HTML

Living Standard — Last Updated 22 November 2024

1. 1. 9.3 Cross-document messaging
      1. 9.3.1 Introduction
      2. 9.3.2 Security
         1. 9.3.2.1 Authors
         2. 9.3.2.2 User agents
      3. 9.3.3 Posting messages
   2. 9.4 Channel messaging
      1. 9.4.1 Introduction
         1. 9.4.1.1 Examples
         2. 9.4.1.2 Ports as the basis of an object-capability model on the web
         3. 9.4.1.3 Ports as the basis of abstracting out service implementations
      2. 9.4.2 Message channels
      3. 9.4.3 The MessageEventTarget mixin
      4. 9.4.4 Message ports
      5. 9.4.5 Ports and garbage collection
   3. 9.5 Broadcasting to other browsing contexts

9.3 Cross-document messaging

Web browsers, for security and privacy reasons, prevent documents in different domains from affecting each other; that is, cross-site scripting is disallowed.

While this is an important security feature, it prevents pages from different domains from communicating even when those pages are not hostile. This section introduces a messaging system that allows documents to communicate with each other regardless of their source domain, in a way designed to not enable cross-site scripting attacks.

The postMessage() API can be used as a tracking vector.

9.3.1 Introduction

This section is non-normative.

var o = document.getElementsByTagName('iframe')[0];
o.contentWindow.postMessage('Hello world', 'https://b.example.org/');

window.addEventListener('message', receiver, false);
function receiver(e) {
  if (e.origin == 'https://example.com') {
    if (e.data == 'Hello world') {
      e.source.postMessage('Hello', e.origin);
    } else {
      alert(e.data);
    }
  }
}

9.3.2 Security

9.3.2.1 Authors

Use of this API requires extra care to protect users from hostile entities abusing a site for their own purposes.

Authors should check the origin attribute to ensure that messages are only accepted from domains that they expect to receive messages from. Otherwise, bugs in the author's message handling code could be exploited by hostile sites.

Furthermore, even after checking the origin attribute, authors should also check that the data in question is of the expected format. Otherwise, if the source of the event has been attacked using a cross-site scripting flaw, further unchecked processing of information sent using the postMessage() method could result in the attack being propagated into the receiver.

Authors should not use the wildcard keyword (*) in the targetOrigin argument in messages that contain any confidential information, as otherwise there is no way to guarantee that the message is only delivered to the recipient to which it was intended.

Authors who accept messages from any origin are encouraged to consider the risks of a denial-of-service attack. An attacker could send a high volume of messages; if the receiving page performs expensive computation or causes network traffic to be sent for each such message, the attacker's message could be multiplied into a denial-of-service attack. Authors are encouraged to employ rate limiting (only accepting a certain number of messages per minute) to make such attacks impractical.

9.3.2.2 User agents

The integrity of this API is based on the inability for scripts of one origin to post arbitrary events (using dispatchEvent() or otherwise) to objects in other origins (those that are not the same).

Implementers are urged to take extra care in the implementation of this feature. It allows authors to transmit information from one domain to another domain, which is normally disallowed for security reasons. It also requires that UAs be careful to allow access to certain properties but not others.

User agents are also encouraged to consider rate-limiting message traffic between different origins, to protect naïve sites from denial-of-service attacks.

9.3.3 Posting messages

window.postMessage(message [, options ])

✔MDN

Window/postMessage

Support in all current engines.

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Posts a message to the given window. Messages can be structured objects, e.g. nested objects and arrays, can contain JavaScript values (strings, numbers, Date objects, etc.), and can contain certain data objects such as File Blob, FileList, and ArrayBuffer objects.

Objects listed in the transfer member of options are transferred, not just cloned, meaning that they are no longer usable on the sending side.

A target origin can be specified using the targetOrigin member of options. If not provided, it defaults to "/". This default restricts the message to same-origin targets only.

If the origin of the target window doesn't match the given target origin, the message is discarded, to avoid information leakage. To send the message to the target regardless of origin, set the target origin to "*".

Throws a "DataCloneError" DOMException if transfer array contains duplicate objects or if message could not be cloned.

window.postMessage(message, targetOrigin [, transfer ])

This is an alternate version of postMessage() where the target origin is specified as a parameter. Calling window.postMessage(message, target, transfer) is equivalent to window.postMessage(message, {targetOrigin, transfer}).

