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    The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border by Sir Walter Scott (Illustrated)
    The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border by Sir Walter Scott (Illustrated)
    The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border by Sir Walter Scott (Illustrated)
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    The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border by Sir Walter Scott (Illustrated)

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    This eBook features the unabridged text of ‘The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border’ from the bestselling edition of ‘The Complete Works of Sir Walter Scott’.

    Having established their name as the leading publisher of classic literature and art, Delphi Classics produce publications that are individually crafted with superior formatting, while introducing many rare texts for the first time in digital print. The Delphi Classics edition of Scott includes original annotations and illustrations relating to the life and works of the author, as well as individual tables of contents, allowing you to navigate eBooks quickly and easily.

    eBook features:
    * The complete unabridged text of ‘The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border’
    * Beautifully illustrated with images related to Scott’s works
    * Individual contents table, allowing easy navigation around the eBook
    * Excellent formatting of the textPlease visit www.delphiclassics.com to learn more about our wide range of titles
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherPublishdrive
    Release dateJul 17, 2017
    ISBN9781786568779
    The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border by Sir Walter Scott (Illustrated)
    Author

    Walter Scott

    Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) was a poet, translator, playwright, and historical novelist, born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Although he was critically acclaimed for his poetry, his passion for Scottish oral tradition led him to write novels inspired by the history of his country. The first writer in the English language to achieve true international fame, Scott is best remembered for Ivanhoe.

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      The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border by Sir Walter Scott (Illustrated) - Walter Scott

      The Complete Works of

      SIR WALTER SCOTT

      VOLUME 39 OF 62

      The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border

      Parts Edition

      By Delphi Classics, 2015

      Version 7

      COPYRIGHT

      ‘The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border’

      Sir Walter Scott: Parts Edition (in 62 parts)

      First published in the United Kingdom in 2017 by Delphi Classics.

      © Delphi Classics, 2017.

      All rights reserved.  No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form other than that in which it is published.

      ISBN: 978 1 78656 877 9

      Delphi Classics

      is an imprint of

      Delphi Publishing Ltd

      Hastings, East Sussex

      United Kingdom

      Contact: [email protected]

      www.delphiclassics.com

      Sir Walter Scott: Parts Edition

      This eBook is Part 39 of the Delphi Classics edition of Sir Walter Scott in 62 Parts. It features the unabridged text of The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border from the bestselling edition of the author’s Complete Works. Having established their name as the leading publisher of classic literature and art, Delphi Classics produce publications that are individually crafted with superior formatting, while introducing many rare texts for the first time in digital print. Our Parts Editions feature original annotations and illustrations relating to the life and works of Sir Walter Scott, as well as individual tables of contents, allowing you to navigate eBooks quickly and easily.

      Visit here to buy the entire Parts Edition of Sir Walter Scott or the Complete Works of Sir Walter Scott in a single eBook.

      Learn more about our Parts Edition, with free downloads, via this link or browse our most popular Parts here.

      SIR WALTER SCOTT

      IN 62 VOLUMES

      Parts Edition Contents

      The Novels

      1, Waverley

      2, Guy Mannering

      3, The Antiquary

      4, Black Dwarf

      5, Old Mortality

      6, Rob Roy

      7, The Heart of Midlothian

      8, The Bride of Lammermoor

      9, A Legend of Montrose

      10, Ivanhoe

      11, The Monastery

      12, The Abbot

      13, Kenilworth

      14, The Pirate

      15, The Fortunes of Nigel

      16, Peveril of the Peak

      17, Quentin Durward

      18, St. Ronan’s Well

      19, Redgauntlet

      20, The Betrothed

      21, The Talisman

      22, Woodstock

      23, The Fair Maid of Perth

      24, Anne of Geierstein

      25, Count Robert of Paris

      26, Castle Dangerous

      The Shorter Fiction

      27, Chronicles of the Canongate

      28, My Aunt Margaret’s Mirror

      29, The Tapestried Chamber

      30, Death of the Laird’s Jock.

      31, Miscellaneous Short Pieces

      The Plays

      32, Goetz von Berlichingen

      33, Halidon Hill

      34, Macduff’s Cross

      35, The Doom of Devorgoil

      36, Auchindrane

      37, The House of Aspen

      The Poetry Collections

      38, Translations and Imitations from German Ballads

      39, The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border

      40, The Lay of the Last Minstrel

      41, Ballads and Lyrical Pieces

      42, Marmion

      43, The Lady of the Lake

      44, The Vision of Don Roderick

      45, The Bridal of Triermain

      46, Rokeby

      47, The Field of Waterloo

      48, The Lord of the Isles

      49, Harold the Dauntless

      50, Miscellaneous Poems

      The Non-Fiction

      51, The Life of John Dryden

      52, Paul’s Letters to His Kinsfolk

      53, The Journal of Sir Walter Scott

      54, The Letters of Malachi Malagrowther

      55, The Life of Napoleon Buonaparte

      56, Tales of a Grandfather

      57, Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft

      58, Trial of Duncan Terig, Alias Clerk, and Alexander Bane MacDonald

      59, Miscellaneous Prose Works

      The Criticism

      60, The Criticism

      The Biographies

      61, Sir Walter Scott by Richard H. Hutton

      62, Sir Walter Scott by George Saintsbury

      www.delphiclassics.com

      The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border

      This collection of Scottish ballads was compiled by Scott and published in three volumes in 1802 and 1803. His interest in the folk traditions of the Border region stemmed from early childhood stays at his grandparents’ farm at Sandyknowe, when he heard ballads from the lips of his grandmother Barbara Scott and Aunt Jenny. He also enjoyed the medieval ballads collected in Bishop Thomas Percy’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry. Scott began collecting ballads during his yearly trips to the Borders from 1792 and in 1796 he had the idea of publishing a collection, which, after his renewed contact with his old schoolfriend, the printer James Ballantyne, the idea became a possibility. Ballantyne welcomed the idea of publishing a volume devoted entirely to ballads, a genre rendered newly fashionable by Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads recenetly in 1798.

      Scott would collect the ballads whilst performing his various duties as Sheriff of Selkirkshire, and in his travels he visited places such as Ettrick Forest and Liddesdale. He also received assistance from other ballad collectors, including John Leyden, Robert Jamieson, Robert Surtees, George Ellis and Bishop Percy himself. Scott’s approach to editing, and arranging material caused controversy at the time. He did not hesitate to ‘improve’ ballads, changing words and inserting new stanzas and sometimes setting legends to verses of his own. Scott would argue that the ballad was by definition a fluid form, to which each interpreter gave his or her own stamp. However, he insisted that he was always faithful to the spirit of a ballad, valuing readability over antiquarian meticulousness.

