Rosmianto Aji Saputro

BFM's & Bus monitors BFM stands for Bus Functional model Monitors help you monitor the design outputs These are 2 very important concepts to learn, especially if you want to be a Verification engineer. Today, let's take a deep-dive into these concepts. Link in COMMENT #rtldesign #rtl #digital #digitalelectronics #digitalelectronics #lectures #computerengineering #computerarchitecture #vlsidesign #vlsi #vlsitraining #vlsijobs #vlsiprojects #verification #verificationengineer #physicaldesign #pd #physicaldesignengineer #semiconductor #semiconductorindustry #career #careerdevelopment #careerguidance #resume #resumebuilding #resumereview #mentor #mentorship #vlsihelpinghands #switispeaks #switipinjani #coding #codinglife #codingtutorial #codingtips #codingjourney #programming #programmer #education #computer #guidance #interview #selfimprovement #selfdevelopment #motivation #careerdevelopment #careers #learning #sv #uvm #systemverilog #soc #ip #asics #cpu #processor #hardwaredescriptionlanguage #cpu #gpu #graphics #supercomputer #tutorial

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📜 Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) 📜 📚 HDLs are text-based languages used to describe digital circuitry. They allow engineers to describe large digital systems without needing schematics, which become impractical as systems grow more complex. 🔄 HDLs support logic simulation at various levels of abstraction, enabling engineers to work at a high level and defer implementation details. 💻 Verilog and VHDL are the two dominant HDLs in use today. Verilog is known for being easier to and more accessible for beginners. 📈 VLSI Y-chart is a graphical depiction of design abstraction across three domains: Behavioral, Structural, and Physical. It illustrates the top-down design process, emphasizing synthesis and verification at each level of abstraction. ⚙️ HDLs model digital systems at various levels of abstraction: - System Level: Broad specifications (e.g., performance metrics, power consumption). - Algorithmic Level: Breaking down specifications into subsystems with associated behaviors. - Register Transfer Level (RTL): Describes how data is moved and manipulated within subsystems. - Gate Level: Describes the design using basic gates and registers. - Circuit Level: Describes the operation of gates and registers using transistors and other electrical components. 🚀 Digital Design Process - Integrates HDLs with CAD tools . - Simulation: functionality is simulated at each step, starting from the initial behavioral description and moving towards fabrication. - Verification: verification is done at each stage, ensuring that the design remains correct. #HDL #DigitalDesign #Verilog #VHDL

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I get regular queries about How to start building electronic embedded products?. How much time it takes? Do we need to join training institute? Master 'C'? Complete post-graduation? My standard reply is to ask your mother about how she learned cooking and follow what she tells you. Here are the steps to learn cooking / embedded. 1. Use your mother's kitchen and basic ingredients. (Buy material or use existing setup of your friend / mentor) 2. Work under guidance of an experienced cook, preferably your mother (Get a mentor who is doing same thing) 3. Start with simple food that can be eaten as snacks. (Build some thing simple but what is required) 4. Do not worry about the theory about cooking process, why potato become soft and egg become hard after boiling. Do not start measuring diameter and thickness of Chapati. (do not be concerned about concepts and internal architecture and theory). If you do not agree with this process - Thanks. I get that and I am willing to listen to you provided you have developed and sold multiple commercial embedded products. if you agree with me and wish to start building - message me. I have been regularly mentoring and helping future embedded developers. My inbox is open, Just do not ask for details or brochure. I am not trainer and have no written syllabus or course content. I have been building product and making money and can help you do same. I can not help in getting marks and certificate. edit : added after 1 hour of post if you like the idea - please repost this. if you wish to start with a 5 star meal on day 1, I advise you to start with Dal- Chawal first. if you are a student, please understand that setting up kitchen is expensive. find some one who has existing kitchen. edit 2 : response to some queries - can I learn embedded using simulator and free you tube videos? yes. you can. However you still need to practice. just think if you need driver for your new 20 lac SUV. will you hire a driver who only has spent time on simulators? edit 3: let me share an example of pro and cons for free learning - I started participating in Marathons last year. I did not opt for any paid training as there is nothing to learn in running/walking. However my body pained for few days and knee pain increased. I almost decides to discontinue. then on advise of fellow runner, I got a paid advise from a coach and things improved drastically. Today I advise that if you need to run even as hobby, it is much more economical to go for paid guidance. every thing has a cost, even free training has a cost. you choose.