When posting a message to a Window of a browsing context that has just been navigated to a new Document is likely to result in the message not receiving its intended recipient: the scripts in the target browsing context have to have had time to set up listeners for the messages. Thus, for instance, in situations where a message is to be sent to the Window of newly created child iframe, authors are advised to have the child Document post a message to their parent announcing their readiness to receive messages, and for the parent to wait for this message before beginning posting messages.

The window post message steps, given a targetWindow, message, and options, are as follows:

1. Let targetRealm be targetWindow's realm.

2. Let incumbentSettings be the incumbent settings object.

3. Let targetOrigin be options["targetOrigin"].

4. If targetOrigin is a single U+002F SOLIDUS character (/), then set targetOrigin to incumbentSettings's origin.

5. Otherwise, if targetOrigin is not a single U+002A ASTERISK character (*), then:

   1. Let parsedURL be the result of running the URL parser on targetOrigin.

   2. If parsedURL is failure, then throw a "SyntaxError" DOMException.

   3. Set targetOrigin to parsedURL's origin.

6. Let transfer be options["transfer"].

7. Let serializeWithTransferResult be StructuredSerializeWithTransfer(message, transfer). Rethrow any exceptions.

8. Queue a global task on the posted message task source given targetWindow to run the following steps:

   1. If the targetOrigin argument is not a single literal U+002A ASTERISK character (*) and targetWindow's associated Document's origin is not same origin with targetOrigin, then return.

   2. Let origin be the serialization of incumbentSettings's origin.

   3. Let source be the WindowProxy object corresponding to incumbentSettings's global object (a Window object).

   4. Let deserializeRecord be StructuredDeserializeWithTransfer(serializeWithTransferResult, targetRealm).

      If this throws an exception, catch it, fire an event named messageerror at targetWindow, using MessageEvent, with the origin attribute initialized to origin and the source attribute initialized to source, and then return.

   5. Let messageClone be deserializeRecord.[[Deserialized]].

   6. Let newPorts be a new frozen array consisting of all MessagePort objects in deserializeRecord.[[TransferredValues]], if any, maintaining their relative order.

   7. Fire an event named message at targetWindow, using MessageEvent, with the origin attribute initialized to origin, the source attribute initialized to source, the data attribute initialized to messageClone, and the ports attribute initialized to newPorts.

The Window interface's postMessage(message, options) method steps are to run the window post message steps given this, message, and options.

The Window interface's postMessage(message, targetOrigin, transfer) method steps are to run the window post message steps given this, message, and «[ "targetOrigin" → targetOrigin, "transfer" → transfer ]».

9.4 Channel messaging

9.4.1 Introduction

This section is non-normative.

To enable independent pieces of code (e.g. running in different browsing contexts) to communicate directly, authors can use channel messaging.

Communication channels in this mechanism are implemented as two-ways pipes, with a port at each end. Messages sent in one port are delivered at the other port, and vice-versa. Messages are delivered as DOM events, without interrupting or blocking running tasks.

To create a connection (two "entangled" ports), the MessageChannel() constructor is called:

var channel = new MessageChannel();

One of the ports is kept as the local port, and the other port is sent to the remote code, e.g. using postMessage():

otherWindow.postMessage('hello', 'https://example.com', [channel.port2]);

To send messages, the postMessage() method on the port is used:

channel.port1.postMessage('hello');

To receive messages, one listens to message events:

channel.port1.onmessage = handleMessage;
function handleMessage(event) {
  // message is in event.data
  // ...
}

Data sent on a port can be structured data; for example here an array of strings is passed on a MessagePort:

port1.postMessage(['hello', 'world']);

9.4.1.1 Examples

This section is non-normative.