      The collection was well-receivied by critics and sold well in both Scotland and England, as the first edition was exhausted in six months. Translations in European languages followed and North American editions would give Scott his first taste of transatlantic fame. The volume’s success laid the foundations of James Ballantyne’s career as a printer. In later years the publisher wrote to Scott, ‘I shall ever think the printing the Scottish Minstrelsy one of the most fortunate circumstances of my life’.

      The first edition

      CONTENTS

      VOLUME I.

      INTRODUCTION.

      PART FIRST. HISTORICAL BALLADS.

      SIR PATRICK SPENS.

      AULD MAITLAND.

      BATTLE OF OTTERBOURNE.

      THE SANG OF THE OUTLAW MURRAY.

      JOHNIE ARMSTRANG.

      BOND OF MANRENT.

      THE LOCHMABEN HARPER.

      JAMIE TELFER OF THE FAIR DODHEAD.

      THE RAID OF THE REIDSWIRE.

      KINMONT WILLIE

      DICK O’ THE COW.

      JOCK O’ THE SIDE.

      HOBBIE NOBLE.

      ARCHIE OF CA’FIELD.

      ARMSTRONG’S GOODNIGHT.

      THE FRAY OF SUPORT.

      LORD MAXWELL’S GOODNIGHT.

      BOND OF MANRENT.

      THE LADS OF WAMPHRAY.

      VOLUME II.

      LESLY’S MARCH.

      THE BATTLE OF PHILIPHAUGH.

      THE GALLANT GRAHAMS.

      THE BATTLE OF PENTLAND HILLS.

      THE BATTLE OF LOUDONHILL.

      THE BATTLE OF BOTHWELL-BRIDGE.

      PART SECOND. ROMANTIC BALLADS.

      SCOTTISH MUSIC, AN ODE BY J. LEYDEN. TO IANTHE.

      INTRODUCTION TO THE TALE OF TAMLANE. ON THE FAIRIES OF POPULAR SUPERSTITION.

      THE YOUNG TAMLANE

      ERLINTON.

      THE TWA CORBIES.

      THE DOUGLAS TRAGEDY.

      LADY ANNE.

      LORD WILLIAM

      THE BROOMFIELD HILL.

      PROUD LADY MARGARET.

      THE ORIGINAL BALLAD OF THE BROOM OF COWDENKNOWS.

      LORD RANDAL.

      SIR HUGH LE BLOND.

      GRAEME AND BEWICK.

      THE DUEL OF WHARTON AND STUART. IN TWO PARTS.

      THE LAMENT OF THE BORDER WIDOW.

      FAIR HELEN OF KIRCONNELL.

      HUGHIE THE GRAEME.

      JOHNIE OF BREADISLEE.

      KATHERINE JANFARIE.

      THE LAIRD O’ LOGIE

      A LYKE-WAKE DIRGE.

      THE DOWIE DENS OF YARROW.

      THE GAY GOSS HAWK.

      BROWN ADAM.

      JELLON GRAME.

      WILLIE’S LADYE.

      CLERK SAUNDERS.

      EARL RICHARD.

      THE LASS OF LOCHROYAN.

      ROSE THE RED AND WHITE LILLY.

      VOLUME III.

      FAUSE FOODRAGE.

      KEMPION.

      LORD THOMAS AND FAIR ANNIE.

      THE WIFE OF USHER’S WELL.

      COSPATRICK.

      PRINCE ROBERT,

      KING HENRIE.

      ANNAN WATER.

      THE CRUEL SISTER.

      THE QUEEN’S MARIE.

      THE BONNY HYND.

      O GIN MY LOVE WERE YON RED ROSE.

      O TELL ME HOW TO WOO THEE.

      THE SOUTERS OF SELKIRK.

      THE FLOWERS OF THE FOREST.

      THE LAIRD OF MUIRHEAD.

      ODE ON VISITING FLODDEN.

      PART THIRD. IMITATIONS OF THE ANCIENT BALLAD.

      CHRISTIE’S WILL.

      THOMAS THE RHYMER.

      THOMAS THE RHYMER. PART SECOND.

      THOMAS THE RHYMER. PART THIRD.

      THE EVE OF SAINT JOHN.

      BATTLE OF ANCRUM MOOR.

      LORD SOULIS.

      LAW OF CLAN MACDUFF.

      THE COUT OF KEELDAR.

      GLENFINLAS, OR LORD RONALD’S CORONACH.

      THE MERMAID.

      THE LORD HERRIES HIS COMPLAINT,

      THE MURDER OF CAERLAVEROC.

      SIR AGILTHORN.

      RICH AULD WILLIE’S FAREWELL. A FREEBOOTER, TAKEN BY THE ENGLISH IN A BORDER BATTLE, AND CONDEMNED TO BE EXECUTED.

      WATER KELPIE.

      ELLANDONAN CASTLE.

      CADYOW CASTLE.

      THE GRAY BROTHER.

      WAR-SONG OF THE ROYAL EDINBURGH LIGHT DRAGOONS.

      THE FEAST OF SPURS.

      ON A VISIT PAID TO THE RUINS OF MELROSE ABBEY.

      ARCHIE ARMSTRONG’S AITH.

      James Ballantyne (1772–1833) was an editor and publisher, noted for the publication of many works edited and written by Scott.

      VOLUME I.

      INTRODUCTION.

      From the remote period; when the Roman province was contracted by the ramparts of Severus, until the union of the kingdoms, the borders of Scotland formed the stage, upon which were presented the most memorable conflicts of two gallant nations. The inhabitants, at the commencement of this aera, formed the first wave of the torrent which assaulted, and finally overwhelmed, the barriers of the Roman power in Britain. The subsequent events, in which they were engaged, tended little to diminish their military hardihood, or to reconcile them to a more civilized state of society. We have no occasion to trace the state of the borders during the long and obscure period of Scottish history, which preceded the accession of the Stuart family. To illustrate a few ballads, the earliest of which is hardly coeval with James V. such an enquiry would be equally difficult and vain. If we may trust the Welch bards, in their account of the wars betwixt the Saxons and Danes of Deira and the Cumraig, imagination can hardly form any idea of conflicts more desperate, than were  maintained, on the borders, between the ancient British and their Teutonic invaders. Thus, the Gododin describes the waste and devastation of mutual havoc, in colours so glowing, as strongly to recall the words of Tacitus; "Et ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant."

      At a later period, the Saxon families, who fled from the exterminating sword of the Conqueror, with many of the Normans themselves, whom discontent and intestine feuds had driven into exile, began to rise into eminence upon the Scottish borders. They brought with them arts, both of peace and of war, unknown in Scotland; and, among their descendants, we soon number the most powerful border chiefs. Such,  during the reign of the last Alexander, were Patrick, earl of March, and Lord Soulis, renowned in tradition; and such were, also, the powerful Comyns, who early acquired the principal sway upon the Scottish marches. In the civil wars betwixt Bruce and Baliol, all those powerful chieftains espoused the unsuccessful party. They were forfeited and exiled; and upon their ruins was founded the formidable house of Douglas. The borders, from sea to sea, were now at the devotion of a succession of mighty chiefs, whose exorbitant power threatened to place a new dynasty upon the Scottish throne. It is not my intention to trace the dazzling career of this race of heroes, whose exploits were alike formidable to the English, and to their sovereign.

