Ishrat Jamal

Understanding RLC Circuits: A Guide to Series AC Circuits RLC circuits, combining resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C) in series, play a crucial role in electrical engineering and electronics. This diagram provides a concise overview of the key concepts involved, from Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law to phase angles and impedance relationships. In a series AC circuit, all elements share the same current, while voltage drops across each component vary with phase differences. Here are some important points to note: 1. Voltage and Current Relationships: Voltage across each component (resistor, inductor, and capacitor) can be represented as sinusoidal waveforms, showing their phase relationships. Resistor: Voltage and current are in phase. Inductor: Voltage leads current by 90°. Capacitor: Voltage lags current by 90°. 2. Impedance Triangle: The impedance (Z) in RLC circuits is a combination of resistance (R) and reactances of the inductor (X_L) and capacitor (X_C). The impedance triangle helps in visualizing this relationship and calculating the total impedance. 3. Phase Angle (φ): Depending on the relative values of X_L and X_C: If , the circuit is inductive, and φ is positive. If , the circuit is capacitive, and φ is negative. If , the circuit behaves like a pure resistor with no phase difference. 4. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law: The sum of voltages across all components equals the source voltage. Using phasor diagrams, this can be represented geometrically. 5. Amplitude and Phase Calculations: Using trigonometric relationships, we can calculate the maximum voltage and current, which are essential for circuit design and analysis. Mastering these principles is essential for anyone working with AC circuits, whether in power systems, telecommunications, or electronics design. #ElectricalEngineering #RLCcircuits #ACCircuits #Impedance #KirchhoffsLaw #Inductive #Capacitive #PhaseAngle #ElectronicsDesign #EngineeringFundamentals

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𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐆𝐮𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐩 𝐂𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐢𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡-𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐆𝐚𝐭𝐞-𝐃𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐈𝐂 The focus of this topic is the bootstrap gate-drive circuit requirements of the power MOSFET and IGBT in various switching-mode power-conversion applications. Where input voltage levels prohibit the use of direct-gate drive circuits for high-side N-channel power MOSFET or IGBT, the principle of bootstrap gate-drive technique can be considered. This method is utilized as a gate drive and accompanying bias circuit, both referenced to the source of the main switching device. Both the driver and bias circuit swing between the two input voltage rails together with the source of the device. However, the driver and its floating bias can be implemented by low-voltage circuit elements since the input voltage is never applied across their components. The driver and the ground referenced control signal are linked by a level shift circuit that must tolerate the high-voltage difference and considerable capacitive switching currents between the floating high-side and ground-referenced low-side circuits. The high-voltage gate-drive ICs are differentiated by unique level-shift design. To maintain high efficiency and manageable power dissipation, the level-shifters should not draw any current during the on-time of the main switch. A widely used technique for these applications is called pulsed latch level translators.

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🔍 **Understanding the Impact of Output Capacitors on Power Supply Feedback Loop Stability** ⚡ As power electronics enthusiasts, we know the crucial role output capacitors play in switching power supplies. Here's a breakdown of their impact on feedback loop stability: 1. **Primary Function**: Output capacitors provide a low-impedance path to filter AC current ripple and high-frequency noise, and act as energy reservoirs during sudden load changes. 2. **Feedback Loop Influence**: Capacitors shape the system's magnitude and phase over frequency, impacting the plant transfer function. 3. **Control System Dynamics**: Changes in capacitor parameters affect the control system’s phase and gain margins, potentially degrading transient response or causing instability. Proper selection and specification of output capacitors are essential for maintaining desired performance and stability of the power supply. #PowerElectronics #FeedbackLoop #Capacitors #EngineeringInsights #TechDesign

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Need to practice making this.

