24 + 2 meq/L 0 2 meq/L 37 mL CO/min/mmHg 27 mL CO/min/mmHg 2 mL/kg body wt
>70 cmH2O >140 cmH2O 4.9 L 2.6 L 1.5 L 2.3 L 1.1 L 3.4 L
TLC FRC RV IC ERV VC
Diffusing capacity for carbon DLCO monoxide (single breath) Dead space volume VD Physiologic dead space; dead VD/VT space-tidal volume ratio Rest Exercise
35% VT ?20% VT
Alveolar-arterial difference for O2
P(A a)O2 2.7 kPa 24 mmHg) 20 kPa (
Source: Based on: AH Morris et al: Clinical Pulmonary Function Testing. A Manual of Uniform Laboratory Procedures, 2nd ed. Salt Lake City, Utah, Intermountain Thoracic Society, 1984. Table 14 Gastrointestinal Tests
Results Test Absorption tests D-Xylose: after overnight fast, 25 g xylose given in oral aqueous solution Urine, collected for following 5 h Serum, 2 h after dose Vitamin A: a fasting blood specimen is obtained and 200,000 units of vitamin A in oil is given orally Bentiromide test (pancreatic function): 500 mg bentiromide (chymex) orally; p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) measured Plasma Urine Gastric juice Volume 24 h Nocturnal Basal, fasting Reaction pH Titratable acidity of fasting juice 49 Acid output Basal mol/s 1.61.8 1.61.8 1535 meq/h 23 L 600700 mL 3070 mL/h 23 L 600700 mL 3070 mL/h >50% recovered in 6 h >3.6 (1.1) g/mL at 90 min 25% of ingested dose 2.03.5 mmol/L Serum level should rise to twice fasting level in 35 h 25% of ingested dose 3052 mg/dL Serum level should rise to twice fasting level in 35 h SI Units Conventional Units
Females (mean 1 SD) 0.6 0.5 mol/s Males (mean 1 SD) 0.8 0.6 mol/s Maximal (after SC histamine acid phosphate, 0.004 mg/kg body weight, and preceded by 50 mg promethazine, or after betazole, 1.7 mg/kg body weight, or pentagastrin, 6 weight) Females (mean 1 SD) 4.4 1.4 mol/s Males (mean 1 SD) 6.4 1.4 mol/s Basal acid output/maximal acid output ratio Gastrin, serum 0200 Secretin test (pancreatic exocrine function): 1 unit/kg body weight, IV Volume (pancreatic juice) in 80 min Bicarbonate concentration Bicarbonate output in 30 min Miscellaneous Table 15 Body Fluids and Other Mass Data >2.0 mL/kg >80 mmol/L >10 mmol g/L 0.6 g/kg body
2.0 1.8 meq/h
3.0 2.0 meq/h
16 5 meq/h
23 5 meq/h
0.6 0200 pg/mL
>2.0 mL/kg >80 meq/L >10 meq
Reference Range SI Units Ascitic fluid: See Chap. 43 Body fluid, Total volume (lean) of body weight Intracellular Extracellular Blood Total volume
Conventional Units
50% (in obese) to 70% 0.30.4 of body weight 0.20.3 of body weight
Males Females Plasma volume Males Females Red blood cell volume Males Females Body mass index Table 16 Radiation-Derived Units
69 mL/kg body weight 65 mL/kg body weight 39 mL/kg body weight 40 mL/kg body weight 30 mL/kg body weight 25 mL/kg body weight 18.524.9 kg/m2 1.151.21 L/m2 of body surface area 0.951.00 L/m2 of body surface area 18.524.9 kg/m2
Quantity
Measures
Old Unit
SI Unit
Special Name for SI Unit (Abbreviation)
Conversion
Activity
Rate of radioactive curie decay (Ci)
Disintegrations becquerel (Bq) per second (dps)
1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq 1 mCi = 37 MBq 1 Bq = 2.703 x 1011 Ci
Exposure
Amount of roentgen Coulomb per none ionizations (R) kilogram (C/kg) produced in dry air by x-rays or gamma rays, per unit of mass
1 C/kg = 3876 R 1 R = 2.58 x 104 C/kg 1 mR = 258 pC/kg
Air kerma Sum of initial rad energies of charged particles liberated by ionizing radiation in air, per unit of mass
Joule per gray (Gy) kilogram (J/kg)
1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 0.01 Gy 1 mrad = 10
Gy Absorbed dose Energy deposited per unit of mass in a medium, e.g. an organ/tissue rad Joule per gray (Gy) kilogram (J/kg) 1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 0.01 Gy 1 mrad = 10 Gy Equivalent Energy deposited rem dose per unit of mass in a medium, e.g. an organ/tissue, weighted to reflect type(s) of radiation Joule per sievert (Sv) kilogram (J/kg) 1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = 0.01 Sv 1 mrem = 10 Sv Effective dose Energy deposited rem per unit of mass in a reference individual, doubly weighted to reflect type(s) of radiation and organ(s) irradiated Joule per sievert (Sv) kilogram (J/kg) 1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = 0.01 Sv 1 mrem = 10 Sv