      The sun of Douglas set in blood. The murders of the sixth earl, and his brother, in the castle of Edinburgh, were followed by that of their successor, poignarded at Stirling by the hand of his prince. His brother, Earl James, appears neither to have possessed the abilities nor the ambition of his ancestors. He drew, indeed, against his prince, the formidable sword of Douglas, but with a timid and hesitating hand. Procrastination ruined his cause; and he was deserted, at Abercorn, by the knight of Cadyow, chief of the Hamiltons, and by his most active adherents, after they had ineffectually exhorted him to commit his fate to the issue of a battle. The border chiefs, who longed for independence, shewed little inclination to follow the declining fortunes of Douglas. On the contrary, the most powerful clans engaged and defeated him, at Arkinholme, in Annandale, when, after a short residence in England, he again endeavoured to gain a footing in his native country. The spoils of Douglas were liberally distributed among his conquerors, and royal grants of his forfeited domains effectually interested them in excluding his return. An attempt, on the east borders, by "the Percy and the Douglas, both together, was equally unsuccessful. The earl, grown old in exile, longed once more to see his native country, and vowed, that, upon Saint Magdalen’s day, he would deposit his offering on the high altar at Lochmaben. — Accompanied by the banished earl of Albany, with his usual ill fortune, he entered Scotland. — The borderers assembled to oppose him, and he suffered a final defeat at Burnswark, in Dumfries-shire. The aged earl was taken in the fight, by a son of Kirkpatrick of Closeburn, one of his own vassals. A grant of lands had been offered for his person: Carry me to the king! said Douglas to Kirkpatrick: thou art well entitled to profit by my misfortune; for thou wast true to me, while I was true to myself." The young man wept bitterly, and offered to fly with the earl into England. But Douglas, weary of exile, refused his proffered liberty, and only requested, that Kirkpatrick would not deliver him to the king, till he had secured his own reward. Kirkpatrick did more:  he stipulated for the personal safety of his old master. His generous intercession prevailed; and the last of the Douglasses was permitted to die, in monastic seclusion, in the abbey of Lindores.

      After the fall of the house of Douglas, no one chieftain appears to have enjoyed the same extensive supremacy over the Scottish borders. The various barons, who had partaken of the spoil, combined in resisting a succession of uncontrouled domination. The earl of Angus alone seems to have taken rapid steps in the same course of ambition which had been pursued by his kinsmen and rivals, the earls of Douglas. Archibald, sixth earl of Angus, called Bell-the-Cat, was, at once, warden of the east and middle marches, Lord of Liddisdale and Jedwood forest, and possessed of the strong castles of Douglas, Hermitage, and Tantallon. Highly esteemed by the ancient nobility, a faction which he headed shook the throne of the feeble James III., whose person they restrained, and whose minions they led to an ignominious death. The king failed not to shew his sense of these insults, though unable effectually to avenge them. This hastened his fate: and the field of Bannockburn, once the scene of a more glorious conflict, beheld the combined chieftains of the border counties arrayed against their sovereign, under the banners of his own son. The king was supported by almost all the barons of the north; but the tumultuous ranks of the Highlanders were ill able to endure the steady and rapid charge of the men of Annandale and Liddisdale, who bare spears, two ells longer than were used by the rest of their countrymen. The yells, with which they accompanied their onset, caused the heart of James to quail within him. He deserted his host, and fled towards Stirling; but, falling from his horse, he was murdered by the pursuers.

      James IV., a monarch of a vigorous and energetic character, was well aware of the danger which his ancestors had experienced, from the preponderance of one overgrown family. He is supposed to have smiled internally, when the border and highland champions bled and died in the savage sports of chivalry, by which his nuptials were solemnized. Upon the waxing power of Angus he kept a wary eye; and, embracing the occasion of a casual slaughter, he compelled that earl, and his son, to exchange the lordship of Liddisdale and the castle of Hermitage, for the castle and lordship of Bothwell. By this policy, he prevented the house of Angus, mighty as it was, from rising to the  height, whence the elder branch of their family had been hurled.

      Nor did James fail in affording his subjects on the marches marks of his royal justice and protection. The clan of Turnbull having been guilty of unbounded excesses, the king came suddenly to Jedburgh, by a night march, and executed the most rigid justice upon the astonished offenders. Their submission was made with singular solemnity. Two hundred of the tribe met the king, at the water of Rule, holding in their hands the naked swords, with which they had perpetrated their crimes, and having each around his neck the halter which he had well merited. A few were capitally punished, many imprisoned, and the rest dismissed, after they had given hostages for their future peaceable demeanour. — Holinshed’s Chronicle, Lesly.

      The hopes of Scotland, excited by the prudent and spirited conduct of James, were doomed to a sudden and fatal reverse. Why should we recapitulate the painful tale of the defeat and death of a high-spirited prince? Prudence, policy, the prodigies of superstition, and the advice of his most experienced counsellors, were alike unable to subdue in James the blazing zeal of romantic chivalry. The monarch, and the flower of his nobles, precipitately rushed to the fatal field of Flodden, whence they were never to return.

      The minority of James V. presents a melancholy scene. Scotland, through all its extent, felt the truth of the adage, that the country is hapless, whose prince is a child. But the border counties, exposed from their situation to the incursions of the English, deprived of many of their most gallant chiefs, and harassed by the intestine struggles of the survivors, were reduced to a wilderness, inhabited only by the beasts of the field, and by a few more brutal warriors. Lord Home, the chamberlain and favourite of James IV., leagued with the Earl of Angus, who married the widow of his sovereign, held, for a time, the chief sway upon the east border. Albany, the regent of the kingdom, bred in the French court, and more accustomed to wield the pen than the sword, feebly endeavoured to controul a lawless nobility, to whom his manners appeared strange, and his person despicable. It was in vain that he inveigled the Lord Home to Edinburgh, where he was tried and executed. This example of justice, or severity, only irritated the kinsmen and followers of the deceased baron: for though, in other respects, not more sanguinary than the rest of a barbarous nation, the borderers never dismissed from their memory a deadly feud, till blood for blood had been exacted, to the uttermost drachm. Of this, the fate of Anthony d’Arcey, Seigneur de la Bastie, affords a melancholy example. This gallant French cavalier was appointed warden of the east marches by Albany, at his first disgraceful retreat to France. Though De la Bastie was an able statesman, and a true son of chivalry, the choice of the regent was nevertheless unhappy. The new warden was a foreigner, placed in the office of Lord Home, as the delegate of the very man, who had brought that baron to the scaffold. A stratagem, contrived by  Home of Wedderburn, who burned to avenge the death of his chief, drew De la Bastie towards Langton, in the Merse. Here he found himself surrounded by his enemies. In attempting, by the speed of his horse, to gain the castle of Dunbar, the warden plunged into a morass, where he was overtaken and cruelly butchered. Wedderburn himself cut off his head; and, in savage triumph, knitted it to his saddle-bow by the long flowing hair, which had been admired by the dames of France. — Pitscottie, Edit. 1728, . Pinkerton’s History of Scotland, Vol. II. .