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Project 6 : Three Phase Inverter using Simulink Model. 🔋Three-Phase Inverter Design Using Simulink for AC Power Conversion🔋 This model demonstrates a three-phase inverter created in MATLAB Simulink, commonly used in AC power generation for applications like motor drives and renewable energy systems. Let's break down the key components and parameters: 1.DC Voltage Source - Provides the input DC power to the inverter. This DC source is typically from batteries, PV systems, or other renewable sources, and will be converted into three-phase AC power. 2. Pulse Generators (Generator1, Generator2, Generator3, etc.)- These pulse generators control the switching of the IGBT/diode blocks to create the three-phase AC waveform. Each pulse generator provides a gate signal with specific frequency and duty cycle to control the timing of the switching. 3. IGBT/Diode Pairs- The Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) paired with diodes act as the switching devices in the inverter:   - IGBT/Diode1, IGBT/Diode2, etc: Each pair is associated with one of the inverter’s legs and is controlled by the respective pulse generator.   - The switching of these pairs enables the conversion of DC to AC by alternating the direction of current flow in each phase. 4. Voltage Measurement Blocks - Placed in each of the three output phases, these blocks measure the output voltage of each phase (R, S, and T), helping to monitor the AC output generated by the inverter. 5. Load (Resistor) - Represents the three-phase load connected to the inverter output. This could be a motor, grid connection, or any three-phase system that requires AC power. 6. Continuous PowerGUI Block - Essential for simulation in Simulink, this block enables analysis of electrical circuits in continuous time, ensuring the model runs accurately under continuous simulation settings. 7. Output Scope - The scope at the top-right corner displays the final three-phase AC output waveform, allowing visualization of the converted AC signals. It’s helpful for analyzing the effectiveness of the inverter’s operation. Why This Matters: Inverters are crucial for converting DC power from renewable sources like solar panels into usable AC power for homes, businesses, and industrial applications. This three-phase inverter model is a fundamental building block for engineers to design, test, and optimize systems in renewable energy, electric vehicles, and industrial automation. 🌍 Accelerating the transition to a sustainable energy future, one simulation at a time!🌍 #AutoboyAcademy #ThreePhaseInverter #Simulink #MATLAB #RenewableEnergy #PowerElectronics #InverterDesign #ACPower #SustainableEngineering #ElectricalEngineering #Simulation

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Decoding Lithium-Ion Battery Behavior through Equivalent Circuit Models When it comes to optimizing lithium-ion battery performance, understanding their internal dynamics is key. Equivalent circuit models are powerful tools that help us simulate and predict how a battery responds under different conditions, guiding the design of more efficient and reliable battery systems. Several models are commonly used: 1. Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) Model: This simplest model assumes the battery voltage remains constant, providing a basic starting point for understanding battery behavior. It’s a great way to grasp the fundamentals, though it doesn't capture dynamic responses. 2. State of Charge (SOC) Model: SOC models track the battery’s charge level, showing how voltage changes with charging and discharging. This is crucial for applications where knowing the exact charge level is essential, such as in electric vehicles. 3. Internal Resistance (Rint) Model: Here, we account for the battery’s internal resistance, which affects voltage drop and power loss. This model is particularly useful for low-power applications, though more advanced scenarios require additional detail. 4. Thevenin Model: By incorporating parallel resistor-capacitor circuits, the Thevenin model offers a more sophisticated approximation of real-world battery behavior, including how the battery voltage changes dynamically with current flow. 5. Randles Model: This model dives into the electrochemical processes inside the battery, using elements like charge-transfer resistance and double-layer capacitance to simulate more complex interactions. It’s a preferred choice for understanding how batteries perform under varying load conditions. Equivalent circuit models are more than just theoretical constructs—they are practical tools that engineers use to enhance battery performance, predict lifespan, and improve safety. By leveraging these models, we can push the boundaries of what's possible with lithium-ion batteries, from consumer electronics to electric vehicles. #BatteryTechnology #LithiumIon #ElectricVehicles #EnergyStorage #Engineering #Innovation #ev #lithium

