Kassem CHOUAYAKH

Handover in 3G Handover is the automatic Switched of an active session (call or data) between Channels ensure uninterrupted communication Why is Handover Important ? 1 -Maintaining Connectivity : Prevents session drops for voice calls or data during movement 2 - Network Efficiency : Helps balance network load and optimize performance --------------------------------------------------------- Types of Handover in 3G: 1 - Hard Handover : A break-before-make process where the current connection is dropped before a new one is established There is no data combination here 2 -Soft Handover : A make-before-break process where the mobile connects to multiple cells simultaneously The RNC (Radio Network Controller) receives data from all connected cells and forwards the best-quality data to the core network 3 - Softer Handover : Occurs within the same Node B (base station) between different sectors The Node B combines the data from these sectors and sends it to the RNC which then forwards it to the core network

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🔍 𝐃𝐞𝐞𝐩 𝐃𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐒𝐆𝐢: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐰𝐚𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝐆 𝐋𝐓𝐄 📶 Hello my dear friends! As we continue our exploration of the vital interfaces in 4G LTE, today we’re focusing on the SGi interface, which plays a crucial role in connecting the mobile network to the broader internet. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐒𝐆𝐢? The 𝗦𝗚𝗶 interface links the PDN Gateway (P-GW) in the core network to external packet data networks, such as the internet or private enterprise networks. Essentially, it acts as the gateway through which user traffic leaves the 4G LTE network and enters the wider internet. This interface enables all internet-related services, whether it's web browsing, video streaming, or cloud-based applications. 𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 The SGi interface is responsible for: 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘁 𝗔𝗰𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀: Providing users with access to the internet and external networks, allowing them to use applications like web browsing, social media, and streaming services. 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻: Supporting multiple services by connecting to different types of packet data networks, such as corporate networks, public internet, or specific application servers. 𝗡𝗔𝗧: Converting private IP addresses used within the mobile network into public IP addresses used on the internet. 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲𝘄𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆: Ensuring that external traffic is filtered and secured, protecting the network from external threats. 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐜𝐨𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧 The SGi interface focuses on User Plane traffic, facilitating the transfer of user data between the P-GW and external networks. Here's how the protocol stack ensures seamless communication: 🌐 𝐔𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐞 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐜𝐨𝐥 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐤: 📡 𝗣𝗛𝗬: The base layer that handles the physical transmission of data over the network. 🛠️ 𝗠𝗔𝗖: Manages access to the shared physical medium for efficient transmission. 🌍 𝗜𝗣: Ensures proper routing of data packets between the P-GW and external networks. 🔄 𝗧𝗖𝗣/𝗨𝗗𝗣: Manages the reliable transmission (TCP) or fast transmission (UDP) of data across the network, depending on the type of traffic (e.g., web browsing uses TCP, video streaming may use UDP). 📱𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗟𝗮𝘆𝗲𝗿: Represents the end-user services like web browsers, social media apps, and streaming platforms. 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 The SGi interface is the gateway that connects 4G LTE users to the internet, making it possible for all the data we generate—whether browsing, streaming, or using cloud services—to reach the internet and return seamlessly. Without the SGi interface, mobile devices wouldn't be able to connect to the outside world, making it a critical part of the mobile network ecosystem. #4GLTE #SGiInterface #Telecom #Telecommunications #MobileNetworks #NetworkSecurity #MojtabaKarimi

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𝐔𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐀𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝐆 User Authentication in 5G is slightly different than 4G as Home Network has a better role to play in Authentication. First level of Authentication is done at AMF (Just like MME in 4G) but second level of authentication is done at AUSF which was not existent in 4G Networks. What about 𝐒𝐄𝐀𝐅, 𝐒𝐄𝐏𝐏, 𝐀𝐑𝐏𝐅 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐈𝐃𝐅 and what role they play? Do you about it? Please share your thoughts about these NFs or Subnetwork Functions. #5gauthentication #5g #5gnr #5gcore

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Comparison between legacy and open/disaggregated interfaces for RAN => Open and disaggregated networks are driven by open interfaces, which in turn allow operators to select any vendor they choose for any network domain. For example, open fronthaul interfaces are being standardized to allow operators to select different baseband and radio vendors. https://lnkd.in/gRYdyWZ 📸 ABIResearch #OpenRAN #ORAN #CU #DU #RU #Fronthaul