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[Part 2] mmWave Android APP developing recording First issue I had was data loss. I had already set RAW mode. I want to get the whole data but I still happened to lose 0x11. It is very confusing. I check all kinds of settings. Then I found a flag, XION. It is related to 0x11. Now I am starting to use google to find someone who has the same problem as me. … … … after spending some time searching. I cannot find the solution to fix it. Then I use chatGPT. It gave me the suggestion. First he gave me a command “stty -F /dev/ttyS0 -a“. I can use it to check the current setting. I used it to test and I find my setting will be overwritten. Second, he gave a command “lsof | grep /dev/ttyS0”. I used this command and then I found some processes that also use the /dev/ttyS0. I was very surprised. I never thought this would happen. Finally I know how to fix this issue. I kill all processes that use the /dev/ttyS0. Now I can get the whole data. Second issue I had was the API of Android APP. I use it to know how to use the UI component in Android APP. The chatGPT can provide the sample code to me. It is very easy for me to know how to use the new API. The programming language is more and more complicated. It is not easy to understand all of them. For SW engineers, it is very important to have a good tool to help us to know how to use it. In 2024 I will say the best tool is chatGPT. Sharing my working history to you and my future self. Thanks for reading.

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𝑾𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝑰 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒚 ?  Some students ask this just one day before interview. None of my successful students asked this question in past. I think we can't prepare creative embedded system engineers by just sharing a set of interview questions asked by specific company. I did BSc before engineering because that was the default simple choice after 12th that time(1984) in small towns. During my first year(1985) , There was only one professor (by default HoD) for Mathematics. We used to get a question bank for each subject. He couldn't complete Modern Algebra because of his other activities. He taught first lesson and first question from Question bank. We were bit surprised in exam because that question was one of the options in Modern Algebra section. This kind of practice can help to pass the exam but can't create good talented folks. After above experience, I moved to another college of same university to complete second year and found excellent faculty. I was lucky to complete BSc within two years because after that it was made three year degree. I know many institutes share different list of questions for different companies. It is a short-cut to get job but not good for long term career. Important questions must be discussed or shared along with course. I expect students to complete online courses within given time frame. We provide many time bound courses as a part of Developer kit. Embedded System software is just Computer Engineering and can be strong foundation for anyone. My son did both CSE and embedded system advanced level in parallel. I had given him assignment of RPI, Linux , C++ etc during engineering itself. We have completed UART protocol with Interrupt handling in all August batches, Now planning for September. September batch can start learning coding skills any time now because they may have enough time during long weekend, If you are an engineering student in my connection and interested in embedded system, share this post and DM myself. Will provide some tips. 𝐎𝐮𝐫 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐰𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐮𝐩. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐰𝐚𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐫𝐲 𝐣𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞. Thomas A. Edison Have a Great Day ! #microcontroller #microcontrollers #embedded #embeddedsystem #embeddedlinux #embeddedc #freertos #firmware #firmwareengineer #firmwarejobs #devicedriver #softwareengineers #electronics #embeddedjobs #embeddedsystems #embeddedengineer #embedkari #opentowork #freshers

