Westward Ho!: An Activity Guide to the Wild West

WESTWARD HO!

WESTWARD HO!

An Activity Guide to the Wild West

Laurie Carlson

For Brian, with love.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Carlson, Laurie 1952—

Westward ho! : an activity guide to the Wild West / Laurie

Carlson. —1st ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

Summary: Provides historical details of the settlement of the West and descriptions of frontier life with accompanying activities.

ISBN 1-55652-271-1

1. West (U.S.)—Social life and customs—Study and teaching—Activity programs—Juvenile literature. [1. West (U.S.)—Social life and customs. 2. Frontier and pioneer life.] I. Title.

F596.C25 1996

978’.02—dc20                                 96-10841

                                                         CIP

                                                         AC

Cover design: Fran Lee

©1996 by Laurie Carlson

All rights reserved

First edition

Published by Chicago Review Press, Incorporated

814 North Franklin Street

Chicago, Illinois 60610

ISBN 978-1-55652-271-0

Printed in the United States of America

10  9  8  7

Contents

Note to Readers

Time Line

Early History of the West

Here Comes the Horse!

How High?

Horse Trading Game

Trail Blazers: Lewis and Clark

Portable Soup

Early Attempts to Go West

Field Book

Journal

Moccasins

Appaloosa Printing

Reaching the Pacific

Trappin’ and Tradin’: Mountain Men and Fur Traders

Mold a Shape

Rendezvous

Cache

Possibles Bag

Mountain Men

Trapper’s Journal

Indian Fry Bread

Where Are the Mountain Men?

Rush for the Gold!

Pan for Gold

Stream in a Bottle

Make a Balance

Sourdough Starter

Sourdough Flapjacks

Burros and Camels

Fan Tan

Newspapers

Hangtown Fry

Gold Brick

Wagons Roll!

Candles

Travel Diary

Homemade Crackers

Dried Apples

Sunbonnet

Hurry up and Wait!

Day by Day

Cross a River — With Triangles!

Eating and Drinking

Johnnycakes

Bullwhacker

Stealing Sticks Game

Trail Hardships

Settling Down

Measuring and Marking Land

Home on the Plains

Oiled Paper Windows

Dowse for Water

Windlass

Windmill

Set Some Type

Print an Engraving

Save a Seed

Mock Oysters

What Settlers Wore

Shopping

Two Bits, Four Bits, Six Bits, a Dollar

Impact on Animals

Rag Rug

Good Times

Rag Curls

Square Dance

Root Beer for a Crowd

Popcorn Balls

Mock Apple Pie

Button, Button

Ridin’ the Range

Saddle Songs

Cattle Drive Game

What’s a Cowboy?

Serape

Cowboy Hats

What About Cowgirls?

Braided Leather Belt

Braided Hatband or Bracelet

Leather Stamped Bookmark

Poke Sack

Knot Tying

Know Your Cans

Blind Post Office

Tally

Star Search

Chow Time!

Chili con Carne

Son-of-a-Gun Stew

Cowboy Talk

New Movement

Bibliography

Note to Readers

The terms Native North Americans and North American Indians are used interchangeably to represent those people who lived in America prior to European settlement. For brevity, when it is clear that the text is referring to one or more Native North American tribes, the term Indians is used to refer to all these people.

Time Line

EARLY HISTORY OF THE WEST

What would you do if your parents told you that your family was going to leave your home behind and walk 2,000 miles through searing deserts and over mile-high mountains? That they were only taking food, blankets, and a few changes of clothing? That the trip would take almost a year? That vicious wild animals and blizzards, poisoned water, and starvation would all be possible? What if they added that they didn’t even have a map to where you would be going? Whew! Now you know how someone like you might have felt in the 1800s, when people began heading into the American West.

Two hundred years ago most people thought the West was as far away as the moon. Only a few had been to the West and their tales of vast deserts, empty plains, soaring mountains, and hot water geysers seemed unbelievable. People said the land was worthless, the North American Indians were fierce, and grizzly bears were everywhere. Few people thought it would be an interesting place to visit, let alone a place to live. And few could go even if they wanted.

The western part of North America belonged to foreign countries. Spain owned what is now most of Texas and New Mexico, half of Colorado, all of Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and California. Britain controlled the Oregon Country—now Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and part of Montana. Russia owned Alaska; and Hawaii was an independent nation, called the Sandwich Islands. To travel to any of these territories required a passport and special permission of the U.S. and territorial governments.

Maybe the state where you live was once part of a foreign empire. If history had gone differently, you might be speaking a very different language today!

