Chayina

Chayina ( neChiChayina: 中国), zviri pamutemo inonzi Rudhende RweVanhu VeChayina, inyika iri kumabvazuva kweEzhiya. Ndiyo nyika yechipiri ine vanhu vakawanda pasi rose. Nyika yeChayina ine vanhu vanopfuura mabhiriyoni 1.4. Nenzvimbo inosvika 9.6 million square kilometres (3,700,000 sq mi), inyika yechitatu pakukura. Nyika yakakamurwa kuita matunhu makumi maviri nemaviri, matunhu mashanu anozvitonga, maminisipariti mana, uye maSpecial Administrative Regions maviri. Beijing ndiro guta guru renyika, nepo Shanghai ndiro guta rine vanhu vakawanda kudarika maguta ese uyewo ndiyo nzvimbo inoona nezvemari munyika.

Nzvimbo iyi yakagarwa kubva panguva yePaleolithic . Madzinza ekutangisisa, dzakaita seShang neZhou, dzakabuda mubheseni yeRwizi Shava pamberi pekupera kwemireniyamu yechipiri, Kristu asati afa pamuchinjikwa. Zvimwe zvezvakabudirira zvikuru zveChayina sekugadzirwa kweunga nemapepa, mavambo emugwakwa weSirika, uye kuvakwa kweRusvingo Guru —zvakaitika panguva iyi. Tsika dzehumambo dzeChayina (kusanganisira mitauro, zvivakwa, ruzivo nezvimwe) - dzakapesvedzerwa zvakanyaya neMabvazuva Ezhiya.

Chayina inyika inotongwa nebato rinoona nezvematongerwo enyika rimwe chete. Ndiyo imwe yenhengo yeKanzuru yeChengetedzi neDziviriro yeMubatanidzwa weNyika dzepasi rese. Zvakare, inhengo yeBRICS, G20, APEC, SCO, uye Musangano weMabvazuva Ezhiya. Chayina haina kumira zvakanaka pazviyero zvegutsaruzhinji uye kodzero dzevanhu, kusanganisira rusununguko rwevatapi venhau, rusununguko rwechitendero uye kuenzana kwemarudzi.. Chayina ndiyo nyika ine hupfumi hukuru hwepasi rese kana tichiongoroora panyaya dzeGDP, panyaya dzepurchasing power parity. Nyika iyi inoshandisawo zvombo zvenyukiriya, uye ndiyo nyika yekutanga pane uhwandu hwemasoja uye ndiyo nyika yechipiri pabhajeti yemasoja.

Kuwanikwa kwezita

*Chayiina* (mufannidzo uri kuratidza dunhu reGuangdong), *Mangi* (mukati *medunhu reXanton* ), Cataio (iri mukati meChayina, inosanganisira Chequan, inewo guta gru Cambalu, Candu, nezambuko rematombo machena anodhura.

Zita rekuti "Chayina" yakavambwa muChirungu (China) mumakore e1500, asi zita iri raisashandiswa nemaChayina munguva iyi. Zita iri rinofungidzirwa kuti rakavambwao nemaPutukeza, nevanhu verudzi rwechiMarayi, uye nevePezhiya. MaPezhiya akavamba zita iri mururimi rweChiSanisikiriti neizwi rekuti Cīna. Zita iri rakawanikwawo muturikiro raRichard Eden reDhayari remuPutukezi Duarte Barbosa. Kushandiswa kweizwi iri kwaBarbosa kwabva muizwi reChiPezvhiya Chīn, rakabvawo muizwi reChiSanisikiriti rinonziwo Chīn. Cina yakashandiswawo muGwaro reChiHindu repasichichigare, uyewo Mahābhārata, nemuMitemo yaMunu.

Zita repamutemo renyika iRudhende rweVanhu veChayina muChiChayina: 中华人民共和国). Papfupi, nyika iyi inonziChayina paChiShona. Izwi reChayina rinobva mune izwi reChiRungu (ChiRungu: China; ChiChayina: 中国).

Taranyika

Mamiriro ekunze kwenguva yakareba

Mamiriro ekunze eChina anonyanya kutungamirwa nemwaka wechirimo uye nguva yekuti mvura inonaya yakawanda, izvo zvinotungamira kune kusanduka kukuru kwekupisa pakati pechando nezhizha. Mumwaka wechando, mhepo yekuchamhembe inobva kunzvimbo dziri kumusoro-soro inotonhodza zvakanyanya, uye mhepo inobva kumaodzanyemba inenge ichipisirira.