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[Part 1] mmWave Android APP developing recording I just finished up an Android Demo APP. Sharing some stories for you. Those include working with HW Engineer and using chatGPT to debug the serial UART. There are two platforms. One is a raspberry pi and the other is our main board of android TV (Android 12). The mmWave module uses UART to communicate. I need to implement middleware (C language) to read mmWave data from UART and send the mmWave data to Android TV Application (Java). First part I will talk about the HW implementation. In the beginning, I used raspberry pi to study how to use the UART interface. I need to check the HW PIN (ex: TX pin and RX pin) and connect them correctly. Using a basic Linux command to test it (ex: echo and cat). Using the oscilloscope to check the signal can be sent correctly. After our main board is ready, I can save time to implement it. First problem happened. After the main board is ready and uses some time, it cannot be turned on anymore. If you have a good partner for the HW engineer, it would be better but I don’t have one. After this HW engineer broke the fourth piece of the main board, finally he found the root cause. The root cause is GPIO supply 5 V but SoC only supports 3.5 V (max). Then it had already passed many weeks. SW jobs are tough. There is not much time left for you. UART devices have two kinds of types. One is the USB UART and the other is Serial UART. I used the serial UART to implement it because the main board didn’t support the USB UART.  It also is another problem story. Our HQ created a Windows Application for the same function but no data loss issue because he uses the USB UART. This is my first time using the Serial UART. To use a new function, it is SW engineer’s everyday job. No SW engineer can be familiar with all kinds of functions. We are very lucky in 2024. We have an amazing tool to use. It is chatGPT. For SW engineers, if we didn’t know how the new function was used. We will search by google. Sometimes we can get the solution in the personal blogger. Sometimes we can get the solution from the forum. To directly find the solution is a rare chance. We need to spend a lot of time trying and error. I use chatGPT to reduce my time for those parts. chatGPT is a smart guy. He gave me some recommendations. After I tried it, it was ready to be a workable solution. So good.

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IC DESIGN GETS REAL FOR 19 UNIVERSITIES.  Design the IC. Get them fabricated. Then get the chips back. Test them. Repeat.  With the stampede to build semicon fabs around the world worth tens of billions of dollars each, let’s give a little attention to the folks that feed them, the IC designers Every chip starts with a concept of what it needs to do, however simple or complicated. The chips in your phone, your home electronics, the digital clock, anything with a battery. There are hundreds of sensors and controllers in your car too. That’s where IC designers come in. We need lots of them. They translate the electronics circuits into chip designs using EDA software tools.  Because chip fabrication is expensive, the designs are first tested through simulation to ensure there are no mistakes. Computer simulation is important and is often the only way a student can know if the design is correctly done. There is nothing worse than getting a chip back after 10 weeks and finding out there is an error. As more universities in Malaysia respond to the clarion call to develop talent in IC design, the ability to validate their designs in the real world and learn what follows will become critical. In the real world of products, this can be very costly. USM CEDEC AND SILTERRA RENEWS MPW AGREEMENT The Agreement was signed this week between USM Vice Chancellor, Prof Dato Seri Abdul Rahman and SilTerra’s VP for Emerging Technologies, Thung Beng Joo is in response to that.  They have been working together on this since 2006. This arrangement - an extension of the long standing collaboration - was facilitated by CEDEC, the Collaborative Microelectronics Design Excellence Centre at Universiti Sains Malaysia to funnel requests from participating universities to SilTerra Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. as MPWs. MPWs (Multi-Project Wafers) allow multiple projects to be shared on a single wafer so that the total mask cost can be shared. As Centre Director Assoc Prof Dr Asrulnizam Abd Manaf explains, this arrangement allows students from the 19 participating universities to access the 110nm, 130nm and 180nm CMOS technology from SilTerra as part of their IC design courses. Without a real chip in their hands, their coursework only results in a nice piece of artwork. Now, you can have your chip and test it. CEDEC even has a lab with a special probe tester connected to equipment for such testing [video].  In addition, they provide training courses up to Masters and PhD levels with IC design capabilities for 65nm and 28nm nodes to processes in TSMC Taiwan, and to STMicroelectronics France as well as GlobalFoundries’ 180nm process in Singapore. That’s what it means to build up the much needed talent for semicon & IC design. Kudos to Silterra & all the universities involved. Thank you for inviting me to this event. Malaysia Boleh! [Malaysia yes we can!] Follow ET Tan for more provoking thoughts on tech and humanity, and happenings in semicon.#pearlnessofpenang

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Class AB output stage using depletion mode loads and CMOS inverter with current mirror load: From my study note.

