文化
Chinese
[edit]language; culture; writing language; culture; writing; formal; literary; gentle |
to make into; to change into; ‑ization to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (文化) | 文 | 化 | |
simp. #(文化) | 文 | 化 |
Etymology
[edit]The modern Chinese term is an Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 文化 (bunka, “culture”), which is a direct translation of the German word Kultur. [1]
In its classical form, the term can be interpreted as 文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”) + 化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”). Often cited are the following examples:
- 觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下
- We observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.
- 宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。
- Spread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.
Humanistic education, based on the tradition of rites and propriety 禮教 / 礼教 (lǐjiào) have the transformative potential to actualize all under Heaven 人文化成. This is often juxtaposed or contrasted with the use of punishment 刑 (xíng) or military might 武 (wǔ) to establish power and control over a populace, as can be seen in the quote below:
- 早逢文化洽,復屬武功宣
- Having reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).
文化 over here is synonymous with 文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”). This is not the same as culture in the modern sense of the term.
It is within this classical context that the Japanese first coined the term 文化 (bunka) to name an era during the Edo period.
When used to translate Kultur during the Meiji restoration, 文化 (bunka) is possibly a contraction of 文明開化 (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”),[2] which takes the meaning of a civilizing agent i.e. Culture.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): man4 faa3
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): mun3 fa1
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): man4 faa3
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): ùng-huá
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 6ven-ho5 / 2ven-ho5
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: wúnhuà
- Wade–Giles: wên2-hua4
- Yale: wén-hwà
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wenhuah
- Palladius: вэньхуа (vɛnʹxua)
- Sinological IPA (key): /wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/
- Homophones:
[Show/Hide] 文化
文話 / 文话
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: вынхуа (vɨnhua, I-II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: man4 faa3
- Yale: màhn fa
- Cantonese Pinyin: man4 faa3
- Guangdong Romanization: men4 fa3
- Sinological IPA (key): /mɐn²¹ faː³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: mun3 fa1
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵐbun²² fa³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vùn-fa
- Hakka Romanization System: vunˇ fa
- Hagfa Pinyim: vun2 fa4
- Sinological IPA: /vun¹¹ fa⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: vun faˇ
- Sinological IPA: /vun⁵⁵ fa¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ùng-huá
- Sinological IPA (key): /uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ (h-)ŋuɑ²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: mjun xwaeH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*mə[n] qʷʰˤ<r>aj-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*mɯn hŋʷraːls/
Noun
[edit]文化
- (countable, uncountable) culture (Classifier: 個/个; 種/种)
- 文化體系/文化体系 ― wénhuà tǐxì ― cultural system
- 文化環境/文化环境 ― wénhuà huánjìng ― cultural context
- 中華文化/中华文化 ― zhōnghuá wénhuà ― Chinese culture
- 公司文化 ― gōngsī wénhuà ― company culture
- 本土文化 ― běntǔ wénhuà ― indigenous culture
- 燦爛文化/灿烂文化 ― cànlàn wénhuà ― magnificent culture
- 文化負載詞/文化负载词 ― wénhuà fùzǎicí ― culturally loaded term
- (uncountable) education; literacy
- (archaeology, countable) archaeological culture (recurring assemblage of artifacts from a specific time and place that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society)
- 龍山文化/龙山文化 ― Lóngshān Wénhuà ― the Longshan culture
- (literary, archaic, uncountable) education through teaching morality, literature and music
Usage notes
[edit]Like the term "culture" in English, 文化 (wénhuà) can refer to both culture in the sense of a society's arts or customs, as well the attitudes and behaviours of a particular group of people, as in a "company culture". However, 文化 (wénhuà) cannot refer to "culture" in the biological sense; instead the term 培養物/培养物 is used. The verb 培養/培养 (péiyǎng) is to cultivate.
