Haƙƙin Gyare-Gyare
 Haƙƙin Gyare-Gyare | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
proposed legislation (en)  da Haƙƙoƙi |
| Yana haddasa |
reverse engineering (en) |
| Hannun riga da |
planned obsolescence (en) |
Haƙƙin gyare-gyare, yana nufin dokar da gwamnati za ta ba da damar masu amfani da damar gyara da gyara kayan masarufi, (misali lantarki, na'urorin mota ko motocin gona irin su tarakto). inda in ba haka ba mai yin irin waɗannan samfuran yana buƙatar mabukaci ya yi amfani da shi kawai. sabil ɗin da ake bayarwa ta Kuma hanyar hana damar yin amfani da kayan aiki da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, ko shingen software da aka sanya a wuri don hana gyara ko gyara mai zaman kansa. Wadannan matsalolin sukan haifar da hauhawar farashin kayan masarufi ko kuma tura masu sayayya don maye gurbin na'urori maimakon gyara su. Yayin da al'ummar duniya ke nuna damuwa game da ci gaba da girma na magudanar ruwa (musamman na'urorin lantarki), muhawara ta farko kan 'yancin yin gyara ta ta'allaka ne kan Amurka da cikin Tarayyar Turai.
Ma'anarsa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Haƙƙin gyare-gyare yana nufin manufar ƙyale masu amfani na ƙarshe, masu amfani da kasuwanci da masu amfani, na fasaha, lantarki ko na'urorin mota don gyara waɗannan samfuran cikin yardar kaina idan akwai gazawar inji ko fasaha. Abubuwan buƙatu guda huɗu suna da mahimmanci musamman sune kamar haka:
- kamata ya yi a yi na’urar da kuma tsara ta yadda za a yi gyara cikin sauki;
- Masu amfani na ƙarshe da masu ba da gyare-gyare masu zaman kansu ya kamata su sami damar samun dama ga kayan aiki na asali da kayan aiki (software da kayan aikin jiki) da ake buƙata don gyara na'urar a yanayin kasuwa mai kyau;
- gyare-gyare ta hanyar ƙira ya kamata ya yiwu kuma kada a hana shi ta hanyar shirye-shiryen software;
- gyara na'urar yakamata a sanar da masana'anta a sarari.
Yayin da farko hukumomin kariya na masu amfani da motoci da kera motoci bayan masana'antar sabis na tallace-tallace suka jagoranci, tattaunawar kafa haƙƙin gyara ga kowace irin na'ura da masana'antu suka sami ƙarbuwa yayin da na'urorin lantarki irin su wayoyi da kwamfutoci suka zama gama gari ana amfani da su.[1][2]
Manufofin haƙƙin gyare-gyare shine a fifita gyara a maimakon maye gurbin da kuma sanya irin waɗannan gyare-gyaren mafi araha wanda zai haifar da tattalin arziƙi mai dorewa da raguwar sharar lantarki. Nan da shekara ta 2021 ƙasashe da yawa da ƙungiyoyin tattalin arziki sun ba da shawarar haƙƙin gyara doka don masana'antu daban-daban kamar na'urorin lantarki ko na kera motoci.
Tasirin muhalli na rashin gyarawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Na'urorin lantarki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sharar gida
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke ƙara ta'azzara matsalar e-sharar gida shine raguwar rayuwar yawancin kayan lantarki da na lantarki. Akwai direbobi guda biyu (musamman) don wannan yanayin. A gefe guda, buƙatun mabukaci na samfuran masu ƙarancin farashi yana adawa da ingancin samfur kuma yana haifar da gajeriyar rayuwar samfur. A ɗaya kuma, masana'antun a wasu sassa suna ƙarfafa sake zagayowar haɓakawa na yau da kullun, kuma suna iya tilasta shi ko da yake an iyakance samar da kayan gyara, littattafan sabis da sabunta software, ko ta hanyar tsufa da aka tsara.[3]
Na'urorin lantarki da ba a yi amfani da su ba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Har zuwa kashi 95% na albarkatun da ake amfani da su don kera na'urorin lantarki za a iya sake yin fa'ida, yayin da mafi yawan sabbin na'urorin da aka kera suna amfani da kaɗan zuwa wani abu da aka sake fa'ida saboda tsada. A Italiya misali, 52% na yawan jama'a sun mallaki na'urorin lantarki ɗaya ko fiye da ba a yi amfani da su ba saboda tsufa ko lalacewar injina ko gazawar lantarki. Ba da damar gyare-gyare cikin sauƙi zai sake dawo da kaso mafi girma na waɗannan na'urori zuwa kasuwa ta hannu ta biyu don haka rage samar da sabbin na'urori kuma a sakamakon haka rage yawan amfani da albarkatun ƙasa da hayaƙi da ke haifar da irin waɗannan na'urori.