Zvivakwa

Zvitendero

Hurumende yeChayina neBato reChinese Communist Party inotsigira kusatendera munaMwari, uye vakaita mushandirapamwe hwekupikisa vanhu vane zvitendero. Nyaya dzechitendero munyika dzinotariswa neBato re CCP United Front Work Department . ^[1] Rusununguko rwechitendero runovimbiswa uye runobvumidzwa nebumbiro remutemo reChina, kunyange zvazvo misangano yezvitendero isina mvumo yepamutemo, zvichireva kuti vanokwanisa kusungwa ne hurumende nekuda kwenyaya iroro. ^[2] ^[3]

Manhamba akajeka anoratidza kutendera muchitendero muChayina kunonetsa sezvo kutsanangudzwa kweizwi rekuti "chitendero" chinombosiyana nekuda kwekusarongeka kweZvitendero ZveChiVanhu. Nyanzvi dzinoona kuti muChaiyna hamuna muganhu hunonyatsooneka pakati pedzidziso nhatu dzezvitendero netsika dzevanhu. Ongororo yakaitwa mugore ra2015 neGallup International yakawana kuti 61% yevanhu vakaongororwa vanoti "havatenderi munaMwari", kunyangwe zvitendero zveChiVanhu kana mamwe matinji avo achitsanangurwa seasiri aMwari uye zvitendero zveChiVanhu, sezvo vasingatendi izvozvo. Kusika kwehumwari kunopfuura zvachose, asi kune zvakasikwa munyika uye kunyanya mumunhu. Imwe ongororo yakaitwawo muna2014, yakaona kuti 74% havatenderi munaMwari kana kuti vanoita zveChiVanhu, 16% maBhudha, 2% maKristu, 1% maMuslim, uye 8% vanoomerera kune zvimwe zvitendero zvinosanganisira maTao uye ruponeso rwevanhu . ^[4] Pamusoro pemaitiro ezvitendero zvevanhu veHan, kunewo mapoka emadzinza maduku akasiyana-siyana anochengeta zvitendero zvavo zveChiVanhu. Zvitendero zveChiVanhu nhasi zvinoumba 2-3% yehuwandu, nepo ChiConfucianism chinonyanyowanikawo mune vanhu veuchenjeri.

Tsika neMagariro

Kubva kare kare, tsika dzeChiChayina dzakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya neChiConfucianism. Tsika dzeChiChayina dzakapesvedzerwawo zvakanyanya Mabvazuva Ezhiya neMaodzanyemba-Mabvazuva Ezhiya . Kwenguva yakawanda yenyika, mikana yekusimudzira magariro evanhu inogona kupihwa nekuita kwepamusoro mubvunzo dzeumambo dzine mukurumbira, dzine mavambo mudzinza reHan. Kusimbisa kwekunyora kwebvunzo kwakachinja maonero aigara aiveko, sekutenda kuti zvinhu zvakaita secalligraphy, nhetembo uye kupenda zvaive zvemhando yepamusoro dzeunyanzvi.. Tsika dzeChiChayina dzakagara dzichisimbisa pfungwa yenhoroondo yakadzama uye maonero emunyika anotarisa zvakanyanya mukati. Kunyora bvunzo uye tsika yekukodzera zvinoramba zvichikosheswa muChina nhasi. ^[5]

Vashanyi

Mugore ra2019, Chayina yakagamuchira vashanyi vaive mamiriyoni 65.7 vaibva kunze kwenyika, ^[6] uye mugore ra2018 ndiyo yaive nyika yechina yakanyaya kunyanyirwa pasi rese. ^[6] Inoonawo huwandu hukuru hwevagari vavo ; Vashanyi vechiChayina vakaita nzendo dzinosvika mabhiriyoni matanhatu munyika muna2019.

↑ Empty citation (help)
↑ "China bans religious activities in Xinjiang".
↑ Constitution of the People's Republic of China.
↑ China Family Panel Studies 2014 survey.http://www.isss.edu.cn/cfps/EN/enNews/CFPSNews/2016news/2016-12-30/307.html release #2] (archived).
↑ 17–33.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 1–36.

[1] Empty citation (help)

[XinBan2012-2] "China bans religious activities in Xinjiang".

[3] Constitution of the People's Republic of China.

[CFPS2014-4] China Family Panel Studies 2014 survey.http://www.isss.edu.cn/cfps/EN/enNews/CFPSNews/2016news/2016-12-30/307.html release #2] (archived).

[5] 17–33.

[WTO_Tourism_Highlights_2019_Edition-6] 6.0 ^6.1 1–36.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]