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Roadmap to Mastering Embedded Systems: From Beginner to Advanced 1. Beginner Level: Foundations Understand the Basics: Start by learning basic electronics and digital logic. Understand concepts like voltage, current, and basic components like resistors, capacitors, and transistors. Learn Programming: Gain proficiency in C/C++, which are the primary languages used in embedded systems. Start with simple programs and gradually move to more complex projects. Introduction to Microcontrollers: Learn about microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino, PIC, STM32). Start with Arduino for hands-on practice. Work on simple projects like blinking LEDs, reading sensors, and controlling motors. 2. Intermediate Level: Diving Deeper Microcontroller Architecture: Study the architecture of microcontrollers, including memory management, timers, interrupts, and peripherals. Get comfortable with writing and debugging code that interacts with hardware. Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS): Learn the basics of RTOS, which is crucial for handling time-sensitive tasks in embedded systems. Understand task scheduling, multitasking, and inter-process communication. Communication Protocols: Explore common communication protocols used in embedded systems, such as I2C, SPI, UART, and CAN. Practice implementing these protocols in your projects. 3. Advanced Level: Mastery and Specialization Embedded Linux: Learn about embedded Linux for more complex systems. Understand how to configure and build custom Linux kernels, and work with device drivers. Low-Power Design: Focus on power management techniques, crucial for battery-operated devices. Learn about sleep modes, power-efficient coding practices, and energy harvesting. Advanced Projects: Take on complex projects that involve multiple components, such as developing your own IoT device or working with advanced sensors and communication modules. Specialization: Consider specializing in areas like automotive embedded systems, industrial automation, or wearable technology. Each area has specific requirements and tools, which you can learn based on your interests. Recommended YouTube Channel: "Tech Explained": This channel offers comprehensive tutorials, ranging from basic microcontroller programming to advanced embedded Linux topics. It's a great resource for following along the roadmap and gaining hands-on experience with various projects. This roadmap provides a structured approach to learning embedded systems, allowing you to progress from beginner to advanced levels at your own pace. #snsinstituitions #snsdesignthinking #designthinkers

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What is Embedded Linux? Embedded Linux refers to a Linux-based operating system that is specifically designed to run on embedded systems. Examples include routers, smart TVs, industrial control systems, and many IoT devices. Advantages of Linux and Open-Source in embedded systems - Ability to reuse components - Low cost - Full control - Easy testing of new features - Security - Community support - Participation in community work Key Components of Embedded - Bootloader: The bootloader initializes the hardware and loads the operating system kernel. Common bootloaders include U-Boot and Barebox. - Kernel: The Linux kernel manages hardware resources and provides essential services to the software running on the device. It can be configured and customized to suit specific needs. - Root Filesystem: This contains the necessary binaries, libraries, configuration files, and other resources needed for the system to operate. It can be built using various tools like Yocto, Buildroot, or directly from Linux distributions. - Toolchain: A cross-compilation toolchain includes a compiler, linker, and other tools necessary for building software for the target architecture - Libraries and Middleware: These provide additional functionality and abstraction over the kernel, enabling easier development of applications. - Applications The Linux kernel The Linux kernel and most other architecture-dependent components support a wide range of 32 and 64-bit architectures - x86 and x86-64 - ARM - RISC-V - PowerPC - MIPS - Microblaze - Linux does not support small microcontrollers (8 or 16 bit) Besides the toolchain, the bootloader and the kernel, all other components are generally architecture-independent Real-World Applications Embedded Linux is widely used in various industries due to its flexibility and open-source nature. Examples include: - Automotive: In-vehicle infotainment systems, telematics. - Consumer Electronics: Smart TVs, set-top boxes, home automation systems. - Industrial Automation: Control systems, robotics. - Networking: Routers, switches, gateways. #EmbeddedLinux #Embedded_Linux #Yocto #Buildroot #Device_Driver #Linux #Linux_Administration #BootlinEmbeddedLinux #Bootlin #OmarAdelShalaan #omaradelshalaan #OmarShalaan #omarshalaan #Omar_Shalaan #omar_shalaan

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Picking an oscilloscope in the mid-range can be tough. After R&S (https://lnkd.in/ggvRhWd7) loaned me an MXO 5, I can see how anyone developing an IoT device, power converter, or FPGA-based system needs to look at one of these performance powerhouses.