<script src="contacts.js"></script> <!-- exposes a contacts object -->
<script src="compose-mail.js"></script> <!-- exposes a composer object -->
<script>
 var channel = new MessageChannel();
 composer.addContactsProvider(channel.port1);
 contacts.registerConsumer(channel.port2);
</script>

function addContactsProvider(port) {
  port.onmessage = function (event) {
    switch (event.data.messageType) {
      case 'search-result': handleSearchResult(event.data.results); break;
      case 'search-done': handleSearchDone(); break;
      case 'search-error': handleSearchError(event.data.message); break;
      // ...
    }
  };
};

function addContactsProvider(port) {
  port.addEventListener('message', function (event) {
    if (event.data.messageType == 'search-result')
      handleSearchResult(event.data.results);
  });
  port.addEventListener('message', function (event) {
    if (event.data.messageType == 'search-done')
      handleSearchDone();
  });
  port.addEventListener('message', function (event) {
    if (event.data.messageType == 'search-error')
      handleSearchError(event.data.message);
  });
  // ...
  port.start();
};

9.4.1.2 Ports as the basis of an object-capability model on the web

This section is non-normative.

Ports can be viewed as a way to expose limited capabilities (in the object-capability model sense) to other actors in the system. This can either be a weak capability system, where the ports are merely used as a convenient model within a particular origin, or as a strong capability model, where they are provided by one origin provider as the only mechanism by which another origin consumer can effect change in or obtain information from provider.

For example, consider a situation in which a social web site embeds in one iframe the user's email contacts provider (an address book site, from a second origin), and in a second iframe a game (from a third origin). The outer social site and the game in the second iframe cannot access anything inside the first iframe; together they can only:

• Navigate the iframe to a new URL, such as the same URL but with a different fragment, causing the Window in the iframe to receive a hashchange event.

• Resize the iframe, causing the Window in the iframe to receive a resize event.

• Send a message event to the Window in the iframe using the window.postMessage() API.

The contacts provider can use these methods, most particularly the third one, to provide an API that can be accessed by other origins to manipulate the user's address book. For example, it could respond to a message "add-contact Guillaume Tell <[email protected]>" by adding the given person and email address to the user's address book.

To avoid any site on the web being able to manipulate the user's contacts, the contacts provider might only allow certain trusted sites, such as the social site, to do this.

Now suppose the game wanted to add a contact to the user's address book, and that the social site was willing to allow it to do so on its behalf, essentially "sharing" the trust that the contacts provider had with the social site. There are several ways it could do this; most simply, it could just proxy messages between the game site and the contacts site. However, this solution has a number of difficulties: it requires the social site to either completely trust the game site not to abuse the privilege, or it requires that the social site verify each request to make sure it's not a request that it doesn't want to allow (such as adding multiple contacts, reading the contacts, or deleting them); it also requires some additional complexity if there's ever the possibility of multiple games simultaneously trying to interact with the contacts provider.

Using message channels and MessagePort objects, however, all of these problems can go away. When the game tells the social site that it wants to add a contact, the social site can ask the contacts provider not for it to add a contact, but for the capability to add a single contact. The contacts provider then creates a pair of MessagePort objects, and sends one of them back to the social site, who forwards it on to the game. The game and the contacts provider then have a direct connection, and the contacts provider knows to only honor a single "add contact" request, nothing else. In other words, the game has been granted the capability to add a single contact.

9.4.1.3 Ports as the basis of abstracting out service implementations

This section is non-normative.

Continuing the example from the previous section, consider the contacts provider in particular. While an initial implementation might have simply used XMLHttpRequest objects in the service's iframe, an evolution of the service might instead want to use a shared worker with a single WebSocket connection.

If the initial design used MessagePort objects to grant capabilities, or even just to allow multiple simultaneous independent sessions, the service implementation can switch from the XMLHttpRequests-in-each-iframe model to the shared-WebSocket model without changing the API at all: the ports on the service provider side can all be forwarded to the shared worker without it affecting the users of the API in the slightest.

9.4.2 Message channels

[Exposed=(Window,Worker)]
interface MessageChannel {
  constructor();

  readonly attribute MessagePort port1;
  readonly attribute MessagePort port2;
};

channel = new MessageChannel()

✔MDN

MessageChannel/MessageChannel

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Returns a new MessageChannel object with two new MessagePort objects.

channel.port1

✔MDN

MessageChannel/port1

Support in all current engines.

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Returns the first MessagePort object.

channel.port2

✔MDN

MessageChannel/port2

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Returns the second MessagePort object.

A MessageChannel object has an associated port 1 and an associated port 2, both MessagePort objects.

The new MessageChannel() constructor steps are:

1. Set this's port 1 to a new MessagePort in this's relevant realm.

2. Set this's port 2 to a new MessagePort in this's relevant realm.

3. Entangle this's port 1 and this's port 2.

The port1 getter steps are to return this's port 1.