      The Earl of Arran, head of the house of Hamilton was appointed to succeed De la Bastie in his perilous office. But the Douglasses, the Homes, and the Kerrs, proved too strong for him upon the  border. He was routed by these clans, at Kelso, and afterwards in a sharp skirmish, fought betwixt his faction and that of Angus, in the high-street of the metropolis.

      The return of the regent was followed by the banishment of Angus, and by a desultory warfare with England, carried on with mutual incursions. Two gallant armies, levied by Albany, were dismissed without any exploit worthy notice, while Surrey, at the head of ten thousand cavalry, burned Jedburgh, and laid waste all Tiviotdale. This general pays a splendid tribute to the gallantry of the border chiefs. He terms them the boldest men, and the hottest, that ever I saw any nation.

      Disgraced and detested, Albany bade adieu to Scotland for ever. The queen-mother, and the Earl of Arran, for some time swayed the kingdom. But their power was despised on the borders, where Angus, though banished, had many friends. Scot of Buccleuch even appropriated to himself domains, belonging to the queen, worth 4000 merks yearly; being probably the castle of Newark and her jointure lands in Ettrick  forest. —

      This chief, with Kerr of Cessford, was committed to ward, from which they escaped, to join the party of the exiled Angus. Leagued with these, and other border chiefs, Angus effected his return to Scotland, where he shortly after acquired possession of the supreme power, and of the person of the youthful king. The ancient power of the Douglasses, says the accurate historian, whom I have so often referred to, seemed to have revived; and, after a slumber of near a century, again to threaten destruction to the Scottish monarchy. — Pinkerton, Vol. 11, .

      In fact, the time now returned, when no one durst strive with a Douglas, or with his follower. For, although Angus used the outward pageant of conducting the king around the country, for punishing thieves and traitors, yet, says Pitscottie, none were found greater than were in his own company. The high spirit of the young king was  galled by the ignominious restraint under which he found himself; and, in a progress to the border for repressing the Armstrongs, he probably gave such signs of dissatisfaction, as excited the  laird of Buccleuch to attempt his rescue.

      This powerful baron was the chief of a hardy clan, inhabiting Ettrick forest, Eskdale, Ewsdale, the higher part of Tiviotdale, and a portion of Liddesdale. In this warlike district he easily levied a thousand horse, comprehending a large body of Elliots, Armstrongs, and other broken clans, over whom the laird of Buccleuch exercised an extensive authority; being termed, by Lord Dacre, chief maintainer of all misguided men on the borders of Scotland. — Letter to Wolsey, July 18. 1528. The Earl of Angus, with his reluctant ward, had slept at Melrose; and the clans of Home and Kerr, under the Lord Home, and the barons of Cessford, and Fairnihirst, had taken their leave of the king, when, in the gray of the morning, Buccleuch and his band of cavalry were discovered, hanging, like a thunder-cloud, upon the neighbouring hill of Haliden. A herald was sent to demand his  purpose, and to charge him to retire. To the first point he answered, that he came to shew his clan to the king, according to the custom of the borders; to the second, that he knew the king’s mind better than Angus. — When this haughty answer was reported to the earl, Sir, said he to the king, yonder is Buccleuch, with the thieves of Annandale and Liddesdale, to bar your grace’s passage. I vow to God they shall either fight or flee. Your grace shall tarry on this hillock, with my brother George; and I will either clear your road of yonder banditti, or die in the attempt. The earl, with these words, alighted, and hastened to the charge; while the Earl of Lennox (at whose instigation Buccleuch made the attempt), remained with the king, an inactive spectator. Buccleuch and his followers likewise dismounted, and received the assailants with a dreadful shout, and a shower of lances. The encounter was fierce and obstinate; but the Homes and Kerrs, returning at the noise of battle, bore down and dispersed the left wing of Buccleuch’s little army. The hired banditti fled on all sides; but the chief himself, surrounded by his clan, fought desperately in the retreat. The laird of Cessford, chief of the Roxburgh Kerrs, pursued the chace fiercely; till, at the bottom of a steep path, Elliot of Stobs, a follower of Buccleuch, turned, and slew him with a stroke of his lance. When Cessford fell, the pursuit ceased. But his death, with those of Buccleuch’s friends, who fell in the action, to the number of eighty, occasioned a deadly feud betwixt the names of Scott and Kerr, which cost much blood upon the marches. — See Pitscottie, Lesly, and Godscroft.

      Stratagem at length effected what force had been unable to accomplish; and the king, emancipated from the iron tutelage of Angus, made the first use of his authority, by banishing from the kingdom his late lieutenant, and the whole race of Douglas. This command was not enforced without difficulty; for the power of Angus was strongly rooted in the east border, where he possessed the castle of Tantallon, and the hearts of the Homes and Kerrs. The former, whose strength was proverbial, defied a royal army; and the latter, at the Pass of Pease, baffled the Earl of Argyle’s attempts to enter the Merse, as lieutenant of his sovereign. On this occasion, the borderers regarded with wonder and contempt the barbarous array, and rude equipage, of their northern countrymen Godscroft has preserved the beginning of a scoffing rhyme, made upon this occasion:

      The Earl of Argyle is bound to ride

      From the border of Edgebucklin brae;

      And all his habergeons him beside,

      Each man upon a sonk of strae.

      They made their vow that they would slay —

      Godscroft, v. 2. . Ed. 1743.

      The pertinacious opposition of Angus to his doom irritated to the extreme the fiery temper of James, and he swore, in his wrath, that a Douglas should never serve him; an oath which he kept in circumstances under which the spirit of chivalry, which he worshipped, should have taught him other feelings.

      While these transactions, by which the fate of Scotland was influenced, were passing upon the eastern border, the Lord Maxwell seems to have exercised a most uncontrouled domination in Dumfries-shire. Even the power of the Earl of Angus was exerted in vain, against the banditti of Liddesdale, protected and bucklered by this mighty chief. Repeated complaints are made by the English residents, of the devastation occasioned by the depredations of the Elliots, Scotts, and Armstrongs, connived at, and encouraged, by Maxwell, Buccleuch, and Fairnihirst. At a convention of border commissioners, it was agreed, that the king of England, in case the excesses of the Liddesdale freebooters were not duly redressed, should be at liberty to issue letters of reprisal to his injured subjects, granting power to invade the said inhabitants of Liddesdale, to their slaughters, burning, heirships, robbing, reifing, despoiling and destruction, and so to continue the same at his grace’s pleasure, till the attempts of the inhabitants were fully atoned for. This impolitic expedient, by which the Scottish prince, unable to execute justice on his turbulent subjects, committed to a rival sovereign the power of unlimited chastisement, was a principal cause of the savage state of the borders. For the inhabitants, finding that the sword of revenge was substituted for that of justice, were loosened from their attachment to Scotland, and boldly threatened to carry on their depredations, in spite of the efforts of both kingdoms.

