Quetico: Near to Nature's Heart

QUETICO

QUETICO

Near to Nature’s Heart

Jon Nelson

A NATURAL HERITAGE BOOK

A MEMBER OF THE DUNDURN GROUP

TORONTO

Copyright © 2009 Jon Nelson

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanic, photocopying or otherwise (except for brief passages for purposes of review) without the prior permission of Dundurn Press. Permission to photocopy should be requested from Access Copyright.

Published by Natural Heritage Books

A Member of The Dundurn Group

Cover and text design by Jennifer Scott

Editor: Jane Gibson

Copy-editor: Shannon Whibbs

Printed and bound in Canada by Transcontinental

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Nelson, Jon, 1943-

      Quetico : near to nature’s heart / by Jon Nelson.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-55488-396-7

     1. Quetico Provincial Park (Ont.)--History. 2. Natural history--Ontario--Quetico Provincial Park. 3. Nelson, Jon, 1943-. I. Title.

FC3065.Q4 N44 2009         971.3’117        C2009-900291-4

1   2   3   4   5     13   12   11   10   09

We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council for our publishing program. We also acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program and The Association for the Export of Canadian Books and the Government of Canada through the Ontario Book Publishers Tax Credit Program and the Ontario Media Development Corporation.

Care has been taken to trace the ownership of copyright material used in this book. The author and the publisher welcome any information enabling them to rectify any references or credits in subsequent editions.

J. Kirk Howard, President

Cover photos by Jon Nelson except top right photo of Billy Magee courtesy of the Oberholtzer Foundation, Excelsior, Minnesota. All other visuals are courtesy of Jon Nelson unless otherwise identified.

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DEDICATION

Tom Miyata worked in his quiet, persistent, and eloquent way for over three decades to preserve and protect Quetico Park. He fought harder, longer, and more effectively than anyone I know to make Quetico a wilderness park and to ensure that it remained that way. Everyone who loves a wild Quetico owes Tom a deep debt of gratitude.

I was, and still am, inspired and motivated by Tom Miyata and his love of the outdoors, his knowledge, his enthusiasm for life, and his passion for wilderness. My family and I were blessed to have known him and his family. He is a central figure in many of my best memories of canoeing, camping, fishing, hunting and — more importantly — he was a dear friend.

This book is dedicated to Tom Miyata. A huge hole was created in the fabric of my life when he died in 2007.

CONTENTS

List of Maps

Near to Nature’s Heart: An Explanation

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Prelude: Quetico: One Hundredth Anniversary of a Magic Land

PART ONE: ICE AGE LEGACY OF QUETICO PARK

Chapter 1       Ice Age Journey

Chapter 2       Palaeo-Indians: First Explorers of the Quetico-Superior

Chapter 3     The Future of the Past in Quetico Park: Archaeology and Anishinaabe Spiritual Beliefs

PART TWO: SPECIAL PLACES IN QUETICO PARK

Chapter 4      The Pines: Ancient Campsite on Pickerel Lake

Chapter 5       The Wawiag: River with a Past

Chapter 6       Knife Lake: Volcanic Rocks and Remarkable People

Chapter 7       McNiece Lake: Heart of Quetico Park Old-Growth

Chapter 8       Prairie Portage: Boundary Waters Crossroads

PART THREE: GLIMPSES INTO THE ECOLOGY OF QUETICO PARK

Chapter 9       Symbiosis: Remarkable Partners

Chapter 10     Lichens: Enduring, Delightful, Organic Crud

Chapter 11     The Orchid and the Fungus: Symbiotic Partners

Chapter 12     Antler Logic: Moose Research in Quetico Park

Chapter 13     Snowshoes, Blackflies, and Carnivorous Plants

Chapter 14     A Raven’s Knowledge

Chapter 15     Fiery Interludes in an Endless Dance

Chapter 16     Tails Beneath the Snow: Life in the Pukak

Chapter 17     Uncommon Sense: Life Under the Ice

Chapter 18     Floaters, Stilters, and Aggressive Plants

Chapter 19     A Cozy Winter Nest of Beavers

AfterWords

Notes

Bibliography

Index

About the Author

LIST OF MAPS

Map 1:    Quetico Park and Surrounding Area

Map 2:    Quetico Park

Map 3:    The Proposed Quetico Forest Reserve

Map 4:    The Kawa Bay Reserve 24C, 1890

Map 5:    Maximum Extent of the Glacier

Map 6:    Glacier Along the Ontario-Minnesota Border, North of Ely, Minnesota

Map 7:    Glacier North of Quetico Park

Map 8:    Probable Route of Entry of Palaeo-Indians into Quetico

Map 9:    Steep Rock and Eagle-Finlayson Moraines

Map 10:  The Wawiag River and the Minimum Extent of Sediment Deposited in Glacial Lake Agassiz

