P.E.S. College of Engineering, Aurangabad.

Nagsenvana, Panchakki Road, Aurangabad. 431001

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN LAB

PROJECT REPORT

On
Car Anti-Theft Guard By
MullaMudassarnajar Shaikh Ibrahim Roll No 50,54

Third Year Electronic Engineering 2011-2012 Guided By Prof. J.P.Zine

CERTIFICATE
This is certify that project report entitled Car Anti-Theft Guard. Is bonafied work of Mulla Mudassarnajar and Shaikh Ibrahim. Bearing roll no.50,54 respectively , student of third year electronics engineering,who carried out the work under my supervision for acadmic year 2011-2012

Project guide

Mrs. J. P. Zine Lecturer in ELECTRONICS P.E.S. College of Engineering, Aurangabad.

Mr. S. S Khedgikar HOD of ELECTRONICS P.E.S. College of Engineering, Aurangabad.

Acknowledgement
It gives me immense pleasure to present my acknowledgement, a token of appreciation to all the persons involved directly and indirectly dissertation. I take this opportunity to express my profound sense of gratitude and inestimable respect to my teacher, Professor Mrs. J. P. Zine, Dept. of Electronics Engineering, PES College of engineering a thorough physician per excellence, a committed academician and above all the wonderful, compassionate person for suggestion the theme for the personal attention, assurance and invaluable guidance in the completion of my thesis. My sincere thanks to all my colleagues and teaching staff for their support.

Mulla Mudassarnajar Shaikh Ibrahim

INDEX
1. Introduction 2. Component required 3. Literature Survey a) resistor b) Capacitor c) Inductor d) Relay e) Diode f) SCR g) Transistor h) LED i) Buzzer j) Switch k) PCB 4. Circuit Diagram 5. Circuit Explanation 6. Advantage And Application 7. Conclusion And References

INTRODUCTION

This is a basic circuit which gives protection to our car from stolen. It is easy to built and understand, thisguard is cheap and reliable. the main components in this project are

transistor, SCR & Relay etc. In this project transistor is employed as a switch, A special switch push to off (door switch) is placed at the door of car. This circuit will automatically enable when we close the door , after this if anybody opens the door in wrong way, the buzzer turns ON. The if he close the door after that buzzer is not get switched of because of the special push OFF ON switch. In this circuit switch is placed in such a way that after closing the door in wrong way the buzzer remains ON. A 9v supply is taken from car battery which is connected to special switch S2 as indicate in circuit diagram ..

COMPONENT REQUIRED

Sr No.

Name of components

Value

Quantity

1.

battery 1 M Ohm 10 K Ohm

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 12V General General 1 1 2

2.

Resistor

100 K Ohm 470 Ohm

3.

Capacitor

0.1 Micro Farad 100 Micro Farad 25v

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Red LED Diode 1N4001 Transistor BC557 SCR BT169 Relay Piezo-buzzer Switch

General

LITERATURE SURVEY

 Resistor
A linearresistor is a linear, passive two-terminalelectrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. .

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire . Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.

common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor.

Capacitor

A capacitor is a passivetwo-terminalelectrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). Capacitors are used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating fil.

When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies and for many other purposes.

Inductor

An inductor (or reactor or coil) is a passivetwo-terminalelectrical component used to store energy in a magnetic field. An inductor's ability to store magnetic energy is measured by its inductance, in units of henries. Any conductor has inductance (see "Straight wire conductor" equation below) although the conductor is typically wound in loops to reinforce the magnetic field.

Due to the time-varying magnetic field inside the coil, a voltage is induced, according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which by Lenz's Law opposes the change in current that created it. Inductors are one of the basic components used in electronics where current and voltage change with time, due to the ability of inductors to delay and reshape alternating currents. Inductors called chokes are used as parts of filters in power supplies or can be used to block AC signals from passing through a circuit. Inductance (L) results from the magnetic field forming around a current-carrying conductor which tends to resist changes in the current. Electric current through the conductor creates a magnetic flux proportional to the current. A change in this current creates a corresponding change in magnetic flux which, in turn, by Faraday's Law generates an electromotive force (EMF) that opposes this change in current. Inductance is a measure of the amount of EMF generated per unit change in current.

Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

 Diode
Diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of crystals' rectifying abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes, developed around 1906, were made of mineral crystals such as galena. Today most diodes are made of silicon, but other semiconductors such as germanium are sometimes used A diode is a type of two-terminalelectronic component with a nonlinear currentvoltage characteristic. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals. A vacuum tube diode is a vacuum tube with two electrodes: a plate and a cathode.

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction called the diode's forward direction, while blocking current in the opposite direction called the reverse direction. Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and to extract modulation from radio signals in radio receivers. However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple onoff action. Semiconductor diodes do not begin conducting electricity until a certain threshold voltage is present in the forward direction (a state in which the diode is said to be forward biased). The voltage drop across a forward biased diode varies only a little with the current, and is a function of temperature; this effect can be used as a temperature sensor or voltage reference.