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FTTX ODN Solution Introduction PON access system should be an all-optical solution in response to the continuously growing bandwidth requirements in the last-mile (access) domain. PON-based access network follows the trend of delivery of triple-play services to end subscribers, aggregating three types of services over a single delivery platform. This in turns is the next step in the evolution of the core networks to IP-based NGN. In order to build the new generation of optical access networks, this solution draws on the technologies of different maturity extents such as EPON, GPON, Ethernet and xDSL, ranging from local exchange devices of various capacities to serialized user-side devices. It can be deployed in various application scenarios, such as FTTC, FTTB, FTTO and FTTH, enabling operators to deliver services in a simple and straightforward manner, providing cost-effective  high-bandwidth and multi-service support capabilities. This allows operators to become more competitive and adapt services to ever changing customer demands. #ODN #FTTH #FTTx #PON #OLT #ONU

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3GPP introduced LTE in Release 8 and LTE-Advanced in Release 10. As part of 5G specifications, Release 15 defines the 5G New Radio (NR) air interface and the 5G radio access and core networks. Release 16 (R16) introduces Non-Standalone (NSA) deployments – allowing 5G NR benefits for LTE-based networks – and Standalone (SA) deployments, where operators can take advantage of the additional benefits of 5G. In Release 16 (R16), 3GPP, the wireless network standards body, enhanced the capabilities of 5G to support several improvements to the NR air interface, including unlicensed spectrum in the millimeter wave (mmW) range and improved support for the Industrial Internet of Things (Industrial IoT) and Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC). In addition, several enhancements have been made to the network to improve deployment flexibility and enhance performance. Read more from Award Solutions by clicking on the link below. https://lnkd.in/g52TVuv6 #award, #awardsolutions, #3gpp, #5g, #LTE, #R16

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Typical Misstep by 3GPP: ================ In Release 18, 3GPP agreed that "AI/ML models" for use cases standardized in the 5G specifications should function as black boxes, with only the input, output, feedback, and data collection being standardized. This approach is short-sighted and problematic, and it is unlikely to serve as a foundation for 6G standards. In 5G, most AI/ML use cases are designed to replace proprietary features already established in the industry, mainly within the receiver. However, if they attempt to standardize the transmitter in 6G using this method, it could lead to a chain of black boxes. This would pose significant challenges for RF/Physical Layer conformance standards, which are supposed to ensure that all transmitters send a standardized RF signal, as required by 3GPP design principles. The current 3GPP R18/19 standards are not scalable for 6G and reflect a very short-sighted decision. As I've often stated, it's high time IEEE began some form of Cellular 6G standardization to create peer pressure on 3GPP to take a more proactive approach. #3gpp #ieee #aiml #5g #6g

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One of most under looked component in network is antenna. Operators are purely looking commercials. Although its a passive item, but choosing a right antenna is important. Money saved on a wrong or low quality antenna is much much lower than money spent over the years to better the customer experience.

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On the occasion of the FTTH Conference 2024, our Market Intelligence Committee released an update to its yearly deep analysis of FTTH/B penetration rates across the globe, the FTTH/B Global Ranking 2024. Among all the comprehensive data it includes, the report shows that from September 2023, 21 countries have achieved penetration rates higher than 50%. The UAE leads the ranking with 99,3%, while Singapore positions itself second at 97,1% . Hong Kong (95,3%), China (92,9%), and South Korea (91,5%) complete the top 5 positions. Download this report now to learn more about the new leader topping the FTTH/B penetration ranking in the European region and much more ➡️ https://buff.ly/49TNhGS

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FTTH Technology : Fiber to the Home 1.FTTH networks combines a higher transmission rates and lower energy consumption thru Fiber Cable to your Home. 2. Most FTTH networks are based on PON "passive optical network" architectures 3-PON is a fiber network that uses only passive components, such as splitters instead of active components, such as amplifiers or repeaters. 4-OLT : "optical Line Terminal" equipment connected to the fiber backbone 5-ONT : "optical Network Terminal" device connected to the end user 6-Splitter :passive optical device able to accommodate multiple optical connections to customers. Why FTTH? -Speeds are 20 to 100 times as fast as a typical cable modem or DSL -Easy to install, Lower cost, long distances & Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI) #rcdd #bicsi

