SANTHIRAJ S.

Common Cause Failure vs Double Jeopardy in HAZOP Study In HAZOP study, distinguishing between common cause failure and double jeopardy is crucial for accurately identifying and mitigating risks. It is very important to understand which multiple failure causes qualify as double jeopardy, and which causes do not. Common cause failure refers to multiple failures that occur simultaneously or sequentially due to a single shared cause such as Instrument air Failure, Power supply failure. This shared cause might be an external event, a design flaw, a systemic issue, or a common operational practice that impacts multiple components or systems. In the context of a HAZOP study, identifying common cause failures helps in understanding and mitigating risks that might not be apparent when considering individual failures independently. It is typical to consider only one inadvertently opening or closing manual or actuated valve at a time during HAZOP study, although simultaneous inadvertent opening/closing of multiple valves should be considered if a common cause is identified such as sequential valve operations or instrument air failure. Another example is power Loss for a case of two electric pumps running together (in parallel) but feeding the same unit leading to two pumps failing off at the same time which would result in reverse flow. Double jeopardy, in the context of HAZOP, refers to the consideration of two independent and unrelated failures or events happening simultaneously. The principle of double jeopardy typically states that the likelihood of two independent, uncorrelated events occurring at the same time is extremely low, and thus, for practical purposes, such scenarios are not considered in the standard risk analysis unless there is a clear interaction between the events that increases the overall risk. As discussed in API 521, designing a system for double jeopardy is not required. Couple of examples would be a control valve failure simultaneous with operator’s error in accidentally closing a manual valve,  pump failure simultaneous with unrelated valve failure or fire exposure simultaneous with heat exchanger internal tube rupture. It is not always easy to define which failures are independent of each other and which are not, and this is why the experience and knowledge of the team conducting the HAZOP study truly matters.  

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The book "Guidelines for Process Safety Metrics" includes several real-world examples to highlight the importance of implementing effective process safety metrics. Here are some key examples: 1. BP Texas City Refinery Explosion (2005) Incident: A massive explosion at BP’s Texas City refinery resulted in the deaths of 15 workers and injuries to over 170 people. Key Takeaway: The investigation revealed that BP had focused heavily on personal safety metrics (such as slips and falls) but neglected process safety metrics that would have flagged the deeper systemic issues. The event underscored the need for leading indicators that focus on process integrity and operational risks, beyond just personal injury metrics. 2. Buncefield Oil Depot Explosion (UK, 2005) Incident: A vapor cloud explosion at the Buncefield oil depot caused significant damage to the facility and surrounding area, with an estimated financial impact of £1 billion ($1.8 billion). Key Takeaway: Investigations revealed that safety systems failed to monitor leading indicators, such as near misses and equipment degradation, which could have prevented the disaster. This incident highlighted the importance of tracking both leading and lagging safety indicators to prevent catastrophic failures. 3. Tosco Avon Refinery Fire (1997) Incident: A fire at the Tosco Avon oil refinery in California resulted in one fatality and numerous injuries. Key Takeaway: The fire was preceded by several temperature excursions and other safety issues that were not adequately addressed. If appropriate process safety metrics had been implemented to track operational deviations and near-misses, the incident might have been avoided. The example shows the importance of tracking operational performance to detect early signs of risk. 4. Union Carbide Bhopal Disaster (1984) Incident: The catastrophic release of methyl isocyanate gas in Bhopal, India, resulted in thousands of deaths and long-term environmental and health damage. Key Takeaway: Poor management of process safety systems, including failure to track key safety metrics such as equipment integrity and maintenance, contributed to this disaster. This incident emphasizes the need for comprehensive safety metrics that focus on hazardous substance containment and system maintenance. These examples illustrate how the absence or mismanagement of appropriate process safety metrics can lead to catastrophic outcomes. They reinforce the importance of tracking leading indicators (such as equipment health, near-misses, and operational deviations) alongside traditional lagging indicators to prevent incidents and improve process safety culture. https://lnkd.in/dbRNAAPM

