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    Tuberculosis Today
    Tuberculosis Today
    Tuberculosis Today
    Ebook161 pages58 minutes

    Tuberculosis Today

    By William J. Lowry

    ()

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    About this ebook

    "Tuberculosis Today: A Comprehensive Guide to Tuberculosis" provides an in-depth exploration of tuberculosis (TB), covering its history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. This comprehensive guide offers the latest insights into TB research, including the development of new diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and vaccines. With a focus on current challenges and emerging trends in TB control, this book serves as an essential resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, policymakers, and anyone interested in understanding and combating this global health threat.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherNoah J. Hicks
    Release dateMay 8, 2024
    ISBN9798224355280
    Tuberculosis Today

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      Book preview

      Tuberculosis Today - William J. Lowry

      DISCLAIMER

      Copyright @ By William J. Lowry

      2024. All rights reserved.

      Table of Contents

      DISCLAIMER

      2024. All rights reserved.

      Introduction

      Chapter 1

      Overview of Tuberculosis

      History of Tuberculosis

      Causes and Transmission of TB

      Types of Tuberculosis (Pulmonary TB, Extrapulmonary TB, etc.)

      Chapter 2

      Tuberculosis Symptoms

      Symptoms of Pulmonary TB

      Symptoms of Extrapulmonary TB

      Latent TB Infection

      Chapter 3

      Tuberculosis Diagnosis

      TB Skin Test (TST)

      Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAS)

      Chest X-rays

      Sputum Tests

      Chapter 4

      Tuberculosis Treatment

      Directly Observed Therapy (DOT)

      Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)

      Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)

      Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB)

      Chapter 5

      Prevention of Tuberculosis

      Preventive Therapy for Latent TB Infection

      Infection Control Measures

      Chapter 6

      Epidemiology of Tuberculosis

      Global burden of TB

      Risk Factors for TB

      Chapter 7

      Social and Economic Impact of Tuberculosis

      Impact on Individuals and Families

      Economic Burden of TB

      TB and Poverty

      Chapter 8

      Tuberculosis in Special Populations

      Tuberculosis in children

      Tuberculosis in Pregnant Women

      Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS

      Chapter 9

      Research and Innovation in Tuberculosis

      New Treatments and Vaccines

      Drug Discovery and Development

      Challenges in TB Research

      Chapter 10

      Tuberculosis Control Programs

      Global efforts to control TB

      National TB Control Programs

      Community-Based TB Control Initiatives

      Introduction

      Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, kidneys, or spine. TB is spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, releasing tiny infectious droplets.

      A dangerous disease that mostly affects the lungs is tuberculosis (TB). One group of bacteria is responsible for tuberculosis.

      When a person with tuberculosis coughs, sneezes, or sings, the disease can spread. This may release minute amounts of the germs into the atmosphere. The bacteria can then enter the lungs of another individual who inhales the droplets.

      ––––––––

      Wherever individuals congregate in large groups or live in close quarters, tuberculosis is prone to spreading. Individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those living with HIV/AIDS, are more susceptible to tuberculosis than healthy individuals.

      Antibiotic medications are used to treat TB. However, some of the bacterial strains are now resistant to antibiotics.

      The infectious disease known as tuberculosis (TB) typically affects the lungs. Additionally, it has the potential to migrate to other bodily parts like the spine and brain. It is brought on by a kind of bacteria known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

      The estimated age of this microorganism is greater than 3 million years. The illness was known in classical Greece and Rome. During the start of the 20th century, tuberculosis, often known as consumption, was the leading cause of mortality in the United States.

      Although it's now mostly under control in the United States, it still claims the lives of over a million people year globally.

      Chapter 1

      Overview of Tuberculosis

      History of tuberculosis

      The history of tuberculosis (TB) is long and complex, stretching back thousands of years. Here's a brief overview:

      Ancient Times:

      TB is one of the oldest known human diseases. Evidence of TB has been found in the remains of ancient Egyptian mummies, dating back to around 2400 BC.

      References to TB-like symptoms can be found in ancient Indian texts such as the Vedas (1500-500 BC) and the Atharva Veda (1200-1000 BC).

      Middle Ages:

      During the Middle Ages, TB became known as consumption or the white plague because of the extreme weight loss and pale appearance of its victims.

      TB was a widespread and deadly disease throughout Europe, often affecting entire families.

      17th and 18th Centuries:

      TB became a major public health concern in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. It was a leading cause of death in many urban areas.

      Sanatoria was established as early as the 18th century, providing rest and fresh air as a treatment for TB patients.

      19th Century:

      In the 19th century, the cause of TB was discovered to be a bacterium, eventually named Mycobacterium tuberculosis, by Robert Koch in 1882. This discovery laid the foundation for the diagnosis and treatment of TB.

      The Industrial Revolution worsened the TB epidemic, with crowded and unsanitary living conditions contributing to the spread of the disease.

      Public health measures to control TB, such as quarantine and isolation, began to be implemented.

      20th Century:

      The development of effective antibiotics, such as streptomycin in the 1940s, led to significant progress in the treatment of TB.

      The introduction of the BCG vaccine in 1921 provided some protection against severe forms of TB, particularly in children.

      Despite these advancements, TB remained a significant global health problem, with outbreaks occurring in crowded and impoverished areas.

      The emergence of drug-resistant strains of TB, such as multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), presented new challenges in TB control.

      21st Century:

      Tuberculosis continues to be a major global health threat, particularly in developing countries and among immunocompromised individuals.

      Efforts to control TB have focused on improving access to diagnosis and treatment, as well

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