India's Quantum Computing Journey: Insights from Prof. Arun Pati

As quantum computing becomes a key technology for the future, the race to become a global leader in this domain intensifies. Professor Arun Pati , recognized as the Father of Indian Quantum Computing, shares his insights on where India stands in this race, the challenges it faces, and the strategic steps required to position the nation as a key player in the global quantum landscape.

" Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionise future computing abilities. As we witness the revolution, it is important to ask where do we stand in the global race?

India has a robust base in theoretical physics, computer science, and mathematics, which are essential for quantum computing. In fact, I started my research in Quantum Information and Quantum Computing some 35 years back in India. However, the country has been slower in building the physical infrastructure necessary for quantum computing and quantum technology, such as quantum processor, quantum sensors and quantum communication networks. India's journey in quantum computing, particularly in hardware development, has seen both significant strides and challenges. If we see the global scenario, other countries, especially the United States, China, and certain European nations, have made substantial advancements in quantum computing hardware, whereas India is actively working to catch up.

Several years back, countries like the U.S., China, and Canada have invested heavily in quantum technology, with companies like IBM, Google, and others leading the way in quantum hardware development. These countries have established advanced quantum research centers, fostered collaborations between academia and industry, and created a conducive environment for research both in theory and experiment, and supporting quantum startups. As a result, they have made significant progress in developing functional quantum computers, quantum communication systems, and related technologies.

Unfortunately, India has lately recognised the importance of quantum technology. Recalling from my memory lane, during 1990 to 2000, whenever I would talk about Quantum Computing research in India, and my own research, I would hear from so called Bosses: "Quantum Computing is not important for India. You should stop working in these fancy topics." That is the hard reality. If India would have taken a stand some 20 years back, it could have become one of the leaders in Quantum Technology. Having said that, India is at forefront of Theoretical research in Quantum Information Science. Some of the foundational results in these area actually come from India.

Recently, India has launched an initiative like National Quantum Mission which aims to bolster research in quantum computing, communication, cryptography, and materials science. There are several challenges yet to be overcome. Although India has allocated funds for quantum research, the investment is still significantly lower compared to global leaders. Building quantum computers requires state-of-the-art infrastructure, including low-temperature facilities for superconducting qubits and highly controlled environments. In India, we do not have many Institutes and some are still developing these capabilities. While India has a strong pool of theoretical talents, there is a need for more experts in experimental quantum physics and engineering to drive hardware development. We still do not have the critical number of experts who can scale the no of qubits matching the world standard. It is not about what I can do, or an individual can do, but as a country what we can do! This needs massive training both in hardware and software, thus making the young generation quantum ready. To achieve that we need for stronger collaboration between academia, industry, and government bodies. If required we should allow participation of foreign Industries to setup corporate Labs in India to establish hardware facilities as well train new researchers.

Here are some of my thoughts on how to accelerate quantum computing hardware development. India needs to adopt a comprehensive and strategic approach that addresses current challenges and leverages its strengths.

1. Increase Funding and Investment: The government and angel investors should significantly increase funding for quantum computing, similar to what has been done in leading countries. The National Quantum Mission is a step in that direction, but it needs further enhancement and faster deployment of funds. We must encourage private sector investment by offering incentives and grants to companies working on quantum hardware. Public-private partnerships can drive innovation and commercialization to a greater extent.

2. Develop World-Class Infrastructure: Establish dedicated quantum research centers equipped with state-of-the-art facilities for developing and testing quantum hardware. These centers should focus on key areas like superconducting qubits, ion traps (to name a few), and quantum communication technologies. We need to upgrade existing research labs and Institutions to include the necessary infrastructure for experimental quantum research.

3. Foster Talent and Skill Development: There should be a stronger collaboration between theoretical and experimental groups working on Quantum Technology. Along with this, introduce specialized programs in quantum computing at the undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral levels. We need courses in all Universities for both theoretical and experimental aspects of quantum computing.

4. International Collaboration: Facilitate exchange programs and collaborations with leading global universities and research institutions to train Indian scientists and engineers in quantum hardware. The reality is that even if we have huge funding, we do not have enough manpower who can build 100 to 1000 no of qubits. Here, one needs also Industry-Academia Collaboration that encourages joint research projects between academia and industry to bridge the gap between theoretical research and practical hardware development.

5. Promote Startups and Innovation: Set up dedicated incubation centers for quantum computing startups, providing them with the resources, mentorship, and funding needed to develop quantum hardware. We need to launch national competitions and innovation challenges focused on quantum hardware to spur interest and identify promising technologies.

6. Enhance International Collaboration: We need to forge stronger international collaborations with countries leading in quantum computing, such as the United States, Canada, and the European Union. These partnerships can include joint research initiatives, technology transfer agreements, and shared access to quantum infrastructure. Actively participate in global quantum computing initiatives and consortiums to stay at the forefront of developments and collaborate on large-scale projects.

7. Focus on Strategic Areas: We need to prioritize theoretical research and development in quantum computing, quantum communication and cryptography, where India has already shown some progress. These areas have strategic importance for national security. Additionally, invest in research on quantum materials that can be used to build better qubits and quantum processors. This includes work on topological insulators, quantum dots, and other emerging materials.

8. Leverage India’s Strengths: India has strong expertise in IT and Software industry. This can be harnessed to develop quantum algorithms and software, which are crucial for running quantum hardware. This synergy can drive innovation in both fields. Develop cost-effective quantum hardware solutions that can be scaled and deployed widely, taking advantage of India's expertise in frugal engineering.

India's success in quantum computing race will depend on a coordinated effort across multiple fronts: government support, academic research, industry participation, and international collaboration. We need a complete rethinking. It is good to be confident, but at the same time it is wise to do a reality check! By taking crucial strategic steps, India can accelerate its development in quantum hardware and position itself as a global leader in the emerging quantum economy.

I am afraid, without rethinking and proper planning, India may miss the bus or about to miss the bus! It is certainly running behind in the global race for quantum computing hardware. The country has made significant efforts to catch up, and with continued investment, international collaboration, and a focus on building the necessary infrastructure and massive training of young talents, India can still play a vital role in the global quantum computing landscape. The key will be sustained investment, strategic efforts and training of new generations to bridge the current gaps."

— Professor Arun Pati.