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The future of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Distribution (CGD) is promising but comes with several challenges that need to be addressed to ensure its sustainable growth. Here's a breakdown: Future of CGD: 1. Growth in Infrastructure: - Expansion of CGD Networks: The Indian government has been actively expanding CGD networks across the country. More cities and towns are expected to be covered under CGD, leading to increased accessibility to natural gas. -Increased Adoption in Transport: The transport sector is likely to see a significant rise in CNG vehicles, including cars, buses, and commercial vehicles, due to environmental concerns and lower fuel costs. 2. Environmental Benefits: - Reduction in Emissions: CNG is cleaner compared to traditional fossil fuels like diesel and petrol, leading to lower emissions of harmful pollutants and contributing to better air quality. - Transition Fuel: As the world moves towards cleaner energy sources, natural gas, including CNG, is seen as a transition fuel that can help bridge the gap between fossil fuels and renewable energy. 3. Economic Advantages: - Cost-Effectiveness: CNG is generally cheaper than diesel and petrol, offering economic benefits to consumers and businesses, particularly in the transport and industrial sectors. - Job Creation:The expansion of CGD networks and related industries is expected to create employment opportunities in various regions. 4. Government Support: - Policy Incentives:The government is likely to continue offering incentives, such as subsidies and tax benefits, to promote the use of natural gas in different sectors, further boosting the CGD industry. Challenges in CGD: 1. Infrastructure Development: - High Initial Costs:Building CGD infrastructure, including pipelines, distribution centers, and refueling stations, requires substantial investment, which can be a barrier to rapid expansion. - Geographical Challenges: Expanding CGD networks to remote or difficult-to-access areas can be challenging due to the complex terrain and lack of existing infrastructure. 2. Regulatory and Policy Hurdles: - Complex Regulatory Environment: The CGD sector is highly regulated, and navigating the complex regulatory framework can be a challenge for companies operating in this space. - Policy Uncertainty:Inconsistent or changing government policies can create uncertainty, affecting long-term planning and investment decisions. 3. Competition from Alternative Fuels: - Rise of Electric Vehicles (EVs): The increasing popularity of EVs, driven by advances in battery technology and government incentives, poses a significant challenge to the growth of CNG vehicles. - Renewable Energy Sources: As renewable energy becomes more cost-competitive, the demand for natural gas, including CNG, may face pressure. 4. Supply Chain and Distribution Issues: - Gas Supply Volatility: The supply of natural gas can be volatile.

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RISK BASED INSPECTION PROCESS : “Evolved from Time Based to Risk based, RBI systematically evaluates at component level for each containment asset for its susceptibility to Damage Mechanism in internal and external environments with the selected design, process, operating conditions including excursions, which is the Probability of failure and combines with Consequences in SHE and Economic Category following API580/581 Methodology ( Qualitative / Semi-Quantitative / Quantitative) to calculate the relative risk. It is then evaluated against the user-defined criteria of unacceptable levels of risk of failure due to loss of containment event to develop an appropriate Inspection / Monitoring / Mitigating Plans to reduce uncertainty by condition assessment & by timely corrective actions such that the risk is reduced to an acceptable level. The end result achieved is improved Mechanical Integrity; Safe & Reliable operation by focused actions on Risk drivers, achieving Risk Reduction with cost optimization”. Are you interested in discussing further in detail on this outlined subject matter or join the API580/API571ICP certification preparation training (12,000 INR/each) please connect or may contact using Whatsapp +966-53-505-2033, Thank you. #API580 #ASME #Design #API650 #API620 #API510 #API570 #API653 #Facility #Unit #System #Equipment #piping #Component #Methodology #Qualitative #Quantitative #data #PSM #PHA #HAZOP #RCM #Corrosion #CCD #CPP #IOW #API970 #API584 #API580 #Corrosionloop #pipingcircuit #Deadlegs #SAI #PFD #PID #CML #NDT #Inspection #Monitoring #Mitigation #POF #COF #TURNAROUND #ffs #rca #API585 #Consequence #riskcommunication #API581 #Repair #Replace #rerate #redesign #MOC #reassessment #evergreening #riskmatrix #deferall #correctiveactions #API579 #task #SAP #DMR #API571 #Damage #Riskdriver #Riskmanagement #Mechanicalintegrity #cost #safety #reliability #riskbasedinspection