The port2 getter steps are to return this's port 2.

9.4.3 The MessageEventTarget mixin

interface mixin MessageEventTarget {
  attribute EventHandler onmessage;
  attribute EventHandler onmessageerror;
};

The following are the event handlers (and their corresponding event handler event types) that must be supported, as event handler IDL attributes, by objects implementing the MessageEventTarget interface:

9.4.4 Message ports

Each channel has two message ports. Data sent through one port is received by the other port, and vice versa.

[Exposed=(Window,Worker,AudioWorklet), Transferable]
interface MessagePort : EventTarget {
  undefined postMessage(any message, sequence<object> transfer);
  undefined postMessage(any message, optional StructuredSerializeOptions options = {});
  undefined start();
  undefined close();

  // event handlers
  attribute EventHandler onclose;
};

MessagePort includes MessageEventTarget;

dictionary StructuredSerializeOptions {
  sequence<object> transfer = [];
};

port.postMessage(message [, transfer])

✔MDN

MessagePort/postMessage

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port.postMessage(message [, { transfer }])

Posts a message through the channel. Objects listed in transfer are transferred, not just cloned, meaning that they are no longer usable on the sending side.

Throws a "DataCloneError" DOMException if transfer contains duplicate objects or port, or if message could not be cloned.

port.start()

✔MDN

MessagePort/start

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Begins dispatching messages received on the port.

port.close()

✔MDN

MessagePort/close

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Disconnects the port, so that it is no longer active.

Each MessagePort object has a message event target (a MessageEventTarget), to which the message and messageerror events are dispatched. Unless otherwise specified, it defaults to the MessagePort object itself.

Each MessagePort object can be entangled with another (a symmetric relationship). Each MessagePort object also has a task source called the port message queue, initially empty. A port message queue can be enabled or disabled, and is initially disabled. Once enabled, a port can never be disabled again (though messages in the queue can get moved to another queue or removed altogether, which has much the same effect). A MessagePort also has a has been shipped flag, which must initially be false.

When a port's port message queue is enabled, the event loop must use it as one of its task sources. When a port's relevant global object is a Window, all tasks queued on its port message queue must be associated with the port's relevant global object's associated Document.

If the document is fully active, but the event listeners were all created in the context of documents that are not fully active, then the messages will not be received unless and until the documents become fully active again.

Each event loop has a task source called the unshipped port message queue. This is a virtual task source: it must act as if it contained the tasks of each port message queue of each MessagePort whose has been shipped flag is false, whose port message queue is enabled, and whose relevant agent's event loop is that event loop, in the order in which they were added to their respective task source. When a task would be removed from the unshipped port message queue, it must instead be removed from its port message queue.

When a MessagePort's has been shipped flag is false, its port message queue must be ignored for the purposes of the event loop. (The unshipped port message queue is used instead.)

The has been shipped flag is set to true when a port, its twin, or the object it was cloned from, is or has been transferred. When a MessagePort's has been shipped flag is true, its port message queue acts as a first-class task source, unaffected to any unshipped port message queue.

When the user agent is to entangle two MessagePort objects, it must run the following steps:

1. If one of the ports is already entangled, then disentangle it and the port that it was entangled with.

   If those two previously entangled ports were the two ports of a MessageChannel object, then that MessageChannel object no longer represents an actual channel: the two ports in that object are no longer entangled.

2. Associate the two ports to be entangled, so that they form the two parts of a new channel. (There is no MessageChannel object that represents this channel.)

   Two ports A and B that have gone through this step are now said to be entangled; one is entangled to the other, and vice versa.

   While this specification describes this process as instantaneous, implementations are more likely to implement it via message passing. As with all algorithms, the key is "merely" that the end result be indistinguishable, in a black-box sense, from the specification.

