Twist Bioscience’s Post

#snsdesignthinkers#snsdesignthinking#snsinstitutions ENTEROVIRUS 71 ENTEROVIRUS is a genus of positive sense single standard RNA virus associated with several human and mammalian disease.enterivirus are named by their transmission route through the intestine. Serologic studies have distinguished 71 human enterovirus serotypes on the basis of antibody neutralization tests.Additonal antigenic variants have been defined within several of the serotypes on the basis of reduced or non reciprocal cross neutralization between the variant strains.on the basis of their pathogenesis in human.and the animal,the enterovirus were originally classified as poliovirus,coxsackie,A virus,Coxsackie B virus (CB) ,but it was quickly realised that there were significant overlaps in the biological properties of viruses in the biological properties of consecutive numbervEV-D68

«Abstract: In April 2024, ten cats died in a rural South Dakota (SD) residence, showing respiratory and neurological symptoms. Necropsy and laboratory testing of two cats confirmed H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b infection. The viral genome sequences are closely related to recent SD cattle H5N1 sequences. Cat H5N1 genomes had unique mutations, including T143A in haemagglutinin, known to affect infectivity and immune evasion, and two novel mutations in PA protein (F314L, L342Q) that may affect polymerase activity and virulence, suggesting potential virus adaptation. Dead cats showed systemic infection with lesions and viral antigens in multiple organs. Higher viral RNA and antigen in the brain indicated pronounced neurotropism. Lectin-histochemistry revealed widespread co-expression of sialic acid α-2,6 and α-2,3 receptors, suggesting cats could serve as mixing vessels for reassortment of avian and mammalian influenza viruses. No differences in clade 2.2 or 2.3.4.4b H5 pseudoviruses binding to cat lung/brain tissues indicated the neurotropism is unlikely mediated by receptor binding affinity.» https://lnkd.in/dEQ89Y_F #AvianInfluenza #BirdFlu #H5N1 #HPAI

👏New in #JExBio 👏 Characterisation of extracellular vesicles in baculovirus infection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) is an enveloped DNA virus of the Baculoviridae family. This baculovirus is widely exploited for the biological control of insect pest species and as an expression platform to produce recombinant proteins in insect cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by all cells and are involved in key roles in many biological processes through their cargo consisting of proteins, RNA or DNA. In viral infections, EVs have been found to transfer both viral and cellular cargo that can elicit either a pro- or antiviral response in recipient cells. Here, small EVs (sEVs) released by Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf) insect cells were characterised for the first time. Using S. frugiperda (SfC1B5) cells stably expressing the baculovirus gp64, the viral envelope protein GP64 was shown to be incorporated into sEVs. Sf9 cells were also transfected with a bacmid AcMNPV genome lacking p6.9 (AcΔP6.9) to prevent budded virus production. The protein content of sEVs from both mock- and AcΔP6.9-transfected cells were analysed by mass spectrometry. In addition to GP64, viral proteins Ac-F, ME-53 and viral ubiquitin were identified, as well as many host proteins including TSG101—which may be useful as a protein marker for sEVs. https://lnkd.in/e5s5k4yq

Excited to announce the publication of our paper in Viruses! 🦠 We explored the Laboratory Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) as a unique animal model for Zika virus research, revealing its role in: • Robust immune responses • Widespread viral dissemination • Long-term viral persistence Our findings provide new insights into Zika virus pathogenesis and open avenues for future research. Check it out here: https://lnkd.in/emE_RuYr

'Herein, we perform genome-wide CRISPR screens in an Anopheles mosquito cell line that identify ∼1300 essential genes responsible for cell viability and growth, as well as discern several genes involved in the uptake and processing of clodronate liposomes that provide novel insights into the mechanism by which they promote cell ablation. These results demonstrate the potential of forward-genetic screens in mosquito cell lines that have important implications for advancing our understanding of cellular immune function and the development of new mosquito control strategies.' https://lnkd.in/gaerwmJ2

There are so many recent headlines about viruses from H5N1 to mpox. As many learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, combating infectious diseases requires a myriad of molecular tools, many of which rely on synthetic DNA and RNA. Read more about how synthetic DNA plays a critical role in infectious disease research in this great blog post from Twist Bioscience: https://lnkd.in/gP7-Piha

Ask TB researchers, and they will tell you baffling ways Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen behind this long-running malady, fools the human immune system and continues to thrive. Somdatta Karak, PhD writes The Hindu on how Vinay Nandicoori's lab and others across the world are demystifying these pathogen survival strategies. Targeting them is what antimicrobial development should focus on. https://lnkd.in/gF-aeE-2 CSIR India

Virology Lectures 2024 #15: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis 🦠 The development of disease in a host, viral pathogenesis, is the outcome of both viral reproduction and the immune response. In this lecture we discuss how to measure viral virulence, and how to identify viral and host genes that regulate it. Specific mechanisms by which CD8 T cells, CD4 T cells and antibodies cause immunopathology, and how virus infections lead to immunosuppression are discussed. 📺 https://bit.ly/3TzC33c

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a crucial role in the innate immune system, recognizing pathogens and initiating immune responses. These receptors are found on the surface of immune cells like macrophages and dendritic cells, and some are located within endosomes. TLRs recognize specific molecular patterns associated with pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, as well as damage-associated molecular patterns from host cells. Upon activation, TLRs trigger signaling pathways that lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of adaptive immune responses. There are 10 different types of TLRs in humans, each recognizing different pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

There is no doubt that COVID virus was made in laboratory. The only unanswered question is, how the virus escaped. We will never know it because there is no will to investigate and publish it. Here one scientific article published on PNAS named "SARS-like WIV1-CoV poised for human emergence" published in 2016. It describes the way of virus construction and materials used, including bat CoV sequence. The research was conducted by University of North Carolina in cooperation with Wuhan Institute of Virology. Project title: Generating infectious clones of Bat SARS-like CoVs; lab safety plan ID: 20145741; schedule G ID: 12279. Good reading! https://lnkd.in/dWXW6AKh