Bangaren motoci da ababen hawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rage fitar da iska ta hanyar maye gurbin jiragen ruwa maimakon gyara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da yake haƙƙin gyara kusan koyaushe yana fifita mabukaci, daga mahangar muhalli sake amfani da su a cikin masana'antar kera motoci ba za a iya fifita su a kowane lokaci fiye da tsofaffi ba: ci gaba da ƙa'ida a Turai da Amurka ya haifar da matsakaicin hayaƙi na motoci yayin amfani. muhimmanci. Yayin da samar da mota ke haifar da hayaki mai mahimmanci, gaba ɗayan hayaƙin rayuwa yana da ƙasa da yawa idan aka yi la'akari da raguwa yayin amfani da motar. A cikin shekara ta 2009 gwamnatin Jamus ta zaburar da masu siye da kasuwanci don maye gurbin tsofaffin motoci da sababbi. A lokacin yakin neman zaben an maye gurbin motoci sama da 400.000 masu matsakaicin shekaru 14.4 tare da nau'ikan na yanzu suna rage hayakin jiragen ruwa na kasa da kashi 1% a kowace shekara tare da raguwa mai ban mamaki a cikin barbashi da iskar oxygen.[4][5][6]
Tarihin haƙƙin gyarawa a Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsare-tsare na tsufa da ƙuntatawa da rikitarwa masu zaman kansu (1920-1950)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ra'ayi cewa ci gaba da canje-canje ga kayayyakin halitta ci gaba da bukatar musanya wani samfurin ta mazan tsara da aka kawo sama a kan babban sikelin da General Motors executive Alfred P. Sloan, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba da canje-canje ga tsarin su a kan shekara guda fiye da shekara tushe zai haifar da buƙatar buƙatun. abokan ciniki don maye gurbin motocin da aka saya a baya da sababbi. Duk da yake babban gasa Ford, bisa ka'idodin da ya kafa Henry Ford, ya fi son sauƙi da sauƙi don maye gurbin sassa, sau da yawa masu canzawa a cikin samfurori, GM ya ji ba'a iyakance ga la'akari ba game da ikon abokin ciniki don gyara motocin har ma da abubuwan da aka fi so. ƙananan inganci don daidaitawa da sauri zuwa canje-canje na shekara-shekara a cikin buƙatun mabukaci a cikin bege na siyar da ƙarin motoci. Daga ƙarshe wannan dabarar ta ba GM damar ƙetare Ford a matsayin babban mai kera motoci na Amurka. Sakamakon nasarar GM, manufar canza ƙira da gangan kuma a sakamakon haka ma sassa a cikin bambance-bambancen samfur na shekara-shekara sun zama dabarun da aka amince da su sosai a tsakanin masana'antu daban-daban a cikin tattalin arzikin Amurka kuma Ford ta karɓe shi.