Map 11:  Knife Lake and Surrounding Area

Map 12:  Detail of a 1966 Map Showing Some Terms Used on Early Maps of Knife Lake

Map 13:  Route of Canoe Trip to McNiece Lake

Map 14:  Satellite Image of Prairie Portage

Map 15:  Moose Research Area near McKenzie Lake

NEAR TO NATURE’S HEART:

AN EXPLANATION

In 1897, William and Jennie Richardson set off on their honeymoon. They travelled by birchbark canoe into the centre of Quetico, along with their Indian guides. At the conclusion of their three-week trip, Jennie noted, it is good to be so near to nature’s heart, even if for so brief a space.¹

This book is a series of writings about the natural and human history of a place that was set aside early enough that it still contains intact ecosystems with an aura of the past. The phrase near to nature’s heart summarizes the feelings of those who, like myself, treasure the time they have been able to spend in Quetico.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My wife Marie and our children, Leif and Anna, have been my main support and inspiration. Marie is truly my better half and we’ve had the joy of watching our children grow into two independent and inquiring young adults. We are incredibly proud of them.

Tempest Benson, Tom Miyata, Bruce Curtis, Don Bowser, Bob Cary, Marie Ottertail, John Boshey, Bernice Hyatt, and Johnny Sansted are just a few of the people who are no longer with us whose enthusiasm for Quetico influenced me greatly. Numerous people, such as Shirley Peruniak, Bob Hayes, Joe and Vera Meany, Betty Powell Skoog, Dinna Madsen, Kalvin Ottertail, Don Meany, Janice Matichuk, Keith and Arlene Robinson, and John Sohigian continue to work in various ways to keep the spirit of Quetico alive.

Although I have a general knowledge of the topics covered in this book, I am not an expert in any of them. I have relied heavily on the expertise and co-operation of many people who are authorities in their fields. The chapters that relate to the retreat of the glacier through the Quetico-Superior and its effect on the landscape couldn’t have been written without the valuable comments and corrections made by Brian Phillips, Phil Kor, and Matthew Boyd. They have conducted fieldwork in northwestern Ontario and have practical knowledge of the effects of glaciers on the Quetico-Superior landscape.

Even though I have conducted archaeological research in Quetico, I consulted with numerous archaeologists who have worked in the area and are very knowledgeable about the first explorers into this area. These include Bill Ross, Walt Okstad, Tony Romano, Sue Mulholland, Lee Johnson, Bill Clayton, and Mike McCloud. Their views have influenced my interpretation of the post-glacial period and how and when people moved into this area. Since almost nothing is known about the first people in the Quetico-Superior, archaeologists disagree on many particulars. We all agree, however, that Quetico’s first explorers were awesome people at an awesome time.

Andrew Hinshelwood and I were very fortunate that Elders from the Lac La Croix First Nation in 1999 (John Boshey Sr., Marie Ottertail, Helen Geyshick, Robert Ottertail, Helen Jordan, and Doris Whitefish) were willing to patiently explain their views and listen to ours. We were also greatly aided by consulting with, and learning from, a variety of people with experience in trying to bridge the gap between archaeologists and Native peoples. The people who aided my understanding of matters relating to interactions between archaeologists and Anishinaabe people include Kalvin Ottertail, Scott Hamilton, Jill Taylor-Hollings, Doug Gilmore, Walt Okstad, and Dave Woodward. I am grateful to Andrew Hinshelwood, who collaborated with me in the writing of Chapter 3 dealing with archaeology and Anishinaabe spiritual beliefs.