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🚀 New Embedded Systems Project -->> Treadmill Smart System. 🔧 Key Features: 1-Timers and Interrupts: Utilized Timer0 and Timer2 for time management and PWM generation. External interrupts handle user inputs effectively. 2-DC Motor Control: -Integrated a DC motor that can be controlled in terms of speed Motor speed can be dynamically adjusted using PWM signals(timer 2), ensuring smooth and precise control. 3-PIR Sensor Integration: -Utilized a PIR sensor to detect motion, which triggers the motor to start or stop. The system monitors the sensor in real-time, adjusting motor activity based on sensor input. 4-PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): -Implemented PWM using Timer2 to control the speed of the DC motor. The duty cycle of the PWM signal can be adjusted in increments, allowing for fine control over motor speed. User Interaction via External Interrupts: 5-External interrupts are used to handle user inputs for increasing or decreasing motor speed. Buttons are mapped to specific pins, with their states monitored and processed to adjust the motor's behavior accordingly. Time Tracking: 6-The system tracks time (seconds, minutes, hours) using Timer0, providing an accurate count of how long the motor has been running. Time is displayed on a set of 7-segment displays, updated continuously during operation. 7-Safety and Reset Functions: -Implemented stop, resume, and reset functionalities to enhance user control and safety. The motor can be stopped or resumed based on button presses, and the time counter can be reset as needed. During this project, I deepened my understanding of handling real-time interrupts and effectively managing hardware timers. The integration of sensor data with motor control added complexity but also provided valuable experience in developing responsive embedded systems. I will Develop this project more make it useful for controlling it with mobile phone soon... 🔗 GitHub Repository: You can find the full source code and detailed documentation for this project on my GitHub: GitHub Project Link =>https://lnkd.in/dJ5kivzb Feel free to explore the code, provide feedback, or suggest improvements! #AVR hashtag #EmbeddedProgramming hashtag #IoT hashtag #Microcontrollers hashtag #Timers hashtag #RealTimeSystems hashtag #Electronics hashtag #GitHub hashtag #EmbeddedSystems hashtag #AVRProgramming hashtag #RealTimeClock #ArtificialIntelligence hashtag #Internship hashtag #NationalTelecommunicationInstitute hashtag #NewBeginnings hashtag #AI hashtag #TechInnovation

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The SMBus (System Management Bus) interface is commonly used in DDR (Double Data Rate) memory modules for several purposes related to system management, configuration, and control. Here's how the SMBus interface is utilized in DDR memory modules: 1. **Serial Presence Detect (SPD):** One of the primary uses of the SMBus interface in DDR memory modules is for Serial Presence Detect (SPD). SPD is a standardized mechanism that allows the memory module to communicate its configuration and capabilities to the system's memory controller. Information such as module size, speed, timings, and manufacturer details are stored in an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) chip on the memory module. The SMBus interface is used to access this EEPROM and read the SPD data, allowing the system to automatically configure the memory settings accordingly. 2. **Temperature Monitoring:** The SMBus interface can also be used for temperature monitoring and thermal management of DDR memory modules. Some memory modules include temperature sensors that monitor the temperature of the module. The temperature data can be accessed via the SMBus interface, allowing the system to monitor and manage memory module temperatures to prevent overheating and ensure optimal performance. 3. **Power Management:** The SMBus interface can support power management features in DDR memory modules. This includes controlling the power state of the memory module, adjusting voltage levels, and implementing power-saving modes. The system can communicate with the memory module via the SMBus interface to dynamically adjust power settings based on system requirements and operating conditions. 4. **Error Reporting and Diagnostics:** The SMBus interface can facilitate error reporting and diagnostics in DDR memory modules. Memory modules may include error detection and correction mechanisms to identify and correct memory errors. Error information can be communicated to the system via the SMBus interface, allowing the system to log errors, initiate error recovery procedures, and provide diagnostic information to the user or system administrator. Overall, the SMBus interface in DDR memory modules plays a crucial role in system management, configuration, monitoring, and control. It enables communication between the memory module and the system's memory controller, allowing for automatic configuration, temperature monitoring, power management, error reporting, and diagnostics, contributing to the overall reliability and performance of the system. #smbus #ddr #electrical #electronics #design #i2c #uart #spi #temperature #system

