Сиријски језик
Сиријски језик | |
---|---|
ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ leānā Suryāyā | |
Говори се у | Сирија (провинција) |
Сиријски алфабет | |
Званични статус | |
Службени језик у | Ирак Сирија |
Језички кодови | |
ISO 639-1 | сир 602 |
ISO 639-2 | syc |
ISO 639-3 | syc |
Службени мањински језик
Говорници сиријског језика |
Сиријски језик или сирски језик (ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ) је древни језик који припада арамејској групи језика.
Почевши од 1. века нове ере, употребљаван је као књижевни и литургијски језик хришћанских заједница у разним областима Блиског истока, првенствено у римској покрајини Сирији и северној Месопотамија. У раздобљу од 3. до 7. века, био је један од званичних језика новог Персијског царства. На овом језику је током раног раздобља хришћанске историје настао велики број изузетно значајних теолошких дела. Хришћанска књижевност на овом језику имала је изузетну улогу у црквеном животу на широком простору од Блиског истока па све до Кине и Индије, пратећи ширење древне Цркве Истока на тим просторима. Почевши од 8. века постепено је потискиван као говорни језик под утицајем ширења арапског језика.[1][2][3][4] Након тога, његова употреба је сведена на литургијску, односно обредну праксу појединих хришћанских цркава.
И данас се користи као литургијски језик у Сиријској оријентално-православној цркви, Маланкарској оријентално-православној цркви, Асирској цркви Истока, Сиријској католичкој цркви, Халдејској католичкој цркви, Маронитској католичкој цркви и неким другим црквама.
У старим словенским изворима, језик је доследно означаван као сирски језик.
Види још
[уреди | уреди извор]Извори
[уреди | уреди извор]Литература
[уреди | уреди извор]- Meyendorff, John (1989). Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D. The Church in history. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
- Мајендорф, Џон (1997). Империјално јединство и хришћанске деобе: Црква од 450. до 680. године. Крагујевац: Каленић.
- Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013). Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107244566.
- Andrade, Nathanael J. (2011). „Framing the Syrian of Late Antiquity: Engagements with Hellenism”. Journal of Modern Hellenism. 28 (2010-2011): 1—46.
- Andrade, Nathanael J. (2014). „Assyrians, Syrians and the Greek Language in the late Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Periods”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 73 (2): 299—317. S2CID 163755644. doi:10.1086/677249.
- Andrade, Nathanael J. (2019). „Syriac and Syrians in the Later Roman Empire: Questions of identity”. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. стр. 157—174. ISBN 9781138899018.
- Beyer, Klaus (1986). The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525535738.
- Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise (2012). „Syriac as the Language of Eastern Christianity”. The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. стр. 652—659. ISBN 9783110251586.
- Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise (2019). „Writing Syriac: Manuscripts and Inscriptions”. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. стр. 243—265. ISBN 9781138899018.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1983). „Towards a History of Syriac Translation Technique”. III Symposium Syriacum 1980. Roma: Pontificium institutum studiorum orientalium. стр. 1—14.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1984). Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity. London: Variorum Reprints. ISBN 9780860781479.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1989a). „Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature”. Aram Periodical. 1 (1): 11—23. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 04. 2021. г. Приступљено 11. 09. 2021.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1989b). „Some Observations on the Use of Classical Syriac in the Late Twentieth Century”. Journal of Semitic Studies. 34 (2): 363—375. doi:10.1093/jss/XXXIV.2.363.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1992a) [1985]. The Luminous Eye: The Spiritual World Vision of Saint Ephrem (2nd revised изд.). Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications. ISBN 9780879075248.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1992b). Studies in Syriac Christianity: History, Literature, and Theology. Aldershot: Variorum. ISBN 9780860783053.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1992c). „Eusebius and Syriac Christianity”. Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. стр. 212—234. ISBN 0814323618.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1994). „Greek and Syriac in Late Antique Syria”. Literacy and Power in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. стр. 149—160, 234—235. ISBN 9780521587365.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1996). Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography, 1960-1990. Kaslik: Parole de l'Orient.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1997). A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1998). „Syriac Culture, 337-425”. The Cambridge Ancient History. 13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. стр. 708—719. ISBN 9780521302005.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1999a). From Ephrem to Romanos: Interactions Between Syriac and Greek in Late Antiquity. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 9780860788003.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (1999b). „St. Ephrem in the Eyes of Later Syriac Liturgical Tradition” (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 2 (1): 5—25. S2CID 212688898. doi:10.31826/hug-2010-020103 .