      James V., however, was not backward in using more honourable expedients to quell the banditti on the borders. The imprisonment of their chiefs, and a noted expedition, in which many of the principal thieves were executed (see introduction to the ballad, called Johnie Armstrong), produced such good effects, that, according to an ancient picturesque history, thereafter there was great peace and rest a long time, where through the king had great profit; for he had ten thousand sheep going in the Ettrick forest, in keeping by Andrew Bell, who made the king so good count of them, as  they had gone in the hounds of Fife. Pitscottie, .

      A breach with England interrupted the tranquillity  of the borders. The Earl of Northumberland, a formidable name to Scotland, ravaged the middle marches, and burned Branxholm, the abode of Buccleuch, the hereditary enemy of the English name. Buccleuch, with the barons of Cessford and Fairnihirst, retaliated by a raid into England, where they acquired much spoil. On the east march, Fowberry was destroyed by the Scots, and Dunglass castle by D’Arcey, and the banished Angus.

      A short peace was quickly followed by another war, which proved fatal to Scotland, and to her king. In the battle of Haddenrig, the English, and the exiled Douglasses, were defeated by the Lords Huntly and Home; but this was a transient gleam of success. Kelso was burned, and the borders ravaged, by the Duke of Norfolk; and finally, the rout of Solway moss, in which ten thousand men, the flower of the Scottish army, were dispersed and defeated by a band of five hundred English cavalry, or rather by their own dissentions, broke the proud  heart of James; a death, more painful a hundred fold than was met by his father in the field of Flodden.

      When the strength of the Scottish army had sunk, without wounds, and without renown, the principal chiefs were led captive into England. — Among these was the Lord Maxwell, who was compelled, by the menaces of Henry, to swear allegiance to the English monarch. There is still in existence the spirited instrument of vindication, by which he renounces his connection with England, and the honours and estates which had been proffered him, as the price of treason to his infant sovereign. From various bonds of manrent, it appears, that all the western marches were swayed by this powerful chieftain. With Maxwell, and the other captives, returned to Scotland the banished Earl of Angus, and his brother, Sir George Douglas, after a banishment of fifteen years. This powerful family regained at least a part of their influence upon the borders; and, grateful to the kingdom which had afforded them protection during their exile, became chiefs of the English faction in Scotland, whose object it was to urge a contract of marriage betwixt the young queen and the heir apparent of England. The impetuosity of Henry, the ancient hatred betwixt the nations, and the wavering temper of the governor, Arran, prevented the success of this measure. The wrath of the disappointed monarch discharged itself in a wide-wasting and furious invasion of the east marches, conducted by the Earl of Hertford. Seton, Home, and Buccleuch, hanging on the mountains of Lammermoor, saw, with ineffectual regret, the fertile plains of Merse and Lothian, and the metropolis itself, reduced to a smoking desert. Hertford had scarcely retreated with the main army, when Evers and Latoun laid waste the whole vale of Tiviot, with a ferocity of devastation, hitherto unheard of. The same lion mode of wooing, being pursued during the  minority of Edward VI., totally alienated the affections even of those Scots who were most attached to the English interest. The Earl of Angus, in particular, united himself to the governor, and gave the English a sharp defeat at Ancram moor, a particular account of which action is subjoined to the ballad, entituled, "The Eve of St. John. Even the fatal defeat at Pinky, which at once renewed the carnage of Flodden, and the disgrace of Solway, served to prejudice the cause of the victors. The borders saw, with dread and detestation, the ruinous fortress of Roxburgh once more receive an English garrison, and the widow of Lord Home driven from his baronial castle, to make room for the Southern Reivers." Many of the barons made a reluctant submission to Somerset; but those of the higher part of the marches remained among their mountains, meditating revenge. A similar incursion was made on the west borders by Lord Wharton, who, with five thousand men, ravaged and overran Annandale, Nithsdale, and Galloway, compelling the inhabitants to receive the yoke of England.

      The arrival of French auxiliaries, and of French gold, rendered vain the splendid successes of the English. One by one, the fortresses which they occupied were recovered by force, or by stratagem; and the vindictive cruelty of the Scottish borderers made dreadful retaliation for the, injuries they had sustained. An idea may be conceived of  this horrible warfare, from the memoirs of Beaugé, a French officer, serving in Scotland.

      The castle of Fairnihirst, situated about three miles above Jedburgh, had been taken and garrisoned by the English. The commander and his  followers are accused of such excesses of lust and cruelty as would, says Beaugé, have made to tremble the most savage moor in Africa. A band of Frenchmen, with the laird of Fairnihirst, and  his borderers, assaulted this fortress. The English archers showered their arrows down the steep ascent, leading to the castle, and from the outer wall by which it was surrounded. A vigorous escalade, however, gained the base court, and the sharp fire of the French arquebusiers drove the bowmen into the square keep, or dungeon, of the fortress. Here the English defended themselves, till a breach in the wall was made by mining. Through this hole the commandant creeped forth; and, surrendering himself to De la Mothe-rouge, implored protection from the vengeance of the borderers. But a Scottish marc-hman, eyeing in the captive the ravisher of his wife, approached him ere the French officer could guess his intention, and, at one blow, carried his head four paces from the trunk. Above a hundred Scots rushed to wash their hands in the blood of their oppressor, bandied about the severed head, and expressed their joy in such shouts, as if they had stormed the city of London. The prisoners, who  fell into their merciless hands, were put to death, after their eyes had been torn out; the victors contending who should display the greatest address in severing their legs and arms, before inflicting a mortal wound. When their own prisoners were slain, the Scottish, with an unextinguishable thirst for blood, purchased those of the French; parting willingly with their very arms, in exchange for an English captive. I myself, says Beaugé, with military sang-froid, I myself sold them a prisoner for a small horse. They laid him down upon the ground, galloped over him with their lances in rest, and wounded him as they passed. When slain, they cut his body in pieces, and bore the mangled gobbets, in triumph, on the points of their spears. I cannot greatly praise the Scottish for this practice. But the truth is, that the English tyrannized over the borders in a most barbarous manner; and I think it was but fair to repay them, according to the proverb, in their own coin. —

      Campagnes de Beaugé.