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Continue to promote excellence and support for young professionals in the field of Surface-Mount Technology (SMT), which is vital in the Electrical and Electronics (E&E) sector. Many engineers in Malaysia face challenges related to fundamental SMT process issues, such as the use of IMC in solderable areas (IMC consumed), non-wetting, and cracking. Relying on trial and error is no longer viable in today's industry. This is a golden opportunity, granted to me by God, to assist engineers who lack process knowledge in becoming skilled in the SMT process. "The Knowledge of the Lamp of Life" is a proverb deeply familiar to us. Knowledge is a cornerstone of success in life. Therefore, we must remain ever ready to acquire and embrace new knowledge. Those who live with knowledge are assured that their lives will be meaningful. Join us (2nd Step) for a "Short Course" with Prof. Dr. Azman (Principal Research Fellow) and Dr. Fakhrozi (Industry Expert) to become an SME champion in SMT (Process).

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💻 Polling Method and Interrupt Method in Embedded Systems: Which is Better? 🤔 When it comes to handling tasks in embedded systems, we often hear about two primary techniques: Interrupt Method and Polling Method. Let's dive into what they are and which one might be more efficient! 🔄 Polling Method: How it works: The polling method involves the system repeatedly checking the status of a device or a specific condition in a continuous loop. Think of it as a security guard who constantly patrols an area to see if anything needs attention. The CPU runs a loop where it periodically checks if a specific event or condition has occurred. This could be checking the status of a sensor, monitoring user input, or waiting for a particular signal. Example: Imagine you have a button connected to a microcontroller. Using polling, the microcontroller will repeatedly check the button's state (pressed or not pressed) in a loop. If the button is pressed, it will execute the corresponding action. 🔔 Interrupt Method: How it works: The interrupt method allows the system to continue executing its main program until an external device sends an interrupt signal. Upon receiving this signal, the system temporarily pauses its current task to handle the interrupt.  Think of it as a phone call that stops you temporarily; you answer the call and then go back to what you were doing. Interrupt Signal: An interrupt signal is a hardware or software signal indicating that an event has occurred that needs immediate attention. Hardware interrupts can come from external devices like sensors, timers, or communication interfaces. Software interrupts are triggered by software conditions. Interrupt Service Routine (ISR): When an interrupt occurs, the CPU stops its current operations and executes a special function called the Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) designed to handle the specific interrupt. The ISR processes the interrupt, performs necessary actions, and then returns control to the main program. Prioritization: Interrupts can have different priority levels. High-priority interrupts can interrupt lower-priority ones, ensuring that critical events are handled promptly. Example: Imagine you have a button connected to a microcontroller. Instead of continuously checking the button's state in a loop (polling), the microcontroller waits for an interrupt signal. When the button is pressed, it generates an interrupt signal that causes the microcontroller to pause its current task and execute an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR). The ISR handles the button press, performs the necessary action, and then the microcontroller resumes its previous activity, shows efficient use of CPU resources. The choice depends on the specific requirements of your application. For tasks where response time is crucial, the Interrupt Method is often the better choice. For simpler tasks, Polling can be an easier and acceptable solution. #EmbeddedSystems #TechTalks #Interrupts #Polling

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Alternate Configuration for band-gap voltage reference circuit: From my study note.