Laboratory Values of Clinical Importance

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Laboratory Values of Clinical Importance

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Reference Values for Laboratory Tests

Table 1 Hematology and Coagulation

Specimen SI Units WB P 70180 s Not applicable

Conventional Units 70180 s Ratio >2.1

P 0.67 P P P Not applicable 0.4 U Not applicable 18 U 0.871.55 87155% 67%

Negative Negative Negative 015 arbitrary units 015 arbitrary units

Negative Negative Negative 015 GPL 015 MPL

Dilute viper venom screen P S

0.0030.007 <7.1 min

0.30.7% <7.1 min 50100%/2 h Negative 220740 ng/mL FEU

Relative counts: 4070% 05% 2050% 48% 06% 02%

50150% 50150% 50150% 50150% 50150 % Present <0.5 Bethesda Units

01 2.334.96 g/L <2400 s <40 min

Negative 0.3880.464 0.3540.444

Negative 38.846.4 35.444.4 0.65.0 mg/dL 13.316.2 g/dL 12.015.8 g/dL

650 mg/L 133162 g/L 120158 g/L

0.0110.061 Not applicable Not applicable

1.16.1% No crystals seen Only type I mucin present

7993.3 fL 7993.3 9.0012.95 fL 9.0012.95

0.00350.0045 0.00300.0065 26.339.4 s

0.350.45% 0.300.65% 26.339.4 s

84140 mg/L 0.701.30 443 PRP g/L

8.414.0 mg/dL 70130% 443 ng/mL

165415x109/L 6.411 fL 0.501.5

50150% No deficiency detected

9.629.6 nmol/L 9.629.6 nmol/L 1.72.1 1.41.8 1.72.1 1.41.8

1.02.0 g/L 1135 mol/L kat/L

100200 mg/dL 1960 2096 U/L g/dL

0.551.40 g/L 0.551.25 g/L

55140 mg/dL 55125 mg/dL

2230 mmol/L 4.36.0 kPa 7.357.45 9.613.8 kPa

2230 meq/L 3245 mmHg 7.357.45 72104 mmHg

Quantitative IgG antibody Not applicable Anti-histone antibodies Not applicable

S 5.122 1.76.8 3.415.2 S S S S S S S mol/L

2.22.6 mmol/L 1.121.32 mmol/L 2230 mmol/L 0.00.015 0.040.09 >0.50

8.710.2 mg/dL 4.55.3 mg/dL 2230 meq/L 01.5% 49% >50%

S 050 S g/L 0.831.77 g/L 0.160.47 g/L 60144 CAE units

050 ng/mL 83177 mg/dL 1647 mg/dL 60144 CAE units

Creatine kinase (total) Females Males Creatine kinase-MB Mass

S 0.664.0 0.87 5.0 S 0.05.5 00.04 g/L kat/L

51294 U/L kat/L 0.05.5 ng/mL 04.0%

Not applicable 0.51.0 mg/L 6.243.4 nmol/L 4.534.0 nmol/L

<740 pmol/L 11118 pmol/L 33133 pmol/L

<200 pg/mL 332 pg/mL 936 pg/mL

2.816.8 mg/dL 10150 ng/mL

3.020.0 IU/L 9.026.0 IU/L 1.012.0 IU/L

Increased risk for diabetes Diabetes mellitus

Growth hormone Hemoglobin Alc Pre-diabetes Diabetes mellitus

eAg mmoL/L = 1.59xHbA1c 2.59

eAg (mg/dL) = 28.7xHbA1c 46.7

P 60170 S mol/L <4.17 nmol/L 0.452.1 nmol/L

0.61.8 mg/dL <139 ng/dL 1570 ng/dL 35290 ng/dL

S 4573 S 0.160.35 <85 KU/L Not applicable

Ischemia modified albumin S JF

Joint fluid mucin Ketone (acetone) Lactate

Not applicable Negative 0.51.6 mmol/L 0.52.2 mmol/L 2.03.8 kat/L

S S 0.510.73 S 0300 mg/L kat/L

0.620.95 mmol/L <0.5 nmol/L <100 pg/mL

Methemoglobin Myoglobin Male Female Norepinephrine Supine (30 min) Sitting