The chapter on moose research is based, in part, on research conducted by Tim Timmermann, who also gave me a better understanding of moose biology and insights into their research. Willard Carmean is the grand old man of white pine research in northwestern Ontario and I relied heavily on him to provide a more complete understanding of the importance of white pine and the significance of McNiece Lake. Tim Lynham and Lisa Solomon were valuable sources of information on fire ecology and their research on white pine regeneration in Quetico. Twenty years ago, when writing my thesis, I relied heavily on Richard Ojakangas for information on the geology of the Knife Lake area and he was again helpful in my attempt to make the complex volcanic origins of the Knife Lake bedrock understandable. All of these people not only conducted important research in the Quetico-Superior, but also generously shared as much of their knowledge as I was able to absorb.

The prelude regarding Quetico’s 100th anniversary was greatly aided by suggestions made by Bruce Litteljohn, who played a significant role in making Quetico a wilderness park. Others who read and commented on portions of the text include Mike Barker, Kalvin Ottertail, Jay Leather, Dave Elder, Fergy Wilson, Gerald Killan, John Soghigian, Robin Reilly, and Bill Addison. This section is my brief interpretation of Quetico’s formation and evolution since it became a protected area in 1909, and it reflects, as does the rest of the book, my broad personal interests and biases. More detailed accounts of Quetico’s history can be found in works by Shirley Peruniak, Gerald Killan, and George Warecki.

Others read all or parts of chapters and made constructive comments on the chapters relating to special places in Quetico and ecology sections of the book: Joe Walewski and Erica North (lichens), Jeep LaTourelle (Prairie Portage), Rick Gollat (moose research), Sally Burns (The Pines), Steve Kingston and Doug Morris (pukak), Tony Elders and Lynn Hazen (beaver), Pete Doran, Nadia Kovachis, and Caleb Hassler (aquatic ecology), Ellen Bogardus-Szymaniak (fire ecology), Lori Gregor (carnivorous plants), Paula and Andy Hill (McNiece Lake), Jamie McMahon, Dick Hiner, Anna Nelson, and Leif Nelson read and commented on many articles. Their advice and expertise greatly added to the depth of the articles and helped me avoid many errors.

A special thanks to Shirley Peruniak, who knows more about Quetico Park than everyone else does collectively, for reading many of the articles and making many helpful suggestions. My wife Marie played a major role in this book. She was my primary editor, the person I bounced ideas off of, and who kept my spirits up when I got discouraged. She was always the person to suffer through my first drafts, make copious corrections of spelling and grammar, and tirelessly remind me to loosen up my writing and be less academic. Johnnie Hyde was influential in persuading me to write the early stages of this book. Heather Peden edited many of the early drafts and helped immensely to get my writing more organized and less repetitive. Phyllis Dalgleish patiently helped me overcome some of my deficiencies in computor usage. Thunder Bay’s Gregg Johns of Imagetech was my guide in learning the technicalities of using digital cameras. Prior to that, the people at Primary Foto Source were helpful during the decades I used slide film.

The maps were made by Cathy Chapin from Lakehead University. While making these wonderful maps she frequently made alterations as I changed my mind as to what I wanted. Jennifer Garrett, Lise Sorenson, and Mary Lambirth used their considerable artistic talents to help illustrate the book. I am particularly indebted to Jennifer, who made two paintings — a depiction of spring and fall turnover of lakes and a Late Palaeo-Indian spear point — specifically for this book.

The John B. Ridley Research Library at the Quetico Park Interpretive Centre at French Lake, with its wealth of information on Quetico Park, was a vital source of information for this book. Andrea Allison was invaluable in locating information and photos that I required. The library is an underutilized and valuable resource of tapes, articles, photos, notes, and other materials that have been compiled by park staff for decades. The library contains a wealth of information about Quetico Park and the people who have shaped it. The Atikokan Centennial Museum was a valuable source for information on the history of the Atikokan area.

My thanks also go to Barry Penhale, publisher emeritus, and Jane Gibson, editor, of Natural Heritage/ Dundurn Press for their patient and encouraging support of my early efforts. With their help, the work has been molded into a readable book.