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⚡ Power Electronics: Build a push-pull gate driver from scratch: ⚡ Gate Drivers are extensively used in Power Electronics application and serve to the fulfil the following functions: 1.     Level shifting 2.     Isolation 3.     Providing appropriate gate charge to switch power devices. ⚡ There are so many ICs available in the market that perform all the above functions. ⚡ However, there is a lot of fun building one from scratch with discrete devices. The design shown below can be used for power electronics applications < 30 V due to the ratings of the components used. ⚡ This half-bridge gate driver is capable of driving both low and high side power devices and converts PWM signals coming from a microcontroller to the voltage level required at the gate of a power MOSFET. ⚡ Refer to the attached material for the following breakdown of how it works: ⚡ The output PWM from the microcontroller is applied across the base-emitter junction of transistor Q1 through a series resistor R1. When PWM_L is LOW (0 V), Q1 turns-off and collector of Q1 goes to 15 V. At this state, Q3 turns ON and diode D1 is reverse-biased. ⚡ The voltage at the base of Q2 and Q4 is 15 V and this turns-on Q4. The power MOSFET gate and source are connected between the outputs VG_L and VS_L_GND. The gate driver supplies gate charge to the power device in the following path: +15 V ➡ Q3 ➡ Q4 ➡ Power MOSFET ➡ GND ⚡ Considering the case when PWM_L is HIGH (+5 V), Q1 turns-on and its collector voltage goes to GND. Q3 is turned-off and the voltage at the base of Q4 and Q2 is 0 V. VG_L was previously +15 V, and this means that Q2 turns-on (PNP) since Vbe < 0. Once Q2 turns-on, VG_L is maintained close to 0 V and the gate charge of the power device discharges through the following path: Power MOSFET ➡ Q2 ➡ D1 ➡ Q1 ➡ GND. ⚡The high-side driver is identical to the low-side driver except the bootstrap electrolytic capacitor C3 (10 μF) and the diode (D2 – 1N4934 or equivalent) are added. Also, the collector voltage of Q8 will be floating based on the power electronics circuit, hence the connection to GND is removed. The gate voltage for the high-side MOSFET is provided from VG_H and the source voltage is supplied with VS_H. ⚡The circuit board can be used in power supply applications with good performance till 20 kHz. The testing results were taken at 1 kHz. ⚡ Give this circuit design a shot and check the performance for yourself. There will definitely be improvements that make this circuit faster and better. Post your ideas in the comments below. #powerelectronics #design #circuits #engineering

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arrays of DC to DC converters

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Three major principles for inductor selection: 1. Determine requirements and specifications Inductance (L): This is one of the important parameters for inductor selection, which affects the ripple current and load response of the circuit. For example, in a DC-DC power converter, the choice of inductance directly affects the stability and ripple level of the output voltage. Rated current: The inductor must be able to withstand the maximum current in the circuit to avoid overheating or saturation. For example, in a Buck-type DC-DC converter, the rated current of the inductor should be greater than the maximum input current requirement. Operating frequency (f): The operating frequency of the inductor determines its performance. The inductance and Q value of the inductor will be different at different frequencies. Inductance: Select the appropriate inductance value according to the circuit requirements, usually in Henry, and the common inductance values ​​are a few microhenries to a few millihenries. The choice of inductance value is closely related to the frequency and working conditions of the circuit. Saturation current: The saturation current of the inductor refers to the maximum current at the center of the inductor. Exceeding this current will cause the performance of the inductor to deteriorate. When selecting the inductor, make sure that the saturation current of the inductor is not lower than the maximum operating current in the circuit. DC Resistance (DCR): The DC resistance of the inductor will cause power consumption and heat generation, which needs to be considered in high current applications. Inductors with low DC resistance can reduce power loss and improve efficiency. 2. Choose the appropriate inductor type Ferrite inductor: suitable for high-frequency applications, with high saturation current and thermal stability. Magnetic material inductor: suitable for low-frequency applications, with low DC resistance and good energy storage characteristics. Coil inductor: suitable for medium-frequency applications, with good temperature stability and small size. Choose the appropriate inductor package and size according to the application space and circuit layout. Surface mount inductor (SMD) and through-hole inductor (Through-Hole) are two common packaging forms. 3. Calculate the required inductance value Use the basic inductance equation L=Φ/I to calculate the required inductance value, where Φ is the magnetic flux and I is the current. https://www.boloniy.com

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Hi Folks, Posting something out of routine to feel the fun..! 😜 (with techFlavour) Here’s an A to Z list of terminologies specifically related to FPGA. A - #ASIC B - #Bitstream C - #Clock D - #Delay E - #EEPROM F - #FPGA G - #Gates H - #HDL I - #ISE J - #JTAG K - #Kintex L - #LUT M - #MUX N - #Netlist O - #Output P - #PLL Q - #Quartus R - #Routing S - #Synthesis T - #Timing U - #Unsigned V - #Verilog W - #Waveform X - #Xilinx Y - Your comments on this post Z - #Zynq #Justforfun ...!!! #fpga #vlsi #vhdl #verilog #amd #intel #semiconductor #technology #engineering #electronics