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Unlocking the Power of ORAN: Q&A on the M-plane Interface! In the dynamic world of telecommunications, Open Radio Access Networks (ORAN) are transforming connectivity. A key component of this transformation is the M-plane (Management plane). Here’s a deep dive into its crucial role! 🔍 Q1: What is the M-plane in ORAN? => The M-plane is the vital interface between the Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) framework and the Open Radio Unit (O-RU). It handles the configuration, management, and monitoring of the O-RU to ensure seamless network operations. 🛠️ Q2: What are the main functions of the M-plane? =>The M-plane has several critical functions: - Configuration Management: Setting up and fine-tuning O-RU parameters. - Fault Management: Detecting and reporting errors to maintain network stability. - Performance Management: Collecting and analyzing performance data for efficiency. - Security Management: Ensuring secure communication between SMO and O-RU. 🔗 Q3: What does the architecture of the M-plane look like? => The architecture involves the SMO communicating with the O-RU via the M-plane Interface. Protocols like NETCONF/YANG, SNMP, and TLS are used for secure and effective communication. 🌟 Q4: Can you provide some real-world applications of the M-plane? => Absolutely! - Initial Configuration: SMO sends initial setup parameters to the O-RU. - Performance Monitoring: O-RU sends performance metrics to the SMO for analysis. - Fault Reporting: O-RU detects issues and reports them to the SMO, enabling quick troubleshooting. - Firmware Updates: SMO pushes updates to the O-RU to enhance functionality and security. 🔐 Q5: Why is the M-plane crucial for ORAN? => M-plane is essential because it enables dynamic management, continuous monitoring, and rapid fault resolution. This ensures that networks are more flexible, reliable, and efficient. 💡 Q6: What protocols are commonly used in the M-plane interface? => Common protocols include NETCONF/YANG for configuration management, SNMP for monitoring and managing network devices, and TLS for secure communication. 🔧 Q7: How does the M-plane contribute to fault management? => The M-plane monitors the O-RU for errors and faults, reports these issues to the SMO, and enables the SMO to perform troubleshooting and corrective actions, maintaining network stability. 🔒 Q8: How does the M-plane ensure secure communication between the SMO and O-RU? => M-plane uses encryption protocols such as TLS (Transport Layer Security) to provide authentication, authorization, and encryption of data, ensuring secure communication. 🌐 Q9 : How does the M-plane facilitate firmware updates? => M-plane enables the SMO to push firmware updates to the O-RU, enhancing functionality, security, and performance without manual intervention. #ORAN #ManagementPlane #NetworkManagement #5G #Mplane

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🔷 what's the most advantages of fiber optical : 1️⃣ Immunity to interference 🔹Not affected by electrical noise or interference 2️⃣High quality transmission so the BER<=10^-9 3️⃣ Security 🔹the transmission is depend on total reflection 🔹the signal is light so no field emit from the signal 4️⃣ Low loss 🔹the signal can be travelled up to 100 km without amplifier or generator 5️⃣Higher bandwidth 🔹Can transmit large amounts of data at high speeds up to 100GHZ/km in single mode fiber

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The microwave backhaul system market is on a remarkable growth trajectory, with an expected CAGR of 10.7 percent from 2022 to 2032! 📈 As of 2022, the market stands at USD 1.5 billion and is projected to reach USD 4.1 billion by 2032. This surge reflects the growing need for efficient data transfer over radio links, crucial for supporting high-speed digital communication and emerging technologies like 5G. 🌐 Microwave backhaul systems offer significant advantages, including improved spectrum usage and low maintenance costs, making them an attractive choice for enterprises across various sectors, from border security to HD video surveillance. Key drivers for this growth include the increasing demand for high-speed data transfer and the integration of these systems into critical infrastructure. However, challenges such as managing data traffic remain. What are your thoughts on the future of microwave backhaul systems? Are there specific applications or challenges you find most intriguing? Share your insights in the comments! 👇 #MicrowaveBackhaul #DataTransfer #5G #Telecom #TechTrends #MarketGrowth

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Really a great achievement in #digital #coherent #optical #communication #systems ! "The latest innovations in #dsp and high-speed #optics have led to [...] subdivide the #transmission and reception of a single #laser and #wavelength into a series of smaller-frequency #channels called digital #subcarriers [...] that can be independently managed and assigned to different destinations [...] all in a compact form factor, e.g. QSFP-DD."

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The cellular mobile operators planning to launch 5G in Pakistan may consider Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS) to allocate resources on runtime between FDD LTE (4G) and NR (5G).

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Fiber Connect Council MENA and the FTTH Council Europe have inked a significant agreement aimed at fostering collaboration and synergy between the two organizations. The agreement, which was signed in Berlin by the presidents of both councils Dr. Alaa J. Mousa and Raf Meersman, on the occasion of the FTTH Conference 2024, marks a pivotal moment in recognizing the aligned missions and the shared goals and activities of both entities within neighbouring regions.  As part of the agreement, FCC MENA and FTTH Council Europe will explore various avenues for collaboration, including joint initiatives, knowledge exchange programs, and advocacy efforts. By working together, both organizations are confident that they can unlock new opportunities and address the evolving needs of their members in the dynamic field of fibre optic communications. 

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