- Brock, Sebastian P.; Taylor, David G. K., ур. (2001). The Hidden Pearl: The Syrian Orthodox Church and its Ancient Aramaic Heritage. 1. Rome: Trans World Film Italia.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (2004). „The Earliest Syriac Literature”. The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. стр. 161—172. ISBN 9780521460835.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (2005). „The Syriac Orient: A Third 'Lung' for the Church?”. Orientalia Christiana Periodica. 71: 5—20.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (2006). Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754659082.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (2007). „Early Dated Manuscripts of the Church of the East, 7th-13th Century”. Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. 21 (2): 8—34. Архивирано из оригинала 2008-10-06. г.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (2008) [1979]. The Holy Spirit in the Syrian Baptismal Tradition (3rd изд.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 9781593338442.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (2010). „Jacob the Annotator: Jacob’s Annotations to His Revised Translation of Severus’ Cathedral Homilies”. Studies on Jacob of Edessa. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. стр. 1—13. ISBN 9781463216634. doi:10.31826/9781463216634-002.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (2011). „Christian Palestinian Aramaic”. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. стр. 96—97.
- Brock, Sebastian P.; Butts, Aaron M. (2011). „Syriac Conferences”. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. стр. 389—390.
- Brock, Sebastian P.; Coakley, James F. (2011). „Arameans”. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. стр. 30—31.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (2017). An Introduction to Syriac Studies. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 9781463207137.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (2017). „Scribal Tradition and the Transmission of Syriac Literature in Late Antiquity and Early Islam”. Scribal Practices and the Social Construction of Knowledge in Antiquity. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. стр. 61—68. ISBN 9789042933149.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (2019). The People and the Peoples: Syriac Dialogue Poems from Late Antiquity. Oxford: Journal of Jewish Studies. ISBN 9780957522817.
- Brock, Sebastian P. (2019). „Later Syriac Poetry”. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. стр. 327—338. ISBN 9781138899018.
- Brockelmann, Carl (1895). Lexicon Syriacum (1st изд.). Berlin: Reuther & Reichard.
- Burnett, Stephen G. (2005). „Christian Aramaism: The Birth and Growth of Aramaic Scholarship in the Sixteenth Century” (PDF). Seeking Out the Wisdom of the Ancients. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. стр. 421—436. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 27. 08. 2021. г. Приступљено 11. 09. 2021.
- Butts, Aaron M. (2011). „Syriac Language”. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. стр. 390—391.
- Butts, Aaron M. (2016). Language Change in the Wake of Empire: Syriac in its Greco-Roman Context. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575064215.
- Butts, Aaron M. (2018). „The Greco-Roman Context of the Syriac Language”. Les auteurs syriaques et leur langue. Paris: Geuthner. стр. 137—165.
- Butts, Aaron M. (2019). „The Classical Syriac Language”. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. стр. 222—242.
- Carlson, Thomas A. (2019). „Syriac in a Diverse Middle East: From the Mongol Ilkhanate to Ottoman Dominance, 1286–1517”. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. стр. 718—730. ISBN 9781138899018.
- Donabed, Sargon G. (2015). Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748686056.
- Donabed, Sargon G. (2017). „Neither Syriac-speaking nor Syrian Orthodox Christians: Harput Assyrians in the United States as a Model for Ethnic Self-Categorization and Expression”. Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. стр. 359—369. ISBN 9789042931640.
- Drijvers, Hendrik J. W. (1980). Cults and Beliefs at Edessa. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004060502.
- Farina, Margherita (2018). „La linguistique syriaque selon Jacques d’Édesse”. Lesauteurs syriaques etleurlangue. Paris: Geuthner. стр. 167—187.
- Garbini, Giovanni (1981). „Considerations on the Language of Ebla”. La Lingua Di Ebla: Atti Del Convegno Internazionale (1st изд.). Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale, Seminario di studi asiatici. стр. 75—82.
- Gzella, Holger (2014). „Language and Script”. The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria. Leiden: Brill. стр. 71—107. ISBN 9789004229433.
- Gzella, Holger (2015). A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004285101.
- Gzella, Holger (2019). „The Syriac Language in the Context of the Semitic Languages”. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. стр. 205—221.
- Healey, John F. (1980). First Studies in Syriac. Birmingham: University of Birmingham. ISBN 9780704403901.
- Healey, John F. (2007). „The Edessan Milieu and the Birth of Syriac” (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 10 (2): 115—127.