Derived terms
[edit]- 中華文化復興節 / 中华文化复兴节
- 中華文化復興運動 / 中华文化复兴运动
- 二里頭文化
- 亞文化 / 亚文化 (yàwénhuà)
- 企業文化 / 企业文化 (qǐyè wénhuà)
- 仰韶文化
- 傳統文化 / 传统文化
- 副文化
- 卑南文化
- 印度河文化
- 反文化
- 取消文化 (qǔxiāo wénhuà)
- 周口店文化
- 喪文化 / 丧文化 (sàngwénhuà)
- 固有文化
- 國家電影文化中心 / 国家电影文化中心
- 夏家店上層文化 / 夏家店上层文化 (Xiàjiādiàn shàngcéng wénhuà)
- 夏家店下層文化 / 夏家店下层文化 (Xiàjiādiàn xiàcéng wénhuà)
- 多元文化 (duōyuán wénhuà)
- 大坌坑文化
- 大汶口文化
- 大河文化
- 大眾文化 / 大众文化 (dàzhòng wénhuà)
- 學術文化團體 / 学术文化团体
- 尼羅河文化 / 尼罗河文化
- 巨石文化
- 強姦文化 / 强奸文化 (qiángjiān wénhuà)
- 彌生文化 / 弥生文化
- 彩陶文化
- 愛琴文化 / 爱琴文化
- 拜占庭文化
- 排灣文化相 / 排湾文化相
- 政治文化
- 教科文 (jiàokēwén)
- 文化事業 / 文化事业
- 文化交流 (wénhuà jiāoliú)
- 文化人 (wénhuàrén)
- 文化休克 (wénhuà xiūkè)
- 文化區 / 文化区
- 文化圈 (wénhuàquān)
- 文化園 / 文化园 (wénhuàyuán)
- 文化垃圾
- 文化多樣性 / 文化多样性 (wénhuà duōyàngxìng)
- 文化大革命 (Wénhuà Dà Gémìng)
- 文化宮 / 文化宫 (wénhuàgōng)
- 文化層 / 文化层
- 文化挪用 (wénhuà nuóyòng)
- 文化景觀 / 文化景观
- 文化村
- 文化模式
- 文化水準 / 文化水准
- 文化沙漠 (wénhuà shāmò)
- 文化消費 / 文化消费
- 文化特質 / 文化特质
- 文化產業 / 文化产业
- 文化研究 (wénhuà yánjiū)
- 文化程度 (wénhuà chéngdù)
- 文化站
- 文化英雄 (wénhuà yīngxióng)
- 文化街
- 文化衝擊 / 文化冲击 (wénhuà chōngjī)
- 文化衝突 / 文化冲突 (wénhuà chōngtū)
- 文化衫 (wénhuàshān)
- 文化認同 / 文化认同 (wénhuà rèntóng)
- 文化課 / 文化课 (wénhuàkè)
- 文化變遷 / 文化变迁
- 文化資產 / 文化资产
- 文化遺產 / 文化遗产 (wénhuà yíchǎn)
- 文化震撼 (wénhuà zhènhàn)
- 文化震驚 / 文化震惊 (wénhuà zhènjīng)
- 文化革命 (Wénhuà Gémìng)
- 文化館 / 文化馆 (wénhuàguǎn)
- 文化體系 / 文化体系
- 新文化
- 新文化運動 / 新文化运动 (Xīn Wénhuà Yùndòng)
- 普及文化 (pǔjí wénhuà)
- 普同文化
- 本土文化
- 東海岸史前文化 / 东海岸史前文化
- 次文化 (cìwénhuà)
- 次級文化 / 次级文化
- 民族文化
- 河套文化
- 流行文化 (liúxíng wénhuà)
- 精神文化
- 紅山文化 / 红山文化 (Hóngshān wénhuà)
- 自由文化 (zìyóu wénhuà)
- 良渚文化 (Liángzhǔ Wénhuà)
- 西拉雅文化相
- 貧窮文化 / 贫穷文化
- 跨文化 (kuàwénhuà)
- 通俗文化 (tōngsú wénhuà)
- 遼寧青銅文化 / 辽宁青铜文化 (Liáoníng qīngtóng wénhuà)
- 酒文化 (jiǔwénhuà)
- 鑼群文化 / 锣群文化
- 長濱文化 / 长滨文化
- 雙文化 / 双文化 (shuāngwénhuà)
- 電影文化 / 电影文化
- 青蓮崗文化 / 青莲岗文化
- 非物質文化遺產 / 非物质文化遗产 (fēiwùzhì wénhuà yíchǎn)
- 響林史前文化 / 响林史前文化
- 馬家窯文化 / 马家窑文化
- 高雅文化 (gāoyǎ wénhuà)
- 麒麟文化
- 黑陶文化
- 龍山文化 / 龙山文化 (Lóngshān Wénhuà)
- 龜山史前文化相 / 龟山史前文化相
Proper noun
[edit]文化
- (~里) An urban village in Tamsui district, New Taipei, Taiwan
- (~社區) Wenhua (a residential community of Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China)
References
[edit]- ^ 日本国語大辞典 Nihonkokugodaijiten, bunka entry, glossary. https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96-128305
- ^ ibid.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
文 | 化 |
ぶん Grade: 1 |
か Grade: 3 |
kan'on |
Etymology
[edit]Learned borrowing from Middle Chinese 文化 (mjun xwæH, “the way of educating by using morality, literature, rituals and music”), repurposed during the Meiji period as a translation of German Kultur.[1]
Cited with the culture sense starting from roughly 1870.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- culture
- 1928, 岸田國士, 「語られる言葉」の美:
- これは、国語の性格に、文化の伝統、国民性の特質が作用するからである。
- Kore wa, kokugo no seikaku ni, bunka no dentō, kokuminsei no tokushitsu ga sayō suru kara de aru.
