Word Embeddings vs. Positional Encodings: How Transformers Understand Language
Have you ever wondered how transformer models like BERT or GPT process text without reading it sequentially, like humans do? The answer lies in the combination of word embeddings and positional encodings, two critical components that enable these models to excel at NLP tasks.
Here’s a quick breakdown of their roles:
1. Word Embeddings: Capturing Meaning
Word embeddings are dense vector representations of words or tokens that encode semantic meaning. They ensure that words with similar meanings—like “cat” and “dog”—are placed closer together in a high-dimensional vector space.
• Example: The word “bank” will have the same embedding, whether it’s about a river or a financial institution. Context comes later in the transformer layers.
These embeddings give the model the what, i.e., the meaning of the words in the input sequence.
2. Positional Encodings: Adding Order
Transformers process all tokens in parallel, so they lack a natural sense of word order. This is where positional encodings come in—they inject position information into the model, helping it understand the sequence of words.
• Example: In “The cat chased the mouse” vs. “The mouse chased the cat,” positional encodings ensure the model knows which animal is doing the chasing.
These encodings give the model the where, i.e., the position of each word in the sequence.
How They Work Together
Word embeddings and positional encodings are combined before being passed to the transformer layers. This fused representation allows the model to simultaneously understand the meaning of words and their order in the sequence.
Why It Matters
Without embeddings, the model can’t understand word meanings. Without positional encodings, it can’t distinguish between “The cat chased the mouse” and “The mouse chased the cat.” Together, they empower transformers to excel in NLP tasks like translation, summarization, and question-answering.
Word embeddings bring the semantic understanding, while positional encodings add the structural context. It’s this synergy that has revolutionized language models.
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