Duk da yake GM da Ford da farko sun bambanta sosai game da tsarinsu na musanya kayan aiki da sauƙi na gyarawa, masana'antar mota gaba ɗaya ita ce kan gaba wajen kafa manufar gyare-gyaren da aka tabbatar: Tun daga shekarun 1910 da 20s Ford ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don kafawa. ƙwararrun dillalai da cibiyoyin sadarwar sabis don fitar da abokan ciniki zuwa Ford sun samar da sassan maimakon zaɓin shagunan gyara masu zaman kansu kuma galibi ba na gaske ba bayan sassan tallace-tallace don gyara motoci. Har ila yau, Ford ya matsa kaimi don daidaita farashi a tsakanin ingantattun shagunan gyaran gyare-gyaren da ke yin tilascin kuɗaɗen kuɗi ko da na gyare-gyare daban-daban.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
Wannan tsarin ya lalata gyare-gyare mai zaman kanta daga kusurwoyi daban-daban: idan aka ba da ci gaba da haɓaka ƙirar ƙira, masu amfani da hankali an tura su zuwa sayan sabbin motoci yayin da kula da tsofaffin motoci da gyare-gyaren da ake buƙata ba su da kyau ta hanyar tura masu amfani zuwa hanyoyin sadarwar gyara izini waɗanda galibi suka fi tsada fiye da masu zaman kansu..
A gaskiya ma, ba wai kawai masana'antun sun lalata yuwuwar gyara ta hanyar fasaha ba, sun kuma kai hari kan kamfanoni a kotuna da suka yi ƙoƙari su gyara kayan aiki: a cikin shekara ta 1938 Champion Spark Plug, wani kamfani wanda da kansa ya gina nasararsa a kan kwafin ƙirar tartsatsi na waje don zama. kerarre kuma daga baya aka sayar wa Buick, ya kai ƙarar kamfanin Reich.[14][15]
Ƙuntata samun dama ga sassa (1950s-2000s)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 1956 yawancin masana'antun masana'antu daban-daban sun yi amfani da dabara mai kama da GM don samfuran su, amma matsayi mafi girma na IBM a cikin babbar kasuwar kwamfuta ya haifar da haƙƙin farko na gyarawa: IBM, a baya a lokacin babban mai samar da fasahar bayanai ga masana'antu. Gwamnatin Amurka da manyan kamfanoni, ma'aikatar shari'a ta kai karar gwamnatin Amurka saboda rashin gasa da ke lalata kasuwar hannu ta biyu ta hanyar hana abokan ciniki damar mallaka, amma kawai don hayar kayayyakinsu. Ganin cewa duk kayan aikin dole ne a mayar da su ga IBM bayan karewar yarjejeniyar hayar IBM ita ce kawai mai injinan. Samun damar zuwa software na IBM da kayan masarufi koyaushe ana haɗa su yadda ya kamata tare da kiyaye sauran kamfanoni "software" daga kayan aikinsu kuma ba sa barin abokan ciniki su gudanar da dabarun IBM akan injunan IBM. Idan aka yi la’akari da matsayin kasuwar IBM na kusada guda ɗaya, Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Amurka ta yi nasarar bin dokar amincewa da ta tilastawa IBM ba wai kawai ta sayar da duk samfuran a yanayin da ba zai yi lahani ga siyan hayar su ba, har ma don karkatar da sashin sabis da samar da sassa, kiyayewa. umarni da kayan aiki a yanayin kasuwanci iri ɗaya ga kamfanonin gyara masu zaman kansu dangane da sashin sabis na kansu suna ba da tabbacin cewa za a iya ƙirƙirar kasuwar hannu ta biyu da bayan kasuwar tallace-tallace. Duk da yake wannan ya zama ainihin haƙƙin farko na gyarawa, dalilan yanke shawarar sun dogara ne akan dalilai na aminci kuma ba a zartar da su akan masana'antun lantarki na gaba a matsayin ƙofar masu fafatawa a cikin gida irin su HP da masana'antun Asiya ta hanyar gabatar da abin da ake kira na'urori masu dacewa da IBM da aka kafa. yawan 'yan wasa daban-daban a kasuwa. Sakamakon haka an soke dokar amincewa a kotuna a shekara ta 1997.[16][17] [18]
A halin da ake ciki ƙananan kotuna da manyan kotuna sun ci gaba da ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa mallakar samfur ya zo tare da haƙƙin gyarawa da gyare-gyaren irin wannan samfurin: a cikin shekara ta 1961 Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci a fili game da shari'ar Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Mai canzawa Top Replacement Co. cewa hatta samfuran haƙƙin mallaka ana iya gyara su ba tare da keta haƙƙin mai haƙƙin mallaka ba. Yayin da al'amuran da suka gabata suka yi amfani da matakai masu rikitarwa don nauyi idan an sake gina samfur ko gyara, Kotun Koli ta bayyana karara cewa, muddin za'a iya gane samfur a matsayin abin da aka gyara ba azaman sabon samfuri ba, an yarda da gyara.