- The tradition of culture and the traits of the nation function to make the character of the national language.
- これは、国語の性格に、文化の伝統、国民性の特質が作用するからである。
- 1928, 岸田國士, 「語られる言葉」の美:
Derived terms
[edit]- 文化遺産 (bunka isan, “cultural heritage”)
- 文化映画 (bunka eiga, “cultural film”)
- 文化圏 (bunkaken, “cultural sphere”)
- 文化圏固有動作 (bunkaken koyū dōsa, “(computing) locale-specific behavior”)
- 文化観光省 (bunka-kankōshō, “Minister for Culture and Tourism”)
- 文化勲章 (bunka kunshō, “Order of Culture”)
- 文化交流 (bunka kōryū, “cultural exchange”)
- 文化功労者 (bunkakōrōsha, “person who has made outstanding cultural contributions”)
- 文化国家 (bunka kokka, “country with a high level of culture”)
- 文化祭 (bunkasai, “culture festival”)
- 文化財 (bunkazai, “cultural asset”)
- 文化財保護法 (bunkazai-hogohō, “Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties”)
- 文化史 (bunkashi, “cultural history”)
- 文化施設 (bunka shisetsu, “cultural facility”)
- 文化省 (bunkashō, “Ministry of Culture”)
- 文化心理学 (bunkashinrigaku, “cultural psychology”)
- 文化事業部 (bunkajigyōbu, “Cultural Affairs Department”)
- 文化人 (bunkajin, “person of culture”)
- 文化人類学 (bunkajinruigaku, “cultural anthropology”)
- 文化大革命 (bunkadaikakumei, “Cultural Revolution”)
- 文化地理学 (bunkachirigaku, “cultural geography”)
- 文化的 (bunkateki, “cultural”)
- 文化庁 (bunkachō, “Agency for Cultural Affairs”)
- 文化の日 (bunka no hi, “Culture Day Holiday”)
- イスラム文化 (isuramu bunka, “Islamic culture”)
- 異文化 (ibunka, “foreign culture”)
- 映像文化 (eizōbunka, “visual culture”)
- 漢字文化 (kanjibunka, “kanji culture”)
- 漢字文化圏 (kanjibunkaken, “countries which use Chinese characters”)
- 芸術文化の破壊 (geijitsubunka no hakai, “vandalism”)
- 重要文化財 (jūyōbunkazai, “important cultural property”)
- 重要無形文化財 (jūyōmukeibunkazai, “important intangible cultural asset”)
- 食文化 (shokubunka, “food culture”)
- 消費者文化 (shōhisha bunka, “consumer culture”)
- 大衆文化 (taishū bunka, “mass culture, pop culture”)
- 多元文化論 (tagen bunkaron, “multiculturalism”)
- 多文化主義 (tabunkashugi, “multiculturalism”)
- 伝統文化 (dentōbunka, “traditional culture”)
- 比較文化 (hikakubunka, “comparative culture”)
- 無形文化財 (mukeibunkazai, “intangible cultural asset”)
- 明文化 (meibunka, “stipulate”)
- 有形文化財 (yūkeibunkazai, “tangible cultural properties”)
Descendants
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]- The Bunka era, 1804-1818
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 “文化”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ 汉语外来词词典 [Chinese Loanword Dictionary] (in Chinese), 1984, page 358
Korean
[edit]Hanja in this term | |
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文 | 化 |
Noun
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
---|---|
文 | 化 |
Noun
[edit]文化
- Chinese terms borrowed from Japanese
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