I’ve been fortunate to have many terrific people accompany me on canoe trips in Quetico. Andy Hill, in particular, spent a lot of time with me exploring various parts of the park. In recent years I have taken trips where one of the objectives was to gather information and photos for this book. Marie Nelson, Andy and Paula Hill, Dick Hiner, Leif Nelson, and Heather Sutton have been my primary companions on these outings. On archaeological research trips sponsored by the Quetico Foundation from 1996 to 1999, Frank Jordan was my usual partner with a variety of students from Lac La Croix and Atikokan also helping out. Dick Hiner, Norman Jordan, and Ralph Ottertail Jr. were research assistants on Knife Lake in the late 1980s, and James Burns and Dan Fotheringham were able assistants in the research on Knife Lake in 2001. All of these people made it possible for an insulin-dependent diabetic to continue taking extended canoe trips into Quetico. When canoeing with me they knew that low blood sugar was sometimes a bigger concern than high winds. Thanks.

This book is, to an amazing degree, a collaborative effort made possible by the assistance of many people. However, any errors or misinterpretations in any section of this work are mine alone.

INTRODUCTION

Much of my adult life has revolved around Quetico Park. For twelve summers, my wife Marie and I worked as Quetico Park rangers at Beaverhouse Lake, Cache Bay, and Prairie Portage. Those wonderful years inspired me to return to school when I was forty-five years old. After my degree was completed, we returned to northwestern Ontario and I spent six summers conducting archaeological research in Quetico Park while teaching biology and chemistry at Confederation College in Thunder Bay. I continued to teach at the college until my retirement a few years ago.

Working as a park ranger and researcher, I made numerous canoe trips into Quetico Park and a few into the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW). In addition, I have snowshoed and canoed extensively in the park for my own enjoyment. All of these trips provided opportunities to take photos and provided the background necessary for writing this book. The chapters were written specifically for this book, but some are substantially revised and updated from articles that appeared in the Boundary Waters Journal, the Chronicle Journal (Thunder Bay), the Globe and Mail (Toronto), and Canoesport Magazine.

I grew up in Montevideo, a small farming community on the prairies of southern Minnesota, and went to Concordia College in Moorhead, Minnesota. After a canoe trip in the early 1960s, I became infatuated with canoeing and Quetico Park. Years later, I met Marie Pelkola, who had worked many summers at the Minnesota (now Voyageur) Outward Bound School and had taken many trips into Quetico Park and the BWCAW. Our mutual interest in canoeing and a desire to live in the north caused us to move to Atikokan, Ontario, in 1973.

We bought a small resort with Rob and Martha McManus, another couple from Minnesota, and quickly became immersed in the wonderful diversity of Atikokan. Our arrival coincided with the controversy over logging in Quetico Park and we met local people, such as Tom and Bettina Miyata, who were active and outspoken in their support for the cessation of logging in the park. We slowly lost our Mercan accents, adopted Canadian ways, and learned the local vernacular. This includes: putting vinegar on our chips (french fries); wiping our faces with serviettes (paper napkins); wearing toques (stocking caps) and Sorels (winter boots) when it gets cold; catching pickerel (walleyes), lawyers (burbots), and hammer handles (small northern pike) through the ice; putting on clean gotch (underwear) in the morning before plugging in the electric kettle; and sitting on chesterfields (sofas) drinking Molson Stock Ale while watching the Habs (Montreal Canadiens) or the Leafs (Toronto Maple Leafs) on Hockey Night in Canada.

MAP 1: QUETICO PARK AND SURROUNDING AREA

Ontario’s Quetico Park lies adjacent to the Boundary Water Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW) in Minnesota.

After a few years we sold our resort and were hired to work as rangers in Quetico Park. It was, for us, the perfect job. Bob Hayes, a Quetico Park ranger in the 1940s and a friend of Marie’s parents in Winton, Minnesota, told me that when he first flew into Basswood Lake in 1943 he felt that he was descending into the ultimate paradise. Not surprisingly, Marie and I had similar feelings when we flew into Beaverhouse Lake for the first time in 1976.

We were fortunate to have an amazing group of co-workers in Quetico Park. The other park rangers, portage crew, naturalists, and park supervisors were an extremely enthusiastic, dedicated, and diverse group of people. Joe and Vera Meany, Mike and Priscella O’Brien, Wilber and Bernice Hyatt, Glen Nolan, Carrie Frechette, Janice Matichuck, Shirley Peruniak, Shan and Margie Walshe, Bob and Sally Burns, Dave Elder, Mike Barker, Gary Parker, Wayne Bourque, Lorne Morrow, Dan Romanson, and Hillary Petrus are just a few of those who greatly enriched our lives.