The disentangle steps, given a MessagePort initiatorPort which initiates disentangling, are as follows:

1. Let otherPort be the MessagePort which initiatorPort was entangled with.

2. Assert: otherPort exists.

3. Disentangle initiatorPort and otherPort, so that they are no longer entangled or associated with each other.

4. Fire an event named close at otherPort.

MessagePort objects are transferable objects. Their transfer steps, given value and dataHolder, are:

1. Set value's has been shipped flag to true.

2. Set dataHolder.[[PortMessageQueue]] to value's port message queue.

3. If value is entangled with another port remotePort, then:

   1. Set remotePort's has been shipped flag to true.

   2. Set dataHolder.[[RemotePort]] to remotePort.

4. Otherwise, set dataHolder.[[RemotePort]] to null.

Their transfer-receiving steps, given dataHolder and value, are:

1. Set value's has been shipped flag to true.

2. Move all the tasks that are to fire message events in dataHolder.[[PortMessageQueue]] to the port message queue of value, if any, leaving value's port message queue in its initial disabled state, and, if value's relevant global object is a Window, associating the moved tasks with value's relevant global object's associated Document.

3. If dataHolder.[[RemotePort]] is not null, then entangle dataHolder.[[RemotePort]] and value. (This will disentangle dataHolder.[[RemotePort]] from the original port that was transferred.)

The message port post message steps, given sourcePort, targetPort, message and options are as follows:

1. Let transfer be options["transfer"].

2. If transfer contains sourcePort, then throw a "DataCloneError" DOMException.

3. Let doomed be false.

4. If targetPort is not null and transfer contains targetPort, then set doomed to true and optionally report to a developer console that the target port was posted to itself, causing the communication channel to be lost.

5. Let serializeWithTransferResult be StructuredSerializeWithTransfer(message, transfer). Rethrow any exceptions.

6. If targetPort is null, or if doomed is true, then return.

7. Add a task that runs the following steps to the port message queue of targetPort:

   1. Let finalTargetPort be the MessagePort in whose port message queue the task now finds itself.

      This can be different from targetPort, if targetPort itself was transferred and thus all its tasks moved along with it.

   2. Let messageEventTarget be finalTargetPort's message event target.

   3. Let targetRealm be finalTargetPort's relevant realm.

   4. Let deserializeRecord be StructuredDeserializeWithTransfer(serializeWithTransferResult, targetRealm).

      If this throws an exception, catch it, fire an event named messageerror at messageEventTarget, using MessageEvent, and then return.

   5. Let messageClone be deserializeRecord.[[Deserialized]].

   6. Let newPorts be a new frozen array consisting of all MessagePort objects in deserializeRecord.[[TransferredValues]], if any, maintaining their relative order.

   7. Fire an event named message at messageEventTarget, using MessageEvent, with the data attribute initialized to messageClone and the ports attribute initialized to newPorts.

The postMessage(message, options) method steps are:

1. Let targetPort be the port with which this is entangled, if any; otherwise let it be null.

2. Run the message port post message steps providing this, targetPort, message and options.

The postMessage(message, transfer) method steps are:

1. Let targetPort be the port with which this is entangled, if any; otherwise let it be null.

2. Let options be «[ "transfer" → transfer ]».

3. Run the message port post message steps providing this, targetPort, message and options.

The start() method steps are to enable this's port message queue, if it is not already enabled.

The close() method steps are:

1. Set this's [[Detached]] internal slot value to true.

2. If this is entangled, disentangle it.

The following are the event handlers (and their corresponding event handler event types) that must be supported, as event handler IDL attributes, by all objects implementing the MessagePort interface:

The first time a MessagePort object's onmessage IDL attribute is set, the port's port message queue must be enabled, as if the start() method had been called.

9.4.5 Ports and garbage collection

When a MessagePort object o is garbage collected, if o is entangled, then the user agent must disentangle o.

When a MessagePort object o is entangled and message or messageerror event listener is registered, user agents must act as if o's entangled MessagePort object has a strong reference to o.

Furthermore, a MessagePort object must not be garbage collected while there exists an event referenced by a task in a task queue that is to be dispatched on that MessagePort object, or while the MessagePort object's port message queue is enabled and not empty.

Authors are strongly encouraged to explicitly close MessagePort objects to disentangle them, so that their resources can be recollected. Creating many MessagePort objects and discarding them without closing them can lead to high transient memory usage since garbage collection is not necessarily performed promptly, especially for MessagePorts where garbage collection can involve cross-process coordination.

9.5 Broadcasting to other browsing contexts

Pages on a single origin opened by the same user in the same user agent but in different unrelated browsing contexts sometimes need to send notifications to each other, for example "hey, the user logged in over here, check your credentials again".