- Healey, John F. (2009). Aramaic Inscriptions and Documents of the Roman Period. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199252565.
- Healey, John F. (2012). „Syriac”. The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. стр. 637—652. ISBN 9783110251586.
- Healey, John F. (2008). „Variety in Early Syriac: The Context in Contemporary Aramaic”. Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. стр. 221—229. ISBN 9783447057875.
- Healey, John F. (2019). „The Pre-Christian Religions of the Syriac-Speaking Regions”. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. стр. 47—67. ISBN 9781138899018.
- Heinrichs, Wolfhart, ур. (1990). Studies in Neo-Aramaic. Atlanta: Scholars Press. ISBN 9781555404307.
- Herman, Geoffrey (2019). „The Syriac World in the Persian Empire”. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. стр. 134—145.
- Ishow, Habib (1978). „Faut-il remplacer le terme syriaque par le terme araméen?”. Symposium Syriacum 1976. Roma: Pontificium institutum studiorum orientalium. стр. 359—365.
- Joseph, John B. (2000). The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9004116419.
- Khan, Geoffrey (2007). „Aramaic in the Medieval and Modern Periods” (PDF). Languages of Iraq: Ancient and Modern. Cambridge: The British School of Archaeology in Iraq. стр. 95—114. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 02. 08. 2019. г. Приступљено 11. 09. 2021.
- Kim, Ronald (2008). „Stammbaum or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered”. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 128 (3): 505—531.
- Kiraz, George A. (2007). „Kthobonoyo Syriac: Some Observations and Remarks” (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 10 (2): 129—142.
- Lipiński, Edward (2001) [1997]. Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar (2nd изд.). Leuven: Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042908154.
- Maclean, Arthur J. (1895). Grammar of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac: As Spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, North-West Persia and the Plain of Mosul, with Notices of the Vernacular of the Jews of Azerbijan and of Zakhu near Mosul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107648128.
- Messo, Johny (2011). „The Origin of the Terms Syria(n) and Suryoyo: Once Again”. Parole de l'Orient. 36: 111—125.
- Millar, Fergus (2006). A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520253919.
- Millar, Fergus (2008). „Community, Religion and Language in the Middle-Euphrates Zone in Late Antiquity”. Scripta Classica Israelica. 27: 67—93.
- Millar, Fergus (2011). „Greek and Syriac in Edessa: From Ephrem to Rabbula (CE 363-435)”. Semitica et Classica. 4: 99—114. doi:10.1484/J.SEC.1.102508.
- Millar, Fergus (2012). „Greek and Syriac in Fifth-Century Edessa: The Case of Bishop Hibas”. Semitica et Classica. 5: 151—165. doi:10.1484/J.SEC.1.103053.
- Millar, Fergus (2013). „The Evolution of the Syrian Orthodox Church in the Pre-Islamic Period: From Greek to Syriac?” (PDF). Journal of Early Christian Studies. 21 (1): 43—92. S2CID 170436440. doi:10.1353/earl.2013.0002.
- Minov, Sergey (2017). „Date and Provenance of the Syriac Cave of Treasures: A Reappraisal”. Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 20 (1): 129—229. S2CID 212688445. doi:10.31826/hug-2018-200105.
- Minov, Sergey (2020). Memory and Identity in the Syriac Cave of Treasures: Rewriting the Bible in Sasanian Iran. Leiden-Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004445512.
- Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2008). „Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic in the Churchof the East and the Chaldean Church between 1500 and 1800”. Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. стр. 335—352. ISBN 9783447057875.
- Naby, Eden (2004). „From Lingua Franca to Endangered Language: The Legal Aspects of the Preservation of Aramaic in Iraq”. On the Margins of Nations: Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights. Bath: Foundation for Endangered Languages. стр. 197—203. ISBN 9780953824861.
- Neill, Stephen (2004) [1984]. A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521548854.
- Nöldeke, Theodor (1886). „Semitic Languages”. The Encyclopaedia Britannica. 21 (9th изд.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. стр. 641—656.
- Nöldeke, Theodor (1904). Compendious Syriac Grammar (1st English изд.). London: Williams & Norgate.
- Petruccione, John F.; Hill, Robert C., ур. (2007). Theodoret of Cyrus: The Questions on the Octateuch. 2. Washington: COA Press. ISBN 9780813214993.