There were native people already living in the West, and when the first settlers came to their lands they were welcomed. North American Indians looked forward to trading goods, selling horses, and learning new things from the newcomers. But so many people moved into the West so quickly that the Indians’ lives were changed forever. The settlers took up the land and farmed or fenced it. They killed the buffalo and wild animals for food or skins. The Indians became angry and unhappy. They moved farther west, too, to get away from the masses of newcomers. Tribes fought with each other over land, as the Sioux left Minnesota and the Blackfeet, who had been called Algonquian, moved from the East. Everyone fought over the land, but that didn’t stop them from going west.

before the Louislana Purchase of 1803

Americans went to the West looking for things they couldn’t find in the growing cities of the East, like land, fresh air, and clean water. They hated working long hours in factories for only a dollar or two a week. Many people fled starvation or lives of servitude in Europe to settle in the West. After the Civil War many people left the South, including many freed slaves. People wanted to own land of their own, hoped to get rich, or just looked for adventure. A few people found that the West wasn’t what they had expected and went back, but most stayed, and built towns and villages, schools and churches, and tried to make it as much like the place they had left as they could.

Here Comes the Horse!

Things were very different in western North America long ago. Native North Americans had lived on the plains and deserts of the West for 20,000 years. They lived on the land, planting small gardens, and hunting, fishing, or gathering what they needed. They traveled to trade with others who did the same thing. Then one day, a strange animal arrived that changed their lives forever—the horse.

This map shows how horses spread into North America after 1600.

In 1519, eleven stallions and five mares came ashore from a Spanish ship off the coast of what is now Mexico. Before that arrival, no horses had lived in North or South America since prehistoric times, when a small horse called eohippus roamed among the dinosaurs.

Each year the Spanish herds in the New World grew, and horses spread out across the continent. Some were sold, others stolen. Some escaped the herds and ran wild. When the Native North Americans first saw horses, they couldn’t believe their eyes. They had never seen an animal like it before. They had to think of a name for the strange-looking creature. At first they called them god dogs or elk dogs. Some wanted to butcher and eat the animal; others were afraid of it. It wasn’t long though before the Indians tamed the horses they caught and learned to ride swiftly across the vast plains. Indians made ropes of grass, hair, or buckskin. They rode without saddles, guiding the horse with the pressure of their knees and by speaking softly to it.

The arrival of the horse was exciting and important. It changed the way the Native North Americans lived in many ways. Before the horses arrived, the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Dakota Sioux had been farming in small villages. After the Indians acquired horses, they began hunting the huge buffalo herds and traveling in tepee camps across the plains.

With horses, North American tribes could move swiftly and easily. They began to travel farther, raiding other tribes and stealing horses from them. This caused war, something that hadn’t been as common before the horse arrived. Men became warriors, not hunters and farmers. Women worked harder than ever, tanning the hides and preserving all the food that buffalo hunters, mounted on horses rather than on foot, now brought to camp.

Soon many tribes had hundreds of horses, people began to count their wealth in horses, and warriors became more important. The simple life of the farm villages had changed forever.

How High?

A horse is measured in hands from the ground to its shoulder.

Materials

Ruler

Pencil

North American Indian horses were small, standing about 14 hands tall. A horse is measured in hands, a hand being 4 inches. To measure a horse you start at the ground, and go up to the shoulder.

How many hands tall are you? Have someone mark your height in inches on a wall with a pencil, then measure it and divide by 4.

Horse Trading Game

Make up a simple card game to help learn the different colors and names of horse breeds.

Draw a horse on the cards.

Materials

Index cards, cut to playing card size

Crayons, markers, and pens Scissors

Books and magazines with colored photographs of horses

Trace the outline of a horse, like the one shown here. Cut it out and use it as a template or pattern. Trace around the template to make a horse outline on half of the cards. Color in the horse outlines to match the natural colors of horses. (See the list on the following page for assistance.) Write the name of the breed of horse on a separate card. When you are finished, you should have a stack of cards with horses colored on them, and a matching stack of cards with names of the horse markings.

To play, 2 players shuffle the cards, then deal out an uneven number (3 or 5) to each player. Put the rest of the cards in a stack face down on the table. Look over the cards in your hand. If you have a picture of a horse and a breed name that match, this makes a pair. These pairs can be put in a pile beside you. If you make a pair, select the next 2 cards on the stack and add them to your hand. If you can’t make a pair, ask the other player for a card you need to make a pair. If she has the card, she gives it to you, and takes another from the top of the stack. If she doesn’t have it, you must draw 1 card