Bob Scales

Bob Scales

Greater Seattle Area
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Police Strategies LLC

About

Experienced Chief Executive Officer with a demonstrated history of working in the law…

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Articles by Bob

Activity

Experience

  • Police Strategies LLC

    Bainbridge Island, WA

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    Seattle

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    Redmond, WA

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    Western District of Washington

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Education

Volunteer Experience

  • Board Member

    WHTY Foundation

    - Present 4 years 3 months

    Education

    What Happened To You Foundation provides resources for trauma survivors, and platforms for sharing their stories, including “What happened to you?’, the podcast, which is dedicated to normalizing conversations about taboo topics using humor. https://www.whtyfoundation.org/

  • Board Member

    Helpline House

    - 2 years 1 month

    Social Services

    Founded in the 1960s as a food bank in response to the "war on poverty", Helpline House is a community-funded non-profit agency providing a full range of services.

Publications

  • USE OF VASCULAR NECK RESTRAINTS IN LAW ENFORCEMENT: A CASE-STUDY OF SPOKANE, WA

    Police Practice & Research - An International Journal

    The high-profile deaths of Eric Garner and George Floyd have led to legislative actions banning the use of neck restraints by law enforcement officers. The debates behind these policy changes are important, but they are also entirely lacking in any data on the actual use of neck restraints. We write neither to defend nor condemn the use of neck restraints by law enforcement; rather, we seek to provide information to assist with data-driven decision-making about the technique. We present data…

    The high-profile deaths of Eric Garner and George Floyd have led to legislative actions banning the use of neck restraints by law enforcement officers. The debates behind these policy changes are important, but they are also entirely lacking in any data on the actual use of neck restraints. We write neither to defend nor condemn the use of neck restraints by law enforcement; rather, we seek to provide information to assist with data-driven decision-making about the technique. We present data from a police department in Washington State where, prior to the May 2021 statewide ban on use of neck restraints, officers had used them quite regularly: 230 times over the previous eight years. Results indicate that neck restraints were typically used when dealing with subjects who were physically non-compliant or actively resisting police, were associated with use of other physical tactics (rather than weapons), yielded a lower rate of injury to subjects but a higher rate of injury to officers, and resulted in no subject fatalities.

    See publication

  • PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES OF SPITTING ON POLICE OFFICERS: NEW RISKS IN THE COVID ERA

    Forensic Science International

    Objectives
    Spitting is an occupational hazard of police work with increased risk due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to calculate the prevalence of spitting on police officers in use of force incidents, as well as the demographic and situational factors associated with spitting.

    Methods
    Data on spitting were compiled from more than 10,000 use of force incidents occurring at 81 agencies in eight different states in the US.

    Results
    Spitting occurred in 3.6% of cases…

    Objectives
    Spitting is an occupational hazard of police work with increased risk due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to calculate the prevalence of spitting on police officers in use of force incidents, as well as the demographic and situational factors associated with spitting.

    Methods
    Data on spitting were compiled from more than 10,000 use of force incidents occurring at 81 agencies in eight different states in the US.

    Results
    Spitting occurred in 3.6% of cases. Female and younger subjects and those using drugs and/or alcohol are more likely to spit on officers. Spitting is more likely to occur in incidents of longer duration, when officers use less force relative to subject resistance, when subjects are assaultive or engage in self-harm, and when subjects are hobbled.

    Conclusions
    Spitting on officers is common and may now constitute a significant work hazard. Implications for police practice are discussed.

    See publication

  • Demographic Disparity Analysis of Law Enforcement Data from the Spokane Police Department

    Police Strategies LLC

    See publication

  • POLICE USE OF FORCE AND INJURY: MULTILEVEL PREDICTORS OF PHYSICAL HARM TO SUBJECTS AND OFFICERS

    Police Quarterly

    The police must on occasion use physical force and weapons in order to apprehend and control subjects and fulfil the police function. It is inevitable that some of these interactions will result in injuries to both subjects and officers, with a range of both tangible and intangible harms and costs. It is therefore important to study injuries related to the use of force with an eye toward identifying opportunities to minimize injury and reduce the harms and costs. Injuries to both subjects and…

    The police must on occasion use physical force and weapons in order to apprehend and control subjects and fulfil the police function. It is inevitable that some of these interactions will result in injuries to both subjects and officers, with a range of both tangible and intangible harms and costs. It is therefore important to study injuries related to the use of force with an eye toward identifying opportunities to minimize injury and reduce the harms and costs. Injuries to both subjects and officers were examined in a sample of more than 10,000 use of force incidents drawn from 81 agencies located in 8 states. In addition to describing injury rates across a broad spectrum of situational and agency characteristics, we present multilevel logistic regression models predicting subject and officer injury. Among key findings, we report that the likelihood of injury for both subjects and officers is lower when force incidents end quickly and with the minimal necessary superior level of force relative to subject resistance, and higher for both subjects and officers when subjects flee. At the agency level, we find that the likelihood of injury varies by agency size and type. Finally, we explored possible higher-level variation and found that agencies in the sample from Midwestern states (primarily Wisconsin) have substantially lower injury rates that appear to be associated with their less frequent use of weapons and greater reliance on low-level physical force tactics, as compared to agencies in the sample from Western and other states.

    See publication

  • Community Assessment of Policing and Public Safety in the City of Seattle

    Office of Policy and Management

    See publication

  • Seattle's Effective Strategy for Prosecuting Juvenile Firearm Offenders

    Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

    Other authors
    • Julie Baker
    See publication

  • Mechanism of action of blocking immunoglobulin G for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

    Journal of Clinical Investigation

    Other authors
    • Keith A Joiner
    See publication

Languages

  • Chinese

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  • Finnish

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