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Hi Folks, #VHDL_to_VERILOG series - S02E08 Have a quick glance at implementation of D-FlipFlop using process/always statement with #VHDL vs #VERILOG. #Objective : Learning of clocked process statement with DFF example. VHDL : PROCESS Verilog : ALWAYS 0034@allaboutfpga #fpga #allaboutfpga #vlsi #asic #digital #electronics #soc #implendation #design #coding #automation #innovation #technology #engineering #strategy #intel #amd  

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Hi Folks, Have you tried Moving average in FPGA?? If Not, this post is for you... A 𝗠𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗔𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗴𝗲 (𝗠𝗔) is a statistical calculation used to analyze data points by creating a series of averages of different subsets of a full data set. It's primarily used in time series analysis to smooth out short-term fluctuations and highlight longer-term trends or cycles. Here's an example of a moving average implementation in VHDL for a 𝟰-𝘀𝗮𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗔𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗴𝗲 (𝗠𝗔). This design assumes that the input data is sampled regularly and averaged over the most recent 4 data points. On every rising edge of the clock, the process shifts the input data into the registers, effectively keeping the last 4 samples.The sum of the last 4 samples is calculated and stored in sum. The 10-bit sum is divided by 4 (achieved by taking the upper bits) to get the moving average. The result is stored in data_out. 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘤𝘦𝘴𝘴(𝘤𝘭𝘬, 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘵) 𝘣𝘦𝘨𝘪𝘯 𝘪𝘧 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘵 = '1' 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘯 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘴 <= (𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘴 => (𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘴 => '0')); 𝘴𝘶𝘮 <= (𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘴 => '0'); 𝘤𝘰𝘶𝘯𝘵 <= 0; 𝘦𝘭𝘴𝘪𝘧 𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨_𝘦𝘥𝘨𝘦(𝘤𝘭𝘬) 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘯 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘴(3) <= 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘴(2); 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘴(2) <= 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘴(1); 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘴(1) <= 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘴(0); 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘴(0) <= 𝘥𝘢𝘵𝘢_𝘪𝘯; 𝘴𝘶𝘮 <= 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘴(0) + 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘴(1) + 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘴(2) + 𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘴(3); 𝘦𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘧; 𝘦𝘯𝘥 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘤𝘦𝘴𝘴; 𝘥𝘢𝘵𝘢_𝘰𝘶𝘵 <= 𝘴𝘶𝘮(9 𝘥𝘰𝘸𝘯𝘵𝘰 2); This implementation can be modified to handle different window sizes for the moving average by adjusting the size of the array and the logic. Let me know if you need any further adjustments..!!! Hope this helps you to understand the things behind MA. #thefogaman #fpga #vhdl #vlsi #asic #verilog #code #electronics #digital #amd #intel #tsmc #semiconductor #technology #data #datascience #analysis

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Power integrity (PI) is a critical aspect of electronic design, ensuring that power is delivered to various components within a system with minimal noise, fluctuations, or loss. It's especially important in high-speed circuits where power disturbances can affect signal integrity and system performance. Here’s a basic overview: 𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲: 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲: The supply voltage must remain within specified limits despite changes in current drawn by the components. Voltage deviations can cause erratic behavior or malfunction. 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥: Maintaining low impedance throughout the power delivery network (PDN) is vital for reducing noise and voltage ripple. The lower the impedance, the less noise is introduced into the system. 𝐃𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠: Capacitors are placed close to ICs to store charge and provide immediate current when needed, smoothing out voltage fluctuations caused by rapid changes in load. 𝐍𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐞: Unwanted voltage variations (noise) and small periodic oscillations (ripple) can affect the performance of sensitive components. Proper PI design ensures noise and ripple stay within acceptable limits. 𝐆𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐞: When many circuits switch simultaneously, the sudden surge in current can cause the ground reference to shift momentarily. This can disrupt signals and lead to errors. 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐍𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 (𝐏𝐃𝐍): A well-designed PDN minimizes noise and ensures stable voltage levels at all components. It includes power planes, traces, decoupling capacitors, and connectors. Here is the PI Basics article: #powerdeliverynetwork #PCBDesign #PCIe #ElectronicsEngineering #HighSpeedDesign #SignalIntegrity #EngineeringExcellence #jobfreshers #crosstalk #workingprofessionals #engineeringstudents #electronics #graduates #Electronicsengineers #productdesign #powerintegrity #packagedesign #onlinecourse #Engineering #Electronics #PCBDesign #HardwareDesign #EmbeddedSystems #IoT #CircuitDesign #PowerElectronics #DCDCConverter #SignalIntegrity #HighSpeedDesign #TechDesign #Electronicsengineering #PCBLayout #ElectonicsLayout #CircuitLayout #AnalogDesign #DigitalDesign #Cadence #xpedition #siemens #AltiumDesigner #KiCAD #Ethernet #PCIE #DDR #I2C #SPI #Tech #Innovation #STEM #CareerGrowth #ProfessionalDevelopment