Tare da IBM yana fuskantar babban matsin lamba ta umarnin yarda da yanayin doka da ke karkata don neman gyara, sauran masana'antun masana'antu sun ɗauki juzu'i daban-daban kuma suna tsoma baki tare da gyare-gyare mara izini ta hanyar lantarki. Apple, wanda ya tashi da sauri ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antun kwamfuta, ya sayar da kwamfutoci na farko tare da kwatancen allon kewayawa, mai sauƙin musanya abubuwan haɗin gwiwa da share umarnin gyarawa. Ƙaddamar da ci gaban fasaha kowane nau'in samfura kamar motoci, masu yankan lawn, har ma da injin kofi, suna da ƙarin kayan aikin lantarki ta hanyar ƙira, da wuya a maye gurbinsu fiye da injiniyoyi. Duk da yake a cikin shekaru hamsin na lantarki a cikin mota an iyakance shi ga sauƙi mai sauƙi don fara injuna da kuma samar da abubuwa masu sauƙi kamar na'urar kwandishan ko kulle tsakiya, shekarun sittin sun ga karuwar adadin na'urori masu mahimmanci da za a yi amfani da su a cikin motoci da ke farawa da sarrafa injin kamar man fetur. kunna wuta. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan tsari na haɗa kayan lantarki tare da injiniyoyi, rabon kayan lantarki a cikin jimlar lissafin kayan mota ya tashi daga 5% a cikin 1970s zuwa sama da 22% a cikin shekara ta 2000.
1975 ya ga gabatarwar Dokar Garanti na Magnuson-Moss wanda ke jagorantar ka'idoji don garanti da aka bayar akan samfuran: yayin da doka ba ta ayyana wajibci ga masana'anta don ba da garanti tare da kowane samfurin da aka sayar wa masu siye ba, ya ayyana mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodi don irin wannan garanti idan mai kaya ya yanke shawarar ba da shi. Tarihin majalissar yana nuna cewa manufar dokar ita ce samar da garanti akan samfuran mabukaci cikin sauƙin fahimta da aiwatarwa da samar da Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya hanyoyin da za a inganta masu siye. [19] Yayin da Dokar Garanti ta Magnusson-Moss ta ayyana sharuɗɗan kamar gyarawa a cikin garanti, bai wajabta masana'antun su buɗe samfuran su don gyarawa cikin sauƙi ba.
Bugu da kari, haƙƙin mallaka ya zama gaba kan iyakancewar gyarawa: kamar yadda lambar software ta rubuta ta bai wa mahaliccin lambar ikon kawai don yanke hukunci idan za a ƙirƙiri abubuwan da aka samo asali daga lamba ɗaya. Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun misalan shine ƙarar MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc. wanda a cikinsa aka gurfanar da Peak Computer, Inc. ta hanyar yin kwafin tsarin aiki na MAI ba tare da izini ba don gyara tsarin kwamfuta da MAI kera. Duk da yake MAI lashe ƙarar, da majalisa chambers aiwatar ban da Digital Millennium Copyright Dokar a shekara ta 1998 fili kyale irin wannan kofe ga manufar gyara na'ura. Duk da yake wannan dokar don haka ta daidaita yanayin shigar da software mai kariya don manufar kulawa da gyara, ba ta yi hasashen adadin makullin software na shekaru masu zuwa ba.[20][21]
Filin na'urar tawada tawada ta zama abin sha'awa ga jama'a: tare da shigar da kwamfutoci a kusan kowane gida kuma firintocin sun kasance ga kusan kowa da kowa. Masu kera na'ura sun ga tallace-tallacen harsashin tawada a matsayin samfurin kasuwanci mai riba a haƙiƙanin gaskiya sau da yawa suna ƙara cajin tawada sannan na firinta da kanta. Don hana sake cika harsashi fanko, yawancin masana'antun sun fara sanya microchips kirga matakan cika matakan da amfani akan sake cika harsashi ba zai yiwu ba ko aƙalla ya fi wahala.[22][23]