Mike Barker, the district manager for the Atikokan District of the Ministry of Natural Resources from 1973 to 1979, would begin the park’s spring introductory staff session by reminding us that we were working in the best park in Ontario and that we were the best in the world at what we did. We all believed he was right in both assertions. From 1976 through 1987 we worked as park rangers and those years, from my biased perspective, were the golden age of Quetico Park.

When we began working at Beaverhouse Lake, Quetico was blessed in having Shan Walshe and Shirley Peruniak, two outstanding full-time naturalists. Doug Haddow, George Holborn, and Sally Burns also worked as naturalists at times during those years when learning more about Quetico’s natural history was given a high priority. Shan Walshe motivated me, along with thousands of others, to learn more about plants and their role in the environment. He taught by example and loved the fieldwork involved in being a park naturalist. As often as possible he went on canoe trips and spent a minimum amount of time at a desk at French Lake. There are many canoeists who have fond memories of encounters with Shan on portages, in bogs or swamps, along the shorelines of lakes, or anywhere an unusual plant had caught his attention.

Shirley Peruniak’s interest in the human history of Quetico, her enthusiasm, and depth of knowledge inspired me to learn more about the park’s past. I was strongly influenced by Shirley’s example of talking to — and more importantly, listening to — the people of Lac La Croix. From the beginning, she persistently worked with the First Nations people there, a practice that was not common in the 1970s, to gather stories and photos documenting their past. By obtaining a better understanding of the role of the Lac La Croix First Nation in Quetico’s past, she helped pave the way for their having a greater say in Quetico’s future.

Shirley has a special gift for getting people to talk freely about the past. She has compiled tapes of Atikokan, Lac La Croix, Ely, and Grand Marais residents, loggers, bush pilots, trappers, poachers, park rangers, and anyone else she could find with knowledge of Quetico’s history. These tapes, along with a treasure trove of photos and information gathered by Shirley and other park staff, have been compiled by Andrea Allison at the John B. Ridley Research Library in the Quetico Park Information Pavilion at French Lake.

My years in the park — particularly experiencing the beauty and mystery of pictographs and seeing evidence of ancient quarry activity on Knife Lake — stimulated an interest in archaeology. I went back to school in 1986 to obtain a masters degree in anthropology at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario. The research I conducted focused primarily on the first people to enter Quetico Park after the retreat of the glacier some thirteen thousand years ago.

Most of my research was funded by the Quetico Foundation, but my final summer’s research in Quetico was made possible by the assistance of the Friends of Quetico. Marie was one of the original board members when it was formed in 1984 and I currently serve on the board. The goals of the Friends of Quetico include furthering education and supporting research in Quetico Park. A percentage of the profits from this book will go to supporting ecological research in the park, particularly fieldwork employing students from Atikokan and Lac La Croix. The future of Quetico depends on the involvement of young people, especially those from communities near the park, in its preservation.

While researching Knife Lake’s stone quarries, it became apparent to me that, in order to understand various aspects of how, when, and why this particular rock type was chosen for tools by Quetico’s earliest residents, I had to become familiar with more than just archaeology and geology. I found that the same type of broad approach was needed when writing chapters for this book. Understanding carnivorous plants and the bogs they grow in, for example, requires some understanding of chemistry, symbiotic relationships, plant ecology, and even the glacial history of the area. For all the chapters, I tried to integrate information from a variety of fields of study in order to make the stories more complete and understandable.

My interest in using photography to illustrate aspects of plant and animal life led me to investigate the insides of pitcher plants, the Lilliputian world of ground lichens, and the tracks of otter sliding across the snow. Fast shutter speeds can stop a running moose dead in his tracks as he continues to run, while very long exposures of rapids and falls can reveal aspects of moving water that the eye doesn’t see. The images used to highlight, clarify, and expand specific topics or items mentioned in the text are an essential ingredient of this book.

The themes of Quetico’s long and varied human history, glacial effects on the landscape, symbiosis, ecological interactions, and my own experiences in Quetico Park are threads that run through and, hopefully, tie this book together. I strove to make the Native Canadian past, which is unfortunately often referred to as pre-history, part of our shared history. Ecologists have coined the term deep ecology to include humans as an integral part of the environment rather than just outside observers. It is my intent that this book reflect a deep history of Quetico Park, where the symbiotic relationship between humans, both Native and non-Native, and the land is a primary focus.