- Peursen, Wido van (2008). „Language Variation, Language Development, and the Textual History of the Peshitta”. Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. стр. 231—256. ISBN 9783447057875.
- Río Sánchez, Francisco del (2013). „Influences of Aramaic on dialectal Arabic”. Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages: Selected papers. Cordoba: Cordoba Near Eastern Research Unit. стр. 129—136.
- Robinson, Theodore H.; Coakley, James F. (2013) [1915]. Robinson's Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar (6th revised изд.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199687176.
- Rompay, Lucas van (1994). „Some Preliminary Remarks on the Origins of Classical Syriac as a Standard Language: The Syriac Version of Eusebius of Caesarea's Ecclesiastical History”. Semitic and Cushitic studies. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. стр. 70—89. ISBN 9783447034470.
- Rompay, Lucas van (2000). „Past and Present Perceptions of Syriac Literary Tradition” (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 3 (1): 71—103. S2CID 212688244. doi:10.31826/hug-2010-030105 .
- Rompay, Lucas van (2008). „The East: Syria and Mesopotamia”. The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. стр. 365—386. ISBN 9780199271566.
- Rompay, Lucas van (2011). „Aramaic”. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. стр. 28—30.
- Rubin, Milka (1998). „The Language of Creation or the Primordial Language: A Case of Cultural Polemics in Antiquity”. Journal of Jewish Studies. 49 (2): 306—333. doi:10.18647/2120/JJS-1998.
- Rudder, Joshua. Learn to Write Aramaic: A Step-by-Step Approach to the Historical & Modern Scripts. n.p.: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011. 220 pp. ISBN 978-1461021421 Includes the Estrangela (pp. 59–113), Madnhaya (pp. 191–206), and the Western Serto (pp. 173–190) scripts.
- Ruzer, Serge (2014). „Hebrew versus Aramaic as Jesus’ Language: Notes on Early Opinions by Syriac Authors”. The Language Environment of First Century Judaea. Leiden-Boston: Brill. стр. 182—205. ISBN 9789004264410.
- Shepardson, Christine (2019). Controlling Contested Places: Late Antique Antioch and the Spatial Politics of Religious Controversyd. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520303379.
- Taylor, David G. K. (2002). „Bilingualism and Diglossia in Late Antique Syria and Mesopotamia”. Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word. Oxford: Oxford University Press. стр. 298—331. ISBN 9789004264410.
- Taylor, David G. K. (2011). „Syriac Lexicography”. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. стр. 391—393.
- Toepel, Alexander (2013). „The Cave of Treasures: A new Translation and Introduction”. Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures. 1. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. стр. 531—584. ISBN 9780802827395.
- Watt, John W. (2009). „Aramaic and Syriac”. Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. стр. 56—59. ISBN 9780080877754.
- Weninger, Stefan (2012). „Aramaic-Arabic Language Contact”. The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. стр. 747—755. ISBN 9783110251586.
- Weltecke, Dorothea (2009). „Michael the Syrian and Syriac Orthodox Identity”. Church History and Religious Culture. 89 (1–3): 115—125. doi:10.1163/187124109X408023.
- Weltecke, Dorothea; Younansardaroud, Helen (2019). „The Renaissance of Syriac Literature in the Twelfth–Thirteenth Centuries”. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. стр. 698—717. ISBN 9781138899018.
- Wilkinson, Robert J. (2019). „The Early Study of Syriac in Europe”. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. стр. 751—769. ISBN 9781138899018.
- Wilmshurst, David (2019). „The Church of the East in the 'Abbasid Era”. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. стр. 189—201. ISBN 9781138899018.
- Wood, Philip (2019). „Historiography in the Syriac-Speaking World, 300–1000”. The Syriac World. London: Routledge. стр. 405—421. ISBN 9781138899018.
Спољашње везе
[уреди | уреди извор]- EI. (2015). „SYRIAC LANGUAGE”. Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Syriac traditional pronunciation
- Aramaic Dictionary (lexicon and concordance)
- Syriac at ScriptSource.com
- The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon
- Syriac Studies Reference Library, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
- „Syriac Language”. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески) (11 изд.). 1911.
- Leshono Suryoyo - Die traditionelle Aussprache des Westsyrischen - The traditional pronunciation of Western Syriac
- „City Youth Learn Dying Language, Preserve It”. The New Indian Express. 9. 5. 2016. Архивирано из оригинала 09. 05. 2016. г. Приступљено 9. 5. 2016.
- „Minorities of Iraq: EU Research Service” (PDF).