Roundabout Junctions
Roundabouts are a specific type of road junction designed to manage traffic flow efficiently and safely. The various types of roundabouts, their advantages, disadvantages and key design criteria are summarised below:
Types of Roundabouts:
Mini Roundabouts: Small in size, ideal for areas with limited space. They typically have a painted circle or a low dome in the centre.
Single-Lane Roundabouts: Have one circulating lane and are used in areas with moderate traffic volumes.
Multi-Lane Roundabouts: Feature multiple circulating lanes to handle higher traffic volumes.
Turbo Roundabouts: Characterised by spiral lane markings that guide drivers to their exits early, reducing lane changing and collisions.
Signalised Roundabouts: Incorporate traffic signals to control the flow, especially useful in high-traffic areas.
Hybrid Roundabouts: Combine elements of different types to suit specific traffic needs or geographical constraints.
Advantages of Roundabouts:
Safety: Reduce the potential for high-speed collisions and can lower accident rates.
Efficiency: Improve traffic flow, reducing delays and congestion.
Environmental Benefits: Less idling and stop-and-go traffic reduces vehicle emissions.
Cost-Effective: Often have lower maintenance costs than signalised intersections.
Aesthetic Appeal: Central islands offer landscaping opportunities, enhancing the visual environment.
Disadvantages of Roundabouts:
Roundabouts, while effective for traffic management, can have several operational problems and disadvantages:
Confusion Among Drivers: Not all drivers are familiar with the rules of navigating a roundabout, leading to confusion and sometimes accidents.
Pedestrian and Cyclist Safety: Roundabouts can be challenging for pedestrians and cyclists, especially in areas without clear crosswalks or bike paths.
Large Vehicles: Accommodating large vehicles like trucks and buses can be difficult, as these vehicles might need more space to maneuver.
Capacity Limitations: While roundabouts can improve traffic flow, they have a limit to the amount of traffic they can handle efficiently.
Visibility Issues: Poorly designed roundabouts can have visibility problems, making it hard for drivers to see other vehicles, pedestrians, or cyclists.
Emergency Vehicles: Navigating roundabouts in emergency situations can be challenging for emergency vehicles, especially in heavy traffic.
Maintenance and Space: Roundabouts require more space than traditional intersections and can be more costly to maintain.
Weather Conditions: In adverse weather conditions, such as snow or ice, roundabouts can become more hazardous and difficult to navigate.
Key Design Criteria of Roundabouts:
Size and Scale: Determined by traffic volume, space constraints, and the type of vehicles expected.
Visibility: Adequate sight distances for drivers to anticipate and react to traffic within the roundabout.
Lane Markings and Signage: Clear and intuitive markings and signs for lane usage and exits.
Central Island Design: Should accommodate larger vehicles if necessary and can include landscaping.
Pedestrian and Cyclist Considerations: Safe crossing points and, where possible, dedicated paths for cyclists.
Lighting and Drainage: Adequate lighting for night time visibility and effective drainage systems.
Entry and Exit Angles: Designed to naturally slow down traffic on entry and facilitate smooth exits.
Landscaping: Enhances aesthetics but should not obstruct drivers’ views.
Roundabouts, when designed and implemented correctly, significantly improve traffic flow and safety. They are increasingly popular in urban planning for their ability to handle varying traffic volumes efficiently while reducing the likelihood of serious accidents.
Potential Solution to Minimise Motorists’ Confusion with Modified Road Markings and Signage:
A motorist approaching a multi-lane roundabout faces a complex set of decisions, including:
What lane should I use to enter the roundabout?
Can/should I change lanes while circulating?
Can I exit the roundabout from the lane in which I am currently circulating?
The last question highlights perhaps the most significant potential conflict at a multi-lane roundabout. At the exit point, it is possible that a motorist in the outside lane may desire to continue circulating, while the motorist in the inside lane desire to exit.
Such conflicts are inherent in the operational nature of roundabout. In contrast to a ‘normal’ junction, a roundabout presents a series of decision points after the driver has entered the junction (circulatory roadway). In many ways, a roundabout operates as a series of junctions, rather a single junction. Experiencing these/conflict points sequentially might cause the driver to defer certain important decisions (such as lane positioning) in absence of further guidance, which could result in ‘last minute’ lane changes and lead to collisions.
The measures explained below can alleviate the problems and do away with the confusion to a great extent.
Advance Lane-Use Signage
The following sign can be used at a ‘standard’ two-lane roundabout. The potential disadvantage of this sign is that it fails to convey the circular nature of the junction and could confuse the motorists into thinking that a left turn just past the splitter island is allowable.
Configuring the arrows in a ‘fishhook’ arrangement add further clarification. The sign below illustrates the basic design of the fishhook, which continues to covey that there are two entering lanes and to indicate the movements allowed from each but adds the idea of circulation.
Advance Pavement Markings
Pavement arrows, often used effectively at non-roundabout intersections to designate lane usage, can also be adapted to roundabout. A straightforward adaption of standard usage is following configuration, with a shared left/though arrow in the inside lane, and a shared through/right arrow in the outside lane. Although this configuration delineates allowed movements in the standard way, a potential perception problem is evident: a motorist could misinterpret the left-turn arrow and turn the wrong way in into the circulatory roadway.
An arrow treatment that could potentially resolve difficulty is the fishhook configuration, which more explicitly delineates circulation motion.
By separating anticipated points of conflicts and the traffic signs and markings associating with them, the motorists’ task could be simplified.