For elaborate cases, e.g. to manage locking of shared state, to manage synchronization of resources between a server and multiple local clients, to share a WebSocket connection with a remote host, and so forth, shared workers are the most appropriate solution.

For simple cases, though, where a shared worker would be an unreasonable overhead, authors can use the simple channel-based broadcast mechanism described in this section.

[Exposed=(Window,Worker)]
interface BroadcastChannel : EventTarget {
  constructor(DOMString name);

  readonly attribute DOMString name;
  undefined postMessage(any message);
  undefined close();
  attribute EventHandler onmessage;
  attribute EventHandler onmessageerror;
};

broadcastChannel = new BroadcastChannel(name)

✔MDN

BroadcastChannel/BroadcastChannel

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Returns a new BroadcastChannel object via which messages for the given channel name can be sent and received.

broadcastChannel.name

✔MDN

BroadcastChannel/name

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Returns the channel name (as passed to the constructor).

broadcastChannel.postMessage(message)

✔MDN

BroadcastChannel/postMessage

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Sends the given message to other BroadcastChannel objects set up for this channel. Messages can be structured objects, e.g. nested objects and arrays.

broadcastChannel.close()

✔MDN

BroadcastChannel/close

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Closes the BroadcastChannel object, opening it up to garbage collection.

A BroadcastChannel object has a channel name and a closed flag.

The new BroadcastChannel(name) constructor steps are:

1. Set this's channel name to name.

2. Set this's closed flag to false.

The name getter steps are to return this's channel name.

A BroadcastChannel object is said to be eligible for messaging when its relevant global object is either:

• a Window object whose associated Document is fully active, or

• a WorkerGlobalScope object whose closing flag is false and whose worker is not a suspendable worker.

The postMessage(message) method steps are:

1. If this is not eligible for messaging, then return.

2. If this's closed flag is true, then throw an "InvalidStateError" DOMException.

3. Let serialized be StructuredSerialize(message). Rethrow any exceptions.

4. Let sourceOrigin be this's relevant settings object's origin.

5. Let sourceStorageKey be the result of running obtain a storage key for non-storage purposes with this's relevant settings object.

6. Let destinations be a list of BroadcastChannel objects that match the following criteria:

   • They are eligible for messaging.

   • The result of running obtain a storage key for non-storage purposes with their relevant settings object equals sourceStorageKey.

   • Their channel name is this's channel name.

7. Remove source from destinations.

8. Sort destinations such that all BroadcastChannel objects whose relevant agents are the same are sorted in creation order, oldest first. (This does not define a complete ordering. Within this constraint, user agents may sort the list in any implementation-defined manner.)

9. For each destination in destinations, queue a global task on the DOM manipulation task source given destination's relevant global object to perform the following steps:

   1. If destination's closed flag is true, then abort these steps.

   2. Let targetRealm be destination's relevant realm.

   3. Let data be StructuredDeserialize(serialized, targetRealm).

      If this throws an exception, catch it, fire an event named messageerror at destination, using MessageEvent, with the origin attribute initialized to the serialization of sourceOrigin, and then abort these steps.

   4. Fire an event named message at destination, using MessageEvent, with the data attribute initialized to data and the origin attribute initialized to the serialization of sourceOrigin.

While a BroadcastChannel object whose closed flag is false has an event listener registered for message or messageerror events, there must be a strong reference from the BroadcastChannel object's relevant global object to the BroadcastChannel object itself.

The close() method steps are to set this's closed flag to true.

Authors are strongly encouraged to explicitly close BroadcastChannel objects when they are no longer needed, so that they can be garbage collected. Creating many BroadcastChannel objects and discarding them while leaving them with an event listener and without closing them can lead to an apparent memory leak, since the objects will continue to live for as long as they have an event listener (or until their page or worker is closed).

The following are the event handlers (and their corresponding event handler event types) that must be supported, as event handler IDL attributes, by all objects implementing the BroadcastChannel interface:

var authChannel = new BroadcastChannel('auth');
authChannel.onmessage = function (event) {
  if (event.data == 'logout')
    showLogout();
}

function logoutRequested() {
  // called when the user asks us to log them out
  doLogout();
  showLogout();
  authChannel.postMessage('logout');
}

function doLogout() {
  // actually log the user out (e.g. clearing cookies)
  // ...
}

function showLogout() {
  // update the UI to indicate we're logged out
  // ...
}