 Silicon - Controlled Rectifier

A silicon-controlledrectifier also called semiconductor-controlledrectifier) is a fourlayer solid state device that controls current. The name "silicon controlled rectifier" or SCR is General Electric's trade name for a type of thyristor. The SCR was developed by a team of power engineers led by Gordon Hall and commercialized by Frank W. "Bill" Gutzwiller in 1957.

An SCR consists of four layers of alternating P and N type semiconductor materials. Silicon is used as the intrinsic semiconductor, to which the proper dopants are added. The junctions are either diffused or alloyed. The planar construction is used for low power SCRs (and all the junctions are diffused). The mesa type construction is used for high power SCRs. In the normal "off" state, the device restricts current to the leakage current. When the gate-tocathode voltage exceeds a certain threshold, the device turns "on" and conducts current. The device will remain in the "on" state even after gate current is removed so long as current through the device remains above the holding current. Once current falls below the holding current for an appropriate period of time, the device will switch "off". If the gate is pulsed and the current through the device is below the holding current, the device will remain in the "off" state.

 Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductordevice used to amplify and switch electronic signals and power. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the early 1950s the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor's low cost, flexibility, and reliability have made it a ubiquitous device. Transistorized mechatronic circuits have replaced electromechanical devices in controlling appliances and machinery. It is often easier and cheaper to use a standard microcontroller and write a computer program to carry out a control function than to design an equivalent mechanical control function.

 Light emitting diode

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

 Buzzer
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke

 Switch
A switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.

The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is non-conducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can be either a "toggle" (flip switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push-for "on" or push-for "off") type. Switches may be operated by process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting as sensors in a process and used to automatically control a system. For example, a thermostat is a temperature-operated switch used to control a heating process. A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called a relay. Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be pad-locked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to prevent electric shock.

 Solder
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the workpiece. Soldering differs from welding in that the workpieces are melted.

There are three forms of soldering, each requiring higher temperatures and each producing an increasingly stronger joint strength: 1. soft soldering, which originally used a tin-lead alloy as the filler metal, 2. silver soldering, which uses an alloy containing silver, 3. brazing which uses a brass alloy for the filler. In the soldering process, heat is applied to the parts to be joined, causing the solder to melt and to bond to the workpieces in an alloying process called wetting. In stranded wire, the solder is drawn up into the wire by capillary action in a process called 'wicking'. Capillary action also takes place when the workpieces are very close together or touching. The joint strength is dependent on the filler metal used, where soft solder is the weakest and the brass alloy used for brazing is the strongest. Soldering, which uses metal to join metal in a molecular bond has electrical conductivity and is water- and gas-tight. There is evidence that soldering was employed up to 5000 years ago in Mesopotamia.

 Printed Circuit Board

A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit boards are used in virtually all but the simplest commercially-produced electronic devices.

PCBs are inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher initial cost than either wire wrap or point-to-point construction, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production; the production and soldering of PCBs can be done by totally automated equipment. Much of the electronics industry's PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC organization. The inventor of the printed circuit was the Austrian engineer Paul Eisler who, while working in England, made one circa 1936 as part of a radio set. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the invention for commercial use. Printed circuits did not become commonplace in consumer electronics until the mid-1950s, after the Auto-Sembly process was developed by the United States Army.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Push to OFF switch

CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
The circuit of car anti theft guard is easy to build , this circuit operates on 9v power supply. It is simple and easy to understand. When key operated switch S2 of that car is turned on, 9v DC supply from the car battery is extended to the entire circuit through polarity guard diode D5. Blinking LED1 flashes to indicate that the guard circuit is enable. It works off 9v power supply along with current limiting resistor R4 in series. When the car door is closed, door switch S1 is ON position and 9v power supply is available across resistor R1, which prevents transistor T1 from conducting. In this position, anti theft guard circuit is in sleep mode. When someone open the car door switch S1 become off. As a result transistor T1 conducts to fire relate driver SCR1 ( BT169) after a short delay introduce by capacitor C. electromagnetic relay RL1 energizes N/O contact connect the power supply to piezobuzzer PZ1, which start founding to indicate that someone is trying to steal your car. To reset the circuit turn off switch S2 using car key. This will cut off the power supply to the circuit and stop the buzzer sound.

ADVANTAGES

Low cost and reliable circuit Complete elimination of manpower Can handle heavy loads up to 3A System can be switched into manual mode whenever required

APPLICATIONS

In all vehicles

CONCLUSION
The project described here has got sensitivity and depend on car battery for its working. Its other advantages are its low cost and reliability. No manual operation is required and loads up to 3 A can be handled. However it also has manual mode of operation too. This project can be applied at a variety of vehicles

REFERENCES
http://www.seminarprojects.com/Car-anti-theft-alarm#ixzz1b2mK7wCJ www.efy.com

www.wikipedia.org