The discovery of mice living at the summit of volcanoes in the Andes Mountains suggests mammals could live on Mars, according to a new study.
Scientists have ruled out any ties between the shock find and ancient Incan rituals, and believe the rodents ascended the mountains on their own.
They say the ultra dry, wind-swept volcanic summits in the Atacama Plateau of Chile and Argentina are the ‘closest thing on Earth’ to the surface of Mars due to the thin atmosphere and freezing temperatures.
At their extreme elevations of more than 6,000 metres (20,000ft) above sea level, experts had concluded that life for mammals simply wasn’t possible.
But researchers say their discovery of mice in the harsh environment now expand the physical limits of vertebrate life on Earth.
Professor Jay Storz and fellow mountaineer Mario Pérez Mamani captured a live specimen of leaf-eared mouse atop the 22,000-foot peak of Llullaillaco, a volcano straddling the Chile-Argentina border, in early 2020.
No mammal had ever been found living at such extreme altitude before.
Senior study author Professor Storz said: ‘The most surprising thing about our discovery is that mammals could be living on the summits of volcanoes in such an inhospitable, Mars-like environment.
‘Well-trained mountain climbers can tolerate such extreme elevations during a one-day summit attempt, but the fact that mice are actually living at such elevations demonstrates that we have underestimated the physiological tolerances of small mammals.’
Professor Storz, a biologist at University of Nebraska, US, and his colleagues first discovered a mummified mouse on the summit of Volcán Salín by chance when they stumbled across the desiccated corpse at the edge of a rock pile.
But, now knowing what to look for, they soon came across others.
Professor Storz said: ‘Once my climbing partner and I started searching through the rest of the rocks, we found seven more mummies on the same summit.’
They then started systematically searching the summits of all the Andean volcanoes.
The team has scoured 21 volcano summits, including 18 with elevations above 6,000 metres, and found 13 mice on the summits of multiple volcanoes with an elevation over 6,000 metres.
In some cases, the mummies were accompanied by skeletal remains of numerous other mice.
Radiocarbon dating showed that the mummified mice found on the summits of two volcanoes were a few decades old at most.
Those from a third site were estimated at 350 years old at most.
Genetic analysis of the summit mummies showed that they represent a species of leaf-eared mouse called Phyllotis vaccarum, which is known to occur at lower elevations in the region.
Professor Storz said: ‘The discovery of the mouse mummies on the summits of these freezing, wind-scoured volcano summits was a huge surprise.
‘In combination with our live-capture records of mice on the summits and flanks of other high elevation Andean volcanoes, we are amassing more and more evidence that there are long-term resident populations of mice living at extreme elevations.’
Mars breakthroughs
In January 2004, the Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity landed on the Red Planet, the ‘twin geologists’ finding dramatic evidence that Mars was once awash with water, conditions that could have sustained microbial life
Spirit also found evidence of explosive volcanism, extreme conditions where microbial life is also known to exist
On July 31, 2008, Nasa’s Phoenix Mars lander confirmed the presence of water ice on Mars, vital for future human habitation
Then came the Curiosity rover, which has, among other findings, shown Mars has the right chemistry for life, with sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and carbon all present
But bigger than that, drilling in Martian rocks it also found organic carbon – also known as the building blocks for life
They said the finds, reported in the journal Current Biology, raise important questions, such as how mammals can live in a barren world of rock, ice, and snow where the temperatures are never above freezing, and there is only around half the oxygen available at sea level.
Incas were known to conduct human and animal sacrifices on the summits of some Andean peaks over 500 years ago.
However, researchers point out that the mummified mice from the volcano summits couldn’t have been transported there by the Incas, given that none are old enough to have co-existed with them.
Professor Storz says it now seems more and more clear that the mice got there of their own accord.
The research team wondered whether the genomes of the mummified mice might represent a distinct subpopulation of the leaf-eared rodent – one with a colonisation history different to their lower-dwelling peers.
But they ultimately found this was not the case.
‘Our genomic data indicate no: that the mice from the summits, and those from the flanks or the base of the volcanoes in the surrounding desert terrain, are all one big happy family,’ Professor Storz said.
He says the climate in the Atacama mountains is so inhospitable that NASA went there to practice searching for life on Mars.
‘Even at the base of the volcanoes, the mice are living in an extreme, Martian environment,’ Professor Storz said.
‘And then, on the summits of the volcanoes, it’s even more so. It feels like outer space.
‘It just boggles the mind that any kind of animal, let alone a warm-blooded mammal, could be surviving and functioning in that environment.
‘When you experience it all first-hand, it even further impresses upon you: How in God’s name is anything living up there?’
He said even more fundamental is the question of what would drive the mice to such heights in the first place.
Like most small rodents, the leaf-eared mouse, which grows to about two ounces, spends a lot of its time, energy and attention avoiding predators.
And, even in the Atacama, those predators are numerous, including foxes, mountain lions, smaller cats and birds of prey.
Prof Storz questioned whether the many dangers on the Atacama summits – the near-absence of water, the seeming lack of food, the threat of freezing to death – would be worth the promise of escaping predators.
He added: ‘Certainly, if you’re hunkering down on top of a 6,000-metre volcano, you’re at least safe from that.
‘You just have other things to worry about.
‘But why they’re ascending to these extreme elevations is still a mystery.’
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