How do you choose between RS232, RS485, and RS422 for your hardware design project?

Inaccurate. Many RS-232 chips easily support 115.2 kbps, with many reaching up to 3mbps. It is also relatively noise immune because of the relatively high voltages present.

Low speed could be a desired feature. It can go as low as 300 bauds. This is great to increase transmission distance and simple fata.such as but not limited to date, temperature, weight,.... The high speed.limit is dictated by the IC manufactuter. It's common to find much faster speeds than stated by L. The 50 ft distance limitation was at inception. Later revisions change it to being limited by the cable capacitance. It is possible to transmit over hundreds of meters.This is plausible due to the low speed bauds. Not so sure why they think it is a limtation when it is actually a benefit. The real problem is the ground level disparsity between tranmitter and receiver. It can be adressed, but it adds cost.

RS232 ICs can still do way more than 20kbps, there are already ICs that can support 1Mbps and even more. I personally have used Texas Instruments: MAX3232 which consists of two line drivers, two line receivers, and a dual charge-pump circuit with ±15kV ESD. The charge pump and four small external capacitors allow operation from a single 3V to 5.5V supply. The devices operate at data signaling rates up to 250kbit/s

I've used SN65HVD3082 by Texas Instruments. These are half-duplex transceivers designed for RS-485 data bus networks. Powered by a 5V supply, they come with Bus-pin ESD protection up to 15kV and Fail-safe receiver (bus open, bus shorted, bus idle).

Many modern RS-485 transceivers, including commonly available parts from Texas Instruments, support adding a pair of wires for full-duplex communications.

Poor sales pitch. There's a tradeoff between data rate and cable length. Also, modern RS485 chips can easily exceed 30mbps over 2m wire runs. I've personally done 32mbps over 2m with little effort.

When choosing between RS-232, RS-485, and RS-422 for a hardware design project, consider the following factors: RS-232 supports up to 15 meters and up to 20 kbps, making it suitable for short-range, simple, and cost-effective communication. In contrast, RS-422 and RS-485 support up to 1200 meters and up to 10 Mbps, ideal for long-distance and high data rate applications. RS-232 is point-to-point, while RS-422 supports point-to-multipoint, and RS-485 supports multipoint networks, suitable for networked systems. Additionally, RS-422 and RS-485 provide better noise immunity due to their differential signaling. Choose based on your project's distance, data rate, topology, noise immunity, and cost requirements.

The biggest drawback with 422 is the lack of standard implementation. There are fewer devices use it when compared to 232 and 485.

The largest consideration in selection is actually the complexity of development required for a multi-point network vs a point to point network. Multi-point typically requires some form of TDMA, or network hierarchy. Point to point is much more streamlined from a FW perspective. Given that firmware usually takes the lion's share of work hours, this is a major consideration from a CBA perspective.

Sometimes you can't choose the right protocol for your product. You have to work with whatever is available. This is when the bright shine by outsmarting the situation.

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When choosing between RS-232, RS-485, and RS-422 for a hardware design project, consider the following factors: RS-232 supports up to 15 meters and up to 20 kbps, making it suitable for short-range, simple, and cost-effective communication. In contrast, RS-422 and RS-485 support up to 1200 meters and up to 10 Mbps, ideal for long-distance and high data rate applications. RS-232 is point-to-point, while RS-422 supports point-to-multipoint, and RS-485 supports multipoint networks, suitable for networked systems. Additionally, RS-422 and RS-485 provide better noise immunity due to their differential signaling. Choose based on your project's distance, data rate, topology, noise immunity, and cost requirements.