Sabbin ƙalubale (2000-2020)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Doka tana motsawa zuwa dama don gyarawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da farkon shekara ta 2000s masana'antar ƙera motoci ta sake yin bincike: shawarar farko na haƙƙin gyara lissafin masana'antar kera motoci Joe Barton da Edolphus Towns ne suka gabatar da su don kawo ƙarshen "ƙaddarar da ba ta dace ba" na masu kera motoci da ke kula da su. kan gyaran bayanan da ka iya haifar da shaguna masu zaman kansu su juya masu motoci baya saboda rashin bayani. Ƙoƙarin yunƙurin shiga tsakani da masana'antar kera motoci suka yi watsi da shawarar amma duk da haka ya gabatar da ci gaba ta hanyar yarjejeniyar sa-kai da ta tilasta wa masana'antun samar da kayayyakin gyara da bincike ga kamfanonin gyara masu zaman kansu. Duk da yake yarjejeniyar son rai tabbas ta kasance ci gaba, bincike daga baya ya gano cewa samun damar yin amfani da kayan gyara da gwajin mota ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin matsala don ayyukan gyara masu zaman kansu. A gaskiya ma, wani binciken da Terrance Group ya gudanar ya gano cewa fiye da 59% na ayyukan gyara masu zaman kansu sun ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don samun damar yin amfani da kayan aikin bincike da sassa daga masana'antun.[24]
Bayan saitin yana goyan bayan ci gaba da haɓaka haƙƙin gyare-gyare a cikin motoci kamar yadda sauran masana'antu suka fara samun karɓuwa a reshen majalisa tare da ƙara yawan shawarwarin doka da yanke hukuncin kotu sune kamar haka:
| Shekara | Abubuwan da suka faru | Bayanan kula |
|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Haƙƙin Gyaran Motoci S.2617 (bai gaza) | Ga motoci, farkon yunƙurin kafa haƙƙin gyarawa |
| 2008 | Kotun kolin Amurka ta goyi bayan karar matakin da ke kalubalantar manufofin dillalan kan buda wayoyi | Tilasta wa masu amfani da wayar hannu don buɗe wayoyin hannu |
| 2012 | Haƙƙin gyaran mota ya wuce a Massachusetts | Dokar da ta yi nasara ta farko ta gyara |
| 2014 | Haƙƙin dijital don gyara lissafin da aka zartar a South Dakota | Nasarar nasarar farko ta haƙƙin lantarki don gyarawa |
| 2015 | Laburaren Majalisa ta yanke hukunci don goyon bayan keɓantawar gyara a cikin DMCA | DCMA dokar kwafin kariyar keɓewa don gyarawa |
| 2017 | Abubuwan da aka bayar na Impression Prods, Inc. v. Lexmark Int'l, Inc. girma | Kotun Koli ta tabbatar da cewa kamfanoni ba za su iya amfani da dokar haƙƙin mallaka ba don toshe sake yin amfani da samfuran da aka kiyaye ta hanyar haƙƙin mallaka da zarar an sayar da samfurin yana tabbatar da fifiko daga sauran masana'antu. |
| 2019 | Jihohi 20 sun fara la'akari da 'yancin gyara lissafin | California, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Dakota ta Kudu, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia |
| 2020 | Haƙƙin likitanci don gyara shawarwarin lissafin | Don ƙara samar da na'urorin iska yayin bala'in COVID-19 |
Nasarar farko ta aiwatar da haƙƙin gyara ta zo ne lokacin da Massachusetts ta zartar da haƙƙin farko na Amurka na gyara doka don sashin kera motoci a cikin shekara ta 2012, wanda ke buƙatar masu kera motoci su sayar da kayan sabis iri ɗaya da bincike kai tsaye ga masu siye ko ga injiniyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar yadda suke. ana amfani da su don samar da dillalan su na musamman. Dokar Massachusetts ita ce ta farko da ta fara zartarwa a tsakanin jihohi da dama, kamar New Jersey, waɗanda kuma suka zartar da irin wannan doka ta Majalisarsu. Fuskantar yuwuwar buƙatu iri-iri daban-daban, manyan ƙungiyoyin cinikin motoci sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna a cikin Janairu 2014 ta amfani da dokar Massachusetts a matsayin tushen yarjejeniyarsu ga duk jihohi guda 50 waɗanda suka fara a cikin shekarar 2018 na kera motoci. An cimma irin wannan yarjejeniya ta hanyar Sadarwar Samar da Motocin Kasuwanci don amfani da manyan motocin da ke kan hanya.