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A Permit to Work (PTW) system is an indispensable tool in the process industry, providing a robust framework that enhances operational safety and efficiency. Here are the key advantages of implementing a PTW system: Risk Mitigation: The PTW system systematically identifies, assesses, and controls hazards associated with non-routine or high-risk tasks. By ensuring that all necessary safety precautions are in place before work commences, it significantly reduces the likelihood of accidents and incidents. Operational Accountability: PTW fosters a culture of accountability by clearly defining roles and responsibilities. It ensures that only authorized and competent personnel are involved in specific operations, thus preventing unauthorized or unsafe activities. Enhanced Communication: The system acts as a communication bridge between various departments and personnel, ensuring that all parties are fully informed of ongoing operations, potential hazards, and safety protocols. This coordination is critical in avoiding operational conflicts and ensuring seamless execution. Regulatory Compliance: PTW systems facilitate adherence to regulatory requirements by ensuring that all work activities are documented, monitored, and conducted in compliance with industry standards and legal obligations. This not only protects the organization from legal repercussions but also reinforces its commitment to safety. Operational Continuity: By pre-emptively managing risks and ensuring that all safety measures are in place, PTW systems contribute to the uninterrupted operation of critical processes. This minimizes downtime and maintains production efficiency. Continuous Improvement: The documentation and review processes inherent in PTW systems provide valuable insights into operational safety and performance. This data can be analyzed to identify trends, address recurring issues, and drive continuous improvement in safety management practices. Implementing a robust Permit to Work system is essential for any process industry striving to maintain high standards of safety, efficiency, and compliance. #safetyfirst #PTW #permittoworksystem #ePTW #processindustry #HIRA #Safety #EHS #WHS #safetyfirstquialitymust #projectmanagement #OilandGas #continuousimprovement #Regulatorycompliances #riskmitigation

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Advantages & Disadvantages of Honeywell Experion PKS in FLNG Advantages of Honeywell Experion PKS in FLNG 1. Unified Control and Safety System Integration of DCS and SIS: Experion PKS seamlessly integrates Distributed Control Systems (DCS) with Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS), 2. Scalability and Flexibility Designed to scale for large and complex projects like FLNG, Experion PKS can handle thousands of I/O points, making it suitable for intricate process configurations. 3. Advanced Alarm and Event Management Intelligent Alarm System: 4. High Reliability and Redundancy Fault-Tolerant Design: Experion PKS offers high system availability with built-in redundancy at multiple levels 5. Enhanced Operational Efficiency Intuitive HMI: Experion’s user-friendly interface allows operators to monitor and control FLNG processes efficiently. Advanced Analytics: Provides performance monitoring and real-time data analytics to optimize production, LNG liquefaction, and cargo handling processes. 6. Reduced Lifecycle Costs Experion PKS simplifies system engineering, commissioning, and maintenance, reducing operational costs over the lifecycle of an FLNG facility. 7. Extensive Support and Ecosystem Backed by Honeywell’s global support network, ensuring quick response times and availability of spare parts, which is critical for offshore operations. Disadvantages of Honeywell Experion PKS in FLNG 1. High Initial Cost Capital Investment: 2. Complex System Setup Customization Challenges: While highly flexible, the system requires extensive configuration and customization to meet the specific needs of FLNG operations, 3. Vendor Lock-In Using Honeywell Experion PKS may lead to reliance on Honeywell for software updates, maintenance, and spare parts, which could limit flexibility in choosing alternative solutions. 4. Cybersecurity Risks Target for Cyber Attacks: As a high-value system in critical infrastructure, Experion PKS can become a target for cyber threats. Although it has advanced security features, maintaining cybersecurity requires continuous updates and monitoring. 5. Offshore Operational Challenges Environmental Stress: While reliable, the system components must be carefully housed and maintained to withstand the harsh offshore environment, which could lead to higher operational costs if not managed properly. Limited On-Site Support: In remote FLNG locations, troubleshooting or upgrades may be delayed if Honeywell personnel or certified experts are unavailable. 6. Training Requirements Operators and engineers require specialized training to effectively use and maintain the system, which can add to operational costs and take time to implement during the project’s startup phase. 7. Maintenance Complexity Redundancy Management: While redundancy is an advantage, managing redundant components (e.g., controllers and servers) can add complexity to routine maintenance activities.