      A peace, in 1551, put an end to this war; the most destructive which, for a length of time, had ravaged Scotland. Some attention was paid by the governor and queen-mother, to the administration of justice on the border; and the chieftains, who had distinguished themselves during the late troubles, received the honour of knighthood. At this time, also, the Debateable Land, a tract of country, situated betwixt the Esk and Sarke, claimed by both kingdoms, was divided by royal commissioners, appointed by the two crowns. — By their award, this land of contention was separated by a line, drawn from east to west, betwixt the rivers. The upper half was adjudged to Scotland, and the more eastern part to England. Yet the Debateable Land continued long after to be the residence of the thieves and banditti, to whom its dubious state had afforded a desirable refuge.

      In 1557, a new war broke out, in which rencounters on the borders were, as usual, numerous, and with varied success. In some of these, the too famous Bothwell is said to have given proofs of his courage, which was at other times very questionable. About this time the Scottish borderers seem to have acquired some ascendency over their southern neighbours. — Strype, Vol. III. — In 1559, peace was again restored.

      The flame of reformation, long stifled in Scotland, now burst forth, with the violence of a volcanic eruption. The siege of Leith was commenced, by the combined forces of the Congregation and of England. The borderers cared little about speculative points of religion; but  they shewed themselves much interested in the treasures which passed through their country, for payment of the English forces at Edinburgh. Much alarm was excited, lest the marchers should intercept these weighty protestant arguments; and it was, probably, by voluntarily imparting a share in them to Lord Home, that he became a sudden convert to the new faith.

      Upon the arrival of the ill-fated Mary in her native country, she found the borders in a state of great disorder. The exertions of her natural brother (afterwards the famous regent, Murray) were necessary to restore some degree of tranquillity. He marched to Jedburgh, executed twenty or thirty of the transgressors, burned many houses, and brought a number of prisoners to Edinburgh. The chieftains of the principal clans were also obliged to grant pledges for their future obedience. A noted convention (for the particulars of which, see  Border Laws, .) adopted various regulations, which were attended with great advantage to the marches.

      The unhappy match, betwixt Henry Darnley and his sovereign, led to new dissentions on the border. The Homes, Kerrs, and other east marchers, hastened to support the queen, against Murray, Chatelherault, and other nobles, whom her marriage had offended. For the same purpose the Johnstones, Jardines, and clans of Annandale entered into bonds of confederacy. But Liddesdale was under the influence of England; in so much, that Randolph, the English minister, proposed to hire a band of strapping Elliots, to find Home business at home, in looking after his corn and cattle. — Keith, . Ap.

      This storm was hardly overblown, when Bothwell received the commission of lieutenant upon the borders; but, as void of parts as of principle, he could not even recover to the queen’s allegiance his own domains in  Liddesdale. — Keith, Ap. The queen herself advanced to the borders, to remedy this evil, and to hold courts at Jedburgh. Bothwell was already in Liddesdale, where he had been severely wounded, in an attempt to seize John Elliot, of the Parke, a desperate freebooter; and happy had it been for Mary, had the dagger of the moss-trooper struck more home. Bothwell being transported to his castle of Hermitage, the queen, upon hearing the tidings, hastened thither, A dangerous morass, still called the Queen’s Mire, is pointed out by tradition as the spot where the lovely Mary, and her white palfrey, were in danger of perishing. The distance betwixt Hermitage and Jedburgh, by the way of Hawick, is nearly twenty-four English  miles. The queen went and returned the same day. Whether she visited a wounded subject, or a lover in danger, has been warmly disputed in our latter days.

      To the death of Henry Darnley, it is said, some of the border lords were privy. But the subsequent marriage, betwixt the queen and Bothwell, alienated from her the affections of the chieftains of the marches, most of whom aided the association of the insurgent barons. A few gentlemen of the Merse, however, joined the army which Mary brought to Carberry-hill. But no one was willing to fight for the detested Bothwell, nor did Bothwell himself shew any inclination to put his person in jeopardy. The result to Mary was a rigorous captivity in Lochleven castle; and the name of Bothwell scarcely again pollutes the page of Scottish history.

      The distress of a beautiful and afflicted princess softened the hearts of her subjects; and, when she escaped from her severe captivity, the most powerful barons in Scotland crowded around her standard. Among these were many of the west border men, under the lords Maxwell  and Herries. But the defeat at Langside was a death-blow to her interest in Scotland.

      The death of the regent Murray, in 1569, excited the party of Mary to hope and to exertion. It seems, that the design of Bothwelhaugh, who slew him, was well known upon the borders; for, the very day on which the slaughter happened, Buccleuch and Fairnihirst, with their clans, broke into England, and spread devastation along the frontiers, with unusual ferocity. It is probable they well knew that the controuling hand of the regent was that day palsied by death. Buchanan exclaims loudly against this breach of truce with Elizabeth, charging Queen Mary’s party with having houndit furth proude and uncircumspecte young men, to hery, burne, and slay, and tak prisoneris, in her realme, and use all misordour and crueltie, not only usit in weir, but detestabil to all barbar and wild Tartaris, in slaying of prisoneris, and contrair to all humanitie and justice, keeping na promeis to  miserabil catives resavit anis to thair mercy — Admonitioun to the trew lordis, Striveling, 1571. He numbers, among these insurgents, highlanders as well as borderers, Buccleuch and Fairnihirst, the Johnstons and Armstrongs, the Grants, and the clan Chattan. Besides these powerful clans, Mary numbered among her adherents, the Maxwells, and almost all the west border leaders, excepting Drumlanrig, and Jardine of Applegirth. On the eastern border, the faction of the infant king was more powerful; for, although deserted by Lord Home, the greater part of his clan, under the influence of Wedderburn, remained attached to that party. The laird of Cessford wished them well, and the Earl of Angus naturally followed the steps of his uncle Morton. A sharp and bloody invasion of the middle march, under the command of the Earl of Sussex, avenged with interest the raids of Buccleuch and Fairnihirst. The domains of these chiefs were laid waste, their castles burned and destroyed. The narrow vales of Beaumont and Kale, belonging to Buccleuch, were treated with peculiar severity; and the forrays of Hertford were equalled by that of Sussex. In vain did the chiefs request assistance from the government to  defend their fortresses. Through the predominating interest of Elizabeth in the Scottish councils, this was refused to all but Home, whose castle, nevertheless, again received an English garrison; while Buccleuch and Fairnihirst complained bitterly that those, who had instigated their invasion, durst not even come so far as Lauder, to shew countenance to their defence against the English. The bickerings, which followed, distracted the whole kingdom. One celebrated exploit may be selected, as an illustration of the border fashion of war.

      The Earl of Lennox, who had succeeded Murray in the regency, held a parliament at Stirling, in 1571. The young king was exhibited to the great council of his nation. He had been tutored to repeat a set speech, composed for the occasion; but, observing that the roof of the building was a little decayed, he interrupted his recitation, and exclaimed, with childish levity, that there was a hole in the parliament, — words which, in these days, were held to presage the  deadly breach shortly to be made in that body, by the death of him in whose name it was convoked.