A cikin shekara ta 2013 manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa sun fara samar da: Haɗin kai na Haƙƙin Gyaran Dijital, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙungiyar Gyara ta amfani da gidan yanar gizon repair.org, an kafa shi kuma ya jagoranci kusan duk ƙoƙarin majalisar dokoki a Amurka yana tasiri ga samar da shawarwari iri ɗaya mai da hankali. kungiyoyi a duniya. Haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar kasuwanci ce ta 501 (c) (6) wacce aka haɗa a cikin New Jersey kuma ana ba da kuɗaɗe gaba ɗaya ta kuɗaɗen shiga. Manufar haɗin gwiwar ita ce tallafawa bayan kasuwa don samfuran fasaha ta hanyar ba da shawara don gyara dokoki, ƙa'idodi, da manufofi.
Masu ƙera suna kulle kayan aikin su
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A maimakon haka, masana'antun sun sami sababbin hanyoyin da za a kulle na'urori a zahiri suna kewaye haƙƙin masu mallakar don gyarawa: ayyuka kamar haɗaɗɗiyar sashi (bangayren na'urar suna serialized kuma ba za a iya musanya su da wasu ba), ya zama sananne a tsakanin masana'antun. Hatta gyare-gyaren da aka fi sani kamar maye gurbin nunin wayar hannu yana haifar da rashin aiki saboda kulle-kullen da aka aiwatar a cikin software. Apple, wanda ke ƙera iPhone misali ya fara taƙaita musanyar nunin nunin nunin faifai da ke farawa da saƙon gargaɗi a kan tsofaffin na'urori zuwa gaba kai tsaye cire fasalin tsaro kamar ID ɗin Fuskar idan ba a musanya nunin ta wurin masana'anta da aka ba da izini ba. Yayin da aka fara fara wannan yanayin a fannin aikin gona ta hanyar masana'antar tarakta John Deere, ya zama wani abu mai yaduwa a cikin na'urorin lantarki a cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata.[29]
Shari'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Amurka haƙƙin gyara da aka samo aikace-aikacen a cikin dokokin tarayya da na jiha sune kamar haka:
- Dokar Garanti na Magnuson-Moss ; dokar tarayya ta Amurka da ke tafiyar da garanti akan samfuran mabukaci
- Dokokin Tarayyar Amurka da na jihohi game da Haƙƙin Masu Motoci don Gyara
A wasu ƙasashe da yankuna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, haƙƙin mabukaci na gyara ko musanyawa kayan da ba su da kyau a ƙarƙashin Dokar Haƙƙin Mabukaci 2015
Doka, ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da juriya na masana'anta a cikin tarihin kwanan nan (2020 da bayan)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙaddamar da doka don dokokin jiha
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokokin da aka yi niyya don amfani da ikon dokar kasuwanci ta gabaɗaya a cikin jihohi don gyare-gyare na gaba ɗaya na na'urori gami da ɓangaren lantarki na dijital sun dogara ne akan MOU Automotive daga shekara ta 2014. Dokokin samfuri sun nisanci duk wani buƙatu don canza tsarin takaddun bayanai, hanyar isar da sassan da ke akwai, kayan aiki, bincike ko bayanai, ko kowane buƙatu don bayyana kowane sirrin kasuwanci. An ba masu kera damar yin cajin farashi mai ma'ana da ma'ana don sassa na zahiri da kayan aikin, kuma an iyakance su cikin cajin su don bayanin da aka riga aka buga akan layi.