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SPLITTING EQUIPMENT INTO RBI COMPONENTS: PART-2: PRESSURE VESSEL (CASE-1): PART-1: https://lnkd.in/dZVJYmRY Risk assessment methodologies in API 580 and 581 may be followed to obtain a more detailed understanding of how a component is likely to fail and what shortfalls currently exist that can lead to an unexpected on-line failure event. Component is any part of the equipment that is designed and fabricated to a recognized code or standard. For example, a pressure boundary may consist of components (cylindrical shell sections, formed heads, nozzles, AST shell courses, AST bottom plate, etc.) Pressure vessels are of various designs for various process requirements, in this particular case (CASE-1), a simple pressure vessel is seleted having uniform wall thickness for the entire shell, while dishends have slight higher thickness from the shell. In this case shell becomes more critical than heads where chances of failure are more for shell compared with heads if same corrosion rate is assumed for whole vessel. Damage mechanisms identification is the base of RBI assessments where damge modes and failure modes define the risk ranking of the asset. For this case, vessel can be split into following RBI components. a)  XX-D-YYY-Shell b)  XX-D-YYY-Upper Head c)  XX-D-YYY-Lower Head #maintenance #digital #training #planning #datamanagement #safety #assetintegrity #assetmanagement #asset #assetperformancemanagement #assetmanagementsoftware #assettracking #idms #cmms #tml #inspections #IOWs #engineering #design #processsafety #design #hse #qrcode #downtime #data #management #help #analysis #analytics #data #dataanalysis #database #dataanalytics #API581 #api #tank #Shell #course #pof #cof #consequences #product #soil #side #water #AST #api650 #api653 #inspections #corrosion #corrosionmanagement #environment #geometry #mechanical #Small_Bore_Pipe #reduction #riskassessment #riskmanagement #riskanalysis #quality #reference #thickness #tml #UOWs #limits #api584 #QRO #project #work #petroleum #API510

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#India's #IOC LNG deal with #ADNOC likely priced around 12.4% slope to crude oil ▪️Deal for 1 mil mt/year from Ruwais LNG project ▪️FTA between countries saves 2.75% custom duty for buyer ▪️Refinery demand for #IOC set to rise until end of decade Read 📰 https://okt.to/iuYMtq

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#India's #IOC LNG deal with #ADNOC likely priced around 12.4% slope to crude oil ▪️Deal for 1 mil mt/year from Ruwais LNG project ▪️FTA between countries saves 2.75% custom duty for buyer ▪️Refinery demand for #IOC set to rise until end of decade Read 📰 https://okt.to/xyRZpK

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New Edition of API Std 535 "Buners of Fired Heaters in General Refinery Serives" jsut released. It is now standrd not recommended practice, attaced a copy of the free preview of the ne std.

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how to write painting specification ?

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Procedure over intuition, but intuition informs procedure. indeed SOPs provide a structured approach to ensure consistency, efficiency, and effectiveness in processes. While common sense can often get the job done, relying solely on it can lead to variations and deviations from established standards. ISO compliance requires: 1. Documented procedures 2. Controlled processes 3. Continuous monitoring and improvement 4. Traceability and accountability Common sense, on the other hand, is essential for: 1. Critical thinking 2. Problem-solving 3. Adaptability 4. Innovation The ideal balance lies in combining SOP-driven processes with common sense and professional judgment. I feel many use common sense to get the job done faster, while using procedure for reporting 😆. #ISO 9001:2015

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#Process_Safety_Management Bhopal, Madia Pradesh, India, at the facilities of UCIL (Union Carbide India Ltd) Exactly 40 years ago, on December 3rd, 1984, the biggest industrial disaster (crime?) in history occurred, in Bhopal, Madia Pradesh, India, at the facilities of UCIL (Union Carbide India Ltd) In the early hours of the 3rd, 40 tons of the extremely toxic gas methyl isocyanate (MIC), one of the components for the manufacture of the UCC pesticide Sevin, leaked into the atmosphere, immediately killing 3,700 people. Eight thousand died in 1 week and 8 more in three weeks. The estimated total fatalities over the years is 22,000 people. Approximately 558,000 inhabitants of Bopal and neighboring cities were exposed to the toxic gas. Although the US UCC alleges sabotage, the most likely cause was a lack of maintenance caused by excessive employee work routines and a poor safety culture. UCC (Union Carbide Corporation), owner of UCIL, paid more than 1 billion dollars in compensation and 7 UCIL executives, including the CEO, were imprisoned for 2 years for negligence. An analysis of the failures is shown in the film:

𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐚𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐭 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤? 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭-2 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐭 1 Devise site visit agenda 2 Consider health and safety 3 Carry out site visit 3.1 Assess energy management 𝐓𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 A number of technical areas must be considered when carrying out an energy audit. Depending on the organisation being audited, certain areas will require a technical assessment to identify energy efficiency improvement opportunities. Areas that may require examination such as; Buildings and building fabric such as glazing and insulation, Lighting, Heating, controls and boilers, HVAC, Pumps 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 Financial analysis of opportunities for energy efficiency improvements is a key step in the audit process. The level of financial analysis depends on the type of opportunity, the size of the investment and the level of risk associated with the various opportunities. 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐳𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 1 Identify opportunities for improvement 2 Generate a register of opportunities 3 Methods to identify opportunities 4 Prioritise opportunities 5 Data retention 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐬 A key element of the energy audit is the compilation of a clear and concise report. It needs to convey the depth and breadth of the appraisal carried out and clearly outline the opportunities for improvement. For Part-1 https://shorturl.at/Y260F #EnergyAudit #Sustainability #EnergyEfficiency #GreenBusiness #EnergyManagement #ikshanh #SustainableBusiness #EnergySavings #EcoFriendly #EnergyConsulting #Energy #sustainability #EnvironmentalImpact