      Amid the most undisturbed security of confidence, the lords, who composed this parliament, were roused at day-break, by the shouts of their enemies in the heart of the town. God and the Queen! resounded from every quarter, and, in a few minutes, the regent, with the astonished nobles of his party, were prisoners to a band of two hundred border cavalry, led by Scott of Buccleuch, and to the Lord Claud Hamilton, at the head of three hundred infantry. These enterprising chiefs, by a rapid and well concerted manoeuvre, had reached Stirling in a night march from Edinburgh, and, without so much as being bayed at by a watch-dog had seized the principal street of the town. — The fortunate obstinacy of Morton saved his party. Stubborn and undaunted, he defended his house till the assailants set it in flames, and then yielded with reluctance to his kinsman, Buccleuch. But the time, which he had gained, effectually served his cause. The borderers had dispersed to plunder the stables of the nobility; the infantry thronged tumultuously together on the main street, when the  Earl of Mar, issuing from the castle, placed one or two small pieces of ordnance in his own half-built house, which commands the market place. Hardly had the artillery begun to scour the street, when the assailants, surprised in their turn, fled with precipitation. Their alarm was increased by the townsmen thronging to arms. Those, who had been so lately triumphant, were now, in many instances, asking the protection of their own prisoners. In all probability, not a man would have escaped death, or captivity, but for the characteristic rapacity of Buccleuch’s marauders, who, having seized and carried off all the horses in the town, left the victors no means of following the chace. The regent was slain by an officer, named Caulder, in order to prevent his being rescued. Spens of Ormeston, to whom he had surrendered, lost his life in a generous attempt to protect him. Hardly does our history present another enterprise, so well planned, so happily  commenced, and so strangely disconcerted. To the licence of the marchmen the failure was attributed; but the same cause ensured a safe retreat. — Spottiswoode, Godscroft, Robertson, Melville.

      The wily Earl of Morton, who, after the short intervening regency of Mar, succeeded to the supreme authority, contrived, by force or artifice, to render the party of the king every where superior. Even on the middle borders, he had the address to engage in his cause the powerful, though savage and licentious, clans of Rutherford and Turnbull, as well as the citizens of Jedburgh. He was thus enabled to counterpoise his powerful opponents, Buccleuch and Fairnihirst,  in their own country; and, after an unsuccessful attempt to surprise Jedburgh even these warm adherents of Mary relinquished her cause in despair.

      While Morton swayed the state, his attachment to Elizabeth, and the humiliation which many of the border chiefs had undergone, contributed to maintain good order on the marches, till James VI. himself assumed the reigns of government. — The intervening skirmish of the Reidswire (see the ballad under that title) was but a sudden explosion of the rivalry and suppressed hatred of the borderers of both kingdoms. In truth, the stern rule of Morton, and of his delegates, men unconnected with the borders by birth, maintained in that country more strict discipline than had ever been there exercised. Perhaps this hastened his fall.

      The unpopularity of Morton, acquired partly by the strict administration of justice, and partly by avarice and severity, forced him from the regency. In 1578, he retired, apparently, from state affairs, to his castle of Dalkeith; which the populace, emphatically  expressing their awe and dread of his person, termed the Lion’s Den. But Morton could not live in retirement; and, early in the same year, the aged lion again rushed from his cavern. By a mixture of policy and violence, he possessed himself of the fortress of Stirling, and of the person of James. His nephew, Angus, hastened to his assistance. Against him appeared his follower Cessford, with many of the Homes, and the citizens of Edinburgh. Alluding to the restraint of the king’s person, they bore his effigy on their banners, with a rude rhyme, demanding liberty or death. — Birrel’s Diary, ad annum, 1578. The Earl of Morton marched against his foes as far as Falkirk, and a desperate action must have ensued, but for the persuasions of Bowes, the English ambassador. The only blood, then spilt, was in a duel betwixt Tait, a follower of Cessford, and Johnstone, a west border man, attending upon Angus. They fought with lances, and on horseback, according to the fashion of the borders. — The former was unhorsed and slain, the latter desperately wounded. — Godscroft, Vol. II. . The prudence of the late regent appears to have abandoned him, when he was decoyed into a treaty upon this occasion.  It was not long before Morton the veteran warrior, and the crafty statesman, was forced bend his neck to an engine of death, the use of which he himself had introduced into Scotland.

      Released from the thraldom of Morton, the king, with more than youthful levity, threw his supreme power into the hands of Lennox and Arran. The religion of the first, and the infamous character of the second favourite, excited the hatred of the commons, while their exclusive and engrossing power awakened the jealousy of the other nobles. James, doomed to be the sport of contending factions was seized at Stirling by the nobles, confederated in what was termed the Raid of Ruthven. But the conspirators soon suffered their prize to escape, and were rewarded for their enterprize by exile or death.

      In 1585, an affray took place at a border meeting in which Lord Russel, the Earl of Bedford’s eldest son, chanced to be slain. Queen Elizabeth imputed the guilt of this slaughter to Thomas Kerr of  Fairnihirst, instigated by Arran. Upon the imperious demand of the English ambassador, both were committed to prison; but the minion, Arran, was soon restored to liberty and favour; while Fairnihirst, the dread of the English borderers and the gallant defender of Queen Mary, died in his confinement, of a broken heart. — Spottiswoode .

      The tyranny of Arran becoming daily more insupportable the exiled lords, joined by Maxwell, Home, Bothwell, and other border chieftains, seized the town of Stirling, which was pillaged by their disorderly followers, invested the castle, which surrendered at discretion, and drove the favourite from the king’s council.

      The king, perceiving the Earl of Bothwell among the armed barons, to whom he surrendered his person addressed him in these prophetic words:— Francis, Francis, what moved thee to come in arms against  thy prince, who never wronged thee? I wish thee a more quiet spirit, else I foresee thy destruction. — Spottiswoode, .