Anthropologist Norman Hallendy quoted an Inuit shaman who told him, From time to time, the spirits seek us out because they are in need of human warmth for a little while. This is the time to listen very carefully to what they are saying because they are trying to tell us what we are really thinking.¹ I have tried to listen carefully — to spirits that sought me out, to fellow humans that I sought out, and to the land — and then to write and photograph as accurately as possible about what I have learned.

PRELUDE

QUETICO: ONE HUNDRETH ANNIVERSARY

OF A MAGIC LAND

I1909, Ernest Oberholtzer, a pioneer in preserving the Quetico-Superior region, made a canoe trip in Quetico with his Ojibwa friend Billy Magee. They saw moose almost every day; they were intrigued by the pictographs they encountered; they marvelled at the beauty of Rebecca Falls and Sue Falls; and they saw large stands of old pine, including a white pine on Jean Lake that they estimated to be one-and-a-half metres in diameter. This was Oberholtzer’s first extensive trip into the Quetico-Superior region and the experience inspired him to dedicate his life to preserving its wilderness character.

As Oberholtzer and Magee zigzagged across Quetico, in addition to the wondrous scenery and wildlife, they found many examples of human impact on the landscape. They saw foundations for the Hudson Bay Company post on the Pickerel Lake to Dore Lake portage, dams on the Maligne and Knife rivers, a logging camp on the Knife River, and a trading post on Basswood Lake. They also talked to rangers patrolling for poachers and putting out fires. And on numerous occasions they encountered Ojibwa people. During their journey they noticed pole structures for spearing sturgeon on the Namakan River; saw cedar strips drying for baskets and bear pelts hanging on racks at Lac La Croix; stayed on a site where birchbark canoes were made on Poohbah Lake; and came upon an Ojibwa couple in a birchbark canoe using a blanket for a sail on Kawnipi Lake.

Recalling his trip years later, Oberholtzer noted that Quetico in 1909 was such a special place that the Indians felt that there is a spiritual power back of it all. He noted that it was no wonder that they had traditions and felt spirits in there, it had a spirituality about its appearance, you felt you were in kind of a magic land.¹

Native peoples have a long history in Quetico. Over twelve thousand years ago, near the end of the last ice age, Palaeo-Indians moved into the area. They were followed by a series of Native cultures culminating with the Sioux, Cree, and, finally, the Ojibwa, who inhabited the area when the first white settlers arrived. Those settlers, some of whom remained in the Quetico-Superior, were part of a diverse group of people that began traversing this terrain in the 1600s: European explorers searching for the Pacific Ocean, voyageurs transporting trade goods and furs, and surveyors and geologists paving the way for settling the area west of Lake Superior. As well, Grey Nuns travelling to Winnipeg in 1844 to set up a school; the 1870 Wolseley expedition to quell the Riel Rebellion in Manitoba; settlers heading west along the Dawson Route; and trappers, park rangers, poachers, timber cruisers, loggers, and miners all comprise just a small sample of those who have moved along Quetico’s waterways after the arrival of the Europeans.

MAP 2: QUETICO PARK

This contemporary map of Quetico Park can be used to find most of the locations mentioned in the text.

ABOVE

Billy Magee paddles on a lake in the newly created Quetico Forest Reserve while on a canoe trip with Ernest Oberholtzer in 1909.

A golden September sunrise in the Rawn Narrows of Pickerel Lake is an indication of the magic that still exists in Quetico.

One hundred years after Quetico was first set aside, we walk many of these same portages and pitch our tents on the same campsites where everyone from Palaeo-Indians to Oberholtzer and Magee spent the night. We are fortunate that Quetico was protected early enough that its combination of a glorious, mainly undisturbed, landscape and its long and varied human history still retains the magic that Oberholtzer found in 1909.

PROTECTING THE

QUETICO-SUPERIOR REGION

Although Native peoples, European explorers, and fur traders routinely traversed the Quetico-Superior region by canoe, it was very difficult to construct roads and railway lines through its maze of bedrock and water. Consequently, the Quetico-Superior was largely untouched by the industrial age until the late 1800s. When development came, however, it came with a rush.

Just south