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Last day to enroll in case you have not done yet... UNDERSTANDING PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN AS PER ASME BPVC CODE *Online Instructor-led Course* *Highly Experienced Mentor * *Only Weekend (Saturday: 10.30 AM IST) Classes* *10 hours of dedicated learning and Q&A Session* To know more details about the training course, visit https://lnkd.in/dw3HhVAi *Key Topics Covered:* Module 1: GENERAL Types of Pressure Vessels and Components Pressure Vessel Requirements Scope of ASME Section VIII ASME VIII Div.1 & Div.2 Comparison Structure of ASME Section VIII Div.1 Module 2: MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION Material Selection Factors Corrosion Resistance Fracture Toughness Material’s Maximum Allowable Stress Module 3: DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS Design conditions and loadings Weld Joint Efficiency Design for Internal Pressure Types of Pressure Vessel Heads Design for External Pressure Types of Nozzles and Flanges And many more....

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Process Safety Fundamentals The IOGP Process Safety Fundamentals (PSFs) have been developed to support companies as they seek to reduce, and ultimately eliminate, fatal and high severity process safety events. Designed to support those working in front-line operations, maintenance, and on wells teams, the PSF are informed by data and designed to draw attention to situations that are most likely to lead to process safety event fatalities. iogp.org

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𝗢𝗶𝗹 𝗥𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀#𝟲𝟬 𝗚𝗮𝘀 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗢𝘂𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗮𝘀 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 The gas fractionator is a crucial component of catalytic cracking units (CCUs) in oil refineries. It plays a pivotal role in separating the gaseous hydrocarbon stream produced by the catalytic cracking process into various components based on their boiling points. The gas fraction, which contains hydrocarbons with fewer than five carbon atoms (C1 to C4), is a valuable feedstock for various downstream processes, including the production of olefins, gasoline, and petrochemicals. 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗰𝗲𝗱𝘂𝗿𝗲 The gas fractionator operates on the principle of distillation. The feed stream, which is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons with different boiling points, enters the column near the bottom. The column is cooled from the top, causing the components with higher boiling points to condense and fall to the bottom. The components with lower boiling points remain in the vapor phase and are withdrawn from the top. 𝗙𝗲𝗲𝗱 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: The gas feed stream is introduced into the bottom of the column. 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Cold refrigerant is circulated through the top of the column, causing the components with higher boiling points (e.g., C4) to condense and fall to the bottom. The remaining vapor phase, containing lighter components (C1, C2, and C3), rises to the top of the column. 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁 𝗪𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗱𝗿𝗮𝘄𝗮𝗹: The desired gas fraction is withdrawn as a vapor product from the top of the column. The heavier components (C4) are collected as a liquid product from the bottom. 𝗥𝗲𝗯𝗼𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿: A reboiler is used to provide heat to the bottom of the column, while a condenser is used to cool the overhead vapors. 𝗧𝗲𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 The specific design and operating parameters of a gas fractionator will vary depending on the feed composition, desired product specifications, and refinery requirements. However, some typical numerical values may include: 𝗙𝗲𝗲𝗱 𝗥𝗮𝘁𝗲: 50,000 barrels per day 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝘂𝗺𝗻 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁: 100 feet 𝗡𝘂𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝘆𝘀: 30 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗲: 150 psig 𝗥𝗲𝗯𝗼𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗿 𝗗𝘂𝘁𝘆: 50 million BTU/hour 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗗𝘂𝘁𝘆: 100 million BTU/hour #GasFractionator #CatalyticCrackingUnit #OilRefinery #ChemicalEngineering #ProcessEngineering #Distillation #Hydrocarbons #PetroleumIndustry #Energy #Sustainability #ViralContent #KnowledgeSharing #TechnicalWriting #IndustryInsights #EngineeringTips #Petroleum #ChemicalProcess #RefiningProcess #IndustrialEngineering #TechnicalData #Viral #share #LinkedIn #LinkedInLearning #LinkedInJobs #LinkedInMarketing #LinkedInSales

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In cathodic protection (CP), we often use exothermic welding, also known as Cadweld, to create a connection between the pipeline and the negative drain wire. This connection injects a cathodic current supply as per best practices.

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