      In fact, the extraordinary enterprizes of this nobleman disturbed the next ten years of James’s reign. Francis Stuart, son to a bastard of James V., had been invested with the titles and estates belonging to his maternal uncle, James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, upon the forfeiture of that infamous man; and consequently became lord of Liddesdale, and of the castle of Hermitage. — This acquisition of power upon the borders, where he could easily levy followers, willing to undertake the most desperate enterprize, joined to the man’s native daring and violent spirit, rendered Bothwell the most turbulent insurgent, that ever disturbed the tranquillity of a kingdom. During the king’s absence in Denmark, Bothwell, swayed by the superstition of his age, had tampered with certain soothsayers and witches, by whose pretended art he hoped to atchieve the death of his monarch. In one of the courts of inquisition, which James delighted to hold upon the professors of the occult sciences, some of his cousin’s proceedings  were brought to light, for which he was put in ward in the castle of Edinburgh. Burning with revenge, he broke from his confinement, and lurked for some time upon the borders, where he hoped for the countenance of his son-in-law, Buccleuch. Undeterred by the absence of that chief, who, in obedience to the royal command, had prudently retired to France, Bothwell attempted the desperate enterprize of seizing the person of the king, while residing in his metropolis. At the dead of night, followed by a band of borderers, he occupied the court of the palace of Holyrood, and began to burst open the doors of the royal apartments. The nobility, distrustful of each other, and ignorant of the extent of the conspiracy, only endeavoured to make good the defence of their separate lodgings; but darkness and confusion prevented the assailants from profiting by their disunion. Melville, who was present, gives a lively picture of the scene of disorder, transiently illuminated by the glare of passing torches; while the report of fire arms, the clatter of armour, the din of hammers thundering on the gates, mingled wildly with the war-cry of  the borderers, who shouted incessantly, Justice! Justice! A Bothwell! A Bothwell! The citizens of Edinburgh at length began to assemble for the defence of their sovereign; and Bothwell was compelled to retreat, which he did without considerable loss. — Melville, . A similar attempt on the person of James, while residing at Faulkland, also misgave; but the credit which Bothwell obtained on the borders, by these bold and desperate enterprizes, was incredible All Tiviotdale, says Spottiswoode, ran after him; so that he finally obtained his object; and, at Edinburgh, in 1593, he stood before James, an unexpected apparition, with his naked sword in his hand. Strike! said James, with royal dignity— Strike, and end thy work! I will not survive my dishonour. But Bothwell with unexpected moderation, only stipulated for remission of his forfeiture, and did not even insist on remaining at court, whence his party was shortly expelled, by the return of the Lord Home, and his other enemies. Incensed at this reverse, Bothwell levied a body of four hundred cavalry, and attacked the king’s guard in broad day, upon the Borough  Moor, near Edinburgh. — The ready succour of the citizens saved James from falling once more into the hands of his turbulent subject. On a subsequent day, Bothwell met the laird of Cessford, riding near Edinburgh, with whom he fought a single combat, which lasted for two hours. But his credit was now fallen; he retreated to England, whence he was driven by Elizabeth, and then wandered to Spain and Italy, where he subsisted, in indigence and obscurity, on the bread which he earned by apostatizing to the faith of Rome. So fell this agitator of domestic broils, whose name passed into a proverb, denoting a powerful and turbulent demagogue.

      While these scenes were passing in the metropolis the borders were furiously agitated by civil discord. The families of Cessford and Fairnihirst disputed their right to the wardenry of the middle marches, and to the provostry of Jedburgh; and William Kerr of Ancram, a follower of the latter, was murdered by the young chief of Cessford, at the instigation of his mother. — Spottiswoode, . But this was trifling, compared to the civil war, waged on the western frontier, between the Johnstones and Maxwells, of which there is a minute account in the introduction to the ballad, entitled, "Maxwell’s Goodnight. Prefixed to that termed Kinmont Willie" the reader will find an account of the last warden raids performed upon the border.

      My sketch of border history now draws to a close. The accession of James to the English crown converted the extremity into the centre of his kingdom.

      The east marches of Scotland were, at this momentous period, in a  state of comparative civilization. The rich soil of Berwickshire soon invited the inhabitants to the arts of agriculture. — Even in the days of Lesley, the nobles and barons of the Merse differed in manners from the other borderers, administered justice with regularity, and abstained from plunder and depredation. — De moribus Scotorum, . But, on the middle and western marches, the inhabitants were unrestrained moss-troopers and cattle drivers, knowing no measure of law, says Camden, but the length of their swords. The sterility of the mountainous country, which they inhabited, offered little encouragement to industry; and, for the long series of centuries, which we have hastily reviewed, the hands of rapine were never there folded in inactivity, nor the sword of violence returned to the scabbard. Various proclamations were in vain issued for interdicting the use of horses and arms upon the west border of England and Scotland.

      The evil was found to require the radical cure of extirpation. Buccleuch collected under his banners the most desperate of the border warriors, of whom he formed a legion, for the service of the states of Holland; who had as much reason to rejoice on their arrival upon the continent, as Britain to congratulate herself upon their departure. It may be presumed, that few of this corps ever returned to their native country. The clan of Graeme, a hardy and ferocious set of freebooters inhabiting chiefly the Debateable Land, by a very summary exertion of authority, was transported to Ireland, and their return prohibited under pain of death. Against other offenders, measures, equally arbitrary, were without hesitation pursued. Numbers of border riders were executed, without even the formality of a trial; and it is even  said, that, in mockery of justice, assizes were held upon them after they had suffered. For these acts of tyranny, see Johnston, , 414, 39, 93. The memory of Dunbar’s legal proceedings at Jedburgh, are preserved in the proverbial phrase, Jeddart Justice, which signifies, trial after execution. By this rigour though sternly and unconscientiously exercised the border marauders were, in the course of years, either reclaimed or exterminated; though nearly a century elapsed ere their manners were altogether assimilated to those of their countrymen.

      In these hasty sketches of border history, I have endeavoured to select, such incidents, as may introduce to the reader the character of the marchmen, more briefly and better than a formal essay upon their manners. If I have been successful in the attempt, he is already acquainted with the mixture of courage and rapacity by which they were distinguished; and has reviewed some of the scenes in which they acted a principal part. It is, therefore only necessary to notice, more minutely, some of their peculiar customs and modes of life.

      Their morality was of a singular kind. The ranpine, by which they  subsisted, they accounted lawful and honourable. Ever liable to lose their whole substance, by an incursion of the English, on a sudden breach of truce, they cared little to waste their time in cultivating crops, to be reaped by their foes. Their cattle was, therefore, their chief property; and these were nightly exposed to the southern borderers, as rapacious and active as themselves. Hence, robbery assumed the appearance of fair reprisal. The fatal privilege of pursuing the marauders into their own country, for recovery of stolen goods, led to continual skirmishes The warden also, himself frequently the chieftain of a border horde, when redress was not instantly granted by the opposite officer, for depredations sustained by his district, was entitled to retaliate upon England by a warden raid. In such cases, the moss-troopers, who crowded to his standard, found themselves pursuing their craft under legal authority, and became the favourites and followers of the military magistrate, whose duty it was to have checked and suppressed them. See the curious history of Geordie Bourne, App. No. II. Equally unable and unwilling to  make nice distinctions, they were not to be convinced, that what was to-day fair booty, was to-morrow a subject of theft. National animosity usually gave an additional stimulus to their rapacity; although it must be owned, that their depredations extended also to the more cultivated parts of their own country.

      Satchells, who lived when the old border ideas of meum and tuum were still in some force, endeavours to draw a very nice distinction betwixt a freebooter and a thief; and thus sings he of the Armstrongs:

      On that border was the Armstrongs, able men;

      Somewhat unruly, and very ill to tame.

      I would have none think that I call them thieves,

      For, if I did, it would be arrant lies.

       Near a border frontier, in the time of war,

      There’s ne’er a man but he’s a freebooter.

      Because to all men

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