Baya ga ayyukan kungiyar - mutane daban-daban sun tashi tsaye don aiwatar da ayyuka kai tsaye, kamar fara shirye-shiryen kada kuri'a. An shigar da yunƙurin jefa ƙuri'a a Missouri kuma an ba da takaddun haɗawa a kan kuri'ar shekara ta 2022. A cikin Maris na shekara ta 2021, Louis Rossmann ya fara kamfen ɗin tattara kuɗi don tara dala miliyan 6 ta amfani da dandalin GoFundMe don fara shirin jefa ƙuri'a kai tsaye don kare haƙƙin mabukaci don gyara a cikin Commonwealth na Massachusetts, yana ambaton nasarorin da suka gabata a cikin masana'antar kera motoci.
Dokokin ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya (FTC) ta fitar da rahoton "Nixing the Fix" a watan Mayun 2021 ga Majalisa, inda ta bayyana batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin kamfanoni da ke iyakance gyare-gyare kan kayan masarufi da ta yi la'akari da cin zarafin dokokin kasuwanci, tare da bayyana matakan da za a iya yi don magance matsalar. yafi tilasta wannan. Wannan ya haɗa da sarrafa kai ta masana'antun da abin ya shafa, da kuma faɗaɗa dokokin da ake da su kamar Dokar Garanti na Magnuson-Moss ko sabbin dokoki don baiwa FTC ingantaccen aiwatarwa don kare masu sayayya daga ƙuntatawa na ƙwazo. A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin shekara ta, 2021, Shugaba Joe Biden ya rattaba hannu kan Dokar Zartaswa ta shekara ta 14036, "Ingantacciyar Gasa a Tattalin Arzikin Amirka", ɗimbin tsare-tsare a ɓangaren zartarwa. Daga cikin su sun haɗa da umarni ga FTC don ƙirƙira dokoki don hana masana'anta hana gyare-gyaren da masu su ko shagunan gyara masu zaman kansu ke yi. Kimanin makonni biyu bayan da aka ba da EO, FTC ta yi kuri'a na bai daya don tilasta 'yancin yin gyare-gyare a matsayin manufa kuma za ta yi kokarin daukar mataki a kan kamfanonin da ke iyakance irin aikin gyaran da za a iya yi a shaguna masu zaman kansu.[30][31][32][33][34]
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Yi da kanka
- Rushewa
- Bugfix
- Injiniyan juyawa
- Bude tushen
- Buɗe ƙira
- Gyara cafe
- Faci mara hukuma
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "What You Should Know About Right to Repair". Wirecutter: Reviews for the Real World. 15 July 2021.
- ↑ Chen, Brian X. (14 July 2021). "Why You Should Care About Your Right to Repair Gadgets". The New York Times.
- ↑ Cassidy, Nigel (2 May 2014). "Getting in a spin: Why washing machines are no longer built to last".
- ↑ Georgiev, Petar (5 February 2021). "Revision of the CO2 emission standards for cars and vans" (PDF) (in Turanci). Union of the Electricity Industry - Eurelectric aisbl. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
- ↑ Ingram, Antony (4 August 2014). "Which is greener: Old car or new car?". The Christian Science Monitor (in Turanci).
- ↑ "Abwrackprämie und Umwelt – eine erste Bilanz" (PDF). Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg. 2009-08-31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2015-03-12.
- ↑ Yanes, Javier (11 September 2020). "The Origin and Myths of Planned Obsolescence". Open Mind by BBVA. BBVA Group. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
- ↑ Strauss, Ilana (December 7, 2018). "How GM Invented Planned Obsolescence". Tree Hugger. Dotdash by About, Inc. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ↑ Ford, Henry (2005). My life and work (1st ed.). Fairfield, Iowa: 1st World Library. p. 81. ISBN 9781421806341.