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⚙️ What Are Common Circuit Design Challenges? Circuit design can be complex, with issues like signal interference, power distribution, and heat management posing frequent hurdles. Signal interference, for instance, can lead to data loss and decreased performance in sensitive applications. To address this, adding bypass capacitors near power sources helps reduce noise and stabilize voltage levels. Effective layout and grounding techniques are also essential for reliable performance, particularly in high-frequency designs. Understanding and overcoming these challenges is key to building efficient electronic systems. 💡

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Hi Folks, One of the important method to increase FPGA design performance is by involving the pipeline technique in the appropriate logic paths. How performance increases??? [+] Pipelining is a design technique used in synchronous digital circuits to increase fMAX. [+] Pipelining involves adding registers to the critical path, which decreases the amount of logic between each register. Less logic takes less time to execute, which enables an increase in fMAX. What is critical path??? The critical path in a circuit is the path between any two consecutive registers with the highest latency. That is, the path between two consecutive registers where the operations take the longest to complete. when it will be useful??? Pipelining is especially useful when processing a stream of data. A pipelined circuit can have different stages of the pipeline operating on different input stream data in the same clock cycle, which leads to better data processing throughput. 0016@allaboutfpga #fpga #allaboutfpga #vlsi #asic #digital #electronics #soc #implendation #design #vhdl #verilog #coding #hdl #bit #rtl #logic #automation #innovation #technology #engineering #strategy #TSMC #creativity #pipelining

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Let's understand why capacitor blocks DC and passes AC without the help of mathematics. The discussion starts from two types of current - conduction current and displacement current. The conduction current flows inside conductor due to movement of electrons whereas displacement current flows inside dielectric due to changing electric fiield. When DC voltage is applied across capacitor, electric field is generated inside dielectric but this field does not change with time due to nature of DC voltage. Therefore no displacement current flows inside dielectric. The conduction current cannot flow because of unavailability of free electrons in the dielectric. Overall no current flows and thus it blocks DC. When AC voltage is applied, electric field again gets generated but this field changes with time. Therefore displacement current flows inside dielectric of capacitor and thus it passes AC. The important point to be noted here is "the current which flows inside capacitor is displacement current not current due to flow of electrons."

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Understanding Series and Parallel Connections of R, L, and C Components In electronics and electrical engineering, understanding how resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C) behave in series and parallel configurations is crucial for circuit design and analysis. Here’s a quick breakdown of how each behaves in different arrangements: 🔹 Resistors: Series: The total or equivalent resistance is the sum of individual resistances. . Parallel: The reciprocal of the equivalent resistance is the sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances. . 🔹 Capacitors: Series: The reciprocal of the equivalent capacitance is the sum of the reciprocals of individual capacitances. . Parallel: The total capacitance is the sum of individual capacitances. . 🔹 Inductors: Series: The total inductance is the sum of individual inductances. . Parallel: The reciprocal of the equivalent inductance is the sum of the reciprocals of individual inductances. . These fundamental relationships help in analyzing and designing complex circuits by simplifying groups of components into single equivalent values. #Electronics #ElectricalEngineering #CircuitDesign #Resistors #Capacitors #Inductors #SeriesCircuit #ParallelCircuit #EngineeringTips

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Speed control of BLDC motor using H Infinity Controller in MATLAB Implementing H Infinity Controller in MATLAB for precise speed control of BLDC motors, ensuring robust performance and stability in various operating conditions. https://lnkd.in/gP4bmmMT https://lnkd.in/gf7mDhjs #HInfinityControl #MATLAB #BLDCMotor #SpeedControl #ControlSystems #Engineering #MotorControl #BrushlessMotor #Stability #PrecisionControl #MATLABProgramming #ElectricalEngineering #HInfinityController #SystemDynamics #RobustControl

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