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🔌 What is a Decoupling Capacitor? Why Do We Need It? In the world of embedded systems and electronics, decoupling capacitors are small but mighty components that play a crucial role in maintaining system stability. These capacitors are essential for filtering noise and ensuring the proper operation of digital circuits. Why Do We Need a Decoupling Capacitor? Decoupling capacitors act as local energy storage units. Their main purpose is to smooth out voltage fluctuations in the power supply that could otherwise disrupt sensitive components like microcontrollers, sensors, or communication modules. Without them, noise can cause erratic behavior, data corruption, or even system failure. How Do Decoupling Capacitors Work? These capacitors are placed between the power supply (VCC) and ground near critical components. When the supply voltage dips due to sudden current demands, the decoupling capacitor discharges its stored energy, maintaining a stable voltage. Conversely, if there's a voltage spike, it absorbs the excess charge, ensuring smooth operation. ✨ Key Features: Noise Filtering: Suppresses high-frequency noise. Stability: Ensures smooth voltage delivery to sensitive components. Low Cost & High Efficiency: They’re affordable yet highly effective in improving circuit reliability. Broad Frequency Range: Works across a wide range of frequencies to block noise effectively. Applications in Embedded Systems: Microcontrollers: Keeps voltage stable for processors and logic circuits (e.g., ESP32, STM32). Sensors & Communication Modules: Filters out noise to ensure accurate readings and data transmission. Power Supply Smoothing: Minimizes ripple and ensures stable power delivery in complex embedded systems. IoT Devices: Ensures reliable performance in connected devices where consistent power is critical. 🌟 Conclusion: Decoupling capacitors are a must-have for any well-designed embedded system. They ensure that voltage fluctuations don't interfere with your circuit's performance, making your designs more reliable and efficient. 💬 Let’s Discuss: Have you used decoupling capacitors in your embedded projects? How do they improve your designs? Share your thoughts below! 👇 #EmbeddedSystems #Electronics #IoT #Sensors #DecouplingCapacitor #CircuitDesign #Engineering #Automation

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#Rust is the only language (other than C) that's approved to develop #linux #kernel 😃 On performance, it come just after C, with very close benchmark runtime, but with many modern programming concepts. Moneim's post is very fruitful .. highly recommended if you intend to #learn rust #programming (kernel, #embedded, apps).

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How Data is Stored in Memory 🧠 in Embedded Systems In the world of embedded systems, understanding how data is stored in memory is crucial for optimizing performance, reducing power consumption, and ensuring reliability. Let's delve into the memory architecture of embedded devices and how they manage data storage. 1. Types of Memory in Embedded Systems: ROM (Read-Only Memory): Stores firmware or application code that doesn't change during execution. It's non-volatile, meaning it retains data without power. RAM (Random Access Memory): Used for temporary data storage during operation. It's volatile, so data is lost when power is off. RAM can be further divided into: SRAM (Static RAM): Fast and used for cache memory. DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Slower but offers higher densities. Flash Memory: A type of non-volatile memory used for storing code and data that need to persist between power cycles. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): Used for storing small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed, like configuration settings. 2. Memory Architecture: Harvard Architecture: Separates program instructions and data into different memory spaces, allowing simultaneous access and increasing speed. Von Neumann Architecture: Uses a single memory space for both instructions and data, simplifying design but potentially slowing down processing due to bottlenecks. 3. Data Storage Techniques: Memory Mapping: Assigning specific functions to fixed memory addresses for efficient access. Direct Memory Access (DMA): Allows peripherals to access memory independently of the CPU, improving efficiency. Stack and Heap Management: Proper allocation and deallocation of memory during runtime to prevent leaks and overflow. 4. Optimizing Memory Usage: Code Optimization: Writing efficient code to reduce memory footprint. Data Compression: Storing data in compressed formats when possible. Efficient Data Structures: Choosing the right data structures that use minimal memory without compromising performance. 5. Challenges: Limited Resources: Embedded systems often have limited memory, requiring careful planning. Power Consumption: Memory operations consume power; optimizing them can extend battery life. Reliability: Non-volatile memories have limited write cycles; overuse can lead to failure. Understanding these principles is essential for anyone involved in designing or programming embedded systems. Efficient memory management leads to more reliable, faster, and power-efficient devices. #EmbeddedSystems #MemoryManagement #IoT #Firmware #Electronics #Engineering #TechInnovation #DataStorage #Microcontrollers #HardwareDesign

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