- ↑ Hanley, Daniel A.; Kelloway, Claire; Sandeep, Vaheesan (April 13, 2020). Fixing America: Breaking Manufacturers' Aftermarket Monopoly and Restoring Consumers' Right to Repair. Open Market Insistute. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- ↑ Sloan, Alfred P. (1964) [1963]. My years with General Motors ([1st] ed.). Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN 0385042353.
- ↑ Slade, Giles (2006). Made to break : technology and obsolescence in America. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 48. ISBN 0674025725. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
- ↑ McIntyre, Stephen L. (April 1, 2000). "The Failure of Fordism: Reform of the Automobile Repair Industry, 1913-1940". Technology and Culture. 41 (2): 269–299. doi:10.1353/tech.2000.0075. JSTOR 25147500. S2CID 109379833. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
- ↑ Strasser, Susan (1999). Waste and want : a social history of trash (1st ed.). New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 220. ISBN 0805065121.
- ↑ "Unfair Competition—Reconditioning Used Goods—Permissible Limits of Resale of Patented or Trademarked Articles" (PDF). Washington University Law Quarterly. 24 (2): 238. Jan 1, 1939.
- ↑ Passell, Peter (June 9, 1994). "I.B.M. and the Limits of a Consent Decree". New York Times. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
- ↑ Edelstein, David N. (January 25, 1956). "IBM Consent Decree" (in Turanci). New York: United States District Court. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- ↑ Ziegler, Bart (May 2, 1997). "Court Approves Termination Of IBM's 1956 Antitrust Pact". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
- ↑ Davis v. Southern Energy Homes, Inc. 305 F.3d 1268 (11th Cir. 2002)
- ↑ O'Neil, Michael (July 1, 1965). "Patents - Contribut atents - Contributory Infringement - Hist y Infringement - History and T y and Trend: Convertible Top Cases". DePaul Law Review (in Turanci). DePaul University. 14 (2): 473–478. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ↑ Kan, Michael (July 8, 2021). "Apple Co-Founder Steve Wozniak Publicly Backs Right to Repair". PC Mag. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
- ↑ Einsiedel, Mark (28 April 2016). "Repair vs. Reconstruction of Unpatented Components of a Patented Article". Fay Sharpe. Fay Sharpe L.L.P. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ↑ Stohr, Greg; Decker, Susan (May 30, 2017). "U.S. Supreme Court Curbs Patent-Holder Power to Block Resale". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on May 30, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
- ↑ How the clean air act affects auto repair. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 28 June 2005. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9780160754074. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ↑ Reardon, Marguerite. "President signs cell phone unlocking bill into law". CNET (in Turanci).
- ↑ Janzer, Cinnamon (15 December 2020). "What Massachusetts' New Right-to-Repair Law Means for Small Auto Repair Shops". nextcity.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ↑ McSherry, Corynne (18 February 2014). "Support the Right to Repair in South Dakota (and Everywhere Else)". Electronic Frontier Foundation (in Turanci).
- ↑ Stoltz, Mitch (26 October 2018). "New Exemptions to DMCA Section 1201 Are Welcome, But Don't Go Far Enough". Electronic Frontier Foundation (in Turanci).
- ↑ Koebler, Jason. "Farmer Lobbying Group Sells Out Farmers, Helps Enshrine John Deere's Tractor Repair Monopoly". Vice (in Turanci).
- ↑ Porter, Jon (May 7, 2021). "FTC report blasts manufacturers for restricting product repairs". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
- ↑ Nixing the Fix: An FTC Report to Congress on Repair Restrictions (PDF) (Report). Federal Trade Commission. May 7, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
- ↑ Breuninger, Kevin; Feiner, Lauren (July 9, 2021). "Biden signs order to crack down on Big Tech, boost competition 'across the board'". CNBC. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
- ↑ Sullivan, Kate; Fung, Brian; Klein, Betsy (July 9, 2021). "Biden signs sweeping executive order that targets Big Tech and aims to push competition in US economy". CNN. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
- ↑ Kelly, Makena (July 21, 2021). "FTC pledges to fight unlawful right to repair restrictions". The Verge. Retrieved July 21, 2021.